UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

(UTHM) 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TALL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

BFB40203
SECTION 1

PROJECT

LECTURER NAME: ENCIK ISHAM BIN ISMAIL

NAME: MATRIC NO.:

CHE ABDUL AZIM BIN CHE HAMID CF160183
KISHYODINI A/P K. NALLATHAMBY DF160069
MOHD ZULHAIRI BIN ABDUL RASHID DF160049
NUR HAZIRAH BINTI KAMARUZAMAN DF160072
NURSYAHIRAH BINTI TAJUDDIN DF160104
 CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Information of Burj Al-Arab 1

2.0 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS 2

2.0 Soil conditions 2

2.1 Foundation process 2

2.2.1 Island construction process 3

2.2.2 Problems faced during the construction of
foundations 4
2.2.3 Solution for the problems 6
2.2 Materials 6

3.0 DEEP EXACAVTION 8

4.0 STRUCTURAL FRAME SYSTEM (STRUCTURAL LATERAL

STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS) 11
3.1 Exoskeleton Frame 11
3.2 Rear X brace frame 12
3.3 Diagonal 14
3.4 Hanging Restaurant 15
3.5 Helipad Structure

5.0 SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION, OR CONTINUOUSLY

FORMED CONSTRUCTION 18
5.0 History of slip formwork 19
4.2 Procedure in slip formwork 20
4.3 Types of slip formwork 21
4.3.1 Vertical slip formwork 21
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 4.3.2 Horizontal slip formwork 21
4.3.3 Tapered slip-forming 21
4.4 Advantage, precaution and application slip-form
construction. 22
4.4.1 Advantage 22
4.4.2 Precaution 23
4.4.3 Application slip-from construction 23
4.5 Jump form 23
4.6 Process efficiency 23
4.7 Safety 24
4.8 Sustainability features 24
4.9 Summary 25

6.0 DAMPER SYSTEM IN BURJ AL ARAB 26

7.0 CONCRETING METHOD 29
6.1 Concrete Pump 30
6.2 Types of Concrete Pumps 31
6.3 Factors affecting the productivity of pumped concrete 35
6.4 Problems involving pumped concrete on site. 36

8.0 FAÇADE ENGINEERING 38

7.1 Façade problems 39
7.2 Façade challenge 40

9.0 WIND LOAD ENGINEERING 41

8.1 Vortex Shedding 42
8.2 Fixing the problem 43
8.3 Tuned mass damper 44

10.0 SEISMIC LOAD ENGINEERING 47

9.1 Seismic impact in Burj Al Arab 47

10 METHOD CONSTRUCTION 49
10.1 Material selection 49

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 10.2 Types of materials 49
10.3 Construction management 49
10.3.1 Phase of construction management 50
10.3.2 Risks at construction management 51
10.4 Major equipment 51
10.4.1 Tower cranes 52
10.4.2 Tower main hoist 52

11 LOADING CONDITIONS, ANALYSIS AND

CONSIDERATION 54
11.1 Loadings 57
11.2 Analysis 59

12 FIRE SAFETY (PLANNING DURING CONSTRUCTION AND

POST CONSTRUCTION) 61
12.1 During Construction 61
12.2 Post Construction 61

13 SERVICE DISTRIBUTION 63

REFERENCES 69

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Burj Al Arab or Arabian Tower, is a luxury hotel that stands on an artificial island
nearly 300m from the Jumeirah Beach in Dubai, UAE. Standing at 321 m, it is the fifth
tallest hotel at Dubai and the 7th ranking of the tallest hotels in the world. Burj Al Arab
are one of the most expensive, costing an estimated 7.8 billion dollars.
Dubai had enjoyed economic prosperity in the 1990s due to oil revenues, but
officials decided declining reserves would require a shift in the economy and so they
moved into luxury tourism and real estate development. In 1994, the Sheikh ruler of
Dubai commissioned the British consultancy Atkins to design a building that would
become synonymous with Dubai and the United Arab Emirates.
Inspired by the shape of a sail boat about to head into the Persian Gulf, the
triangular shaped building’s design began with intent to create a recognizable
landmark for the emerging city Led by the architect Tom Wright, Atkins designed a
high-tech building to resemble the billowing sail of a traditional Arab ‘dhow’ or yacht.
Despite its height, 39% is made up of non-occupyable space, and the building
has faced criticism because of its ostentatious levels of opulence and a favouring of
style over function. Notwithstanding this however, since officially opening in
December 1999, the Burj Al Arab has succeeded in its aim of becoming an iconic
symbol of Dubai.

1.1 Information of Burj Al Arab

Here are some of the information of Burj Al Arab,

Name : Burj Al Arab

Proposed year : 1993
Construction start : 1994
Completion : 1999
Location : Private Island (280metre Offshore), United Arab Emirates,
Dubai.
Dimensions : Height of atrium – 132 meter
Height of helipad from sea – 212 meter
Height of top of accommodation from island – 190 meter

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 Height of top of mast form island – 321 meter
Distance of shore to the outer point of island – 450 meter
Size of island – 150 meter per side
Sea depth – 7.5 meter.

2.0 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

2.1 Soil conditions

Burj Al Arab has one of the rarest and most interesting foundations, earthworks and
retaining wall phenomena’s. This include building an island 280 meter off coast as a
foundation for this 321 meter high sea shore wonder.1 Throughout this report we will
look at which soils are found in
Dubai, as well as the properties thereof including the construction of this hotel
foundation. The topography of Dubai (which lies within the Arabian Desert) is
different from the southern portion of the UAE. Its landscape consists of sandy desert
patterns consisting mostly out of crushed shell and coral and is clean and white,
whereas gravel dominates in the southern regions of the country. 2 When looking at
the soil properties of Dubai, it’s weak and will most probably move outwards in the
case of any construction on it. See figure 1 Dubai soil map. 3
Studies also show that Dubai’s possibility of a tsunami is minimal, due to the
Persian Gulf water that is not deep enough to trigger a tsunami. Thus Dubai is
classified as a stable zone, whereas the nearest seismic fault line is 120 km from the
UAE, making it unlikely for Dubai to be hit by a seismic impact.

2.2 Foundation process

The Burj Al Arab building is built on sand. It took 3 years to reclaim the land from the
sea, but less than 3 years to construct the building. It is supported on 250 numbers of
1.5 meter diameter columns that drilled deep into the sea. Each column is a steel
reinforced concrete foundation pile with 45 meter in length with amount 230 number
of piles.
It is also been build rises 7 and a half meter above the waves. The depth of
lowest basement under sea is 7 meter below sea level. To avoid the problems from the

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waves, it has been created surface layer of large rocks, circled with concrete
honeycomb pattern, which serves to protect foundation from erosion.

2.2.1 Island construction process

Below are the steps of island construction process :

i. Temporary tube piles driven into sea bed.

ii. Temporary sheet piles and tie rods driven into sea bed to support boundary rocks.

Figure 2.1

iii. Permanent boundary rock bunds deposited either side of sheet piles.
iv. Hydraulic fill layers deposited between bunds to displace sea water and form
island (fill layers partially complete in figure).

Figure 2.2

v. Permanent concrete armor units placed around island to protect it from the
waves.
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vi. 1.5 m diameter 45m deep piles driven through island and sea bed below to
stabilize structure.

Figure 2.3

vii. Island interior excavated and temporary sheet pile coffer dam inserted.
viii. 2m thick concrete plug slab laid at base of island.
ix. Reinforced concrete retaining wall built.
x. Basement floors created.

Figure 2.4

2.2.2 Problems faced during the construction of foundations

The moment when Dubai laid focus on the development of this world wonder, they
knew it would be an engineering challenge. Many elements must be taken in
consideration in geotechnical engineering to build the world’s 15th tallest building on

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seabed, where its properties are known as a collapsible soil due to a lack of silt and
clay.
The collapse phenomenon can be defined as a soil which can withstand
somewhat large stresses, with little settlement at low in situ moisture content which
will show signs of a decrease in volume and associated settlement with no increase of
load if the moisture content rises. Therefore the change in volume goes hand in hand
with the change in the soil structure.
It is thus evident that a number of conditions need to be met before collapsing
begins.
i. The soil must have a collapsible fabric in its structure. This is where the
specified soil has a high void ratio and yet has relatively high shear strength at
low moisture content due to a coating (Colloidal) around each grain.
ii. Partial saturation is essential. This is where collapse settlement will not occur
in soils which are located under the water table.
iii. Increase of moisture content. This could be seen as the cause for the collapse
to take place. With the increase of moisture, the colloidal coating loses its
strength and thus forces the grains to a denser state with reduction in void ratio.
iv. Subjected to an imposed load greater than their overburden pressure before
collapse can take place. This is only applied to certain collapsible soils.
v. The typical problem associated with a collapsible soil to a building is that
although it is dependent on the increase of the moisture content, collapse can
take place years after construction has taken place. 6 Large magnitude
settlements can occur beneath lightly loaded structures as well as collapse
settlement is regularly localised due to defects in foundation, drainpipe leakage
and where ponding occur during rainfall.
vi. The engineering properties which most affect the cost of a construction are
strengthening compressibility. Both can be enhanced by reducing the voids in
the soil. Water must be displaced from the saturated soils in order to reduce the
void volume. This can take months if the permeability of the type of soil
present is low.

