Pres en at Ion

Receiver design for
multiGigabit OFDM
systems
Tapan Shah
School of Technology and Computer Science

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
2010-10-04
Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Performance of COR with low precision ADC
3 Analog OFDM Receiver (AOR)
4 Discussion

Outline
1 Introduction
4 Discussion

multiGigabit Systems

C = W log 1 + P
N0 W . Larger W implies larger C.


C = W log 1 + P
Typical data rates of 1-2 Gbps.


C = W log 1 + P
Typical data rates of 1-2 Gbps.
Example
wireless personal area networks (IEEE 802.15.3c).
wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11ad).

Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
channel
h L−1
Transmitter Receiver
h0
h L−2
yn
d n−L1 , d n−L2 , ... , d n−1 , d n
yn = dn h0 + dn−1 h1 + . . . + dn−L+1 hL
If 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1, then the matrix form is

y = hd
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
Convert an (ISI) channel into parallel decoupled channels

with no interference.

Multiplexing (OFDM)

Simplifies equalization.

Multiplexing (OFDM)

Simplifies equalization.
Basic Principle
A circulant matrix can be diagonalized by Fourier
transformation.

OFDM
Circulant matrix
h0 0 · 0
 
· hL−1 hL−2 · h1
h1 h0 0 · · 0 hL−1 · h2 
C=
·

· · · · · · · ·
0 0 · 0 hL−1 hL−2 · h1 h0
If F is the DFT matrix, FCFH is a diagonal matrix.

The diagonal entries are the DFT of the first column of C.

Multiplexing (OFDM)
x 1=d N −L 1 y1
x L−1 =d N −1 y L−1
U0 d0 x L =d 0 yL yL Y0
Remove
Cyclic Channel prefix DFT
IDFT prefix
U N −1 d N −1 y N L−1 y N L−1 Y N −1
x N  L−1 =d N −1
Figure: Transmission and reception of OFDM.

Motivation and Related Work
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) key component for digital

signal processing (DSP) based transceivers.


High speed, high precision ADCs required in multiGigabit
setting are expensive and power hungry.


High speed, high precision ADCs required in multiGigabit
setting are expensive and power hungry.
Example
In ICC 2009, a number of prototypes from projects such as
Easy A were displayed and these prototypes used cooling fans
for the ADC chip.
Use of fans not feasible, especially in hand-held devices.

Figure: Survey of ADC technology (Walden, 1999).

Question
How do we overcome the “ADC bottleneck”?

Question
Use ADC with low precision (1-3 bits per sample).

Question
Question
How much information is lost if such low precision samples are
used?

Question
Question
used?
AWGN capacity loss with 1-3 bit ADC is manageable upto

20 dB SNR (Dabeer et al., 2006), (Singh et al., 2009).

Question
Question
used?
AWGN capacity loss with 1-3 bit ADC is manageable upto

20 dB SNR (Dabeer et al., 2006), (Singh et al., 2009).

Question
Can we perform receiver functions like equalization, channel
estimation, synchronization etc using DSP on low precision
samples?

Question
samples?
Recent work on channel estimation in single carrier

systems suggest with suitable modification of ADC
architecture, near full precision performance is possible
(Dabeer and Madhow, 2010).

Question
samples?
Recent work on channel estimation in single carrier

systems suggest with suitable modification of ADC
architecture, near full precision performance is possible
(Dabeer and Madhow, 2010).
But in some cases, the losses are too large. We may have
to go against convention and incorporate some analog
processing before sampling (Dabeer and Madhow, 2003) .

Our Focus: OFDM System


Study performance degradation of a system based on
conventional OFDM receiver (COR) with low precision
ADC.


Study performance degradation of a system based on
conventional OFDM receiver (COR) with low precision
ADC.
Investigate an alternate receiver, which using some analog
processing, can achieve near full precision performance.

Outline
1 Introduction
4 Discussion

COR with Low Precision ADC
U0 d0 HF
signal
S P
Data in Add D/A HF
MOD IFFT CP Low pass upconv
P S C
H
U N −1 d N −1 A
Frequency Domain Time Domain N
N
Y0 yL E
L
S S
Data out Remove Sampling HF
DEMOD FFT CP ADC downconv
P P
Y N −1 y N L−1
Figure: Transceiver structure of a conventional OFDM.

