LIC+C Lab Manual-17 Final

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
LINEAR ICs AND COMMUNICATION

LABORATORY MANUAL
[17ECL48]
Name:
USN:
MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MYSORE

Behind K R Mills, Belawadi Village, MANDYA.
2018-19
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………….. USN No………………………of II year
Bachelor of Engineering, 4thSemester of Electronics & Communication Engineering
branch has completed the laboratory work satisfactorily in Linear ICs and
Communication Lab for the academic year 2018-19 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: …………….….
Date: ……………..….
40
Lab In charge Head of the Department

Vision and Mission of the institute:
Vision: “To be recognized as a premier technical and management

institution promoting extensive education fostering research,
innovation and entrepreneurial attitude"
Mission:
 To empower students with indispensable knowledge through
dedicated teaching and collaborative learning.
 To advance extensive research in science, engineering and
management disciplines.
 To facilitate entrepreneurial skills through effective institute-
industry collaboration and interaction with alumni.
 To instill the need to uphold ethics in every aspect.
 To mould holistic individuals capable of contributing to the
advancement of the society.
Vision and Mission of the Department:

Department Vision:
To be recognized by the society at large as offering Value based Quality
Education to groom the next generation entrepreneurs, leaders and researchers
in the field of Electronics and Communication to meet the challenges at global
level.
Department Mission:
 To groom the students with strong foundations of Electronics and
Communication Engineering and to facilitate them to pursue higher
education and research.
 To educate and prepare the students to be competent to face the challenges
of the industry/society and /or to become successful entrepreneurs.
 To provide ethical and value-based education by promoting activities
addressing the societal needs.
 Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems
of current times and also provide a framework for promoting
collaborative and multidisciplinary activities.

LIC and Communication Lab 17ECL48 1
Sl no Description Page no
1 University syllabus 1
2 General Instructions 3
3 Lab Instructions 5
4 List of experiments 6
5 Cycle chart 6
University syllabus:
LINEAR ICs AND COMMUNICATION LAB
[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) scheme]
SEMESTER – IV
Laboratory code 17ECL48 IA marks 40
Number of Lecture 01Hr Tutorial Exam marks 60
Hours/Week (Instructions) +
02 Hours Laboratory
Exam hours 03
Credits – 02
Course objectives: This laboratory course enables students to
· Design, demonstrate and analyze instrumentation amplifier, filters, DAC, adder,
differentiator and integrator circuits using op-amp.
· Design, demonstrate and analyze multivibrators and oscillator circuits using op-amp.
· Design, demonstrate and analyze analog systems for AM, FM and mixer operations.
· Design, demonstrate and analyze balance modulation and frequency synthesis.
· Demonstrate and analyze pulse sampling and flat top sampling.
Laboratory Experiments:
1. Deign an instrumentation amplifier of a differential mode gain of ‘A’ using three
amplifiers.
2. Design of RC phase shift and Wein’s Bridge oscillators using op-amp.
3. Design an active second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters.
4. Design 4bit R-2R op-amp Digital to Analog converter (i) Using 4bit binary input from
toggle switches and (ii) By generating digital inputs using Mod-6 counter.
5. Design adder ,integrator and differentiator using op amp
6. Design of Monostable and Astable multivibrators using 555 timer.
7. Demonstrate pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction.
8. Amplitude modulation using transistor/FET (Generation and Detection)
9. Frequency modulation using IC 8038/2206 and demodulation.
10. Design BJT/FET mixer.
11. DSBSC generation using balance modulator IC 1496/1596
12. Frequency synthesis using PLL.
Course outcomes: This laboratory course enables students to:

 Gain hands-on experience in building analog systems for a given specification using
the basic building blocks.
 Gain hands-on experience in AM and FM techniques, frequency synthesis
 Gain hands-on experience in pulse and flat top sampling techniques
 Make the right choice of an IC and design the circuit for a given application.
 Design and analyze the performance of instrumentation amplifier, LPF, HPF, DAC and
oscillators using linear IC.
 Understand the applications of Linear IC for addition, integration and 555 timer
operation to generate signals/pulses.
Graduate Attributes (as per NBA)
· Engineering Knowledge.
· Apply the concepts and Demonstrate for solutions.
. Problem Analysis.
Conduct of Practical Examination:
1. All laboratory experiments are to be included for practical examination.
2. Students are allowed to pick one experiment from the lot.
3. Strictly follow the instructions as printed on the cover page of answer script for
breakup of marks.
4. Change of experiment is allowed only once and 15% Marks allotted to the procedure
part to be made zero.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Safety:
1. You are doing experiments with the help of electrical power. You have to be very
careful. You must clearly know the supply system to your worktable in particular
and the entire laboratory in general.
2. In case of any wrong connection/observation, you have to immediately switch off