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2.2.3 Solution for the problems

The following engineering solutions to the mitigation of the collapse problem are listed
below :
i. Avoidance by stopping the triggering mechanism (increase in moisture). This
can be made possible by ensuring that water does not penetrate the collapsing
soil horizons.
ii. Design for collapse. This could be possible in certain scenarios to design a
structure which could withstand the predicted collapse settlement.
iii. Chemical stabilization. This is to make use of a stabilizing agent which could
reduce the settlement.
iv. Piled or pier foundation. This is used only when the soil comes from a
transported origin which means that the bedrock is covered with a shallow layer,
making it possible to rather build on piers or piles.
v. Removal and compaction. This could be done by removing the collapsible soil
to a certain depth and replace it through compacting the removed soil in layers.
vi. In situ densification by surface rolling. Surface rolling can be done by making
use of an impact or vibrating roller for compaction.

2.3 Materials

The architectural materials of the hostel consist of only a few mediums. Outside the
exterior façade consists of 50,000m2 of glazed curtain wall of 35,000m2 aluminum
cladding designed by Al Jabbar Group. Glass and steel make up the remaining portions
of the exterior. The steel structure was clad with 6mm composite aluminum panels.
The design is able to with stand a wind load of 9kPa and was designed to drain water
at each horizontal joint.
Inside the hotel the materials get even more expensive than the outside. The
interior features marble and 24 carrot gold leaf (Burj Al Arab). Like the exterior, the
interior steel structure is also clad with 6mm composite aluminum.

6
Below are the material used :
i. Carbon
ii. Fiber
iii. Concrete
iv. Fabric
v. Glass
vi. Gold
vii. Steel

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3.0 Deep Excavation

After the completion of an island to set up the Burj al Arab, the second phase continues
as a deep excavation phase for the building base. Here are the steps for building a
building base.
For retaining wall, they use a very large steel column planted within 20 meters
from the building's surface. This can be seen in the diagram below:

Figure 3.1: Steel column been planted 20 meter into the base.

After planting steel column into the base of all triangle area of base, the
excavation process are continued. The dredging process was carried out at a depth of
7.5 meters in accordance with the sea level.
During the excavation process, a problem is identified in which sandy soil
structures concern engineers responsible for site deposition. To prevent this problem,
a solution has been found where steel walls are placed under the steel wall foundation
pile.

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 Retaining wall
that have been
planted before the
excavation
process.

Steel wall to
prevent the
sand form
sinking
Pressure form
upper sea

Figure 3.2: Diagram of steel wall to prevent the sand from sinking.

The excavation process is continue until it reach its level. Below are the
image of steel retaining wall and excavation process of Burj al Arab:

Figure 3.3: Steel retaining wall of Burj al Arab.

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Figure 3.4 and 3.5: Excavation process of Burj al Arab.

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4.0 STRUCTURAL FRAME SYSTEM (STRUCTURAL LATERAL
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS)

Figure 4.1: Structure of Burj al-Arab.

4.1 Exoskeleton Frame

Figure 4.2: Exoskeleton (Pooja, 2017).

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 Exoskeleton is made of two legs on each side of the structure. These Legs are
built-up H-Sections sections 1.8 m by 4.5 m deep plate girders connected by lattice
braced members.

Plate girder is defined as a built-up girder resembling an I beam in cross section

but having a rolled steel plate for a web and flanges that usually consist of angles alone
or angles and plates. Diagonal are huge tubular triangular trusses tied to two legs to
the central core. The diagonal trusses can contract and expand up to 5 cm in 24 hours.
Horizontals-connects rear leg to core wall -The exoskeleton bows are provided with
tuned mass damper at 11 critical points with 5 tone weight which swings to damp down
the vibrations caused by vortex shedding.

Steel exoskeleton frames the exterior, spreading and redirecting the loads to
the central spine. Part of the exoskeleton are the steel space frame trusses that control
lateral loads from the harsh winds and sandstorms that frequent Dubai. Steel cross
beams also do their part in lateral loads, but also uses tension to control the
steel frame. All of these loads are redirected downward through a central
reinforced concrete spine. The atrium membrane is made of arched aluminum
trusses and a Teflon-fiberglass membrane, supported by the steel cross bracing
and anchors at the top and bottom.
Stiffness is increased by the use of giant metal trusses of triangular section,
located on the exterior side walls, a kind of exoskeleton, which diagonally braces the
two side trusses and the large concrete column in the back of the hotel. Each one of
these structures measures 85 m long and weighs 165 tons, and they had to be mounted
using special cranes used for mining.

4.2 Rear X brace frame

X’ Shape rear bracings are cross bracings of fabricated box sections. They tie two cores
of the building to give stability to the structure. Assembled and welded at ground and
then lifted to position.

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Figure 4.3: Base Frame.

Figure 4.4: Multi-frame.

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 Figure 4.5: Multi-frame.

4.3 Diagonal

 Huge tubular triangular truss

 Connect core wall and rear leg structure
 Length varies from 76 m to 90 m
 Weigh 160 to 180 ton
 Six diagonals erected at different levels on both sides of building

Figure 4.5: Six diagonal trusses

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 Some of the criticisms stressed that the Burj Al Arab's formalism caused over
costs due to the highly complex construction techniques. For example, because of the
thinness of the sand soil, 250 reinforced concrete piles were embedded 40 meters into
the seabed, in order to give stability to the structure and to strengthen the foundation
(a similar process has been explained for the Burj Dubai). The 202 rooms, each suite
consisting of two levels, were prefabricated and installed on site, fitted on a concrete
structure. Each suite forms a curved facade that in turn defined a balcony to the upper
suite.

Figure 4.6: Concrete structure

In order to make better use of space in the rooms, architects proposed the use
of thin walls in the two blocks that would not had been sufficiently resistant to winds
and earthquakes. Therefore, the architects proposed that these two blocks were braced
by beams which intersect in front of the Burj Al Arab. Also, stiffness is increased by
the use of giant metal trusses of triangular section, located on the exterior side walls,
a kind of exoskeleton, which diagonally braces the two side trusses and the large
concrete column in the back of the hotel. Each one of these structures measures 85 m
long and weighs 165 tons, and they had to be mounted using special cranes used for
mining.

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 Figure 4.7: Diagonal truss

To solve the problems of expansion and contraction of the trusses (that can reach 5 cm
in a day) due to the extreme changes in temperature, a special steering linkage rod was
designed.

4.4 Hanging Restaurant

The main concept used is cantilever concept. Cantilever can be defined as a long
projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end. The most dramatic element in the
composition is the restaurant Al Muntaha ("The Highest") which, with its outstanding
C section, is suspended 200 meters above the sea, projecting itself 30 meters on each
side of the central column. The floor size is 70 x 25m. The idea of the architect was to
give diners the feeling that you're dining in the air, with an uninterrupted view of the
surroundings.

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 Figure 4.8: Hanging beam

The secret of its construction relies is a series of metal beams of 1.6 m thick,
arranged in a fan way from the concrete column towards the edges of the restaurant,
which has been built in aluminum and glass to reduce its weight.

Figure 4.9: Metallic element

These metallic elements can withstand wind pressure against the glass

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5.0 SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION, OR CONTINUOUSLY FORMED
CONSTRUCTION

Slip form construction, or continuously formed construction, is a construction method

in which concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. Basically, this method
involves the continuous placing of concrete in a shallow mould having the same plan
as the building to be constructed. This rigid mould, or "slip-form" as it is called, forms
the working deck which is jacked slowly upwards at a controlled rate until the required
elevation is reached. Allows for the continuous pouring of concrete into walls of a
structure and only stops when the full required height of the structure has been reached.
The height of the formwork is designed in such a way that while the top of the
formwork is being filled by concrete the lowest layer of concrete poured earlier has
already gained an initial set. When the formwork is moved upwards the concrete that
is then exposed remains firm.
Based on Wikipedia (2019) Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously
formed, or slipform construction is a construction method in which concrete is poured
into a continuously moving form. Slip forming is used for tall structures (such as
bridges, towers, buildings, and dams), as well as horizontal structures, such as
roadways. Slip forming enables continuous, non-interrupted, cast-in-place "flawless"
(i.e. no joints) concrete structures which have superior performance characteristics to
piecewise construction using discrete form elements. Slip forming relies on the quick-
setting properties of concrete and requires a balance between quick-setting capacity
and workability. Concrete needs to be workable enough to be placed into the form and
consolidated (via vibration), yet quick setting enough to emerge from the form with
strength. This strength is needed because the freshly set concrete must not only permit
the form to "slip" by the concrete without disturbing it, but also support the pressure
of the new concrete as well as resist collapse caused by the vibration of the compaction
machinery.
In vertical slip forming the concrete form may be surrounded by a platform on
which workers stand, placing steel reinforcing rods into the concrete and ensuring a
smooth pour. Together, the concrete form and working platform are raised by means
of hydraulic jacks. Generally, the slipform rises at a rate which permits the concrete to
harden by the time it emerges from the bottom of the form. In horizontal slip forming
for pavement and traffic separation walls concrete is laid down, vibrated, worked, and

18
settled in place while the form itself slowly moves ahead. This method was initially
devised and utilized in Interstate Highway construction initiated by the Eisenhower
administration during the 1950s.

