BTCOS509 : Seminar

Seminar report on

“Introduction to Machine Learning

&

Machine learning types”

The term Machine Learning was first contributed by Arthur Samuel in 1959, an American
pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence and stated that “it gives computers the
ability to learn without being explicitly programmed”. As Arthur Samuel defined machine learning is
nothing but it is an ability of computers according to which machine can think and solve problem by them .

The thinking ability for machine or computer is nothing but studying the history and managing the records
, Based on these studies machine forms a model which predicates the required result

Result is produced with the help of predictions which are generated by probability algorithms.

In 1997, Tom Mitchell gave a “well-posed” mathematical and relational definition that
defines machine learning as “A computer program is said to learn from experience ‘ E ’ with respect to
some task ‘ T ’ and some performance measure ‘ P ’, if its performance on ‘ T ‘, as measured by ‘ P ‘,
improves with experience ‘ E ‘.

Machine Learning is a latest buzzword floating around. It deserves to, as it is one of the most interesting
subfield of Computer Science and Engineerng. so what does Machine Learning really mean?

Let’s try to understand Machine Learning in real life. Consider you are trying to put a paper-ball to a
dustbin. But After first attempt, you realize that you have put too much force on it , so what we do is we
reduce the . force of throwing the paper-ball .

After second attempt, you realize you are closer to target but you need to increase your throw angle , so we
increases the angle according to some assumptions. What is happening here is basically after every throw
 BTCOS509 : Seminar

we are learning something and improving the end result . We are programmed to learn from our
experience.

This implies that the tasks in which machine learning is concerned offers a fundamentally operational
definition rather than defining the field in cognitive terms. Which means that machine also can think and
solve problems.

Slide :

In 1990’s , Herbert Alexander simon purposed a new definition of machine

learning which is similar to that of definition of Arthur Samuel (in 1959) and tom Mitchell (in 1998) ,
which is defined as “Learning is any process by which a system improves performance from experience “ ,
and also he defined in other way which is “ Machine Learning is concerned with computer programs that
automatically improves their performance through experience.”

So , according to Herbert Alexander simon learning is a process which improves the

functioning of system and which deals with the performance and experience. Herbert Alexander Simon
(June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American economist , political scientist and cognitive
psychologist , whose primary research interest was decision-making within organizations and is best
Known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing".

Notably, Simon was among the pioneers of several modern-day scientific domains such as artificial
intelligence , information processing , decision making , problem-solving , organization theory , and
complex systems. He was among the earliest to analyze the architecture of complexity and to
propose a preferential attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions .
 BTCOS509 : Seminar

Slide :

Explenation :
Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model
building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data ,
identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.

Machine learning today is not like machine learning of the past. It was born from pattern
recognition and the theory that computers can learn without being programmed to perform specific
tasks ; researchers interested in artificial intelligence wanted to see if computers could learn from
data. The iterative aspect of machine learning is important because as models are exposed to new
data , they are able to independently adapt . They learn from previous computations to produce
reliable, repeatable decisions and results. It’s a science that’s not new – but one that has
gained fresh momentum.

While artificial intelligence (AI) is the broad science of mimicking human abilities , machine
learning is a specific subset of AI that trains a machine how to learn , In future you will see how
these two technologies work , with useful examples and a few funny asides.
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Slide :

Explenation :

As we know that there is millions of TB of data is produced per hour ,so dealing
with such a great data is a difficult task that’s why we need Machine Learning .
While many machine learning algorithms have been around for a long time, the ability to automatically
apply complex mathematical calculations to big data – over and over, faster and faster – is a recent
development. Here are a few widely publicized examples of machine learning applications you may be
familiar with:

 The heavily hyped, self-driving Google car? The essence of machine learning.

 Online recommendation offers such as those from Amazon and Netflix? Machine learning applications for
everyday life.

 Knowing what customers are saying about you on Twitter? Machine learning combined with linguistic rule
creation.

 Fraud detection? One of the more obvious, important uses in our world today.

 Medical diagnosis , here the machine learning algorithms are very usefull which are error less.

 Image Recognition : it is useful for security and privacy purposes.

 Speech Recognition : which can be used for recognizing a particular person’s voice and also for
commanding.

