ASSIGNMENT III

1. Write short notes on FIVE of the following (500 words each; 5 marks each)

Nation-State

A nation state is a state in which the great majority shares the same culture and is

conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with

political ones. A nation state is a sovereign state of which most of its subjects are united

also by factors which defined a nation such as language or common descent.

The origins and early history of nation states are disputed. The term Nation state is a

product of the combination of discoveries in political economy, capitalism,

mercantilism, political geography, and geography combined together with cartography.

The most popular origin theory for the idea and term nation state is that it was a 19th-

century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated

education, mass literacy and mass media.

Nation states have their own characteristics, differing from those of the pre-national

states. For a start, they have a different perspective to their territory when compared

with dynastic monarchies such as the territory being nontransferable. No nation would

swap territory with other states simply because the king's daughter married. They have a

different type of border, in principle defined only by the area of settlement of the

national group, although many nation states also sought natural borders (rivers,
mountain ranges). They are constantly changing in population size and power because

of the limited restrictions of their borders.

In some cases, the geographic boundaries of an ethnic population and a political state

largely coincide. In these cases, there is little immigration or emigration, few members

of ethnic minorities, and few members of the "home" ethnicity living in other countries.

Examples of nation states include the following: The United Kingdom is an unusual

example of a nation state, due to its claimed "countries within a country" status. The

United Kingdom, which is formed by the union of England, Scotland, Wales and

Northern Ireland, is a unitary state formed initially by the merger of two independent

kingdoms ,Pakistan, even being an ethnically diverse country and officially a federation,

is regarded as a nation state due to its ideological basis on which it was given

independence from British India as a separate nation rather than as part of a unified

India.

Global Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a

means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a religious or political

aim. United Nations In November 2004, a Secretary-General of the United Nations

report described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to

civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling

a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.

Scholars of terrorism refer to four major types of global terrorism: the Anarchist, the
Anti-Colonial, the New Left, and the Religious. The first three have been completed and

lasted around 40 years; the fourth is now in its third decade."

The global economic impact of terrorism reached US$89.6 billion in 2015, decreasing

by 15 per cent from its 2014 level. There have been three peaks in the economic impact

of terrorism since the year 2000 and they are linked to the three major waves of

terrorism. The first large increase in the economic impact of terrorism happened in

2001, when the attacks of September 11 in New York City and Washington D.C. took

place. The second peak was in 2007 at the height of the Iraq war.

The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) is a report published annually by the Institute for

Economics and Peace (IEP), and was developed by IT entrepreneur and IEP's founder

Steve Killelea. The index provides a comprehensive summary of the key global trends

and patterns in terrorism since 2000. It produces a composite score in order to provide

an ordinal ranking of countries on the impact of terrorism. It is an attempt to

systematically rank the nations of the world according to terrorist activity. The index

combines a number of factors associated with terrorist attacks to build an explicit

picture of the impact of terrorism, illustrating trends, and providing a data series for

analysis by researchers and policymakers.The GTI is based on data from the Global

Terrorism Database(GTD). The GTD has codified over 150,000 cases of terrorism. The

GTI covers 163 countries, covering 99.7% of the world's population. The aim of the

report is to examine trends and to help inform a positive and practical debate about the

future of terrorism and the required policy responses. The GTI was developed in

consultation with the Global Peace Index expert panel.

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any

interference from outside sources or bodies. The term arises from the Latin superanus,

meaning "chief" (which finds it root in the Latin super (meaning "over")) and the Latin

regnum, meaning "kingship". According to Stephen D. Krasner, the term could also be

understood in four different ways:domestic sovereignty – actual control over a state

exercised by an authority organised within this state. Interdependence sovereignty –

actual control of movement across state's borders, assuming the borders

exist..International legal sovereignty – formal recognition by other sovereign

states.Westphalian sovereignty – lack of other authority over state other than the

domestic authority (examples of such other authorities could be a non-domestic church,

a non-domestic political organization, or any other external agent).

The first instance of display of sovereignty was in ancient rome by the Roman jurist

Ulpian. The people transferred all their imperium and power to the Emperor. The

emperor is not bound by the laws. Ulpian was expressing the idea that the Emperor

exercised a rather absolute form of sovereignty, that originated in the people, although

he did not use the term expressly. Ulpian's statements were known in medieval Europe,

but sovereignty was an important concept in medieval times. A community of people

who claim the right of self-determination based on a common ethnicity, history and

culture might seek to establish sovereignty over a region, thus creating a nation-state.

Such nations are sometimes recognised as autonomous areas rather than as fully

sovereign, independent states.

Globalization

Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies,

and governments worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon,

globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the

integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy.

Globalization has grown due to advances in transportation and communication

technology. With the increased global interactions comes the growth of international

trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction

and integration that's associated with social and cultural aspects. However, conflicts and

diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization, and modern globalization.

Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace

its history long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World,

some even to the third millennium BC. Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s. In

the late 19th century and early 20th century, the connectivity of the world's economies

and cultures grew very quickly. The term globalization is recent, only establishing its

current meaning in the 1970s.

In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of

globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and

movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental

challenges such as global warming, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-

fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are

affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and

the natural environment. Academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into

three major areas: economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political

globalization.

In general, globalization may ultimately reduce the importance of nation states.

Supranational institutions such as the European Union, the WTO, the G8 or the

International Criminal Court replace or extend national functions to facilitate

international agreement. This could ultimately lead to a global union, based on the

European Union model.