supply to the worktable.
3. You have to tuck in your shirts and not to play with instruments laid on the bench.
4. Wearing loose garments inside the lab is strictly prohibited.
5. Wear shoes compulsorily.
Attendance:
1. Every time you come to the laboratory class, you have to come with your record
note book, observation notebook, calculators etc.
2. You have to give your attendance, submitting records, and show the day's
experimental circuit diagram and get it signed. You have to occupy the respective
worktable of the bench. Collect required components and meters etc., as per indent
slip.
Making connections:
1. Start doing connections as per the circuit diagram from one side of the circuit.
2. Know thoroughly the bread board connections.
3. Terminals of the meters should not be used as junction points. There should not be
any loose connection. Thoroughly check the connections. Also keep all meters in
such a way to read the readings conveniently. Call staff’ member to check the
connections.
Doing experiments:
1. Start the experiment as per the procedure. First make connections according to
circuit diagram and give connection to RPS,FG,CRO s as when required
2. If any of the circuit connection is wrong, then switch off and modify the connections.
Inform to the staff and then START.
Observation:
 Enter all readings in the tabular column. Note down the multiplication factor of
any meters immediately.
Calculation:
Calculate all required quantities and enter in the tabulation. Units are very important to
note. Draw the necessary graphs. Write the result. Show it to the staff for getting
Signature.
Record:
1. As the name Implies, it is a record: permanent record for reference. Write neatly;
Draw circuit diagrams neatly and label correctly.
2. Enter readings in the tabulation.
3. UNITS are to be written for various quantities.
4. Draw Graph. Complete the record before you come to next lab session.
5. Bring the record for submission during next lab session.

LAB INSTRUCTIONS:
Do’s and Don’ts
1 Students must bring Observation book, record and manual along with pen,
pencil, and eraser Etc., no borrowing from others. Be well prepared for
conducting the laboratory experiments.
2 Before entering to lab, must prepare for Viva for which they are carrying to
conduct experiment.
3 Maintain the silence in the lab. Keep the laboratory clean.
4 Keep your belongings in appropriate place provided in laboratory.
5 Do not come late to the laboratory.
6 Work only on the table allotted for you.
7 In the first half an hour of your lab session start, take required components,
from the counter by submitting the component issue slip (according to
experiment).
8 Check all the components before rig up the circuit.
9 After completing the circuit connections, consult with the staff member before
switching ‘ON’ power supply.
10 The CRO once switched ‘ON’ need not switched ‘OFF’, till the completion of the
experiment.
11 Before switching ‘ON’ power supply and function generator, make sure that the
voltage / amplitude control knob of these instruments are at their minimum
position and while switching ‘OFF’ the circuit, first switch ‘OFF’ the function
generator and then the power supply.
12 Be sure about the result expected and set the instruments in the expected range.
13 After the completion of the experiment arrange all patch chords, CRO probes
and instruments properly on the table and ensure that all AC power supply
switches of the working table are switched ‘OFF’.
14 Return the components taken from counter.
15 Uniform and smart card is must.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
Sl. No Description Page no
1. Deign an instrumentation amplifier of a differential mode gain of ‘A’
using three amplifiers.
2. Design of RC phase shift and Wein’s Bridge oscillators using op-amp.
3. Design an active second order Butterworth low pass and high pass
filters.
4. Design 4bit R-2R op-amp Digital to Analog converter (i) Using 4bit
binary input from toggle switches and (ii) By generating digital inputs
using Mod-6 counter.
5. Design adder ,integrator and differentiator using op amp
6. Design of Monostable and Astable multivibrators using 555 timer.
7. Demonstrate pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction.
8. Amplitude modulation using transistor/FET (Generation and
Detection)
9. Frequency modulation using IC 8038/2206 and demodulation.
10. Design BJT/FET mixer.
11. DSBSC generation using balance modulator IC 1496/1596
12. Frequency synthesis using PLL.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Let V1 =20mV, V2=5mV and Vi= V1- V2
Let Av1 is the voltage gain of first stage
Let Av2 is the voltage gain of second stage
Assume gain of both the stages are approximately equal i.e. Av1 ≅ Av2
Therefore Av = Av1. Av2
Let Av = 900 and IB(max) = 500nA
For 741 op amp, I2 = 100IB(max)

𝑉𝑖 15𝑚𝑉
𝑅2 = =
𝐼2 50𝜇𝐴
R2 = 300 𝜴 (use 270Ω standard resistor)

EXPERIMENT – 1
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design instrumentation amplifier of a differential mode gain of ‘A’ using three
amplifiers.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SL no Components Range Quantity

1. IC741 03
3.9kΩ 02
270kΩ 02
2. Resistors
270Ω 01
9.1kΩ 02
3. Signal generator (0-3)MHz 02
4. CRO (0-30)MHz 01
5. Connecting wires Few
THEORY:
An instrumentation amplifier is the intermediate stage of a instrumentation system.

The signal source of the instrumentation amplifier is the output of the transducer. Many
transducers output do not have the ability or sufficient strength to drive the next
following stages. Therefore, instrumentation amplifiers are used to amplify the low-
level output signal of the transducer so that it can drive the following stages such as
indicator or displays. The major requirements of a instrumentation amplifier are
precise, low-level signal amplification where low-noise, low thermal and time drifts,
high input resistance & accurate closed-loop gain, low power consumption, high CMRR
& high slew rate for superior performance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Give the input V1 & V2 to the non-inverting terminals of first & second op-amp
respectively.
2𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Av1 = 𝑅2
𝐴𝑣1 𝑅2 − 𝑅2 𝑅2 [𝐴𝑣1 − 1]
R1 = = = 3.9kΩ
2 2
R1 = R3 = 3.9kΩ
V0 = Av ×Vi
V0 = 900×15Mv
V0 = 13.5V
Let I5 =50µA
𝑉 13.5𝑉
R5 = 𝐼0 = 50𝜇𝐴
5
R5 = 270kΩ = R7
𝑅
Av2 = 𝑅5
4
𝑅 270𝑘
R4 = 𝐴 5 =
𝑉2 30
R4 = 9kΩ = R6
TABULAR COLUMN:
𝑽𝟎
Sl no V1 V2 V0 Av =
𝑽𝒊
Where Vi = V1 – V2
3. Calculate the output voltage V0 for different values of input and tabulate the same.
Also check whether the gain remains same for different values of inputs
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is an instrumentation amplifier?
2. Differentiate between difference amplifier and instrumentation amplifier.
3. What are all the advantages of IA?
4. What is the major function of instrumentation amplifier?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Let f = 500Hz
Choose C = 0.01µF
1
𝑓=
2𝜋√6𝑅𝐶
1
𝑅=
2𝜋√6𝑓𝐶
R= 13kΩ (use 15kΩ standard value)
R1 = R
R2 ≥ 29R1
R2 = 0.435MΩ (Use 470kΩ standard value)