 Financial services : where a huge data is to be compiled and need to keep perfect track of each transaction .

So , as we know that all the above problems can be easily solved by using machine learning algorithms
and implements operations in systematically way .

Slide :
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Applications of Machine Learning :

1) Financial Services :
Companies in the financial sector are able to identify key insights in financial
data as well as prevent any occurrences of financial fraud, with the help of machine learning
technology. The technology is also used to identify opportunities for investments and trade.
Usage of cyber surveillance helps in identifying those individuals or institutions which are prone
to financial risk, and take necessary actions in time to prevent fraud.

2) Marketing and Sales :

Companies are using machine learning technology to analyze the purchase
history of their customers and make personalized product recommendations for
their next purchase. This ability to capture, analyze, and use customer data to
provide a personalized shopping experience is the future of sales and marketing.

3) Government :

Government agencies like utilities and public safety have a specific need FOR
Ml, as they have multiple data sources, which can be mined for identifying useful
patterns and insights. For example sensor data can be analyzed to identify ways to
minimize costs and increase efficiency. Furthermore, ML can also be used to
minimize identity thefts and detect fraud.
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4) Healthcare :

With the advent of wearable sensors and devices that use data to access health of a
patient in real time, ML is becoming a fast-growing trend in healthcare. Sensors in wearable
provide real-time patient information, such as overall health condition, heartbeat, blood
pressure and other vital parameters. Doctors and medical experts can use this information to
analyze the health condition of an individual, draw a pattern from the patient history, and
predict the occurrence of any ailments in the future. The technology also empowers medical
experts to analyze data to identify trends that facilitate better diagnoses and treatment.
5) Transportation

Based on the travel history and pattern of traveling across various routes, machine
learning can help transportation companies predict potential problems that could arise on
certain routes, and accordingly advise their customers to opt for a different route.
Transportation firms and delivery organizations are increasingly using machine learning
technology to carry out data analysis and data modeling to make informed decisions and help
their customers make smart decisions when they travel.
6) Oil and Gas :

This is perhaps the industry that needs the application of machine learning the most.
Right from analyzing underground minerals and finding new energy sources to streaming oil
distribution, ML applications for this industry are vast and are still expanding.

7) Videos Surveillance :

Imagine a single person monitoring multiple video cameras! Certainly, a difficult job
to do and boring as well. This is why the idea of training computers to do this job makes
sense. So ,here machine can easily do work with all cameras.

8) Face Recognition :

You upload a picture of you with a friend and Facebook instantly recognizes that
friend. Facebook checks the poses and projections in the picture, notice the unique features,
and then match them with the people in your friend list. The entire process at the backend is
complicated and takes care of the precision factor but seems to be a simple application of ML
at the front end.

Slide :
 BTCOS509 : Seminar

Explanation :

o Data Wrangling :
Collecting data from real world is called as data wrangling in machine
learning.

o Measuring Devices :
It is the process of machine learning which decides how many devices
should be targeted or the data from those device .

o Preprocessing :
As name it self suggest that , it is the process of analyzing the data
before processing or to make it suit-able for processing.

o Dimensionality Reduction :

We know that there is a lot of data to be process , most of the data is

irrelevant and independent or it may of no use or it may have same
meaning . so , Instead of processing such data we reduce their
dimension or feature which produces such data.
o Model Learning :
When we get the data and relation between them , then an model is
prepared for solving that particular problem .
We train the model using training data set which may or may not be
Provided by user or it may be provided by historical data.
o Model Testing :
After designing the model the most important thing is to test the model
, we test the model using testing data set .
Based on testing result which are produced by testing data set .

o Analysis and Deployment :

 BTCOS509 : Seminar

It is the phase where a model and its predictions are analysed and then
it is purposed to lunch in the market .
Model deployment is based on the quality of predictions it produces.

Slide :

Explanation :
As shown above there are too many algorithms which are used to implement machine
learning algorithm . the popular machine learning algorithms are as follows ,

Machine Learning Algorithms :

o Linear Regression

o Logistical Regression

o Random Forest

o Gradient Boosted Trees

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o Support Vector Machines (SVM)

o Neural Networks

o Decision Trees

o Naive Bayes

o Nearest Neighbor
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Seminar report on
“Introduction to Cryptocurrency”

Slide :