U0 d0 HF
signal
S P
Data in Add D/A HF
P S C
H
U N −1 d N −1 A
N
Y0 yL E
L
S S
P P
Y N −1 y N L−1

U0 d0 HF
signal
S P
Data in Add D/A HF
P S C
H
U N −1 d N −1 A
N
Y0 yL E
L
S S
P P
Y N −1 y N L−1
13 bit per
sample

U0 d0 HF
signal
S P
Data in Add D/A HF
P S C
H
U N −1 d N −1 A
N
Y0 yL E
L
S S
P P
Y N −1 y N L−1
Effect of the non linearity on the performance 13 bit per
if the remaining components of receiver are same ? sample

Simulations
We plot the symbol error rate (SER) as a function of SNR

(averaged over several channel realization).
The statistical model of the channel model used is as given
in the standad IEEE 802.15.3c.
For demodulation, we assume the channel is perfectly
known at the receiver.
For imperfect channele estimate at receiver, the high SNR
performance is essentially the same.
When we say l bit precision, it means l bit per sample each
for both real and imaginary part.

Simulation Results
0
10
−1
10
SER
−2
10
−3
10 full precision
2 bit precision
3 bit precision
−4
10
−5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR (dB)
Figure: SER vs SNR for uncoded 4-QAM. At low precision, after a

certain SNR, the SER remains almost constant. This is error floor.

Analysis: Main Assumptions
For a quick insight, the quantization noise is modelled as

uniformly varying random variable.
If the length of FFT is large enough, approximate DFT of
uniformly varying independent random variables by
normally distributed random variable (Central limit
theorem).
Application of dominated convergence theorem and taking
the limit SNR → ∞ gives an approximation of the error
floor.

Comparison of Analytical and
Simulation Results
Constellation Precision Analytical error floor Observed error floor

2 bit 0.06 0.09
4-QAM
3 bit 0.0136 0.0145
2 bit 0.42 0.4
8-QAM
3 bit 0.189 0.180
Table: Comparison of error floor calculated analytically and observed
in simulation.

Discussion
Question
What is causing this performance degradation?

Discussion
Question
Due to the poor resolution cause by low precision

sampling, not able to clear up the inter-carrier interference.

Discussion
Question
Due to the poor resolution cause by low precision

sampling, not able to clear up the inter-carrier interference.
Strong carriers thus dominate the weaker carriers. This
seems to be main reason for the performance degradation.

Discussion
Question
What is a natural solution?

Discussion
Question
Clear up the interference before sampling.

Discussion
Question

First convert the channel into several parallel “decoupled
channel” and then sample the outputs of each of parallel
channel separately.

Discussion
Question

First convert the channel into several parallel “decoupled
channel” and then sample the outputs of each of parallel
channel separately.
We study a modified receiver architecture which tries to
achieve this using analog processing.

Outline
1 Introduction
4 Discussion

Modified Receiver Architecture
13 bit/sample Effect on
a
Correlator Y0
q.
〈 yt , g 0 t〉
P a a
Remove CP period
Y0 Yi

From HF S Equalization and

downconv demodulation
a
Correlator Yi
〈 y t, gi t〉 q.
Figure: Block diagram of AOR

Choice of gi (t)’s
Any basis can be used as projectors.


Keeping in mind we are doing low precision sampling,
following two criteria must be kept in mind.


Basic Criteria
Should give us uncorrelated outputs i.e. decoupled
channels.


Basic Criteria
channels.
Most energy captured in few components.


Basic Criteria
channels.
Most energy captured in few components.

Karhunen-Loeve transform of the map between input and

output time domain signal is one possible solution.


It requires knowledge of channel dependent coefficients.
We want a channel dependent basis.


In COR, we sample and project on discrete sinusoids.


Instead, we project on analog sinusoids and then sample.
The two are not equivalent


Instead, we project on analog sinusoids and then sample.
The two are not equivalent
Let N be the size of FFT at transmitter. We show, under
some assumptions, we get 2N decoupled channels
capturing most of the energy.

Main Result
We find an approximate linear relationship between the
input vector U = [U0 . . . UN−1
a] and the output of 2N
a
sinusoid correlators Y = Y0 . . . Y2N−1 .
a


Main Result
a
a

Matrix form
Y0a 0
  a
W0a
   
H0 ···
 ..   .. .. .. . 
 .   . . .  .. 
  
U

  .0   W a 
 N−1  =  0
 a   a
  
Y   ··· HN−1  .  +  N−1
0  .