EXPERIMENT – 2
RC PHASE SHIFT AND WEIN’S BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
Aim: To design RC Phase Shift and Wien Bridge Oscillator using op-amp IC 741 and to
test its performance.
1. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:
Sl no Components Range Quantity

1. IC 741 01
150kΩ 01
2. Resistors 470kΩ 01
15kΩ 03
3. Capacitors 0.01µf 03
4. CRO (0-30)MHz 01
THEORY:
RC phase shift oscillator produces 360° of phase shift in two parts. Firstly, each and
every RC pair in the feedback network produces 60° phase shift and totally there were
three pairs, thus producing 180° Phase shift and secondly, the feedback input is given to
the inverting terminal of op-amp to produce another 180° phase shift and a total phase
1
shift of 360°. The frequency of oscillation is given by𝑓 = ; If an inverting
2𝜋√6𝑅𝐶
amplifier is used, the gain must be atleast equal to 29 to ensure the oscillations with
constant amplitude that is, |𝐴𝑣 𝛽|< 1. Otherwise the oscillation will die out.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observe the output wave form using CRO. For obtaining sinusoidal waveform adjust
R2
3. Measure the amplitude and frequency of output waveform.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Let f = 1 kHz
1
𝑓=
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
Choose C=C1=C2= 0.01µF
1
𝑅=
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
R = 1.6kΩ (use 1.5kΩ standard value)
R1 = R2 = R = 1.5kΩ
Gain of the amplifier section is given by
𝑹
G = 1+ 𝑹𝒇 = 3
𝒊
Choose Ri = 1kΩ then Rf = 2.2kΩ (use 4.7kΩ potentiometer)

2. WEIN’S BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:

1. IC 741 01
1.5kΩ 02
2. Resistors 4.7kΩ pot 01
1kΩ 01
3. Capacitors 0.01µf 02
4. CRO (0-30)MHz 01
THEORY:
A bridge circuit with two components connected in series and parallel combination
is used to archived the required of phase shift of 00 . When the bridge is balanced the
phase shift of 00 is achieved and the feedback signal is connected to the positive
terminal; of Op-amp. So the Op-amp is acting as a non-inverting amplifier and the
feedback network do not provide any phase shift. The major drawback of wein bridge
oscillator is difficulty in balancing the bridge circuit. This occurs because of drift in
component values due to external and internal disturbances. The frequency of
1
oscillation is given as , 𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶
PROCEDURE:
1. Select the given frequency of oscillation f= 1 KHz.

1
2. Assume either R or C to find out the other using formula , 𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶
3. Also determine the value of other components as given in design procedure.
4. Connect the circuit as per as the circuit diagram.
5. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the output signal to plot the graph.
RESULT:
VIVA :
1. What are oscillators?
2. Application of electronic oscillator?
3. Types of electronic oscillator?
4. How to implement the phase-shift oscillator?
5. Explain the working of wein bridge oscillator.
EXPERIMENT – 3
BUTTERWORTH LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS FILTER
LOW PASS FILTER:
AIM: To design and set up a second order low pass Butterworth filter for cut off
frequency of 1KHz with a pass band gain of 2. Also determine its frequency response,
Cut off frequency and roll off rate

1. IC741 01
10kΩ 02
2. Resistors
15kΩ 02
3. Capacitors 0.01µF 02
4. CRO (0-30)MHz 01
THEORY:
A Low-Pass Filter is a filter that passes low frequency signals but attenuates
(reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency. It
is a 2nd order low pass filter, which means that noise above a certain pre-set cut-off
frequency is weakened by 40dB/decade(factor of 100). The op amp stage (amplification
and gain control) is a unity gain amplifier. In terms of application, active low pass filters
are often rated for general, audio/video, automotive, commercial, and communications,
computers, and data acquisition, industrial, medical military applications. Some devices
are also used in portal devices such as personal digital assistants (PDA) and cell phones.
Circuit shows a second order low pass filter that uses a 2 stage passive RC filter connect
to the input of a non –inverting operational amplifier. The frequency response
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
fc = 1kHz
𝑅
Pass band gain = A = 1+𝑅4 = 2
3
1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋√𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2
If C1 = C2 = 0.01µF
Then R1 = R2 = 15.9k (Use 15kΩ standard resistors)
If R4 = 10kΩ, then R3 = 10kΩ
EXPECTED GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN:
𝑽𝟎 𝑽
Frequency V0 Gain in DB = 20 log (𝑽 𝟎 )
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏
of the circuit will be same as that of the passive RC filter, except that amplitude of the
output signal is increased by the pass-band voltage gain (Af) of the amplifier and for
non-inverting amplifier this is given as: 1+R4/R3. For a non-inverting amplifier circuit,
the voltage gain of the filter is generally expressed in Decibels and is a function of the
feedback resistor (RF) divided by the corresponding input resistor (R3) value and is
given as:
Voltage gain= 20log (Vout/Vin)
The pass band gain of the filter Av=(1+R4/R3)
Procedure:
1. Set the signal generator output to 1V.
2. Vary input frequency from 100Hz to 100kHz and note down the corresponding
output voltage.
3. Plot frequency response on a graph with gain in dB on y-axis and frequency on x-
axis.
4. Calculate 3dB frequency and roll off rate.
To find Roll off:

