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Module 1 Property Relationship PDF
Module 1 Property Relationship PDF
APPLIED THRMODYNAMICS
VTU-NPTEL-NMEICT
Project Progress Report
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Subject Matter Expert Details
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Dr.A.R.ANWAR KHAN
SME Name :
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C Prof & H.O.D
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Dept of Mechanical Engineering
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Course Name:
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Applied Thermodynamics
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web
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Module I
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING,
GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
RAMANAGARA -562159
CONTENTS
Sl.
DISCRETION
No.
1.
Quadrant -2
a. Animations.
b. Videos.
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c. Illustrations.
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2.
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Quadrant -3
a. Wikis.
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b. Open Contents
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3.
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Quadrant -4
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a. Problems.
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b. Assignments
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MODULE-I
PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP
QUADRANT-2
Animations
1 )http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0sjFKPdvIc
2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PkOEHMNOLk
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3)
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https://www.google.co.in/search?q=animation+related+to+air+conditioning&tbm=isch
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&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=FtseU6rmOMX9rAeVgIGQAg&ved=0CDMQsAQ&
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biw=1440&bih=809
4) http://www.dnatube.com/video/7911/Animation-of-how--Air-Conditioning-works
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5) http://www.dnatube.com/video/7939/An-animation-of-how--Air-Conditioning-works
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6) http://www.dnatube.com/video/9079/Principles-Of-Air-Conditioning
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7) http://www.yazaki-airconditioning.com/products/absorption_cooling.html
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8) http://www.wisegeek.org/how-does-air-conditioning-work.htm#didyouknowout
9) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lFUlA1PZ8U
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10) http://educypedia.karadimov.info/education/mechanicsjavathermo.htm
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Videos:
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1 )http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0sjFKPdvIc
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2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PkOEHMNOLk
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3) http://www.dnatube.com/video/7911/Animation-of-how--Air-Conditioning-works
4) http://www.dnatube.com/video/7939/An-animation-of-how--Air-Conditioning-works
5) http://www.dnatube.com/video/9079/Principles-Of-Air-Conditioning
6) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lFUlA1PZ8U
Pure Substance
composition.
Any mixture of gases in which the constituents do not rennet chemically with one
another and they are in a fixed proportion by weight is referred to as homogeneous mixture
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of gases and is regarded as a single substance. The properties of such a mixture can be
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determined experimentally just as for a single substance, and they can be tabulated or related
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algebraically in the same way. Therefore, the composition of air is assumed invariable for
most purposes and air is usually treated as a single substance.
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Mixture of Gases
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way that each occupies a volume equal to that of the mixture and each is at the same
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Dalton’s Law
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Dalton’s law is based on experiment and is found to be obeyed more accurately
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by gas
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mixtures at low pressures. By the conservation of mass:
m = mA + mB + mC + ……. or m = ∑mi
T (1.1)
C
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By Dalton’s law
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GIBBS-DALTON LAW
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properties of mixtures. The combined statement is known as the Gibbs-Dalton law, and is
stated as follows:
The internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of a mixture of gases are respectively equal to
the sums of the internal energies, enthalpies and entropies of the individual constituents
when each occupies a volume equal to that of the mixture at the temperature of the mixture.
This statement leads to the following equations.
The analysis of a mixture of gases is often quoted by volume as this is the most
convenient for practical determinations. Considered a volume V of a gaseous mixture at a
temperature T, consisting of three constituents A, B and C. Let each of the constituents be
compressed to a pressure P equal to the total pressure of the mixture, and let the temperature
remain constant.
t
RA T
c
V
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Also, the total pressure, P = mA RAT or mA = PVA
o
V
Pr
A RA T
Therefore, P V = PV or V = PA V
T
A A A
P C
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In general, Vi = Pi V or Vi = Pi (1.6)
P V P
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N
V P
and ∑Vi = ∑ i since ∑Pi = P,
-
P
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∑Vi = V (1.7)
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Therefore the volume of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the volumes of the
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individual constituents when each exists alone at the pressure and temperature of the
U
mixture.
