Modeling and Analysis of Power

System

ECE | Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 1

 Power Grid Operation
• The operational objectives of a power grid is to provide
- continuous quality power
- acceptable voltage
- acceptable frequency
- adequate security & reliability
- acceptable impact for the environment
- at minimum cost
• Priority of the Power Grid’s Objectives
a) security & reliability
b) impact on the environment
c) cost
• Security means upon occurrence of a contingency, the power grid could
recover to its original state and supply the same quality power as before.
• Upon contingency, Security is the ability to serve all the loads.
• Reliability is to have enough reserve to support the load increase.

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 Power Grid Operation

• Power resources in modern grid include :

- Hydropower
- Nuclear power
- Fossil fuel
- Renewable energy sources (Solar & Wind)
- Green energy sources (Fuel Cells)
• The load demand is cyclic in nature
- Daily peak demand over a week
- Weekly peak demand over a month
- Monthly peak demand over a year

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 Power Grid Operation

• Supervisory Control & Data

Acquisition (SCADA) consists of
- Data acquisition hardware &
software
- Man – Machine Interface (MMI)
- Real time Operating System
• Weekly resource planning consists
of
- weekly load forecasting
- hydrothermal coordination
program
• The existence of intermittent
renewable sources & real time
pricing make the resource planning
too complex due to the reaction of
users to dynamic pricing.

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 Power Grid Operation & Control:
• According to NERC (North American Electric Reliability Council), each central
area should operate its power resources to provide for a level of operating
reserve sufficient to account for:
- Errors in forecasting
- Generation and Transmission equipment failure
- Number & size of generating units
- Equipment forces outage
- Maintenance schedules
- Regulations requirements
- Load diversity
• Spinning Reserve is defined as synchronized power that is ready to be
dispatched by the system operator (5 – 10 minutes reserve)
• Reserve Power Forms:
- Spinning Reserve
- Stand-by offline reserve
- Contracted Customer interrupted load
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 Power Grid Operation & Control:

• Different types of Control:

- Load Frequency Control (LFC)
- Automatic Generation Control (AGC) [1-10 seconds]
- State Estimation
- Online load flow & Contingency studies
- Economic Dispatch Calculations (EDC) [5-10 minutes]
- Load Management Systems (LMS) [1second – 30 minutes]
- Network Topology Determination
• Load Frequency Control (LFC) :

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Load Frequency Control (LFC) :

- As the load demand increases, frequency of the system decreases.

- In synchronized operation, all the generators in the system operate in parallel
at 60KHZ frequency regardless of their prime movers.
- At each instant,
nL
 PGI = i =1 PLi + PLoss
ng
i =1

-LFC is equivalent to the governor response control.

- The frequency of the system must be maintained to have a stable grid.
- All the synchronous generators in the system operate at the same electrical
frequency.

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 Load Frequency Control (LFC) :

- In response to load changes, the

stored energy in the mass of the
synchronous generator will be
delivered to the system.

- The lack of balance between the

load and the mechanical energy
cause oscillations in the grid.

- When the speed drops, the control

loop increases the power at the
prime mover to increase the speed
.
- For stable operation of the
system, in addition to frequency
control, the terminal voltage and the
power factor at generator must be
controlled.
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 Automatic Generation Control (AGC):
• The cost of generated power is not
the same for different units.
• AGC software is designed to
accomplish the following objectives:
- Match area generation to area
load
- Distribute the changing loads
among generators to minimize the
operating costs.
• Low frequency fluctuations are
controlled by AGC, whereas high
frequency fluctuations are
controlled by LFC.
• AGC also controls the connected
micro grids in a large power grid.
• AGC changes the set points of the
generators under its control. Every
1-2 minutes, he supplementary
control under AGC economically
dispatch all units to match 9
generation to load.
 Smart Grid operation:
• The smart grid introduces the
sensing, monitoring and the control
system that provide end-users, the
cost of energy through real-time
pricing.

• It allows for the breakup of the

interconnected power grids into
smaller regional clusters.

• Cyber Fusion Point (CFP) which

represents a node of the smart grid
where the renewable energy
systems is connected to a large
scale interconnected system.

• CFP receives data from upstream

and downstream(micro-grid).
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 Smart Grid operation:

• A CFP also evaluates whether its micro grid should be operated as an

independent grid or connected to the large system.
• A cyber system is the back bone of the communication system for collection of
data.
• Two-way communication is a key characteristic of the smart grid that enables
the end-users to adjust the time of the that energy usage based on real-time
pricing.

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 The Load Factor:
• The load factor is the ratio of a customer’s average power demand to its peak
demand. AveragePower
LoadFactor (%) =
PeakPower

• The cost of peak demand is substantially higher than the average power.
• The load factor can be calculated based on daily, monthly or yearly cycles.
• A desirable load factor is close to one ( low peak & high average power).
• At a commercial site with load factor, the power grid would need twice as much
as installed equipment & resources & the price must be adjusted to take care of
the extra cost.

CLASSROOM ACTIVITY:
• What is the best load factor; which neighborhood has lower electricity price?
- The one with some customers where LF<<1 or the one with all the customers
where LF ~1.

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 Cyber Controlled Smart Grid:
• A smart grid consists of many distributed generation stations in the form of
micro grids.
• The micro grids employ intelligent load control, operation & communication.
• Smart appliances such as refrigerators, washers, dishwashers & microwaves
can be controlled by the customer to manage energy consumption.
• Smart meter & advanced communication make available the utilization of real-
time pricing i.e., load management.
• In smart grid, emergency load reduction and energy production through
renewable are possible.
• Cyber controlled smart grid technology has three components:
- measurement tools
- smart transducer
- Communication System

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