a) For Low Pass Filter:
By maintaining the input signal amplitude constant, note down the output amplitude at
the cut off frequency fH and 10fH. The difference in the gain in dB at fH and 10fH will give
the roll off.
b) For High Pass Filter:
By maintaining the input signal amplitude constant, note down the output amplitude at
the cut off frequency fL and 0.1fL. The difference in the gain in dB at fL and 0.1fL will give
the roll off.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
fc = 1kHz
𝑅
Pass band gain = A = 1+𝑅4 = 2
3
1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋√𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2
If C1 = C2 = 0.01µF
Then R1 = R2 = 15.9k (Use 15kΩ standard resistors)
If R4 = 10kΩ, then R3 = 10kΩ
EXPECTED GRAPH:
Gain in db
3 dB
Transition
band
fL F in Hz
HIGH PASS FILTER:

AIM: To design and set up a second order High pass Butterworth filter for cut off
frequency of 1KHz with a pass band gain of 2. Also determine its frequency response,
Cut off frequency and roll off rate

1. IC741 01
10kΩ 02
2. Resistors
15kΩ 02
4. CRO (0-30)MHz 01
THEORY:
The opposite of low-pass is the high-pass filter, which rejects signals below its
cutoff frequency. High-pass filters are used in applications requiring the rejection of low
frequency signals. One such application is in high-fidelity loudspeaker systems. Music
contains significant energy in the frequency range around 100Kz to 2kHz, but high
frequency drivers (tweeters) can be damaged if low frequency audio signals of
sufficient energy appear at their input terminals. A high pass filter between the
broadband audio signal and tweeter input terminals will prevent low frequency
program material from reaching tweeter. In conjunction with a low pass filter for low
frequency driver (and possibly other filters for other drivers) the high pass filter is part
of what is known as a “crossover network”.
Procedure:
1. Set the signal generator output to 1V.
2. Vary input frequency from 100Hz to 100kHz and note down the corresponding
output voltage.
TABULAR COLUMN:
𝑽𝟎 𝑽
Frequency V0 Gain in DB = 20 log (𝑽 𝟎 )
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏
3. Plot frequency response on a graph with gain in dB on y-axis and frequency on x-

axis.
4. Calculate 3dB frequency and roll off rate.
RESULT:
LowPass Filter:
Cut off frequency, fHTheoretical = ________
Cut off frequency, fH Practical = ________
Pass band gain Av Theoretical = ________
Pass band gain Av Practical = ________
Roll off Theoretical = ________
Roll off Practical = _________
High Pass Filter:

Cut off frequency, fLTheoretical = _________
Cut off frequency, fL Practical = _________
Pass band gain Av Theoretical = _________
Pass band gain Av Practical = _________
Roll off Theoretical = _________
Roll off Practical = _________
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a filter?
2. How filters are classified?
3. What are the advantages and limitations of using active filter?
4. What is Butterworth filter?
5. What is order off of a filter?
6. What is roll off a filter?
7. How low pass and high pass circuits work?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Design: Design a 4 bit R-2R DAC for an O/P voltage of 5 V when the input is DoD1D2D3
R f Vref  D3 D2 D1 D0 
V0      ,Assume Rf = 10KΩ, R=5kΩ, 2R=10kΩ, Vref=5V
R  2 4 8 16 
TABULAR COLUMN:
Binary Inputs Analog O/P

Decimal Analog O/P Vo(volts)
Vo(volts)
Value D3 D2 D1 D0 Theoretical values
Practical values
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
EXPERIMENT - 4
4 BIT R–2R OP-AMP DAC
AIM: To design 4 bit R-2R ladder DAC using Op-Amp for an Reference voltage of 5 V
i) Using 4-bit binary inputs from toggle switches.
COMPONENTS:
Sl.
Components Quantity
No.
1. Op-amp µa 741 01 Each
2. Resistors
3. Multimeter 01
4. Adopter + Probes 01 Set
5 IC 74196 01
THEORY: DAC
Digital to analog conversion is an important interface process in many

communication system applications. Some applications requires analog signals for the
operations in that DAC is employed.R – 2R ladder network is the one of the method of
Digital to analog conversion circuit. The DAC will converts the digital signals into
continuous staircase signals, these signals are applied to low pass filters to smoothen
the waveform. It is used in controller applications, microwave ovens, real time DSP
processors.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Digital input data is given at D3, D2, D1, D0 and corresponding analog output
voltage V0 is measured.
3. The designed values are verified.

Pin diagram and function table of IC74193:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Binary Inputs Analog O/P

Decimal Analog O/P Vo(volts)
Vo(volts)
Value D3 D2 D1 D0 Theoretical values
Practical values
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
ii) By generating digital inputs using mod-16 counter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect outputs QA, QB, QC, and QD of the counter to the digital input data D3, D2,
D1, D0 and corresponding analog output voltage V0 is measured.
3. Verify values by comparing with the theoretical values.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Conversion.
2. Different types of D/A Converter.
3. Working of R-2R D/A Converter.
4. Mention the different types of D/A Converter.
5. What is a DAC?
6. Define resolution of a DAC?