5.1 History of slip formwork

According on Wikipedia (2019) The slip forming technique was in use by the early
20th century for building silos and grain elevators. James MacDonald, of MacDonald
Engineering of Chicago was the pioneer in utilizing slip form concrete for
construction. His concept of placing circular bins in clusters was patented, with
photographs and illustrations, contained in a 1907 book, “The Design of Walls, Bins,
And Grain Elevators”
In 1910, MacDonald published a paper “Moving Forms for Reinforced
Concrete Storage Bins,” describing the use of moulds for moving forms, using jacks
and concrete to form a continuous structure without joints or seams. This paper details
the concept and procedure for creating slip form concrete structures. On May 24, 1917,
a patent was issued to James MacDonald of Chicago, "for a device to move and elevate
a concrete form in a vertical plane".
James MacDonald’s bin and silo design were utilized around the world into the
late 1970s by MacDonald Engineering. In the 1947-1950 period, MacDonald
Engineering constructed over 40 concrete towers using the slip-form method for
AT&T Long Lines up to 191 ft tall for microwave relay stations across the United
States.
AT&T Long Lines relay tower in Indiana constructed with the slip-form
method. The former LandMark Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas was constructed in 1961 by
MacDonald Engineering as a subcontractor, utilizing Macdonald’s concept of slip
form concrete construction to build the 31-storey reinforced steel tower. The technique
was introduced to residential and commercial buildings in the late 1960s. One of Its
first uses in high-rise buildings in the United States was on the shear wall supported
apartment building at Turk & Eddy Streets in San Francisco, CA, in 1962, built by the
San Francisco office of Macdonald Engineering. The first notable use of the method
in a residential/retail business was the Skylon Tower in Niagara Falls, Ontario, which
was completed in 1965. Another unusual structure was the tapered buttress structures
for the Sheraton Waikiki Hotel in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1969. Another shear wall

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supported structure was the Casa Del Mar Condominium on Key Biscayne, Miami, FL
in 1970.
From the 1950s, the vertical technique was adapted to mining head frames,
ventilation structures, below grade shaft lining, and coal train loading silos; theme and
communication tower construction; high rise office building cores; shear wall
supported apartment buildings; tapered stacks and hydro intake structures, etc. It is
used for structures which would otherwise not be possible, such as the separate legs of
the Troll A deep sea oil drilling platform which stands on the sea floor in water about
1000 feet (300 m) deep, has an overall height of 472 meters (1,549 ft), weighs 656,000
tons, and has the distinction of being the tallest structure ever moved (towed) by
mankind.
In addition to the typical silos and shear walls and cores in buildings, the
system is used for lining underground shafts and surge tanks in hydroelectric
generating facilities. The technique was utilized to build the Inco Superstack in
Sudbury, Ontario, and the CN Tower in Toronto. In 2010, the technique was used to
build the core of the supertall Shard London Bridge tower in London, England.

5.2 Procedure in slip formwork

 Assembly can only start once the foundations are in place and the wall starter is
in correct alignment.
 Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes.
 Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes.
 Hydraulic jacks are attached to these crossbeams for simultaneous upward
movement.
 Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5 meters.
 Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the working platform.
 Structure should be rigid, and shape always maintained.
 Make sure there is no lag or else it prevents the structure from free upward
movement
 It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses as the construction gains height and
arrangements must be made in the slip form structure that will enable such
reduction at regular intervals.

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5.3 Types of slip formwork

5.3.1 Vertical slip formwork

In vertical slip forming, the concrete form may be surrounded by a platform on which
workers stand, placing steel reinforcing rods into the concrete and ensuring a smooth
pour. Together, the concrete form and working platform are raised by means of
hydraulic jacks. Generally, the slip-form rises at a rate which permits the concrete to
harden by the time it emerges from the bottom of the form.

5.3.2 Horizontal slip formwork

In horizontal slip forming for pavement and traffic separation walls, concrete is cast,
vibrated, worked, and settled in place while the form itself slowly moves ahead. This
method was initially devised and utilized in Interstate Highway construction initiated
during the 1950s.

Horizontal Slip Form:

Slip form methods of construction can also be adapted to horizontal structures and are
used for paving, canals, and tunnelling.
The technique is more in use for structures that have continuous walls like silos,
chimneys, and piers for very tall bridges.
It has also been successfully used for construction of buildings, although this requires
the manner of leaving inserts for openings like doors and windows to be decided well
in advance, as well as also any necessary inserts to support floor slabs after the walls
are constructed.

5.3.3 Tapered slip-forming

Slip-forming is also used in the construction of conical chimneys, cooling towers, piers
and other tall concrete structures involving constant or changing thicknesses in walls,
diameters and/or shapes. A form is used with sections which overlap so that one
gradually slides over the other. This is commonly done in chimney construction, but it
is not satisfactory for architectural concrete because the lap shows. While the tapered

21
slip-forming process is like that used on the standard slip-forming, it requires greater
attention, contractor experience and expertise ensure the success of such projects.

Figure 5.1: Show slip- formwork

5.4 Advantage, precaution and application slip-form construction.

5.4.1 Advantage

 A major cost of concrete structure construction is the required formwork to retain

the concrete till it can be safely de-shuttered and be able to support itself and
other imposed loads.
 The formwork needs to be continually removed to newer locations and then re-
erected.
 Continuous use of manpower and lifting equipment like cranes.
 In the case of slip form building, the formwork is erected only once and remains
intact until the entire structure is completed.
 Great reduction in the cost of formwork as well as time saving for re-erection.
 Cost effective
 The reduction in the movement of formwork and workers also leads to far more
safe working conditions that also make it a major advantage.

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5.4.2 Precaution

 Concrete is continuously protected against loss of moisture and rapid temperature

changes for 7 days
 Unhardened concrete is protected from rain and flowing water
 Prevent plastic shrinkage
 Plastic cracks are filled by injection of epoxy resin.

5.4.3 Application slip-from construction

Slip-form construction is used for tall structures, such as towers, buildings, and dams,
as well as horizontal structures, such as roadway barriers. It enables continuous, non-
interrupted, cast-in-place joint-fewer concrete structures which have superior
performance characteristics over construction methods using discrete form elements.
Slip forming relies on the quick setting properties of concrete and requires a balance
between quick- setting capacity and workability.

5.5 Jump form

 Generally, jump form systems comprise the formwork and working platforms
for cleaning/fixing of the formwork, steel fixing and concreting.
 Jump form, often described as climbing form. It is suitable for construction of
multi-floor vertical concrete elements in high-rise structures, such as shear walls,
core walls, lift shafts, stair shafts and bridge pylons.
 It is a highly productive system designed to increase speed and efficiency while
minimizing labour and time.

5.6 Process efficiency

 Fast construction can be achieved by careful planning of the construction

process. Crane availability is critical for normal jump form.

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 Self-climbing formwork cuts down the requirement for crane time considerably.
By allowing the crane to be used for other construction work this may reduce the
total number of cranes needed on site.
 The formwork is independently supported, so the shear walls and core walls can
be completed ahead of the rest of the main building structure. This can help to
provide stability to the main structure during its construction and can have the
beneficial effect of taking the jump form core off the project critical path.

5.7 Safety

 Working platforms, guard rails, and ladders are built into the completed units of
market- leading formwork systems. Complete wind- shield protection on
platform edges is also possible.
 Self-climbing formwork systems are provided with integral free-fall braking
devices.
 The completed formwork assembly is robust and provides a stable working
platform.
 The reduced use of scaffolding and temporary work platforms results in less
congestion on site.
 The setting rate of concrete in those parts of the structure supporting the form is
critical in determining the rate at which construction can safely proceed.
 The repetitive nature of the work means that site operatives can quickly become
familiar with health and safety aspects of their job. Formwork suppliers provide
materials and resources to help train the labour force.

5.8 Sustainability features

 The formwork system is easy to clean and reuse with little formwork waste
generated compared to traditional formwork.
 Climbing formwork systems offer simplicity, safety and cost effectiveness for
certain high-rise building structures.

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 The repetitive nature of the work, combined with the engineered nature of the
formwork, allows fine tuning of the construction operations, which in turn leads
to minimal concrete wastage.
 Many repeated uses of formwork are possible before maintenance or
replacement is needed, the number of uses depending on the quality of the
surface finish of concrete specified.

Figure 5.2: Show the jump formwork

5.9 Summary

 Slip form construction is a construction method in which concrete is poured into

a continuously moving form.
 There are two types of slip-forms; vertical and horizontal.
 Slip-form construction consumes very less time but requires careful planning of
construction process to achieve high production rates.
 Due to continuous concrete pouring in slip- form construction it produces better
concrete joint less and watertight structures.
 Slip form systems require a few but highly skilled workforce.
 Slip-forming is also used in the construction of tapered structures involving
changing thicknesses in walls, diameters and/or shapes.