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Each of the constituents in the mixture is assumed to obey the perfect gas equation of
state:
mRT
for the mixture, PV = mRT or P =
V
t
i i
c
V V
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that is, mR = ∑miRi
o
(1.8)
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since Ri = Ro and R = Ro , therefore, mRo = ∑ mi Ro and Eq. (1.8) becomes:
Mi M M
T
Mi
C
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m mi
=∑ (1.9)
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M
M i
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The ratio of mass (m) of a gas to its Molar mass (M) is defined as number of moles
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contain by the volume ot the gas, that is m/M = n and mi/Mi = ni. Substituting these
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n = ∑ni n = nA + nB + nC + ……
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or (1.10)
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Therefore, the number of moles of a mixture is equal to the sum of the moles of the
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constituents.
also acts as a perfect gas. It can be assumed that a mixture of perfect gases obeys all
the perfect gas laws. The relationship between the volume fraction and pressure
Pi Vn R T Pi ni
= i o or = (1.14)
PV nRoT P n
Pi ni Vi
= = (1.15)
P n V
t c
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In order to find the specific gas constant for the mixture in terms of the specific gas
o
constants of the constituents, consider the following equations both for the mixture
Pr
and for a
T
constituent: C
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for mixture, PV = mRT
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therefore, mR = ∑miRi
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mi R
R=∑ m i (1.16)
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Cp – CV = ∑[(mi /m)Ri
t c
Ri , therefore, for the
je
mi
Recall Eq. (1.16), R=∑ mixture:
m
o
Pr
Cp – CV = R
T
This shows that the following equations can also be applied to a mixture of gases:
C
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Cp R γR
γ= ; Cv = ; and C p = .
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Cv γ −1 γ−1
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=
mRoT
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pV ~
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Ñ is the relative molecular mass which is 18 for water vapour treated as a gas and
28.96 for dry air treated as a single gas.
PARTIAL PRESSURES
Now let’s see how these laws are applied to mixtures of vapour and air.
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AIR - VAPOUR MIXTURES
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In the following work, water vapour is treated as a gas.
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Consider a mixture of dry air and vapour. If the temperature of the mixture is cooled
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until the vapour starts to condense, the temperature must be the saturation temperature
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(dew point) and the partial pressure of the vapour ps must be the value of ps in the
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If the mixture is warmed up at constant pressure so that the temperature rises, the
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vapour must become superheated. It can be shown that the partial pressure of the
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vapour and the dry air remains the same as at the saturation temperature.
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Let condition (1) be at the saturation condition and condition (2) be at the higher
temperature. p is constant so it follows that :
V V
1 = 2
T T
1 2
Ns V1
Since V1 = V2 then p =p s2
s1
T T
1 2
If p is constant then the partial pressures are constant and the partial pressure of the
vapour may easily be found by looking up the saturation pressure at the dew point if it
is known.
When the air is contact with water, it will evaporate the water and the water will cool
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down until it is at the saturation temperature or dew point. This idea is used in wet
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bulb thermometers for example, which measure the dew point. When stable conditions
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are reached, the air becomes saturated and equal to the temperature of the water and so
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HUMIDITY
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SPECIFIC HUMIDITY ω
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m = pVN
RoT
~ ~
p VRoTN s p N p 18 p
ω= s
~ = s~s = sx = 0.622 s
pa VRoTNa pa Na p p
p a 28.96 a
s
ω = 0.622 p − ps
RELATIVE HUMIDITYφ
The maximum possible mass of water vapour which can be held by air is when the vapour is
saturated and the temperature of the mixture is the saturation temperature.
t
ec
Np Ng pg
vs = s
and vg =
s
oj
RoT RoT
p
Pr
φ = s pg T
C
ps = partial pressure of the actual vapour
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ps p
ω = 0.622 and φ = s
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p − ps pg
ωp−p
φ= ( s )
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0.622pg
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QUADRANT-3
Wikis:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC
3) http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioner
4) http://z32.wikispaces.com/Air+Conditioning+System
5) http://whirlpool.net.au/wiki/aircon_faq
6) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_conditioning_unit-en.svg
7) http://wiki.hometech.com/tiki-index.php?page=HVAC+Control+Tutorial
8) http://climatetechwiki.org/technology/efficient-air-conditioning-systems
9) http://home.howstuffworks.com/ac1.htm
10) https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/free-resources/top-ten-things-about-
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air-conditioning
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Open Contents:
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Applied Thermodynamics by R. K. Rajput
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QUADRANT-4
Problems
1) The atmospheric conditions are; 20°C and specific humidity of 0.0095 kg/kg of dry air.
