2.1 If the Noise figure of a receiver is 2.

5 dB, what reduction (measured in

dB) occurs in the signal to noise ratio at the output compared to the signal to
noise ratio at the input?
Sol We know that
𝑆𝑖
⁄𝑁
𝑖
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑆𝑜 = 2.5 𝑑𝐵
⁄𝑁
𝑜

Noise figure is the measure of the degradation of the SNR as the signal passes
through the receiver. So the signal to noise ratio at the output is 2.5 dB less than the signal
to noise ratio at the input.

2.5 The average time between false alarms is specified as 30 min and the
receiver bandwidth is 0.4 MHz:
a) What is probability of false alarm?

Sol Tfa = 30 min, B = 0.4 MHz

1 1
Pfa = BT = 0.4 MHz∗30 min = 1.388 ∗ 10−9
fa

b) What is the threshold to noise power ratio (𝑽𝑻 𝟐 ⁄𝜳𝒐 )?

1
Sol Tfa = B exp(VT 2 ⁄2Ψo )

Tfa B = exp(VT 2 ⁄2Ψo )

ln( Tfa B) = ln( exp(VT 2 ⁄2Ψo ))

(VT 2 ⁄2Ψo ) = 20.39 , (VT 2 ⁄Ψo ) = 40.79

c) Repeat (a) and (b) for an average false alarm time of one year (8760 h).
1 1
Sol Pfa = BT = 0.4 MHz∗8760∗3600 sec = 7.93 ∗ 10−14
fa

1
((VT 2 ⁄2Ψo )) = ln = 30.17 ; (VT 2 ⁄Ψo ) = 60.33
Pfa

d) Assume the threshold to noise power ratio is to be set to achieve a 30 min false
alarm time [value as in part(b)] ; but, for some reason, the threshold is actually set lower
by 0.3 dB than the value found in part (b). What is the resulting average time between
false alarms with the lower threshold?

Sol New value is (VT 2 ⁄Ψo ) = 38.019

 1 1 38.019
Tfa = B exp(VT 2 ⁄2Ψo ) = 0.4 𝑀𝐻𝑧 ∗ exp ( ) = 450.46 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 7.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2

e) What would be the average time between false alarms if the threshold were to
increase by 0.3 dB?

Sol New value is (VT 2 ⁄Ψo ) = 43.65

1 1 43.65
Tfa = B exp(VT 2 ⁄2Ψo ) = 0.4 𝑀𝐻𝑧 ∗ exp ( ) = 7523.45 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 125.39 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2

f) Examine the two values of threshold to noise ratio you have calculated in (d) and €
and comment on the practicability of precisely achieving a specified value of false alarm
time .

Sol It would be very difficult to achieve a given value of false alarm time because of the
exponential relationship between threshold and false alarm time. A very little change in
threshold makes a significant change in false alarm time as we have seen in above parts.

2.6 A radar has a band width B= 50kHz and an average time between false
alarm of 10 minutes:
a) What is the probability of false alarm?
1 1
Sol 𝑃𝑓𝑎 = 𝐵𝑇 = (5 ×104 )×10×60 = 3.33 × 10−8
𝑓𝑎

b) If PRF is 1kHz and if the first 15 nmi of range were gated off (receiver is turned off)
because of the use of a long pulse, what would be the new probability of false
alarm? (assume that the false alarm remains constant

Sol 𝑅𝑢𝑛= 𝑐
2𝑓𝑝

𝑅 3×108
𝑢𝑛= =81 𝑛𝑚𝑖
2×1000

The probability of false alarm when the receiver is gated off is:
81
(3.33×10−8 ) × [ ] = 4.09 × 10−8
81−15

c) Is the difference between (a) and (b) is significant?

Sol Probability of false alarm is not significant because its effect on threshold level is
small as compared to the practical factors that could effect the precision of threshold level.
d) What is the pulse width that results in a minimum range of 15 nmi?

Sol
𝑐𝜏
Minimum range =
2
2 × 15 × 1852
𝜏=
3 × 108
𝜏 = 185.2µ𝑠𝑒𝑐

2.8 A radar at a frequency of 1.35 GHz has an antenna of width D=32 ft, a
maximum un-ambiguous range of 220 nmi, and an antenna scan time (time
to make one rotation of antenna) of 10 s:

a) What is the number of echo pulses per scan received by the radar from
a point target? [𝜽𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝝀⁄𝑫]
Sol

𝑓 = 1.35𝐺𝐻𝑧

𝐷 = 32𝑓𝑡 = 9.7536𝑚

𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑏 = 22𝑛𝑚𝑖

𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 10𝑠

𝑤𝑟 = 6

𝑐 3 ∗ 108
𝜆= = = 0.22𝑚
𝑓 1.35 ∗ 109

1.2𝜆 1.2 ∗ 0.22

Ɵ𝐵 = = = 0.027 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1.547𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝐷 9.7536
𝑐 𝑃𝑅𝑇
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑏 =
2
2 ∗ 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑏 2 ∗ 220 ∗ 1852
𝑃𝑅𝑇 = = = 2.71 ∗ 10−3 𝑠
𝑐 3 ∗ 108
1 1
𝑃𝑅𝐹 = = = 368𝐻𝑧
𝑃𝑅𝑇 2.71 ∗ 10−3
Ɵ𝐵 𝑓𝑏 Ɵ𝐵 𝑓𝑏
𝑛= =
Ɵ𝑠 6𝑤𝑟
 1.547 ∗ 368
𝑛=
36
𝑛 = 15.81 ≈ 16

b) What is the integration loss and the integration improvement factor

when the probability of detection is 0.9 and the probability of false alarm is
𝟏𝟎−𝟒 ?
Sol

𝑃𝑑 = 0.9

𝑃𝑓𝑎 = 10−4

𝑛𝐸𝑖(𝑛) =?

By looking at the figure 2.7a Integration improvement factor for 16 number of pulses is
8.