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6.0 DAMPER SYSTEM IN BURJ AL ARAB

In Burj Al Arab, tuned mass damper is used to enhance the building's seismic
performance. Tuned mass damper (also called vibration absorbers or vibration
dampers) is a device mounted in a structure to reduce the amplitude of vibration to an
acceptable level whenever a strong lateral force such as an earthquake or high winds
hit. The application can prevent discomfort, damage, or outright structural failure.
There are two basic types of tuned mass damper; the Horizontal Tuned Mass
Damper which is normally found in slender buildings and communication towers. The
other type is the Vertical Tuned Mass Damper, which is usually applied in long span
horizontal structures such as bridges, floors and walkways. Both types have similar
functions, though there might be slight differences in terms of mechanism.
Burj Al Arab is used Horizontal Tuned Mass Damper due to the slender shape
of the building. A tuned mass damper essentially has a mass, spring and a damping
device which dispels the energy caused by the motion of the mass itself. As the
building’s proximity to the sea and its geometry being susceptible to vortex shedding
of wind, its exoskeleton bow features have been challenged by critically high vibration.
The initial idea was to change the shape of the building, though the architect strongly
refuted the proposal as it would be detrimental to the original conceptual image of the
building. The issue was resolved through the use of eleven 5-tonnes horizontal tuned
mass damper’s scattered throughout the external features of the building. Figure 5.1
shows the damper system and its position in the building.

(a) (b)
Figure 6.1: (a) Damper System. (b) Position of damper system in Burj Al Arab

26
The mechanism of tuned mass damper is illustrated by the schematic diagrams below
in the Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3.

Figure 6.2: Building without tuned mass damper system

The Figure 5.2 above illustrates a typical building without a tuned mass
damper. When a lateral force (e.g. seismic or wind) hits the structure, the building will
become excited and displaced (x1), generating kinetic force (K1) due to its mass and
consequent acceleration. The building will then swing back to another displacement
(x2) on the other side. In theory, x1 will be greater than x2 and x2 will be greater than
the next displacement of the next swing (i.e. x3) which means there will be a time
when displacement will soon come to zero. This scenario is due to the inherent
damping ratio of the building. Damping ratio is a dimensionless parameter that
measures how a certain oscillation subsides after a certain disturbance or excitation.
The time it took for the building to complete one round of swing (left to right
and then right to left) is the so called “time period” of the structure. This means the
higher the period the longer it takes for the building to go back to its original position.
This is where the feelings of discomfort come from, as the building occupants start to
feel the movement due to the noticeable time span of building sway. This is one of the
reasons why structural engineers pay attention to the period of the structure during
analytical model analysis.
Similarly, since frequency is the inverse of time period (1/s or Hertz, Hz), this
means the higher the period, the lesser the frequency of the building and the more
prone it is to uncomfortable building acceleration. Structural engineers also limit the
acceleration of the building to an acceptable range, the exact value of which depends
on the type of building occupancy (e.g. residential, office etc.). Then, Figure 2.3 shows
the building with the presence of tuned mass damper.

27
 Figure 6.3: Building with tuned mass damper system

When the structure starts to sway, thereby generating the kinetic energy K1,
the tuned mass damper is set into motion by means of the spring/pendulum and forces
the building to the opposite direction by the counteracting force (D1). The same
scenario happens when the building sways in the other direction (K2 vs. D2). As an
effect, comparing the two diagrams above, it can be observed that displacements x1
and x2 for Figure 5.3 are smaller than those of Figure 5.1. This result is due to the
counteracting force offered by the tuned mass damper whenever the building tries to
sway in either direction. This will also mean that the building will stop oscillating
within a shorter time frame and will stabilise faster; a characteristic which structural
engineers want to see in their serviceability assessments.
To summarise, the main idea of the damper system is to match the frequency
of the tuned mass damper to the inherent frequency of the structure itself, which mean
tuned mass damper is designed to a frequency that is exactly the same or close to the
frequency of structure. Then the tuned mass damper is functioning effectively and the
vibration of the structure would be controlled, likewise, acceleration can subside more
efficiently. If not, then the structure may either be inadequate in serviceability when
the tuned mass damper’s frequency is higher or may cause detrimental effects when
the tuned mass damper’s frequency is lower than that of the structure itself.

28
7.0 CONCRETING METHOD

Concrete occupies unique position among the modern construction material. Concrete
has played an increasingly important role in the efforts of architects and engineers to
find a satisfactory and economical material for high-rise multi-storey buildings. The
use of concrete in high-rise buildings has increased significantly in the last 20 years
mainly owing to improvement in all of the technologies associated with this material:
admixtures, pumping, transportation and elevation methods, etc. Thus, the successful
production of concrete at the construction site is of prime importance.
Cement concrete is only next to water in terms of the amount of material used
on our planet. Over hundreds of years, concrete has become the material of choice for
constructing residential and commercial buildings, infrastructural facilities such as
highways, dams and bridge, canals , ports and other important facilities .The popularity
of concrete owes to its economy , ability to the cast into any shape ,ability to be
fabricated practically anywhere and last but not least , its inherent durability
innumerable historical land marks in concrete speak volumes about its durability and
versatility.
For small height buildings which is up to 3 -5 storey, the concrete whether it is
site mix or Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) is transported and placed by using hoist, wheel
barrows and pulleys or sometimes lifts are also hire for the purpose of transportation
of concrete. But when the building goes higher and higher, placing concrete with the
hoist and wheel barrows method is become time consuming as it is not a continuous
process and it hampered the productivity of concrete works (Harle, 2018). One of the
techniques that have helped the construction industry tremendously is pumped
concreting.
Pumped concreting is an alternative method to placing the concrete using
concrete pump. Most standard construction mixes can be pumped with little or
modification. However, several technical and managerial factors affect the
productivity of pumped concrete must be considered when while concreting. Machines
and equipment used in concrete pumping such as concrete pumps are mainly used to
transfer wet concrete into the building formwork. A concrete pump offers many
favourable advantages, such as increased productivity.
The pump delivers high volume in short period and at the places where access
for human is difficult. The demand for concrete pumps varies with the performance

29
measures as well as the type of pump. Various structures from tallest skyscrapers to
the smallest convenience store require concrete and concrete pumping is great way to
get it where it needs to go. Increase productivity is important because it means faster
completion allowing the owner to receive a return on their investment sooner.
Concrete Pumping is a very efficient and reliable means of placing concrete,
which makes it a very economical method as well. Sometimes, a pump is the only way
of placing concrete in a certain location. For high-rise building, or large slabs where
the chutes of the concrete truck cannot reach where the concrete is needed. Other times,
the ease and speed of pumping concrete makes it the most economical method of
concrete placement. Placement of concrete in inaccessible areas has demanded the use
of pumps in today’s construction.
Nowadays, with the growth of ready mixed concrete, the need for pumping has
increased. While the ease of pumping depends on the type of pump available, the
distance over which concrete is to be pumped, and the properties of the concrete, a
number of finer aspects can affect the operation. The technique of pumping concrete
has been in general and continuous use of over sixty years. Considerable progress
which has been achieved in the past decade has undoubtedly made concrete
transportation and placing using the concrete pump, potentially one of the most
economical and attractive methods available.

Pumping of concrete is necessary when:

a) For high speed placing or when large volumes have to be poured in limited time.
b) When concrete needs to be placed in inaccessible positions or there are no other
means available at the time.
c) When accuracy and control are vital.
d) When good concrete finishes are needed.

7.1 Concrete Pump

A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping.

Concrete pumps have been known for more than 50 years. In modern times, large
quantities of concrete can be transported by means of pumping through pipelines over
appreciable distances, often to locations that may not be easily accessible by other

30
means of delivery. The system for pumping concrete essentially consists of a hopper
into which the concrete is discharged from the mixer, which in turn, feeds the concrete
pump itself and finally the delivery pipelines through which the concrete is delivered.
There are two types of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is
attached to a truck or longer units are on semi-trailers. It is known as a boom concrete
pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm that is called a boom
to place concrete accurately (O. Jalbaud et al, 2013). Boom pumps are used on most
of the larger construction projects as they are capable of pumping at very high volumes
and because of the labour-saving nature of the placing boom. They are a revolutionary
alternative to truck-mounted concrete pumps.
The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a truck or placed
on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line pump or trailer-mounted concrete
pump. This pump requires steel or flexible concrete placing hoses to be manually
attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are linked together and lead to
wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Line pumps normally pump concrete at
lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller volume concrete placing
applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single-family home concrete
slabs and most ground slabs.
There are also skid mounted and rail mounted concrete pumps, but these are
uncommon and only used on specialized jobsites such as mines and tunnels. Further
the pumps used for pumping are being classified based on their mode of operations,
quantity of concrete to be discharged, power required etc. They are classified in next
section of this report.

7.2 Types of Concrete Pumps

i. Line Pumps:

Line pumps are versatile, portable units typically used to pump not only structural
concrete, but also grout, wet screeds, mortar, shotcrete, foamed concrete, and sludge.
Pump manufacturers offer a variety of different line pumps to meet a wide variety of
needs. Line pumps typically employ ball-valve-type pumps. While the smaller models
are often called grout pumps, many can be used for structural concrete and concreting
where low-volume output is suitable. They're also used for repairing underwater

31
concrete, filling fabric forms, placing concrete in heavily reinforced sections, and
building bond beams for masonry walls.
Some hydraulically driven models have pumped structural concrete at outputs
exceeding 150 cubic yards per hour. Cost for ball-valve pumps are relatively low and
there are few wear parts. Because of its simple design, the pump is easy to clean and
maintain. The units are small, and the hoses easy to handle.