 Y a  H a ···  Wa 
 N   N N 
 ..   .. .. ..  UN−1  .. 
 
 .   . . .   . 
a
Y2N−1 0 ··· a
H2N−1 a
W2N−1

Main Result
a
a

Matrix form
Y0a 0
  a
W0a
   
H0 ···
 ..   .. .. .. . 
 .   . . .  .. 
  
U

  .0   W a 
 N−1  =  0
 a   a
  
Y   ··· HN−1  .  +  N−1
0  .

 Y a  H a ···  Wa 
 N   N N 
 ..   .. .. ..  UN−1  .. 
 
 .   . . .   . 
a
Y2N−1 0 ··· a
H2N−1 a
W2N−1

Main Result
a
a

Block diagonal structure

Matrix form
Y0a 0
  a
W0a
   
H0 ···
 ..   .. .. .. . 
 .   . . .  .. 
  
U

  .0   W a 
 N−1  =  0
 a   a
  
Y   ··· HN−1  .  +  N−1
0  .

 Y a  H a ···  Wa 
 N   N N 
 ..   .. .. ..  UN−1  .. 
 
 .   . . .   . 
a
Y2N−1 0 ··· a
H2N−1 a
W2N−1

Main Result

Wa = W0a . . . W2N−1
a
∼ CN 0, σ 2 I

√
N −k

a
Hk = NHf
T
√
k

a
Hk+N = NHf − 0≤k ≤N −1
T
where Hf (·) is the Fourier transform of the h(t).
h(t) is defined to be the convolution of channel impulse

response and the transmit signalling pulse p(t).

Main Result
τ is the channel delay spread, τmax is the maximum delay

spread and T is the OFDM symbol duration.

Main Result

Main Assumption
τmax T so that T + τ ≈ T

Main Result

Main Assumption
τmax T so that T + τ ≈ T
Assumption holds when the number of multipath

components (L) in the channel are much fewer relative to
the size of the FFT (N).
Often the case in indoor environments where the number
of path obstructions are less.

How Good are our Assumptions?
50
100
150
200
250
20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure: The exact structure of the linear transformation between Ya

and U for N = 128 for a typical channel realization without noise.
Most of the values are vey small. The two diagonal components have
around 91% of energy.

Equalization and Demodulation
Each data symbol Uk is sent over 2 of the 2N parallel

channels.


channels.
We should use both Yka and Yk+N
a for demodulating Uk .


channels.
We should use both Yka and Yk+N
a for demodulating Uk .
We do a maximal ratio combining of Yka and Yk+N
a i.e. the
decision statistic for demodulating Uk is
Hka∗ Yka + Hk+N k+N .
a∗ Y a

AOR at Low Precision
a
Correlator Y0 13 bit/sample
q.
〈 yt , g 0 t〉
P a a
Remove CP period
Y0 Yi


a
Correlator Yi
〈 y t, gi t〉 q.
Figure: Block diagram of AOR with low precision ADC

AOR at Low Precision
a
Correlator Y0 13 bit/sample
q.
〈 yt , g 0 t〉
P Effect on
a a
Remove CP period
Y0 Yi


a
Correlator Yi
〈 y t, gi t〉 q.

What do we Expect
We have already cleared up the interference.

What do we Expect
We have already cleared up the interference.

Performance degradation only due to loss of information
during quantization.

Need for Automatic Gain Control
(AGC)
In an AWGN channel
y = x + w,
if input alphabet has two discrete points (BPSK), we expect

that 1 bit quantization of the output (output alphabet also
has two discrete points) should not lead to significant loss
compared to no quantization.

Need for Automatic Gain Control
(AGC)
In an AWGN channel
y = x + w,
if input alphabet has two discrete points (BPSK), we expect

that 1 bit quantization of the output (output alphabet also
has two discrete points) should not lead to significant loss
compared to no quantization.
As we increase the size of input alphabet, we expect the
minimum precision required (number of discrete points in
the outout alphabet) to also increase.

Need for AGC
Consider a fading channel
y = hx + w.

Need for AGC
y = hx + w.
To account for the effect of the channel gain h, we need a

adpative quantizer whose range depends on h.

Need for AGC
y = hx + w.

Or else, use a static quantizer and increase or decrease
the amplitude of y suitably.

Need for AGC
y = hx + w.

Or else, use a static quantizer and increase or decrease
the amplitude of y suitably.
We model our AGC for ideal implementation (no feedback).

