Differentiation

• Basic Rules of Differentiation

• The Product and Quotient Rules
• The Chain Rule
• Higher-Order Derivatives
Basic Differentiation Rules
d
1. c  0  c is a constant 
dx
Ex. f ( x)  5
f ( x)  0

2.
d n
dx
 
x  nx n1  n is a real number 

Ex. f ( x)  x 7
f ( x)  7 x 6
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
 Basic Differentiation Rules
d d
3.  cf ( x)   c  f ( x)   c is a constant 
dx dx
Ex. f ( x)  3x
8

 
f ( x)  3 8 x7  24 x7

d d d
4.  f  x   g  x    f ( x)   g ( x)
dx dx dx
Ex. f ( x)  7  x12
f ( x)  0  12 x11  12 x11

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

 More Differentiation Rules
5. Product Rule
d d d
 f  x   g  x    f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f ( x)
dx dx dx

 
Ex. f ( x)  x  2 x  5 3x  8x  1
3 7 2

 
f ( x)  3x 2  2 3x7  8x 2  1   x 3
 2 x  5 21x 6
 16 x 
Derivative Derivative of
of the first the second
function function


f ( x)  30 x  48x  105x  40 x  45x  80 x  2
9 7 6 4 2

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule
d d
g ( x)  f ( x)   f ( x)  g ( x) 
d  f   
x  dx dx
 
dx  g ( x)   
g ( x )
2

Sometimes remembered as:

d  hi  lo d  hi   hi d lo
  
dx  lo  lo lo

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

 More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule (cont.)
3x  5
Ex. f ( x)  2
x 2 Derivative of
Derivative of the denominator
the numerator
f ( x) 
 
3 x 2  2  2 x  3x  5 

x 
2
2
2
3x 2  10 x  6

x 
2
2
2

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

More Differentiation Rules
7. Power Rule:

If h( x)   f ( x)  n, real  then

n

h( x)  n  f ( x)
n 1
 f ( x)

 
12
Ex. f ( x)  3x  4 x  3x  4 x
2 2

 
1 1 2

f ( x)  3x  4 x
2
6x  4
2
3x  2

3x 2  4 x
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
 More Differentiation Rules
8. The Chain Rule
If h( x)  g  f ( x)  then

h( x)  g   f ( x)   f ( x)

Note: h(x) is a composite function.

Another Version:
If y  h( x)  g  u  , where u  f ( x), then
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
 Chain Rule Example
7
Ex. G ( x)   2 x  1 
 
 3x  5 
 2 x  1    3x  5  2   2 x  1 3 
6
G( x)  7   
 3 x  5    3x  5 2 

91 2 x  1
6 6
 2x 1  13
G( x)  7   
 3x  5   3x  5  2
 3x  5  8

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

 Chain Rule Example
Ex. y  u
, u  7 x  3x
52 8 2

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
5 32

 u  56 x7  6 x
2
 Sub in for u

5
   
32
 7 x  3x
8 2
 56 x7  6 x
2
  15 x  7 x  3x 
32
 140 x 7 8 2

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

 Higher Derivatives
The second derivative of a function f is the derivative
of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the
first derivative.

Derivative Notations
d2y
Second f  dx 2
d3y
Third f  dx 3
(4) d4y
Fourth f dx 4
n dny
nth f
dx n

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Example of Higher Derivatives
Given f ( x)  3x5  2 x3  14 find f ( x).

f ( x)  15x4  6 x2

f ( x)  60 x  12 x
3

f ( x)  180 x2  12

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Example of Higher Derivatives
2x 1
Given f ( x)  find f (2).
3x  2

2  3x  2   3  2 x  1 7 2
f ( x)    7  3x  2 
 3x  2   3x  2 
2 2

3 42
f ( x)  14  3x  2   3 
 3x  2  3

42 42 21
f (2)   3 
 3(2)  2  3
4 32

Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.