Figure 7.1: Line pump

ii. Boom Pumps:

Boom trucks are self-contained units consisting of a truck and frame, and the pump
itself. Boom trucks are used for concrete pours for everything from slabs and medium
high-rise buildings, to large volume commercial and industrial projects. They range
from single-axle truck mounted pumps used for their high manoeuvrability, suitability
for confined areas, and cost/performance value, to huge, six-axle rigs used for their
powerful pumps and long reach on high-rise and other large-scale projects.
Booms for these trucks can come in configurations of three and four sections,
with a low unfolding height of about 16 feet. This low unfolding height is ideal for
placing concrete in confined areas. Longer, five-part booms can reach up or out more
than 200 feet. Because of their reach, boom trucks often remain in the same place for
an entire pour. This allows ready mix trucks to discharge their loads directly into the
pump hopper at one central location and helps to create a more efficient jobsite traffic
flow.

32
 Figure 7.2: Boom pump

Figure 7.3: Fast and mass concreting of a large floor slab.

iii. Tremie Method:

This is one of the underwater concreting method. Tremie is a French word, meaning
hopper. Tremie is a water tight pipe. It is a composite metallic pipe having diameter
varying from 20.0 to 25.0 cm capable of easy coupling for increase or decreases its
length. A funnel shaped hopper is fitted to its upper end to facilitate pouring of
concrete. The bottom end is closed with a loose plug as shown in figure 6.4.

33
 Figure 7.4: Underwater concreting by tremie method

The valve at the discharge end is used to dewater the tremie and control the
distribution of concrete. The tremie is supported on a working platform above water
level and to facilitate the placing, it is built up in 1.0 m to 3.5 m section. The total
length of the tremie pipe should be sufficient to allow a free flow of concrete up to the
point of placement. The pipe should be strong enough to withstand the external
pressure of water in which it is suspended and the partial vacuum pressure developed
inside the pipe. A separate lifting device is provided for each tremie with its hopper at
the upper end.
Unless the lower end of the pipe is equipped with an approved automatic check
valve, the upper end of the pipe should be plugged with a wadding of gunny sacking
or any other approved material before delivering the concrete to the tremie pipe
through the hopper, so that when the concrete is forced down from the hopper to the
pipe, it will force the plug down the pipe and out of the bottom end establishing a
continuous stream of concrete, and the water in the pipe if any is displaced by concrete
(S. Shraddu. 2019).

34
Working process:

i. At the place of concreting, sheet piles form work is driven inside the water and
the tremie pipe is lowered into position and the discharge end is kept as deeply
submerged beneath the surface of freshly laid concrete as the head of concrete
in tremie permits. The tremie pipe is lifted up and a slight jerk is given by a
winch and pulley arrangement to discharge the concrete down. During
concreting air and water must be excluded from the tremie by keeping the pipe
full of concrete all the time.
ii. As the concreting proceeds, the pipe should be raised slowly to have a uniform
flow of concrete, and the concrete flows out wards. During concrete operation
care should be taken to maintain the continuity of concreting without breaking
the seal provided by the concrete cover over the discharge end i.e., it should
never be emptied. If this seal is required to be broken, the tremie should be lifted
up and plugged before re-concreting is started.
iii. The risk of segregation and non-uniform stiffening can be minimised by
maintaining the concrete surface in form work as level as possible and by
providing a continuous and rapid flow of concrete.

If the work is executed properly, this method has the following advantages where
the concrete is not affected by the flowing water, except the top layer. The top layer
may be cut off to remove the affected concrete at the end of the whole operation.
Besides, under water concrete does not need compaction as concrete automatically
gets compacted by the hydrostatic pressure of water. The concrete is of such a high
consistency which normally does not require compaction. However, concreting by
tremie method requires high water cement ratio for obtaining high consistency, which
reduces the strength of concrete. But now, with the use of some plasticizer a concrete
with as low water cement ratio as 0.3 or even less can be placed by tremie method.

7.3 Factors affecting the productivity of pumped concrete

Concrete placing productivity is influenced by many factors. The placing method is

major determinant of the speed of pacing, but the shape of the pour and its location are
technical factors that also influence the productivity. The skill and enthusiasm of the

35
placing gang are obviously relevant as is the timely supply of concrete to the site. The
latter involves good coordination with ready mix concrete supplier, the preparation
needed for the pour to be completed on time, accurate estimation of the quantities of
concrete and truck mixer movements and parking arrangements that bring about an
uninterrupted supply at the truck mixer discharge point.
Site congestion and other access conditions can make uninterrupted supply
difficult or impossible, even when the concrete supplier is able to maintain a regular
delivery. The concrete supplier scheduling problem is complicated by the fact that
during the pour almost half of the sites change their order quantities, sometimes
considerably. Because a ready-mix concrete plant is serving many sites, result in actual
quantity supplied to all sites being on average, 97% of the total quantity ordered. A
factor that may have a helpful psychological effect on site productivity is the over
provision of truck mixers (Harle, 2018).
Placing crew is not immune to the pressure caused by a queue of truck mixers
waiting to be unloaded. However, overprovision of truck mixers clearly wastes truck
mixer time. In the majority of concrete pour, it is possible to determine a number of
factors that are detrimental to the quality of the concrete placing process. Establishing
these factors, which are the cause of the nature system, may well allow a reduction in
the variability of concrete operations and so reduce wastage and improve productivity.
The factors have been evenly split into two groups, technical and managerial factors,
which show that equal emphasis should be placed on good managerial practice.

7.4 Problems involving pumped concrete on site.

The most common problem of pumping concrete is blockage. If the pump is

mechanically sound, the failure of concrete to emerge at the end of the pipe line is
called blockage. The increase in the pressure shown by the pressure gauge of the pump
is the indication of the blockage of the pipe line. Most blockages take place or occur
at the tapered sections of the pump end.
Therefore, preplanning for concrete pumping is essential for successful
placements, with increasing detail and coordination required as the size of the
placement and the project increases. At a minimum, the preplanning and preparation
should involve the following (Harle, 2018):

36
a) Notification to the concrete supplier that the concrete is to be pumped and
confirmation that the appropriate provisions have been made to produce and provide,
at the rate and in the quantity needed, concrete properly proportioned for pumping that
also complies with all project specifications or other requirements.
b) Establish the distance concrete is to be pumped either horizontal, elevation, or
decline and the maximum rate of placing required so the proper size and capacity pump
will be supplied.
c) Establish the time the pump is to be ready for setup and provision for any required
pipeline including supply of the material and arrangements for the required labour to
assemble it.
d) Agreement between the pump operator and the placement crew as to the placement
sequence, total volume to be placed, pump location as near the placing area as
practical, and required access to allow two ready-mixed concrete trucks to discharge
into the pump receiving hopper at the same time. Two ready-mix trucks should be
positioned to discharge into the pump receiving hopper to maintain constant flow of
concrete to the pump and to enable blending of the last concrete discharged from the
first ready-mix truck, which frequently has a higher percentage of coarse aggregate
larger sizes, with concrete from the second ready-mix truck.
e) Agreement on who is responsible for providing material to grout the pipeline.
f) Provision for clearing and cleaning the pump and pipeline when the placement is
completed. Frequently the best arrangement is to arrange the placing system so
concrete remaining in the pump hopper and pipeline can be discharged into a ready-
mix truck. A continuous supply of concrete is required because if the pumping is
stopped for any appreciable time, concrete in the line may stiffen and it may be difficult
to start pumping again.

37
8.0 FAÇADE ENGINEERING

Facade Engineering is the art of resolving aesthetic, environmental and structural

issues to achieve the enclosure of habitable space. With the ever-increasing complexity
and performance demands on buildings, there is a need to accurately validate the
design and communicate the client and designers’ intentions to those who have a
responsibility for executing the façades of modern buildings. Building façades play an
important role in building aesthetics and in protecting the structural system and
contents from deterioration due to exposure to an aggressive environment.
Well-designed façades can also help improve the durability and energy
efficiency of the building as well as elevating the level of human comfort. In general,
façade design and detailing have not received the same level of rigor and overall
scrutiny as the load-bearing components of buildings. Current codes and standards
require safety provisions for environmental separating elements of a building.
However, there is an urgent need for the development of detailed procedures for the
design of durable and sustainable building façades.

Figure 8.1: Façade types and its characteristics (E. Chouinard et al, 2019).

38
The figure below shows the façade that include in the design of Burj Al-Arab:

Figure 8.2: Design of façade for Burj Al-Arab

The design of façade are include:

i. Fabric wall stretched between horizontal beams
ii. Stretch woven double skinned teflon coated woven glass fibre screen.
iii. Glazed curtain wall with aluminium cladding
iv. Steel structure claded with 6mm composite aluminium panels

8.1 Façade problems

The type of façade system adopted is very much dependent on the aesthetic
requirements specified by architects, as well as the structural design of buildings.
However, there are some additional issues prevalent in tall buildings which should be
given close attention. Difficulties can arise at the interfaces between disciplines and,
indeed, the actual interfaces of elements relating to junctions and tolerances. The
construction strategy greatly influences these details and vice versa (C. Ackerman and
J. Sheerin, 2014). The following aspects affect façade engineering of tall buildings and
must be taken into account:

39
i. Achieving planning permission – height constraints
ii. Technical – code compliance
iii. Commercial – budget certainty and perception of risk
iv. Programme – construction and procurement strategy
v. Performance – especially energy efficiency
vi. Occupant comfort – including ventilation strategy, daylighting
vii. Lettable area

8.2 Façade challenge

Movement, both horizontal (shear and bending) and vertical shortening, of tall
buildings can influence the jointing provision between panels, particularly at transfer
levels in the structure. The movement to be accommodated in the stack joint at such
locations is primarily due to differential vertical movement between floors and the
effects of axial shortening. The mid-level of tall buildings and returns in the tall
building envelope are vulnerable to high wind pressures and driving-rain ingress,
requiring the design of exterior walls to buffer these adverse conditions and prevent
unwanted air and water infiltration.
A full regime of testing is normally performed on prototype mock-up specimens
prior to full-scale production of the system. Mechanical systems can also greatly affect
the façade and vice versa. Natural ventilation and domestic windows are not suitable
for high-rise construction. When installing the façade of tall buildings, there are
advantages to be gained from systems that require lightweight cranes and hoists, as the
use of tower cranes would conflict with construction of the main structure. In dealing
with potentially high cladding pressures, the main structure’s fixing system should be
easily installed and compatible with the structural floor system (C. Ackerman and J.
Sheerin, 2014).
The fixing system must also allow for relatively fast installation of panels, as all
other trades depend upon closure of the building by the exterior wall system. The
above considerations must be considered early in the design process and require
agreement and collaboration between all the design disciplines and the constructor.
Specialist input from a façade engineer is recommended at the early design stage.