Calculate the following: (i) Partial pressure of vapour (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Dew point
temperature.
Solution:
Dry bulb temperature, tdb = 20ºC
Specific humidity, W = 0.0095 kg/kg of dry air
(i) Partial pressure of vapour, p v:
t
ec
The specific humidity is given by W=
oj
0.0095 =0.622 PV/ (1.0132- PV)
Pr
0.0095(1.0132 – p v) = 0.622 p v T
0.009625 – 0.0095 p v = 0.622 p v
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pv = 0.01524 bar.
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The dew point temperature is the saturation temperature of water vapour at a pressure of
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0.01524 bar,
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= 13.24°C.
2) 0.004 kg of water vapour per kg of atmospheric air is removed and temperature of air after
removing the water vapour becomes 20°C. Determine :(i) Relative humidity (ii) Dew point
temperature. Assume that condition of atmospheric air is 30°C and 55% R.H. and pressure is
1.0132 bar.
Solution:
Corresponding to 30ºC, from steam tables, pvs = 0.0425 bar
∴ Relative humidity (R.H.), φ =
W= = (0.622*0.02337)/ (1.0132-0.02337)
t
ec
W=
oj
0.01068 = 0622Pv/(1.0132-Pv)
or, 0.01068 (1.0132 – p v ) = 0.622 p v
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T
or, 0.01082 – 0.01068 p v = 0.622 p v
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0.6327 p v = 0.01082
M
∴ p v = 0.0171 bar
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Solution:
For finding the partial pressure of vapour, using the equation:
W= = (0.622*0.0252)/ (1.0132-0.0252)
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ec
oj
= 0.01586 kg/kg of dry air. (Ans)
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(ii) Relative humidity, φ = Pv/Pvs
[Pvs = 0.0563 bar corresponding to 35ºC, from steam tables]
T
C
= 0.447 or 44.7%. (Ans.)
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PvVv = M v Rv T v
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Pv = M v R v T v / Vv = ρ v Rv T v
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where ρ v =vapour density, (characteristic gas constant Rv= Universal gas constant
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/Molecularweight of H2O
U
= 8314.3/18
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4) One kg of air at 35°C DBT and 60% R.H. is mixed with 2 kg of air at 20°C DBT and 13°C
dew point temperature. Calculate the specific humidity ofthe mixture.
Solution:
For the air at 35°C DBT and 60% R.H. :
Corresponding to 35ºC, from steam tables,
Pvs = 0.0563 bar
Relative humidity, φ = Pv/Pvs
∴ p v = φ p vs = 0.6 × 0.0563 = 0.0338 bar
t
Corresponding to 0.0338 bar, from steam tables, tdp = =
ec
26.1ºC
oj
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Enthalpy, h = c p t db + Wh vapour
= 1.005 t db + W [h g + 1.88 (t db – t dp )]
T
C
= 1.005 × 35 + 0.0214 [2565.3 + 1.88 (35 – 26.1)]
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For the air at 20°C DBT and 13°C dew point temperature : Pv is the vapour pressure
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Enthalpy, h = c p t db + Wh vapour
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5) 90 m 3 of air per minute at 20°C and 75% R.H. is heated until its temperature becomes
30°C. Calculate : (i) R.H. of the heated air. (ii) Heat added to air per minute.
Solution:
(i) For air at 20°C and 75% R.H. :
Pvs = 0.0234 bar (from steam tables, at 20ºC)
Pv = φ ×Pvs = 0.75 × 0.0234 = 0.01755 bar
tdp = = 15.5ºC
Enthalpy, h 1 = c p t db + Wh vapour
= 1.005 × 20 + 0.0109 [h g + 1.88 (t db – t dp)]
t
ec
= 1.005 × 20 + 0.0109 [2538.1 + 1.88(20 – 15.5)] = 47.85 kJ/kg of dry air
oj
(i) Relative humidity of heated air :
Pr
For air at 30°C DBT : T
Since the saturation pressure of water vapour at 30ºC is higher than the saturation pressure of
C
water vapour at 20ºC so it is sensible heating, where p v is same after heating.
