BATTERY ELECTRIC

AIRCRAFT

A real option for efficient and

sustainable personal mobility?

Mauritz Andersson
Uppsala universitet
Elektricitetslära
StandUp Academy 2018 April 19
 VISION

Point-to-point mobility
Distance: Uppsala-Oslo 400
km

Time: 1 hour

Energy: 10 kWh/pass
MISCONCEPTION
S
Flying is inherently inefficient

Have to fly slow to be efficient

Batteries are too heavy

Large aircraft and airports

 LIFT-TO-DRAG

[Primary energy use per distance] = [Force]

 COMMERCIAL JET
ICAO klimatkalkylator

ARN-JFK, 6288 km

104 kg JetA - 318 kg CO2

50 gCO2/km (+ extra…)

Primary energy per distance

200 Wh/km/p = 700 N/p

Flight weight 3200 N/p

Effective L/D ~ 5
Turbine efficiency 40%
Aerodynamic L/D ~ 11 CO2 eq: 2.3 ton www.myclimate.org
 CARS
• Electric car!
2200 kg

• Tesla CD = 0.24
Effective area 0.6 m 2

F = 400 N @120km/h

• Rolling friction L/D ~ 50

F = 400 N

• Total friction ~ 800 N

• Effective L/D ~ 28
 TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY
Type Force/pass Speed
[N] [km/h]
Volvo S60 600 80
Tesla Model S 200 80
X2000 250 150
Pipistrel GFC 200 160
Boeing 787 750 900
Bicycle 30 25

1000 N = 280 Wh/km ⇒ 3.1 L/100 km ⇒ 75 mp

Fuel equivalent energy: 8.8 kWh/L
Jet A 12 kWh/kg, Li-ion Battery 0.25 kWh/kg
 FLYING ON BATTERY?!
270 Wh/kg battery

25% battery fraction

Lift-to-drag L/D = 50

Range 1200 km

Tomvikt 450 kg
Specific altitude: Vingtank 180 L
MTOW 750 kg
F ~ 150 N @ 120 km/h
P ~ 5 kW
180 kg batteri ~ 40 kWh
Concordia glider
 ELECTRIC PROPULSION
DEMONSTRATOR

Financed by Swedish Energy Agency

DIRECT DRIVE

Lift 70 kg

Power 10 kW @ 2000 rpm

Mass 2 kg, 22 cm x 2 cm

Efficiency >95%
 AERODYNAMICS

L/D

Chord
speed
[m2/s]

Span speed [m2/s]

PROPULSION SYNERGY

M. Drela, Power Balance in Aerodynamic Flows, AIAA 09-37

 DESIGN EXAMPLE
Electric propulsion

Mass ~300 kg

Air speed ~100 m/s

Wing area <1 m 2

L/D > 30

F < 100 N, P < 10 kW Mauritz Andersson

Battery 15 kWh ~ 60 kg

Range ~ 500 km
LILIUM AVIATION

Recent investment 100 MEUR

 AIRBUS A3 - VAHANA

Tilt wing

First flight recently 2018

Production demo 2020

Vahana - Passenger Experience

Vahana - Future of Urban Air Mobility
 UBER ELEVATE
Summit conference May 2018

Airbus
AirspaceX
Bell Heli
Pipistrel
Zee Aero
KittyHawk
Synergy Aircraft
Aurora FS
Carter Aviation
Lilium Aviaton
Siemens
… https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/
 LARGER AIRCRAFT

”Wright Electric’s goal is for every short

flight to be zero-emissions within 20
Electric hybrid
years. Our first plane is an airliner
Serious investment from Boeing.
designed for flights like New York-
Boston, London-Paris, and Seoul-Jeju.”
 EVIATION

Alice, a six- to nine-seat aircraft will cruise at 10,000 feet with a range
of up to 350 miles at a speed of 220 knots.
 LONG DISTANCE?
New York - Paris

5800 km in 10 hours

Battery 450 Wh/kg

Lift-to-drag 50 at 600 km/h

Battery fraction 75%

Mauritz Andersson
 CHALLENGES!
Safety and system resilience

Key Technologies: Energy storage,

aerodynamics, structures, electric drives,
sensors, autonomy

Regulations and airspace integration

Acoustic and visual noise

Acceptance by passenger and society

Sustainability and circular economy

 ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT
A real option for efficient and
sustainable personal mobility!
AIR MOBILITY REVOLUTION
IS COMING!
Today:
Flying is not climate sustainable.

Tomorrow:
Flying is energy and resource efficient with zero
emissions.

How:
It’s a challenge!
 SUMMARY

Efficiency metric: Lift-to-Drag

Electric propulsion is an enabling technology

Air mobility revolution is coming

VOLOCOPTER
 SPEED AND EFFICIENCY
”What speed cost”

G. Gabrielli and

Friction coefficient D/L

Th. von Kármán, 1950.

VGvK = V L/D

Limit line VGvK ~2.5 km/s

Possible!
Glider

Speed [m/s]
 COST COMPARISON Vehicle, scaled to 1 passenger
aut-eVTOL, 1p aut-eVTOL, 1p aut-eCar, 1p pers-eCar, 1p Unit Comment
aut-eCar, 1p Effective LtoD 30 30 30 Weight to Drag

pers-eCar, 1p Speed 400 80 80 km/h Average

Vehicle mass 100 400 400 kg Empty mass

663 60 Transport mass 110 110 110 kg Useful load

Battery mass 50 100 100 kg

530 45 Total mass 260 610 610 kg

Battery fraction 0.19 0.16 0.16
398
30
Battery capacity 12.5 25.0 25.0 kWh
265
Range [km] 529 451 451 km
15
133 Endurance 1.3 5.6 5.6 h
Energy use [Wh/km] 24 55 55 Wh/km Per passenger
0 0 Friction 85 199 199 N Total effective friction
Range [km] Energy use [Wh/km] 12 5 5 W/D for cargo

1 200 000 12000000 Use fraction 0.3 0.3 0.03 Autonomous vs

Owned
Vehicle lifespan 10 5 20 Years
900 000 9000000
Vehicle cost 100 000 20 000 20 000 EUR Excl Battery
Battery cost 2 500 5 000 5 000 EUR
6000000
600 000 Transport work [km/year] 1 051 200 210 240 21 024 km/year

3000000 Battery cycles 1986 466 47 cycles/year

300 000 Battery packs lifespan 9.9 1.2 0.5
0 Total distance lifespan 10512000 1051200 420480 km
[km]
0 Total distance lifespan
Material resource life [kg] 597 516 447
Transport work [km/year] [km]
0,63 5000 Running cost 0.005 0.011 0.011 EUR/km
Investment cost 0.10 0.19 0.48 EUR/km
0,50 3750 Transport cost [EUR/km] 0.10 0.20 0.49 EUR/km
Value: speed/cost 4006 397 164 km^2/h/EU Useful figure of merit?
0,38 2500 [km^2/h/EUR] R
Battery

0,25 Modern Li ion Unit Comment

1250 Energy density 250 Wh/kg Modern Li ion
0,13 Cost 200 EUR/kWh
0 Cycles 2000
0,00 Value: speed/cost Charge cost 0.1 EUR/kWh
Transport cost [EUR/km] [km^2/h/EUR] Total cost 0.2 EUR/kWh Inc. battery degradation

Energy altitude 92 km