Reporter: Pollisco Ness Divine C.
Attribution Theory
A theory that supposes that one attempts to
understand, the behavior of others by attributing
feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.
 Behaviors:
Internally- Behavior under personal control
Externally- Behavior force by situation
 Determining Factors:
(Harold Kelly)
Distinctiveness- Refers whether an individual
displays different behavior in different situation.
Consensus- people facing a similar situation
respond in a same way.
Consistency- How much consistent a person’s
action are.
Fundamental Attribution Error-
The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and Overestimate the influence
of internal factors When making judgements
about the behaviors of others.
Self-Efficacy Theory
is the belief in your own ability to succeed in
achieving a goal-having the confidence to know
you can do whatever you set your mind to by
managing how you think, feel, and behave.
Performance Accomplishments- Personal
assessment information that is based on an
individual’s personal accomplishments.
Previous success raises mastery expectations,
while repeated failures lower them.
Vicarious Experiences- Gained by observing
others perform activities successfully.
Verbal Persuasion- Activities where people are
led, through suggestion, into believing that they
can cope successfully with specific task.
Physiological States- The state you’re in will
influence how you judge your self-efficacy.
Stress reactions or tension are interpreted as
signs of vulnerability to poor performance
whereas positive emotion can boost our
confidence in our skill.
Motivation Theory
is concerned with the process that explain why
and how human behavior is activated.
Content Theories deal with “what” motivates
people.
 ERG Theory
Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG theory from 1969
condenses Maslow's five human needs into three
categories: Existence,
Relatedness and Growth
Existence
Include all material and physiological desires.
Related
Encompass social and external esteem;
relationships with significant others like family,
friends, co-workers and employers.
Growth Needs
Internal esteem and self-actualization; these
impel a person to make creative or productive
effects on himself and the environment
Process Theories deal with, “how” motivation
occur.
 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Proposed by: Victor H. Vroom
Expectancy refer s to the strength of a person’s
belief about whether or not a particular job
performance is attainable.
Expectancy – Expectancy is the belief that one's
effort (E) will result in attainment of desired
performance (P) goals.
Instrumentality – Instrumentality is the belief
that a person will receive a reward if the
performance expectation is met.
Valence - Valence is the value an individual
place on the rewards of an outcome, which is
based on their needs, goals, values and sources
of motivation.

Content Theories
 Herzberg Motivation Hygiene
Theory
(Frederick Herzberg)
 This theory is improvement or
extension of Maslow's Theory
 Frederick Herzberg, a prof, of
psychology in western reserve
University in U.S.A, proposed
Two factor theory in 1959
 These two factors are: Hygiene
Factors & Motivation Factors
 This theory is based on an
empirical study conducted on
around 200 accountants and
engineers working in
organization in and around
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (U.S.A)
Hygiene Factor
Factor that can de-motivate if not
present but do not actually motivate
employees to work harder.
Motivator Factor
Factor that directly motivate
people to work harder.
 McClelland’s Need Theory
(David McClelland)
 David McClelland introduced this
theory during 1960’s
 It is based on Maslow’s hierarchy
of need
 According to him individual
possess three needs which are not
innate they are learned through
culture, age and experiences
 This are the main three needs.
The need for achievement
The need for affiliation
The need for power
The need for achievement -It is the
desire to do better solve problems or
master complex problem.
The need for affiliation -Desire for
friendly and warm relationship with
other.
The need for power -it is the desire to
control other and influence their
behavior.
Process Theories
 Reinforcement Theory
 Reinforcement theory of
motivation was proposed
by B.F Skinner and his
associates.
 It states that individual’s
behavior is a function of its
consequences
 It is based on “law of
effect”, individuals’
behavior with positive
consequences tends to be
repeated, but individual’s
behavior with negative
consequences tends not to
be repeated.
Positive Reinforcement –
Positive behavior followed by
positive consequences.
Negative Reinforcement –
Positive behavior followed by
removal of negative
consequences
Punishment – Negative behavior
followed by negative
consequences
Extinction – Negative behavior
followed by removal of positive
consequences.