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Enthalpy, h 2 = c p t db + Wh vapour
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6) 40 m 3 of air at 35°C DBT and 50% R.H. is cooled to 25°C DBT maintaining its specific
humidity constant. Determine : (i) Relative humidity (R.H.) of cooled air ; (ii) Heat removed
from air.
Solution:
For air at 35°C DBT and 50% R.H. :
Pvs = 0.0563 bar (At 35ºC, from steam tables)
∴P v = φ × Pvs = 0.5 × 0.0563 = 0.02815 bar
t
ec
∴ h1 = 1.005 × 35 + 0.0177 [2565.3 + 1.88 (35 – 23)] = 80.98 kJ/kg of dry air
oj
For air at 25°C DBT :
Pr
(i) R.H. of cooled air : T
Since the specific humidity remains constant the vapour pressure in the air remains constant.
C
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PaVa=maRaTa
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Solution:
For air at 35°C DBT and 20% relative humidity.
Pvs = 0.0563 bar (At 35ºC from steam tables)
Pv = φ ×P vs = 0.2 × 0.0563 = 0.01126 bar
W1 =
t
(ii) Relative humidity of the exit air : For air at 20ºC DBT and 15ºC WBT.
ec
oj
Pr
T
C
= 0.0137 bar
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The amount of water vapour per kg of dry air = W 2 – W 1 = 0.00852 – 0.00699 = 0.00153
U
kg
VT
9) An air-water vapour mixture enters an adiabatic saturation chamber at 28°C and leaves at
18°C, which is the adiabatic saturation temperature. The pressure remains constant at 1.0 bar.
Determine the relative humidity and humidity ratio of the inlet mixture.
Solution:.
The specific humidity at the exit W2S = = = 0.01308 kg/kg of dry air
W1 =
∴ 0.01704 =
t
ec
oj
10) An air-water vapour mixture enters an air-conditioning unit at a pressure of 1.0 bar. 38°C
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DBT, and a relative humidity of 75%. The mass of dry air entering is 1 kg/s. The air-vapour
T
mixture leaves the air-conditioning unit at 1.0 bar, 18°C, 85% relative humidity. The
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moisture condensed leaves at 18°C. Determine the heat transfer rate for the process.
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Solution:
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The flow diagram and the process are shown in Figs respectively.
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At 38°C
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At 18°C
From steam tables : Pvs = 0.0206 bar, hg2 = 2534.4 kJ/kg hf2 = 75.6 kJ/kg
Pv = 0.85 × 0.0206 = 0.01751 bar
t
ec
11) It is required to design an air-conditioning system for an industrial process
oj
for the following hot and wet summer conditions :
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Outdoor conditions ...... 32ºC DBT and 65% R.H. T
Required air inlet conditions ...... 25ºC DBT and 60% R.H.
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The required condition is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating.
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(i) The cooling capacity of the cooling coil and its by-pass factor.
(ii) Heating capacity of the heating coil in kW and surface temperature of the heating coil if
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Locate the
points ‘1’, ‘5’
and ‘3’ as
shown on
psychrometric
chart.
Join the line 1- 5.
t
Draw constant specific humidity line through ‘3’ which cuts the line 1-5 at point ‘2’.
ec
The point ‘2’ is located in this way.
oj
From psychrometric chart :
Pr
h1 = 82.5 kJ/kg, h2 = 47.5 kJ/kg T
h3 = 55.7 kJ/kg, h5 = 36.6 kJ/kg
C
W1 = 19.6 gm/kg, W3 = 11.8 gm/kg
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BF = = 0.237 (Ans)
BF =
∴ tdb6 = 28.2ºC.
Hence surface temperature of heating coil = 28.2ºC. (Ans)
(iii) The mass of water vapour removed per hour
=
= 131.16 kg/h.
t
for following winter conditions :
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Outdoor conditions ...... 14ºC DBT and 10ºC WBT
oj
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Required conditions ...... 20ºC DBT and 60% R.H.