7. What are the different types of DAC techniques?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ADDER:
DESIGN:
We have,
V0= - RF/R1( V1 + V2)
Choose R1=R2= 1KΩ
And RF= R1= 1KΩ
Assume V1= 5V and V2=2V
VO= 7V.
EXPERIMENT – 5
ADDER, INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR USING OP-AMP
AIM: To design Adder, Integrator and Differentiator using 741 op amp:
1. ADDER:

1. IC741 01
2. Resistors 1kΩ 3
3. Regulated power supply (0 – 30V), 1A 02
4. CRO (0-30)MHz 01
THEORY:
A two input summing amplifier may be constructed using the inverting mode.
The adder can be obtained by using either non-inverting mode or differential amplifier.
Here the inverting mode is used. So the inputs are applied through resistors to the
inverting terminal and non-inverting terminal is grounded. This is called “virtual
ground”, i.e. the voltage at that terminal is zero. The gain of this summing amplifier is 1,
any scale factor can be used for the inputs by selecting proper external resistors.
PROCEDURE:
ADDER:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown.
2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin7 and pin4 of IC741 respectively.
3. Apply the inputs V1 and V2 as shown in Fig
4. Apply two different signals (DC/AC) to the inputs

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INTEGRATOR:
DESIGN:
Integrator:
Choose T = 2πRfCf
Where T= Time period of the input signal
Assume Cf and find Rf
Select Rf = 10R1
−1 𝑡
𝑉0 = ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑅1 𝐶𝑓 0 𝑖
WAVE FORMS: Input and output waveforms of Integrator

5. Vary the input voltages and note down the corresponding output at pin 6 of the IC
741 adder circuit.
6. Notice that the output is equal to the sum of the two inputs.
2. INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

1. IC741 01
1kΩ 02
2. Resistors
1MΩ 100kΩ Each one
4. Regulated power supply (0 – 30V), 1A 01
5. CRO (0-30)MHz 01
THEORY:
Integrator: In an integrator circuit, the output voltage is integral of the input signal.
The output voltage of an integrator is given by,
−1 𝑡
𝑉0 = ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑅1 𝐶𝑓 0 𝑖
At low frequencies the gain becomes infinite, so the capacitor is fully charged and
behaves like an open circuit. The gain of an integrator at low frequency can be limited
by connecting a resistor in shunt with capacitor.
Differentiator: In the differentiator circuit the output voltage is the differentiation of

the input voltage. The output voltage of a differentiator is given by
DIFFERENTIATOR:
DESIGN:
Differentiator:
Select given frequency fa = 1/(2πRfC1),
Assume C1 and find Rf
Select fb = 10 fa = 1/2πR1C1 and find R1
From R1C1 = RfCf, find Cf
𝑑𝑣𝑖𝑛
Vo = -RC
𝑑𝑡
WAVE FORMS: Input and output waveforms of Differentiator

The input impedance of this circuit decreases with increase in frequency, thereby
making the circuit sensitive to high frequency noise. At high frequencies circuit may
become unstable.
Procedures:
Integrator
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in Fig
2. Apply a square wave/sine input of 4V(p-p) at 1KHz
3. Observe the output at pin 6.
4. Draw input and output waveforms
Differentiator
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in Fig
2. Apply a square wave/sine input of 4V(p-p) at 1KHz
3. Observe the output at pin 6
4. Draw the input and output waveforms.
RESULTS:
VIVA:
1. What is an Op-Amp?
2. What are the other applications of Op-Amp?
3. What are the ideal characteristics of an Op-Amp?
4. Why two power supplies +15 V and –15 V are required in an Op-Amp?
5. What are the internal blocks of an Op-Amp?
6. What is the origin for slew rate?
7. What is meant by virtual Ground?
8. What are the limitations of an ordinary OP-Amp Differentiator?
9. Explain why integrators are preferred over differentiator in analog computers?

555 Timer: Internal diagram A) ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Design:
Astable multivibrator for Duty cycle of 60%
Assume T=1 ms (frequency=1 kHz) hence Ton=0.6 ms, Toff=0.4ms (Duty cycle=Ton/T)
Ton=0.693(RA+RB) C1
Toff=0.693(RB) C1
Assuming C1=0.1µF we get RA=2.9KΩ and RB=5.8KΩ, Assume C2=0.01µF
Waveform:
EXPERIMENT – 6
MONOSTABLE AND ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM:To Design and implement:

An Astable multivibrator using 555 Timer for a given Frequency and duty cycle.
A Monostable multivibrator using 555 Timer for a given pulse width.
COMPONENTS:
Sl.No. Components Quantity

1. IC 555 01
2. Resistors 01
3. Capacitors 0.1uf and 0.01uf
THEORY: ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

555 timer is a monolithic linear IC. It is basically a timing circuit which generates highly
stable time delays. It operates at voltages +5v to +18v in both Astable and mono stable
modes.
It has an adjustable duty cycles.
It has timing from micro seconds to hours.
It has high current output.
It is used in DC to DC converters, waveform generators, tachometers etc.
It is called Astable multi vibrator because the output transition between unstable states
In mono stable vibrator the output has one stable state.
PROCEDURE:
1. Before making the connections, check the components using multimeter.
2. Make the connections as shown in fig and switch on the power supply.
3. Observe the capacitor voltage waveform at 6th pin of 555 timer on CRO.
4. Observe the output waveform at 3rd pin of 555 Timer on CRO.
5. Note down the amplitude levels, time period and hence calculate duty cycle.
B) MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Circuit diagram:
Design :
Design monostablemultivibrator for a pulse of width 1.1mS
Let Tp= pulse Width =1.1mS: Tp=1.1 RC ; Choose C=0.01 μF; Hence R=100 KΩ
Waveform:
RESULT:
1) TON=----------- and TOFF=----------------
2) Duty cycle=-----------------
3) Pulse Width=……………………..ms
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Duty Cycle?