40
9.0 WIND LOAD ENGINEERING

Wind engineering is defined as the rational treatment of interactions between wind in

the atmospheric boundary layer and man and his works on the surface of Earth. Wind
is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. It varies with time and space. Due
to the unpredictable nature of wind, it is necessary to design the tall structures by
considering the critical effects of wind on the structure. Wind force depends upon
exposed area of the structure. The wind force depends upon terrain and topography of
location as well as the nature of wind, size and shape of structure and dynamic
properties of building.
It is very important to consider fluctuating component of wind pressure while
designing. Wind gusts cause fluctuating force on the structure which induced large
dynamic motions and oscillations. The performance of a structure can be improved
when a wind acts by improving the shape of the structure by providing curved edges
so that the wind load will be less. Wind influences a number of tall-building design
aspects including:
i. Playing an important role in the design of its foundations and later-stability
system
ii. Controlling its global deflection and inter-storey drift
iii. Dictating the level of comfort of people occupying the highest (and more
expensive) floors
iv. Playing a key role in the design of the glazing/building envelope and façade
system
v. Changing both global and local wind flow patterns, potentially increasing the
level of windiness around its base.

To optimise the design of tall buildings and minimise associated risks,

specialised wind engineering studies with potential to inform the design process from
its early stages include, but are not limited to:
i. Wind climate
ii. Wind loading
iii. Vortex-shedding mitigation
iv. Auxiliary damping
v. Cladding pressure

41
vi. Pedestrian-level wind environment/comfort
vii. Plume dispersion

Wind effects for Burj Al-Arab is due to its geographic location subjects where the
hotel need to severe weather conditions including strong winds and occasional violent
thunderstorms. Due to the structure’s proximity to its adjacent hotel resort, wind tunnel
testing was considered to ensure a safe design. The wind speed of 45 meters per
second, under the recommendations of Dubai Municipality, was adopted for the
design. Due to the effects of wind loading to this building, vibration may cause due to
vortex shedding.

9.1 Vortex Shedding

Vortex shedding happens when wind hits a structure, causing alternating vortices to
form at a certain frequency. This in turn causes the system to excite and produce a
vibrational load. Historically, it has been very difficult to calculate by hand. Today,
with modern technology and new engineering practices, completing a vortex shedding
analysis is a valuable tool used in the design of tall equipment and structures. The
frequency of the vortices is dependent on the shape of the blunt body, and the velocity
of the fluid flow or wind hitting this body. The vortices create low pressure zones on
the downwind side of the object on alternate sides.
As the fluid flows to fill the low-pressure zone, it produces a vibration at a
specific calculable frequency. This vibration is only a major concern if it happens to
coincide with the natural frequency of the structure. For structures that are tall and
uniform in size and shape, the vibrations can be damaging and ultimately lead to
fatigue failure. Masts or towers are highly susceptible to vibrations induced by vortex
shedding. By completing a vortex shedding analysis of structures under realistic wind
loading, engineers can evaluate whether more efficient structures can and should be
developed.
The phenomenon of vortex-shedding generates a net fluctuating force exciting
the structure in the across-wind direction perpendicular to the mean wind flow. These
forces are relatively small but when they occur at frequencies close to that of the
structure they may be significantly amplified, particularly when damping is low.
Vortex-shedding happens at any wind speed and for any plan form, and is typically

42
enhanced by low levels of wind turbulence, for example sea or desert exposure, and
sometimes by turbulence from upwind structures.

Figure 9.1: Schematic representation of vortexes generated in the wake of a

cylinder (C. Ackerman and J. Sheerin, 2014).

Figure 9.2: The arrow shows the wind directions that hit the building of Burj
Al-Arab.

9.2 Fixing the problem

There are three main approaches that can be applied to prevent the structural failure
from vortex shedding. The simplest is to address the fluid flow and create a disturbance
on the structure so that the vortex street cannot form. This is commonly done by adding

43
a spiral at the top of the structure. But any change to the body that disrupts the vortex
would work. Another method is to design the structure itself so the natural frequencies
are outside the operating frequencies. This can be done by varying the cross-section
along the length of the structure or by adding or changing supports.
There are also dynamic systems such as dampeners that can successfully be
applied to absorb vibration. While vortex shedding is a common phenomenon that can
lead to structural failure, it is one that is often overlooked because of the complexity
of modelling the situation correctly. Using the steps outlined above, vibrational
problems can be easily identified and a few hypotheses can be tested. Design changes
can be made before any real problem arises. In the construction of Burj Al-Arab, 11
invisible hanging weight called the tune mass damper (TMD) being installed at
vulnerable points inside the exoskeleton of the building
Tuned mass damper where it is also called vibration absorbers or vibration
dampers, is a device mounted to a specific location in a structure, so as to reduce the
amplitude of vibration to an acceptable level whenever a strong lateral force such as
an earthquake or high winds hit. Consequently, discomfort, damage, or outright
structural failure caused by vibration in the structure will be prevented.

9.3 Tuned mass damper

A tuned mass damper (TMD) consists of a mass (m), a spring (k), and a damping
device (c), which dissipates the energy created by the motion of the mass (usually in a
form of heat). In this figure, M is the structure to which the damper would be attached.

44
 Figure 9.3: Tuned mass damper operating principles

From the laws of physics, we know that F = ma and a = F/m. This means that
when an external force is applied to a system, such as wind pushing on a skyscraper,
there has to be acceleration. Consequently, the people in the skyscraper would feel this
acceleration. In order to make the occupants of the building feel more comfortable,
tuned mass dampers are placed in structures where the horizontal deflections from the
wind’s force are felt the greatest, effectively making the building stand relatively still.
When the building begins to oscillate or sway, it sets the TMD into motion by means
of the spring and, when the building is forced right, the TMD simultaneously forces it
to the left.
Ideally, the frequencies and amplitudes of the TMD and the structure should
nearly match so that every time the wind pushes the building, the TMD creates an
equal and opposite push on the building, keeping its horizontal displacement at or near
zero. If their frequencies were significantly different, the TMD would create pushes
that were out of sync with the pushes from the wind, and the building’s motion would
still be uncomfortable for the occupants. If their amplitudes were significantly
different, the TMD would, for example, create pushes that were in sync with the pushes
from the wind but not quite the same size and the building would still experience too
much motion (Hamakareem, 2019).
The effectiveness of a TMD is dependent on the mass ratio of the TMD to the
structure itself, the ratio of the frequency of the TMD to the frequency of the structure
which is ideally equal to one, and the damping ratio of the TMD how well the damping
device dissipates energy. When wind blows and the vortex shedding starts to create

45
dangerous vibrations the 5tone weight will swing inside of the structure and bring
down the vibrations well within safety limits.

Figure 9.4: The red point is the location where the tune mass damper (TMD) being
installed.

46
10.0 SEISMIC LOAD ENGINEERING

Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means
application of an earthquake-generated agitation (E. and Hudson, 1990) to a structure.
It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent
structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.

10.1 Seismic impact in burj al arab

Dubai is not located in an earthquake intensive zone. However, southern Iran which is
only 100 miles away to the north is subjected to moderate earthquake risk and in turn
which could create tremors in Dubai if a seismic event occur in Iran. Burj Al Arab is
designed to resist earthquake of MM VII intensity, where damage negligible in
buildings of good design and construction, slight to moderate in well-built ordinary
structures, considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures. Table 1.0
shows the intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of
earthquakes of different magnitudes. Burj Al Arab was stands on the sea 280m away
from the beach on an artificial island. Hence, the building have tendency to be collapse
due to seismic waves.
The seismic waves caused by an earthquake will make building sway
and oscillate in various ways depending on the frequency and direction of ground
motion, and the height and construction of the building. Seismic activity can cause
excessive oscillations of the building which may lead to structural failure (Reitherman
and Robert, 2012). In order to reinforce the structure from any potential swaying,
eleven tuned mass dampers, weighing about 5 tonnes each, limit vibrations in the
tubular steel mast that projects 60m above the building were designed.