Amount of air circulation ...... 0.30 m3/min./person.
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C
Seating capacity of office ...... 60.
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The required condition is achieved first by heating and then by adiabatic humidifying.
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(i) Heating capacity of the coil in kW and the surface temperature required if the by pass
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t
h1 = 29.3 kJ/kg, h2 = h3 = 42.3
ec
kJ/kg
oj
tdb2 = 24.5ºC, vs1 = 0.817 m3/kg
Pr
The mass of air circulated per minute, T
ma =(0.30*60)/0.817= 22.03 kg/min.
C
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BF=
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12) 200 m 3 of air per minute at 15ºC DBT and 75% R.H. is heated until its temperature is
25ºC.
Find : (i) R.H. of heated air.
(ii) Wet bulb temperature of heated air.
Solution:
(iii) Heat added to air per minute.
Locate point 1 on the psychrometric chart on intersection of 15ºC DBT and 75% R.H.lines.
Through point 1 draw a horizontal line to cut 25ºC DBT line and get point 2.
t
ec
oj
Pr
T
C
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9. A vessel of 0.03 m3 capacity contains gas at 3.5 bar pressure and 35°C temperature.
Determine the mass of the gas in the vessel. If the pressure of this gas is increased to 10.5 bar
while the volume remains constant, what will be the temperature of the gas ?
For the gas take R = 290 J/kg K.
[Ans. 0.118 kg, 650°C]
10. A vessel of spherical shape is 1.5 m in diameter and contains air at 40°C. It is evacuated
till the vacuum inside the vessel is 735 mm of mercury. Determine : (i) The mass of air
pumped out ;
(ii) If the tank is then cooled to 10°C what is the pressure in the tank ? The barometer reads
760 mm of mercury. Assume that during evacuation, there is no change in temperature of air.
[Ans. (i) 1.91 kg, (ii) 3 kPa]
t
ec
11. 100 m3 of air per minute at 35ºC DBT and 60% relative humidity is cooled to 20ºC DBT
oj
by passing through a cooling coil. Find the following : (i) Capacity of cooling coil in kJ/h
Pr
(ii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour, and
T
(iii) Relative humidity of air coming out and its wet-bulb temperature.
C
[Ans. (i) 1037088 kJ/h, (ii) 465.36 kg/h, (iii) 100%, 20ºC]
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12. Atmospheric air at 38ºC and 40 per cent relative humidity is to be cooled and
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dehumidified to a state of saturated air at 10ºC. The mass rate of flow of atmospheric air
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entering the dehumidifier is 45.4 kg/h. Neglecting any pressure drop, determine : (i) The
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13. The atmospheric conditions are 30ºC and specific humidity of 0.0215 kg/kg of air.
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Determine : (i) Partial pressure of air (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Dew point temperature.
VT
Assignment:
1) The air supplied to a room of building in winter is to be at 17ºC and have a relative
humidity of 60%. If the barometric pressure is 1.01325 bar, calculate the specific humidity.
What would be the dew point under these conditions ?
[Ans. 0.00723 kg/kg of dry air, 9.18ºC]
2) A mixture of air and water vapour at 1.013 bar and 16ºC has a dew point of 5ºC.
Determine the relative and specific humidities.
[Ans. 48%, 0.0054 kg/kg of dry air]
3) 100 m3 of air per minute at 35ºC DBT and 60% relative humidity is cooled to 20ºC DBT
by passing through a cooling coil. Find the following : (i) Capacity of cooling coil in kJ/h
t
ec
(ii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour, and
oj
(iii) Relative humidity of air coming out and its wet-bulb temperature.
Pr
[Ans. (i) 1037088 kJ/h, (ii) 465.36 kg/h, (iii) 100%, 20ºC]
T
4) Atmospheric air at 38ºC and 40 per cent relative humidity is to be cooled and dehumidified
C
to a state of saturated air at 10ºC. The mass rate of flow of atmospheric air entering the
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(i) The mass of water removed ; (ii) The quantity of heat removed.
