Basic Hydraulic Systems

• Hydraulic Tank
• Hydraulic Fluids
• Hydraulic Pumps and Motors
• Pressure Control Valves
• Directional Control Valves
• Flow Control Valves
• Cylinders
 SPRING

CHECK
VALVE

HOUSING

ORIFICE
 VALVE STEM

VALVE
BODY
UNRESTRICTED
FLOW
VALVE TIP

RESTRICTED
FLOW
VALVE SEAT
 3445 kPa
(500 psi)
5 gpm 4 gpm

3445 kPa
(500 psi)
1 gpm
 3445 kPa
(500 psi)
5 gpm 1 gpm

3445 kPa
(500 psi)
4 gpm
TOO TOO
TH TH
PASTE PASTE

A B
5 gpm NO
LOAD

3445 kPa 0 kPa

(500 psi) (0 psi)

3445 kPa 0 gpm 5 gpm

(500 psi)
5 gpm
LOAD

3445 kPa 1378 kPa

(500 psi) (200 psi)

3445 kPa 2 gpm 3 gpm

(500 psi)
5 gpm
LOAD

3445 kPa 689 kPa

(500 psi) (100 psi)

3445 kPa 1 gpm 4 gpm

(500 psi)
 ORIFICE

FROM TO
PUMP SYSTEM

DUMP SPRING
VALVE TO TANK
5 gpm NO
LOAD

2067 kPa 0 kPa

(300 psi) (0 psi)

5856 kPa
(850 psi) 3 gpm

2 gpm
5 gpm INCREASED
LOAD

3445 kPa 1378 kPa

(500 psi) (200 psi)

5856 kPa
(850 psi) 3 gpm

2 gpm
 METERED FLOW METERED FLOW

FROM FROM
PUMP PUMP

EXCESS OIL
 GAUGE 1 GAUGE 2
4134 kPa (600 psi) 1378 kPa (200 psi)
GAUGE 3
0 kPa (0 psi)

COMPENSATOR NEEDLE
SPOOL ORIFICE 1 VALVE
SUPPLY
OIL CONTROLLED
OIL FLOW (2 gpm)

BIAS SPRING ORIFICE 2

1378 kPa (200 psi)
 GAUGE 1 GAUGE 2
4134 kPa (600 psi) 2756 kPa (400 psi)
GAUGE 3
1378 kPa (200 psi)

COMPENSATOR NEEDLE
SPOOL ORIFICE 1
VALVE
SUPPLY
OIL CONTROLLED
OIL FLOW (2 gpm)

BIAS SPRING ORIFICE 2

1378 kPa (200 psi)
 ORIFICE

TO
LIFT/LOWER POPPET
CONTROL VALVE
VALVE
SPRING
FROM
CYLINDER
ROD END
FROM
LIFT/LOWER
CONTROL
VALVE

TO CYLINDER
HEAD END
 ORIFICE

FROM
LIFT/LOWER POPPET
CONTROL VALVE
VALVE

SPRING
TO
CYLINDER
ROD END

TO
LIFT/LOWER
CONTROL
VALVE

FROM CYLINDER
HEAD END
 FIXED ORIFICE VARIABLE ORIFICE
(NEEDLE VALVE)

PRESSURE COMPENSATED PRESSURE COMPENSATED

FLOW CONTROL VALVE FLOW CONTROL VALVE
WITH BY-PASS