Incorporating AGC Gain Block in AOR
1
βi = q
|Hia |2 + σ 2
a
Correlator Y0
β 0 y t  〈 y t , g 0 t〉 q .
a a
P Y0 Yi
Remove CP period
Equalization and
From HF S

downconv a demodulation
Correlator Y i
β i y t  〈 y t  , gi t〉 q .

Simulation Results for AOR
0
10
−1
10
SER
−2
10
2 bit precision
3 bit precision
full precision
−3
10
−5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SER (dB)
Figure: SER vs SNR for uncoded 16-QAM. Note the performance of

AOR for 3 bit precision.

Low Complexity AOR
Generation of sinusoids of high frequency is difficult.

Low Complexity AOR

Instead we use square and triangle waveforms as
projectors.

Low Complexity AOR

Instead we use square and triangle waveforms as
projectors.

Outline
1 Introduction
4 Discussion

AOR vs COR: full precision
0
10
−1
10
SER
−2
10
−3
10
AOR
COR
−4
10
−5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR (dB)

AOR vs COR: 3 bit quanitzation,
SER=0.1
Constellation Receiver Structure SNR in dB
COR 7
AOR with sinusoid projectors 6
4-QAM
AOR with triangle projectors 7
AOR with square projectors 9
COR ∞
16-QAM
AOR with square projectors ∞

AOR vs COR: 3 bit quanitzation,
SER=0.05
Constellation Receiver Structure SNR in dB
COR 12
4-QAM
AOR with square projectors 13
COR ∞
16-QAM
AOR with square projectors ∞

Conclusions
The previous slides clearly show that at low precision, the

AOR can, under ideal implementation, give perform better
compared to COR.
In particular, AOR with sinusoids achieves near full
precision performance.
However, there are several hardware implementation
issues which need to be addressed.

Implementation Issues and Future
Work
AOR requires more hardware viz. oscillators and AGCs.

Work

Can be a major issue in small hand-held devices.
Alternate AGC design may be required to reduce hardware
requirements.

Work

requirements.
Oscillators generating sinusoids of such large frequencies
(in GHz) maybe expensive and unstable.

Work

requirements.
Oscillators generating sinusoids of such large frequencies
(in GHz) maybe expensive and unstable.
A possible solution explored was to chose
easier-to-generate waveforms like triangle and square.
Alternate solutions, like the use of low frequency Haar
wavelets was also explored. However, it was not clear if it
indeed reduced the hardware requirements.

Work
The effect of frequency and phase offsets in the waveforms

generated by the oscillators on the performance of AOR
needs to be studied.

Work

Algorithms for channel estimation, frequency and timing
synchronization have to be designed.

Work

Algorithms for channel estimation, frequency and timing
synchronization have to be designed.
An algorithm for channel estimation, similar to (Dabeer and
Madhow, 2010), was explored and a near full precision
performance was achievable.

Thanks

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Receiver design for

School of Technology and Computer Science

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

2 Performance of COR with low precision ADC

3 Analog OFDM Receiver (AOR)

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

2 Performance of COR with low precision ADC

3 Analog OFDM Receiver (AOR)

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

If 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1, then the matrix form is

Convert an (ISI) channel into parallel decoupled channels

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Convert an (ISI) channel into parallel decoupled channels

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Convert an (ISI) channel into parallel decoupled channels

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

If F is the DFT matrix, FCFH is a diagonal matrix.

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Figure: Transmission and reception of OFDM.

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) key component for digital

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) key component for digital

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) key component for digital

Use of fans not feasible, especially in hand-held devices.

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Figure: Survey of ADC technology (Walden, 1999).

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Use ADC with low precision (1-3 bits per sample).

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Use ADC with low precision (1-3 bits per sample).

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Use ADC with low precision (1-3 bits per sample).

AWGN capacity loss with 1-3 bit ADC is manageable upto

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Use ADC with low precision (1-3 bits per sample).

AWGN capacity loss with 1-3 bit ADC is manageable upto

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Recent work on channel estimation in single carrier

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Recent work on channel estimation in single carrier

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Our Focus: OFDM System

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Our Focus: OFDM System

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Our Focus: OFDM System

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

2 Performance of COR with low precision ADC

3 Analog OFDM Receiver (AOR)

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems

Tapan Shah Receiver design for multiGigabit OFDM systems