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state, steady flow device with 1 kg of air at 16ºC and a relative humidity of 10%. Assuming
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that the mixing is to be carried out at a constant pressure of 1.0 atm, determine the
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t
ec
oj
Pr
Self Answered Question & Answer
1) 100 m3 of air per minute at 35ºC DBT and 60% relative humidity is cooled to 20ºC DBT
T
C
by passing through a cooling coil. Find the following : (i) Capacity of cooling coil in kJ/h
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(iii) Relative humidity of air coming out and its wet-bulb temperature.
-N
[Ans. (i) 1037088 kJ/h, (ii) 465.36 kg/h, (iii) 100%, 20ºC]
EL
state, steady flow device with 1 kg of air at 16ºC and a relative humidity of 10%. Assuming
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that the mixing is to be carried out at a constant pressure of 1.0 atm, determine the
U
4) Air expands in a cylinder in a reversible adiabatic process from 13.73 bar to 1.96 bar. If
the final temperature is to be 27°C, what would be the initial temperature ?
Also calculate the change in specific enthalpy, heat and work transfers per kg of air.
[Ans. 524 K, 224.79 kJ/kg, zero, 160.88 kJ/kg]
5) A vessel of spherical shape is 1.5 m in diameter and contains air at 40°C. It is evacuated
till the vacuum inside the vessel is 735 mm of mercury. Determine : (i) The mass of air
pumped out ;
(ii) If the tank is then cooled to 10°C what is the pressure in the tank ? The barometer reads
760 mm of mercury. Assume that during evacuation, there is no change in temperature of air.
[Ans. (i) 1.91 kg, (ii) 3 kPa]
6) 1 kg of air at 27°C is heated reversibly at constant pressure until the volume is doubled and
then heated reversibly at constant volume until the pressure is doubled. For the total path find
:(i) The work ; (ii) Heat transfer ;(iii) Change of entropy.
[Ans. (i) 86.14 kJ, (ii) 728.36 kJ, (iii) 1.186 kJ/kg K]
7) A mass of air initially at 260°C and a pressure of 6.86 bar has a volume of 0.03 m3. The
t
ec
air is expanded at constant pressure to 0.09 m3, a polytropic process with n = 1.5 is then
oj
carried out, followed by a constant temperature process which completes the cycle. All
Pr
processes are reversible. Find (i) The heat received and rejected in the cycle, (ii) The
T
efficiency of the cycle.Show the cycle on p-v and T-s planes.
C
[Ans. (i) 143.58 kJ, – 20.3 kJ ; (ii) 38.4%]
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M
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(c) Dew point temperature is the same as the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature.
(d) For saturated air, dew point temperature is less than the wet bulb temperature.
t
ec
(b) Evaporative cooling is a cooling and humidification process
oj
(c) Evaporative cooling is a cooling and dehumidification process
Pr
(d) Evaporative cooling is not effective for hot and dry climates.
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C
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(a) filter only (b) humidifier only (c) dehumidifier only (d) all of the above.
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PT
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(a) can increase or decrease (b) increases (c) decreases (d) remains constant.
VT
11. The relative humidity, during cooling and dehumidification of moist air
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) can increase or decrease (d) remains constant.
12. (a) A perfect gas does not obey the law pv = RT
(b) A perfect gas obeys the law pv = RT and has constant specific heat
(c) A perfect gas obeys the law pv = RT but have variable specific heat capacities.
13. Boyle’s law states that, when temperature is constant, the volume of a given mass of a
perfect gas
(a) varies directly as the absolute pressure (b) varies inversely as the absolute pressure
(c) varies as square of the absolute pressure (d) does not vary with the absolute pressure.
14. Charle’s law states that if any gas is heated at constant pressure, its volume
(a) changes directly as it absolute temperature (b) changes inversely as its absolute
temperature
(c) changes as square of the absolute temperature
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(d) does not change with absolute temperature.
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15 The equation of state of an ideal gas is a relationship between the variables :
Pr
(a) pressure and volume (b) pressure and temperature
T
(c) pressure, volume and temperature (d) none of the above.
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M
16. Joule’s law states that the specific internal energy of a gas depends only on
-N
(a) the pressure of the gas (b) the volume of the gas
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ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (c). 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a)
15. (c) 16. (c)