1. The Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (79%) and oxygen (21%), with oxygen concentrated below 35,000 feet.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - with varying temperatures, pressures, and altitudes between sea level and outer space.
3. Key factors discussed include atmospheric pressure, heat, temperature, and modes of heat transfer like conduction and convection, which impact weather changes and aircraft instrumentation and anti-icing systems.
1. The Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (79%) and oxygen (21%), with oxygen concentrated below 35,000 feet.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - with varying temperatures, pressures, and altitudes between sea level and outer space.
3. Key factors discussed include atmospheric pressure, heat, temperature, and modes of heat transfer like conduction and convection, which impact weather changes and aircraft instrumentation and anti-icing systems.
1. The Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (79%) and oxygen (21%), with oxygen concentrated below 35,000 feet.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - with varying temperatures, pressures, and altitudes between sea level and outer space.
3. Key factors discussed include atmospheric pressure, heat, temperature, and modes of heat transfer like conduction and convection, which impact weather changes and aircraft instrumentation and anti-icing systems.
1. The Earth Atmosphere, Structure and composition
a. Nitrogen and other trace gases 79 percent of the atmosphere, Remaining 21 percent is atmospheric oxygen. b. Oxygen, it’s effects on atmosphere. Mostly Oxygen is below 35,000 feet altitude. c. Average pressure of 14.7 pounds on each square inch of surface. 2. Different layers of atmosphere on earth a. Troposphere sea level- 20,000 feet (8 km) at northern and southern poles and up to 48,000 feet (14.5 km) at equatorial regions. Boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere is tropopause b. Stratosphere height of about 20,000 till 160,000 feet (50 km). Cruising altitude in a passenger jet is near or just above the top of the troposphere, and at the bottom of the stratosphere. strato-pause, exists approximately at 160,000 ft. c. Mesosphere around 280,000 feet (85 km). Temperature as –90°C. Mesopause is the boundary between Meso and Thermosphere. d. Last layer is Thermosphere. It starts above the mesosphere and gradually fades into outer space. 3. Weight of the atmosphere at 18,000 feet is only one-half what it is at sea level. 4. Atmospheric Pressure: one of the basic factors in weather changes, helps to lift the airplane, and actuates some of the important flight instruments in the airplane. These instruments are the altimeter, the airspeed indicator, the rate-of- climb indicator, and the manifold pressure gauge. Atmospheric pressure is measured by Barometer invented by Torecelli. 5. Heat and Temperature (Q) is energy. It is the total amount of energy (both kinetic and potential) possessed by the molecules in a piece of matter. Heat is the overall energy of the molecular motion. Heat is measured in Joules. 6. Temperature is a means of determining the internal energy contained within a given system. Temperature is the average energy of the molecular motion. 7. Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The fundamental modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, radiation and photon heat. 8. Anti-icing is used in the aircraft fuel so it does not get freezed.
The Atmosphere Introduction Structure of The Atmosphere Solar Radiation and The Atmosphere States of Water Humidity Air Pressure and Condensation Clouds and Cloud Formation Pressure and Wind Summary