2. What are the other applications of 555 timer?
3. Draw the internal circuit diagram of 555 timer?
4. Explain the operation of 555 timer?
5. Explain the function of reset?
6. Derive the expression for time delay of monostable multivibrator?
7. Discuss the applications of timer in monostable multivibrator?
8. Give methods for obtaining symmetrical square wave?
9. What are the modes of operation of a 555 timer?
10. Discuss the operation of a FSK generator using timer?
11. Draw the circuit of Schmitt trigger using timer and explain its operation?
Circuit diagram:
DESIGN:
Let Ie=0.5mA,Vcc=5, Vce=Vcc/2
When Q is On Ie=(Vcc-Vce)/Re=(5-2.5)/Re
Hence Re=4.7KΩ
Ib=Ir1( with m(t)=0) hence Ib=(Vin-Vbe-Vre)/R1
Let B=2 hence IB=Ic/B=250 μA
Hence R1=7.2 KΩ (use 10 KΩ)
Demodulator :
f=1/(2πRC ) Assume f=200Hz, C=0.1 μF Hence R=7.96 KΩ
EXPERIMENT – 07
PULSE SAMPLING, FLAT TOP SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTIONS
AIM: To Obtain the naturally sampled, flat-top sampled signal from given input and
reconstruction of the input signals.
COMPONENTS:
Component Range Quantity
Transistor SL100 1
Resistors A As per design
Capacitors As per design
THEORY: PAM
In this system the pulse amplitude modulation is the simplest and most basic form of
analog pulse modulation. In PAM the amplitude of regularly spaced pulses and varied in
proportional to the corresponding sample values of a continuous message signal. The
pulses can be of a rectangular form or some other appropriate shape. PAM is similar to
natural frequency sampling.
There are 2 operations involved in the generation of PAM signals.
i) Instantaneous sampling of the message signal m(t) every Ts seconds, where
the sampling rate fS= 1/Ts.
ii) Lengthening the duration of each sample so obtained to some constant value
T.
In digital domain these two operations are together known as “sample and hold”
operations.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram.
2) Adjust c(t) frequency to 2 KHz and amplitude to 10 Vp-p
3) Adjust m(t) frequency to 200 Hz and Amplitude to 2 Vp-p
4) Check the PAM o/p at the emitter by varying the c(t) and m(t) amplitude if
necessary.
5) Rig up the Demodulator Circuit.
6) To get Undistorted m(t) change the c(t) frequency to higher value i.e. to 10 KHZ.
WAVEFORM :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
ENVELOP DETECTOR:
1/fm> Rd Cd> 1/fc Let Rd Cd = 100 / fc
Assume Cd = 0.001 F, then Rd = 200 k
TABULAR COLUMN:
Vm = (Vmax-Vmin) Vc = (Vmax+Vmin)
Sl. Vmax Vmin
m = (Vmax-Vmin) 2 2
No in Volt in Volt
(Vmax+Vmin) in Volt in Volt
EXPERIMENT – 08
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AIM: To conduct an experiment to generate AM signal and to demodulate the AM signal.
COMPONENTS:

1. Transistor SL100 1
2. Resistors 10k, 470Ω
3. Capacitor 0.01µF
Set 130mH, (use a variable
4. Inductor
inductance box)
THEORY: Amplitude modulation.

Amplitude modulation is defined as a the process of varying the instantaneous value of
Amplitude of carrier signal with respect to modulating signal keeping frequency and
phase constant. The low frequency signal is modulating signal m(t). The high frequency
signal is carrier signal c(t). The standard AM wave consists of 3 parts upper side band,
lower side band and a carrier. The information is present in two side bands. The
modulation index is major factor in AM. For good communication system it should be
less than or equal to 1. If it is more than 1 then over modulation takes place it causes
loss of information’s AM is used in television broadcasting, navigation, radar
applications.
PROCEDURE:
1. Design the collector modulator circuit assuming fm=1 kHz and m=0.5 take C=0.1μF.
2. Before wiring, check all components using multimeter.
3. Make connections as shown in figure.
4. Set the carrier frequency to 2v and 1 kHz.
5. Set the modulating signal to 15v and 11 kHz.
6. Keep carrier amplitude constant and vary the modulating voltage in steps and
measure Vmax and Vmin, and calculate modulation index.
Modulation Index = V max-Vmin/ Vmax+Vmin
OR
= Vm/Vc
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:
Waveforms:
7. Repeat the above step by varying the amplitude of modulating signal. Plot a graph
of VmVs %m.
8. Connect the envelop detector circuit and observe the demodulated signal.
Note: To obtain the Trapezoidal waveform, feed the modulating signal to channel
(i) and AM wave to channel (ii), press X-Y knob.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Modulation
2. State Need for Modulation
3. Explain Modulation Index
4. Explain Collector AM.
5. Explain working of Envelope Detector.
6. Explain merits and demerits of AM
7. State power relations in AM.
8. Define Sidebands. How many sidebands does AM have
9. Why AM is wastage of power?
Circuit Diagram:
Tabular Column : Graph:
DC input (Vi) FM output (f) hz Freq

volts
HZ ▲fi
▲vi
Volts
Calculation:
Sensitivity of the FM Modulation : S=(∆fi/ ∆vi) =……………hz/V

