Area 4: Differential Calculus EAJVargas

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Lim

x 4  81
use x  2.99999
x 3 x 3
2.999994  81
Limit 
MODULE 01: FUNCTIONS 2.99999  3
Limit  108
A function is a rule that associates, with each value of
a variable x in a certain set, exactly one value of
another variable y. The variable y is then called the D. Indeterminate forms
dependent variable, and x is called the independent
variable. The set from which the values of x can be 0
chosen is called the domain of the function. The set of 1.
0
all of the corresponding values of y is called the range of

the function. 2.

y = f(x) 3 .0 o
4. o
y = g(x)
5.1
6.  

MODULE 02: LIMITS

A. By substitution
MODULE 03: DERIVATIVES OF
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
Example:

Lim x 4  10
x 3
 1.
2.
d( c )  0
d( u)  du
Limit  34  10 3. d( cu)  cdu
Limit  71 4. d( u  v )  du  dv
5. d( uv)  udv  vdu

B. By L’Hospitals rule (derivative) 6. d( un )  nun 1du

 u  vdu  udv
7. d  
Example: v v2

Lim
x 4  81
 
8. d u 
du
x 3 x 3 2 u

34  81 0
Limit    indetermin ate
33 0
4x 3 MODULE 04: DERIVATIVES OF
Limit   4x3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1
 
Limit  4 33 A. Trigonometric functions

Limit  108 1. dsin u  cos udu

2. dcos u   sin udu
C. By Approaches rule 3. dtan u  sec 2 udu
4. dcot u   csc 2 udu
Example:
5. dsec u  sec u tan udu
6. dcsc u   csc u cot udu

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Area 4: Differential Calculus EAJVargas

MODULE 05: DERIVATIVES OF MODULE 08: HYPERBOLIC AND

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC INVERSE HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS
A. Hyperbolic functions
A. Inverse trigonometric functions
1. dsinh u  cosh udu
2. dcosh u  sinh udu
du
1. d arcsin u   3. dtanh u  sec h2udu
1  u2
du 4. dcoth u   csc h 2 udu
2. d arccos u   5. dsech u  sech u tanh udu
1  u2
6. dcsch u  csch u coth udu
du
3. darctan u 
1  u2 B. Inverse hyperbolic functions
du
4. darc cot u 
1  u2 du
1. d(arc sinh u) 
du
5. d arc sec u   1  u2
u u2  1 du
2. d(arc cosh u) 
du
6. d arc csc u   u2  1
2
u u 1 du
3. d(arc tanh u) 
1 - u2
du
MODULE 06: DERIVATIVES OF 4. darc coth u 
1  u2
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS du
5. d arc sech u  
u 1  u2
du
1. dlog a u  
log a e
du 6. d arc csch u  
u u 1  u2
log e
2. dlog u   du
u
du
3. d ln u  
u MODULE 09: SLOPE
The slope of the curve y = f(x) at any point is equal to
the derivative of the function dy/dx

dy
slope 
MODULE 07: DERIVATIVES OF dx
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
MODULE 10: TANGENTS AND
1. d a    a ln adu
u u NORMALS
2. d e   e du
u u
TANGENTS
If the function f(x) has a definite derivative f ’(x) at x =
xo, the curve y = f(x) has a tangent at P(xo, yo) whose
slope is

m = tanθ = f ’(x)

Equation of a Tangent: y – yo = m(x – xo)

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Area 4: Differential Calculus EAJVargas

NORMALS 3. Minimum length L of a line tangent to an ellipse.

The normal to a curve at one of its point is the line that
passes through the point and is perpendicular to the
L
tangent at the point. Hence, if m is the slope of the b a
1 L ab
tangent, then  is the slope of the normal.
m

1 4. Minimum length of wire running from the top of

Equation of a Normal: y  yo   x  x o  one post to the stake on the ground and to the top of
m
another post.

curve
tangent L2
b x d
a
L1 
a ab

x
d
normal

Area and Perimeter

MODULE 11: MAXIMA – MINIMA
5. Largest rectangle inscribed in a circle.
STEPS in solving worded problems in maxima- a
minima
1. Draw a figure (if necessary)
2. Determine which quantity is minimized or
maximized a
3. Formulate an equation
4. Reduce to one variable
5. Differentiate and equate to zero

General Applications:
6. Largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a
semicircle.
Length, Distance and Perimeter

1. Minimum length of ladder leaning against a a

building with one end on the ground outside the wall.

a/2
L

h
2 2 2
L3  h 3  x 3
x 7. Largest rectangle that can be cut from a given
triangle
2. For minimum perimeter of a rectangular lot of
known area to be fenced on three sides only.
h b
y x
2
x
x  2y h
y
y y P  x  2y b 2

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Area 4: Differential Calculus EAJVargas

8. Largest rectangle that can be inscribed in an 14. Least amount of material to be used for an open
ellipse top cylindrical tank.

b
y a h=r
x h
2
b
y
x 2 r
a
15. Minimum cost for a given volume, V.
9. Largest area of a triangle with given perimeter.
V
h r3
P 2π
a b a=b=c=
3
r

c 16. Ratio of the weight of heaviest cylinder, Wc to

10. Rectangle with given area but with minimum the weight of the circumscribing sphere, Ws
perimeter.

Wc 1

y Ws 3
x=y

17. Least amount of material for a given volume of

x cone.

Surface Area and Volume

h
11. Parallelepiped with maximum volume.
h
r
2
z x=y=z
r
y
x 18. Largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a cone.

12. Open square container with maximum volume.

h
h
x = 2y y
3
y y

x
x r

19. Maximum volume of right circular cylinder

inscribed in a sphere of radius R.
13. Least amount of material to be used for a square
base rectangular parallelepiped.
R 4
Vc  R3
27

y
x = 2y 2 3
h R
x 3
x
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Area 4: Differential Calculus EAJVargas

Angles MODULE 13: RADIUS OF

20. For maximum viewing angle of an object CURVATURE
A. Radius of curvature

θ
h
H
R
1  y'  2
3
2

x hH y' '

B. Curvature
x

1 y' '
k k
Critical points (maximum and minimum) and the
point of inflection
R 1  y' 2
3
2

A. At maximum point

y'  0
y"  negative

B. At minimum point

y'  0
y"  positive

C. At the point of inflection

y"  0

MODULE 12: TIME RATES

STEPS in solving worded problems in time rates
1. Draw a figure (if necessary)
2. Formulate equations
3. Reduce to one variable
4. Differentiate equations with respect to time
5. Substitute the given quantities and solve for the
unknown

Basic time rates

ds
A. Velocity: V
dt

dV
B. Acceleration: a
dt

dV
C. Discharge: Q
dt

d
D. Angular speed: 
dt

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