47
Table 1.0: Intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of
earthquakes of different magnitudes
Typical Maximum Modified Mercalli
Magnitude
Intensity

1.0 – 3.0 I

3.0 – 3.9 II – III

4.0 – 4.9 IV - V

5.0 – 5.9 VI – VII

6.0 – 6.9 VII – IX

7.0 and higher VIII or higher

48
11.0 METHOD CONSTRUCTION

11.1 Material selection

The architectural materials of the hotel consist of only of a few mediums. Outside the
exterior façade consists of 50 000m2 of glazed curtain wall of 35 000m2 aluminium
cladding designed by Al Abbar Group. Glass and steel make up the remaining portions
of the exterior. Like the exterior the interior steel structure is also cladded with 6mm
composite aluminium panels. The design can withstand a wind load 9kPa and was
designed to drain water at each horizontal joint. Inside the hotel the materials get even
more expensive than the outside. The interior features marble and 24 carrot gold leaf
(Burj Al Arab). Like the exterior, the interior steel structure is also clad with 6mm
composite aluminium.

11.2 Types of materials

 Carbon
 Fiber
 Concrete
 Fabric
 Glass
 Gold
 Steels

11.3 Construction management

1) Al Habtoor Engineering: had the responsibility to provide the project with the
labour required the quality of the concrete and block work. The procurement
system put in place by the joint venture was based on Al Habtoor Engineering’s
proven system.
2) Murray and Roberts: brought the expertise for detailing, fabrication shipment
and erection of the complex structural steel. This was subcontracted to Genrec

49
 Steel Fabrication of Johannesburg, south Africa, a company owned by Murray
and Roberts. This subcontract would reduce financial risk
3) Fletcter: had the high-rise management and planning expertise. The project
director and project manager came from Fletcter and were based in Dubai.

11.3.1 Phase of construction management

There were two phase construction management which phase 1 was Value Engineering
and Constructability. And for the phase 2 was Actual construction.

PHASE 1

The first phase would address the complexity of the building construction and take
advantage of a three-month lead. This allowed time for construction scheduling,
purchasing of forming systems, planning for crane and hoisting, and initial
programming. The project used this time for value engineering and development of
innovative methods for accomplishing the unique tasks. Some of the major challenges
in this phase were related to the exoskeleton embodiments, which were redesigned in
order to ease the installation and speed up the cycle times to adhere to tight schedule.
In addition to the exoskeleton, Genrec was faced with redesigned some of the structure
just to facilitate constructability. The rear-braced frame was completely redesigned
from lattice girder construction to box girders. This was not only a saving money but
also made the building much easier to build (Al Habtoor).

PHASE 2

For the phase the client had the option to award it to another contractor should the
results of the first phase prove to be unsatisfactory. The client decided to stick with the
same firms since there methods were already proving to speed up and cheapen
construction. Phase 2 was all the actual construction of the structure. The partners used
many technologies to speed up construction and lower the construction cost so the
companies could earn more profit by saving money in such places as labour and
equipment (Al Habtoor).

50
11.3.2 Risks at construction management

The companies all joined together because by utilizing the separate talents of each
partner; the bulk of the risk could be redistributed to the firms that were best equipped
to handle each issue. The risks that needed to be considered were:
1) Labor supply
2) Concrete work
3) Structural steel supply
4) Erection
5) High rise management experience
6) Purchasing
7) Cost control
8) Management staffing

11.4 Major equipment

The process of selecting the right equipment to ensure delivery of materials and
workers effectively and efficiently is an art in its own right. Selecting the optimal
equipment and vertical transportation system for construction requires ongoing
analysis and constant modifications due to the dynamic nature of the project during its
construction life.
Since the project is more than 160 floors, close coordination of many
overlapping activities of various trades, throughout the construction period, required
careful planning, analysis, scheduling, and regular coordination. The process of
selecting equipment for this project was extensive and cannot be adequately described
in detail in this paper. Therefore, only a brief summary of the equipment used for the
project will be provided and it includes cranes, hoists, and concrete pumping
equipment (Abdelrazaq et al. 2008).

51
11.4.1 Tower cranes

Three high capacity self-climbing luffing type tower cranes were optimally selected
and located at the centre core of the tower. A summary of the tower crane
specifications utilized for the project is shown in Figure 10.1

Figure 11.1: Shows tower cranes types and location

11.4.2 Tower main hoist

Figure 10.2 depicts the location of the main hoists and the hoist specifications. The
hoists were installed in three different phases following the construction sequence of
the tower. Additional Jump hoists were installed in accordance with the specifications
shown in figure 10.2.

52
Figure 11.2: Shows tower main hoist system

53
12.0 LOADING CONDITIONS, ANALYSIS AND CONSIDERATION

1. Vertical loads

The structure transfers vertical loads from the top to the bottom of the structure using
several different aspects. The primary way that the Burj al-Arab transfers the vertical
loading is through the large spine. This is the most direct way for the vertical loads to
reach the ground. Another way that the vertical loads transfer to the ground is through
the curved edge where the concrete superstructure is located beneath the membrane
(see Vertical Load Transfer 2 for steel structure beneath membrane). The third way,
which also helps deflect horizontal loads, is the steel trusses running alongside the
structure. Once the load reaches the sand of the artificial island, the vertical load goes
down the foundation walls of the basement (see Vertical Load Transfer 3, white
arrows) down to the piles underneath the structure and down the piles (black
arrows).The piles provide an upward frictional force (red arrows) to help keep the
structure standing.

Figure 12.1: Vertical loading

54
 Figure 12.2: Vertical pile loading

2. Horizontal loads

The structure transfers lateral loads in a number of ways. First, the Burj Al Arab has
three tubular steel trusses on the outside of the two sides of the V (in green on
Horizontal Load Diagram). These trusses act as cross bracing to wind and earthquake
forces. The translucent fabric wall of the atrium is not only a stunning architectural
feature but also helps transfer lateral load (in red on Horizontal Load Diagram). The
fabric covers a series of steel cross bracing and is comprised of two layers of fiberglass
material which is Teflon-coated. The fabric goes over the trussed arches mentioned
before. Due to the rigidity, lateral loads are transferred to the fabric wall which acts
similar to a diaphragm. The shape of Burj Al Arab lowers wind forces more
effectively than a square building because of the streamlined V and curved fabric
atrium wall In blue on Horizontal Load Diagram). The other horizontal load that
affects the Burj al-Arab is from the waves crashing against the sand. The engineers
used a honeycomb system that captures the force of the waves (see Horizontal Load
Diagram 2, black arrows) and turns it down towards the ground and back out to sea
(white arrows).

55
 Horizontal pile loading

Figure 12.4: Horizontal loading

12.1 Loadings

There are three types of loading on any structure; dead load, live load, and horizontal
load. Dead and live loads create vertical forces that is resisted by the foundation. The
calculations for the various loads as it effects the structure are shown. The calculations
that were performed were done using the information about the structure that we could
find, but the rest was with various assumptions that were provided to us

Total dead load: 2850,000,000 lbs

Total live load: 86,160,000 lbs

56
Total load on foundation: 150,000 lbs/SF
Maximum horizontal wind load: 2,366,000 lbs
.
1. Dead Load

The dead loads of the Burj al-Arab were calculated using the information about the
structure that was found and with the following assumptions as necessary:

Assumptions:
Density of materials
Steel: 490 PCF
Concrete: 145 PCF (100 PCF for lightweight)
Glass 185 PCF
Partition Load: 5 PSF of floor area
Equipment Load: 5 PSF of floor area
Ceiling Load: 2 PSF of floor area
Vertical structure area: 1.5% of floor area of a given floor

The following table shows the calculations that was completed to find the dead load

Figure 11.5: Dead load

2. Live Load

The live load for the Burj al-Arab was calculated by taking the floor area in square feet
and multiplying it by an assumed pounds per square foot value. The various
assumptions for the live load are as follows:

57
Assumptions:
40 PSF for residential
80 PSF for commercial
300 PSF for industrial and storage
As the Burj al-Arab is a hotel, the assumption that commercial live loads are seen in
the building seemed to be the most appropriate choice for this calculation, therefore
the live load for the structure is:

Floor area = 1,077,000 SF

Live Load = 1,077,000 SF * 80 PSF = 86,160,000 lbs

Load on Foundation

The load on the foundation is simply just the total load exerted on the building from
both the dead and live loads, and is:

Total Load = Dead Load + Live Load

Total Load = 2,850,000,000 lbs + 86,160,000 lbs = 2,936,160,000 lbs

Also calculated for the load on the foundation is the load per square foot of the building
footprint. The building footprint dimensions were approximated from the Google
Sketchup model.

Footprint = 19,610 SF
Load/SF = 2,936,160,000 lbs/19,610 SF = 150,000 lbs/SF

3. Maximum Horizontal Wind Load

The primary horizontal loading on this structure, like many structures, is the wind load.
The maximum wind load is of greatest concern as the engineer wants to ensure that
the structure will resist the maximum horizontal loading that is possible for that region
with little to no deflection. Again, assumptions had been used to calculate the
horizontal load, which are:

58
Assumptions:
90 mph winds = 21 PSF
140 mph winds = 50 PSF
The maximum wind load of Dubai has been recorded as 109.5 km/h which converts to
68 mph, so we had calculated what the wind pressure would be for 70 mph using the
following equation:

Wind Pressure = 0.00256 * V2

Wind Pressure = 0.00256 * 702
Wind Pressure = 13 PSF

So using this wind pressure and a surface area of 182,000 SF on which the horizontal
winds act, the maximum horizontal load is:

Horizontal Wind Load = 182,000 SF * 13 PSF = 2,366,000 lbs

11.2 Analysis

1. Relative Magnitude

Based on the calculations performed, the relative magnitude of both the live load and
wind load is hardly anywhere near the same force as the live load is only about 5% of
the dead load and the wind loads are about 0.01% of the dead load. This shows that
when the Burj al-Arab was constructed, the structural engineers had to consider how
the artificial island would support the building first before considering the other loads.
As the live and horizontal loads are several orders of magnitudes less than the dead
load, it was very important to be certain that the island as well as the lower floors of
the structure could support the weight of the material on the upper levels without
collapsing.