Maximum Deviation= δ=S x Vm
Where Vm=Amplitude of Message Signal∆
Modulation Index β= δ/fm=(S x Vm) /fm
fm=Frequency of Modulating Signal=…………Hz
Bt=2[∆fi +fm]=………………..Hz
EXPERIMENT - 09
FREQUENCY MODULATION USING 8038/2206

AIM: To generate FM Wave using IC 8038. Find the Modulation Index B and the
bandwidth of Operation Bt.
COMPONENTS:

1. IC 555 01
2. Resistors 01
3. Capacitors 0.1uf and 0.01uf
THEORY: FM
In function generators, VCO generates the triangular and square waves. The
triangular wave is pass through the on chip wave shaper to generate a sine wave. The
saw tooth and pulse wave forms are generated by configuring the oscillator for a highly
asymmetric duty cycle. The low frequency signal is modulating signal. The high
frequency signal is carrier signal.
Frequency modulation is defined as the process of varying the instantaneous

value of frequency of carrier signal with respect to modulating signal keeping amplitude
and phase constant. The amount of change in carrier frequency produced by
modulating signal is known as frequency deviation. It occurs at the maximum amplitude
of the modulating signal.
There are 2 methods of generating FM signals direct method and indirect method.
PROCEDURE:
1) Set 10 V at Vcc to IC 8038 and shorting pin numbers 7 and 8 observe output at 9,
3 and 2 on CRO i.e. Square, Triangle and Sine Wave respectively.
2) Measure Sine Wave amplitude and Frequency (Carrier Wave).
3) Connect modulating signal of Vm=5 Vp-p and Frequency of 800 Hz to 1.5 KHz
between pin 7 and 8 through R-C
4) Observe FM output at pin 2.
WAVE FORMS:
Frequency Modulated signal is given by

S(t)=Ac Cos [2πfct + β sin 2πfmt]
β =Modulation Index=KfAmfm
Where β<0.3,for narrowband FM
Β>0.3,for Wideband FM
TO MEASURE PHASE DEVIATION:

1) Short pin 7 and 8, without R-C connect a variable DC supply.
2) Vary DC Voltage from 0 to 6V and observe frequency variation at pin 2.
3) Note down DC input and output frequency on CRO.
4) Draw a Graph of Frequency vs. Input Voltage
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) Define FM.
2) Define Frequency Deviation
3) Define Wideband FM
4) Define Narrowband FM
5) Explain why FM has infinite sidebands
6) Explain why FM is noise free
7) Define Carson rule.
8) Advantages of FM over AM.
9) Explain Demodulation of FM.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Let the input at the base be 10kHz(f1) signal and at the emitter be 9 kHz(f2)signal such
that the output contains their sum and difference frequencies. The output can be low
pass filtered to obtain the difference frequency f1 -f2 =1 KHz.
Choose Transistor BC107. Take VCC = 12V and IC= 2mA under dc biasing conditions.
For Class A mode of operation, let
VCE= 50% ofVCC = 6V
VRC= 40% ofVCC = 4.8V
VRE= 10% ofVCC = 1.2V
EXPERIMENT – 10
DESIGN BJT/FET MIXER
AIM: To design and obtain the characteristics of a mixer circuit.

1. Transistor BC107 1
2. Resistors 1K, 10K, 22K AND 6.8KΩ
3. Capacitor 0.1µF
4. Inductor 1mH
THEORY:
A mixer or frequency mixer is a nonlinear electrical circuit that creates new
frequencies from two signals applied to it. In its most common application, two signals
at frequencies f1 and f2 are applied to a mixer, and it produces new signals at the sum
f1 + f2 and difference f1 -f2 of the original frequencies. Other frequency components
(like f1 ± 2f2 may also be produced in a practical frequency mixer.1
The most important application of mixers are in superhetrodyne receivers
where the very high carrier frequency is down converted to an intermediate frequency.
This is done by mixing the carrier frequency with a locally generated oscillator
frequency to get an output frequency which is the difference between local oscillator
frequency and incoming signal frequency,ie the intermediate frequency. In widely used
AM receivers the local oscillator frequency is so chosen with respect to carrier
frequency such that their difference is a constant intermediate frequency of 455 kHz.
fIF= foscillator-fcarrier= 455kHz
The mixer output which contains all image frequencies of f1 ± nf2 is filtered to
obtain the required difference frequency f1 -f2.
EXPECTED OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
TABULATION:
SIGNAL AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY

Input signal 1
Input signal 2
Output signal
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1. Assume C=0.1μF
and calculate value of L1 using
where f=7KHz
2. Apply the input signals at the appropriate terminals in the circuit.
3. Note down the frequency of the output signal, which is same as difference frequency
of given signals.
RESULT:
VIVA:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WAVEFORM:
EXPERIMENT – 11
DSBSC GENERATION USING BALANCE MODULATOR IC 1496/1596
AIM: To design a circuit to generate DSBSC using IC 1496.