59
2. Foundation Loads

Based on the foundation load calculations performed, it can be seen that the piles that
had been used had to support a great deal of force on each one. As this was an artificial
island, the calculations that were performed does not take into consideration the sand
or other items used to support the island by itself. The engineers for this project had
used 250 piles 1.5 m (about 5 feet) in diameter that were buried 45 m (about 148 feet)
below the sea level in the sand. The upward force created by the piles buried into the
sand helps to keep the building and island standing.

If this structure had been built on a standard foundation (concrete slab/basement), the
calculations may have been slightly simpler, however the weight of the building (total
load 2,936,160,000 lbs) as well as the height would make designing the foundation
difficult. Since the wind load is 266 thousand pounds on the building would mean that
the building would need more support to resist these loads, meaning that the dead load
increases, putting more pressure on the foundation

60
13.0 FIRE SAFETY (PLANNING DURING CONSTRUCTION AND POST
CONSTRUCTION)

The high rise buildings are designed to be safe at all undesirable conditions. Most of
the components in the high-rise construction focus on safety during emergency or fire
risk. They are more focused on fire systems to protect the occupants. But, when there
is a need for a full scale evacuation, it will be necessary to take quick responsibility
for their own safety and planned action from the fire fighters. The multiple floors
present makes great number of persons to travel long vertical distances by the stair
during an evacuation.

13.1 During Construction

Fire safety systems play an important role during construction to reduce the destruction
caused by fire. All workers were given adequate instruction and training by qualified
instructor in the fire and emergency evacuation procedures. Fire drill also being done
to train workers on how to leave the construction building quickly in case of any
emergency. Fire extinguishers are provided at each floor for a 'first attack' fire fighting
measure, generally undertaken by the people inside the building before the fire service
arrives. It is important that they are familiar with which extinguisher type to use on
which fire. Most fires start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type
and amount of extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.
Exit signage and emergency evacuation map, including locations of exits, assembly
points and equipment (such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, spill kits) also provided
to escape in the event of a fire or other emergency.

13.2 Post Construction

The Burj Al Arab is outfitted with an automatic sprinkler system which control the
spread of the fire. Assisting in fire safety is the fire resistant construction. The
skyscraper’s composition protects surrounding floors, rest zones, mechanical areas,
and hazardous areas from the other areas around it. Occupants can be confident that
fire will not spread significantly far inside of the building. The fire itself is mainly a
threat to the occupants in the immediate vicinity. However a larger threat is the smoke

61
and toxic gases that have the potential to spread to even remote areas of the building
(Evenson and Vanney, 2008).
Moreover, the Burj Al Arab is equipped with many smoke resistant features.
There are also exhaust systems in place, along with overall smoke resistant
construction. All of these features act together and are designed to operate
automatically when a fire alarm is tripped either manually or from the fire detection
system. Each floor is outfitted with a smoke compartment that traps and contains
smoke. Smoke control panel was provided to emergency personnel. This will allow
firefighters and paramedics to manually adjust the smoke control systems at their
discretions. (Evenson, 2008).
This building also outfitted with an emergency fire alarms. The system is
designed for selective notification to specific zones, but can reach the entire structure.
Exit signage and emergency lighting also provided to make evacuation easier. Last but
not least, emergency evacuation map, including locations of exits, assembly points and
equipment (such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, spill kits) also provided for
emergency case. It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or
other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible.
Moreover, high rise building basically provide the escape rescue standard
system which consists of an array of up to five collapsible cabins that are permanently
stored on the roof in a folded position. Upon deployment, the cabin array travels to the
facade of the building and is lowered to the ground, enabling emergency responders to
board the cabins. The extended array travels upward until it stops opposite five floors,
enabling up to 30 people to board each cabin simultaneously through specially
configured exit windows. The array is then lowered to the ground, and the evacuees
exit each cabin as it refolds. The system repeats the cycle, transporting responders up
and into the building and evacuating people as required.

62
14.0 SERVICE DISTRIBUTION

1. HVAC System

Figure 14.1: HVAC System

The one-line diagram is a simple diagram indicating the HVAC system flow through
the building. The following is an assumption of what it will look like. The Air handler
system was place in the bottom of the building due to heat rising (although not shown,
there may be several air handlers located within the building). Since the building will
be mainly in cooling mode, it would seem that the air handler would be in the bottom
pushing the cold air up.
Due to the building being mostly glass, the building has a high percentage of
fenestration. The exception is located at the NW elevation and the SE elevation where
the Teflon Coated Glass is located. Below are diagrams indicating possible
fenestration locations.

63
2. Building fenestration (indicated in yellow)

(a) (b)
Figure 14.2: (a) SOUTH EAST (looking NW) (b)NORTHEAST (looking SW)

64
3. Calculations

65
4. Water resource

Table 1 shows the water supply resources in the UAE. These include conventional
water resources, such as surface water and groundwater, and non-conventional
sources, such as desalinated water and treated wastewater.[2]
The agriculture sector accounts for less than 1% of GDP. Irrigated agriculture
is the primary water consumer, with an average of around 60% of total water use,
where 39% is used for productive agriculture, 11% used for greening and landscaping
and 10% for forestry. The amount of municipal use for household and industrial
purposes is 40% of total water consumption (Figure 13.3)

66
 Irrigation water is generally used in a wasteful manner, mainly through
traditional flooding and furrow irrigation techniques and for cultivating low-value,
high-water-consumption crops, without considering the economic opportunity costs
for potable and urban/industrial purposes. In this predominantly desert country, losses
can exceed 50% of pumped groundwater.
Agricultural subsidies for wells, fuel and other inputs, price support programs
and trade protection in some countries, along with a lack of controls on or charges for
groundwater extraction have drastically increased the irrigated areas and contributed
to the depletion of aquifers.
The UAE has taken important steps to improve irrigation systems, introducing
new irrigation techniques that are more efficient, such as drip irrigation, which use
35% less water than traditional systems. Table 2 shows the water usage by sector,
including projections to 2050.

Figure 14.3: Water consumption by sector (2015).

67
 Table 14.1: Water supply by source (2013).

Source Quantity (MCM) Percentage (%)

Groundwater 1,850 43.7

Treated water 615 14.5

Desalinated water 1,750 41.4

Surface water 16 0.4

Total 4,231 100

Table 14.2: Water usage by sector.

Year 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2050

Household
830.7 1,045.5 1,571.9 2,363.2 3,274.6 4,923.2 6,646
(MCM)

Industrial
332.9 381 477.1 597.3 715.1 895.4 1,791
(MCM)

Agricultural
2,340.6 2,753 3,637.8 4,865.5 6,207.1 8,561 8,561
(MCM)

Total
3,504.2 4179.5 5,686.8 7,826 10,196.8 14,379.6 19,138
(MCM)

68
REFERENCES

Adapted from Rizk, A., 2010. Water desalination in UAE: Problems and
Solutions. Ajman Science and Technology University, KSA
Claire Ackerman and Jenny Sheerin. (2014). Tall Building, Structural design of
concrete buildings up to 300 m tall. London: MPA The Concrete Centre and
Fédération internationale du béton (fib)
Evenson, Vanney (2008). Burj Dubai: Life Safety and Crisis Response Planning
Enhancements. CTBUH 8th World Congress 2008. Retrieved on May 30, 2009
from ProQuest Database.
Hudson, Donald E. (1990). Reading and Interpreting Strong Motion Accelerograms.
Engineering monographs on earthquake criteria, structural design, and strong
motion records. 1. EERI. ISBN 0-685-14388-0.
Ministry of Environment and Water, 2015. UAE State of Environment Report.
Compiled by the author from various sources.
Ministry of Environment and Water. Water resources management, internal reports
and author adjustments.
Pooja.M., Sneha.R., Vaibhavi.R. (2017). To Study the Science behind the
Construction and Techniques of Burj Al Arab. Journal of Engineering
Technology Science and Research
Reitherman, Robert (2012). Earthquakes and Engineers: An International History.
Reston, VA: ASCE Press. ISBN 9780784410714. Archived from the original on
2012-07-26.
Saviz Moghtadernejad; M. Saeed Mirza, P.Eng. Ph.D.; and Luc E. Chouinard, Sc.D.
(2019). Façade Design Stages: Issues and Considerations, J. Archit. Eng., 25(1):
pp 1 – 8.
Shrikant M Harle. (2018). Different Methods of Placing Concrete. International
Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 3 (1): pp 17 – 22.
World Bank, 2005. A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the
Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf. Available
at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPWATRES/Overview/
20577193/GCCWaterSectorReport–Englishversion.pdf, accessed 22 February.
2017.

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