1. IC 1496
6.8K, 10K, 51K, 3.9KΩ,
2. RESISTORS
1 each and 1kΩ 3nos
3. CAPACITORS 0.1µF 4 Nos
THEORY:
Balanced modulator is used for generating DSB-SC signal. A balanced modulator

consists of two standard amplitude modulators arranged in a balanced configuration so
as to suppress the carrier wave. The two modulators are identical except the reversal of
sign of the modulating signal applied to them.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.

2. An Carrier signal of 1Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 83 KHz is applied as carrier to
pin no.10.
3. An AF signal of 0.5Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 5 KHz is given as message signal
to pin no.1.
4. Observe the DSB-SC waveform at pin no.12.
RESULTS:
VIVA:
1. What is DSBSC?
2. Write the methods of dsbsc generation.
3. What is the drawback in synchronous detection of dsbsc?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG 1: Internal diagram of IC 565
Fig 2: circuit diagram

EXPERIMENT – 12
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS USING PLL
AIM: To design frequency synthesizer using NE 565.
S. No. Name Range Quantity

1 Dual Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 Resistors 6.8KΩ;20KΩ;2KΩ;10KΩ; 1
4.7KΩ; 1
3 Capacitor 1μF;10μF;0.01μF;0.001μF 1
4 IC NE565 - 1
5 AFO (0-1)MHz 1
6. CRO (0-20)MHz 1
7. Transistor 2N2222 1
8. Connecting Wires - -
THEORY:
The block diagram of LM565 PLL consists of base detector amplifier. low pass filter and
VCO as shown in the block diagram. The phase locked loop is not connected internally.
It is necessary to connect output of VCO (pin 4) to phase comparator in pin 5 externally.
in frequency multiplication applications a digital frequency driver is inserted into loop
between pin 4 and pin 5.the centre frequency of PLL is determined by free running
frequency multiplier of VCO given by free funning frequency of VCO which is given by
f0 = 1.2 / (4R1C1) Hz. the value of Ri is restricted from 2KΩ to 20KΩ but a capacitor can
have any value. A capacitor C2 is connected between pin 7 and to the Positive supply
from a first order low pass filter with an external resistance of 3.6 KΩ.
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER USING PLL:
TABULATION:
Amplitude Period
INPUT
OUTPUT
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the experimental setup.

2. Observe the waveform at pin 4 and pin 5 without any input signal. This is free
running frequency of VCO (fo).
3. Switch ON the functional generator and give the square waveform of 1Vpp &
1KHz. Gradually increase the fi till the PLL is locked with fi 100Hz to 4KHz and
note down the FL2 and FL1 then decrease the frequency from 4KHz to 1000Hz
and note down the f3 and f1.
4. Calculate the capture range and lock range
RESULTS:
VIVA:
1. List the basic building blocks of PLL

2. Mention the applications of PLL
3. What are the three stages through which PLL operates?
4. Define lock-in range of a PLL.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

LINEAR ICs AND COMMUNICATION

MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MYSORE

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………….. USN No………………………of II year

Bachelor of Engineering, 4thSemester of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Lab In charge Head of the Department

Vision: “To be recognized as a premier technical and management

innovation and entrepreneurial attitude"

dedicated teaching and collaborative learning.

 To advance extensive research in science, engineering and

 To facilitate entrepreneurial skills through effective institute-

industry collaboration and interaction with alumni.

 To instill the need to uphold ethics in every aspect.

 To mould holistic individuals capable of contributing to the

advancement of the society.

Vision and Mission of the Department:

To be recognized by the society at large as offering Value based Quality

Education to groom the next generation entrepreneurs, leaders and researchers

in the field of Electronics and Communication to meet the challenges at global

 To groom the students with strong foundations of Electronics and

Communication Engineering and to facilitate them to pursue higher

education and research.

 To educate and prepare the students to be competent to face the challenges

of the industry/society and /or to become successful entrepreneurs.

 To provide ethical and value-based education by promoting activities

addressing the societal needs.

 Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems

of current times and also provide a framework for promoting

collaborative and multidisciplinary activities.

Course outcomes: This laboratory course enables students to:

2. In case of any wrong connection/observation, you have to immediately switch off

4. Wearing loose garments inside the lab is strictly prohibited.

5. Wear shoes compulsorily.

2. Know thoroughly the bread board connections.

2. Enter readings in the tabulation.

3. UNITS are to be written for various quantities.

5. Bring the record for submission during next lab session.

Do’s and Don’ts

3 Maintain the silence in the lab. Keep the laboratory clean.

4 Keep your belongings in appropriate place provided in laboratory.

5 Do not come late to the laboratory.

6 Work only on the table allotted for you.

8 Check all the components before rig up the circuit.

14 Return the components taken from counter.

15 Uniform and smart card is must.

Let V1 =20mV, V2=5mV and Vi= V1- V2

Let Av1 is the voltage gain of first stage

Let Av2 is the voltage gain of second stage

Therefore Av = Av1. Av2

Let Av = 900 and IB(max) = 500nA

For 741 op amp, I2 = 100IB(max)

R2 = 300 𝜴 (use 270Ω standard resistor)

SL no Components Range Quantity

An instrumentation amplifier is the intermediate stage of a instrumentation system.

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

1. What is an instrumentation amplifier?

2. Differentiate between difference amplifier and instrumentation amplifier.

3. What are all the advantages of IA?

4. What is the major function of instrumentation amplifier?

R= 13kΩ (use 15kΩ standard value)

R2 = 0.435MΩ (Use 470kΩ standard value)

RC PHASE SHIFT AND WEIN’S BRIDGE OSCILLATOR