QSC

QSC Practicals:

1. Terminology
2. Short wall method for single room building
3. Long wall method for one room building
4. Rate analysis for different works (as asked in last section)
5. DPR writing

Terminology

1. Estimation: An estimate of a project is a forecast of its probable cost for the due fulfillment of the
project objectives, to the prescribed workmanship covered by specifications for various items of works
and to the stipulated time schedule. For a given project fully described by drawings and specifications,
estimating involves quantity take off for various items of work, rate analysis and costing.

2. Detailed estimation: In general, construction cost estimates can be broadly divided into two categories-
detailed and approximate or preliminary Detailed construction cost estimates are prepared on the basis
of detailed drawings supported by specifications in accordance with established norms of measurements
using unit of costs for the different items of work arrived at by rate analysis. Thus, a detailed cost
estimate gives a realistic estimate of final cost and is generally required for obtaining sanction/approval
of sponsor of the project or competent authority in respect of public bodies like govt. organizations. It is
also used in the course of the execution of the work to control progress and costs.

3. Approximate estimation or preliminary estimation: An approximate or preliminary estimate, or an

abstract estimate as it is sometimes referred to, is prepared before a detailed estimate is taken in hands
for one of the following reasons
 To obtain a rough idea of the cost as part of a preliminary study for feasibility.
 To rank competing projects for allocation of funds, cost-wise, as part of an investment decision exercise.
 To make advance arrangements for public utility projects.

4. Contingencies: The item “Contingencies” indicates the identical expenses of a miscellaneous character
which cannot be reasonably predicted during preparation of the estimate and to meet such unforeseen
expenses an additional amount of 3% to 5% of estimated cost of work is provided in the total estimate.

5. Work-Charged Establishment: Work charged Establishment will include such temporary establishments
as are employed for the execution of the immediate technical supervision or departmental stores and
machinery in connection with a specific work. Work-charged staff may be technical person or an under
staff of technical person to assist him at work site, guard etc. But work charged staff does not include
non-industrial employees such as typist, draftsman, clerks or extra establishment of any kind for any
office as they are properly chargeable to the regular establishments. For Work-charged establishment, an
amount of 2% to 2.5% of the estimated cost of works is provided in the estimates.
6. Plinth Area: Plinth Area is the constructed area over the floor surface. It also includes the area of the
veranda and other passages that have a roof over them. Plinth Area is measured up to outer edges of the
walls.
7. Floor Area: Floor Area includes the internal area of all the rooms. Rooms include kitchen, bathroom,
and stair room. It does not include area encapsulated by walls.
8. Carpet Area: Carpet Area refers to the area of residential rooms. It does not include areas of the kitchen,
bathroom, and stair room.
9. Market Rate: Market Rate is the per unit rate of different objects available in the market. It also Includes
conveyance charges, wastage charges, and taxes imposed over objects.
10. Schedule of Rates: Engineering departments prepare rates according to the market rates for the payments
that are known as Schedule of Rates. It includes rates of cement, sand, gravel, and steel bars, etc.
However, It also shows rates of labor or material as well. Rates of labor are known as Labor Rates.
Rates of labor along with material are known as Composite Rates and shortly known as CSR. Schedule
of Rates is regularly issued observing the rates fluctuation in the market. It is issued at the start of each
year that will be practicable for at least 3 months. Which is known as Market Rates Schedule that is
uploaded on the Internet and shortly known as MRS.
11. Premium: Rates are subjected to increase even after the issuance of the Schedule of Rates that is why
additional rates are decided during the agreement with the contractor. That is known as Premium.
12. Rebate: Rebate is also subjected to decrease even after issuance of the Schedule of Rates. Decreased
rates are decided during agreement with the contractor that is known as Rebate.
13. The processes generally involved in construction quantity takeoffs are:

 Taking-off quantities

 Grouping, and

 Billing

A typical quantity sheet will be as under:

Billing is done in an abstract form known as Bill of Quantities (BOQ) where costing is done. A typical
bill of quantities will be as under:

The unit of measurement of a particular work of construction activity depends upon its nature, size and
shape. The general principles for selection of measurement unit of construction works are as follows:

(i) Massive, voluminous, bulky items measured in volumes as cubical contents.

 Example- foundation concrete, brickwork masonry.

(ii) Thin, surface oriented items with large superficial areas measured in terms of area

Example: tile roofing, mosaic tile flooring.

(iii) Items which are long, narrow and thin, having dimensions in other perpendicular directions difficult
of measurement, measured in linear units (i.e. per unit length)

Example: hand railing(iv) Items which are difficult of measurement and which are distinct units, measured in
units (i.e. per number)

Example: supply and fixing wash basin

(v) Items which are heavy and are generally difficult of measurement in terms of linear dimensions,
measured by weight.

Example: Steelwork

General Rules for Measurement of Construction Works

(i) The description of items should be self-contained and self explanatory and should include all
materials, labour, transport, cost of tools and plant, formwork, etc.

(ii) The dimensions should be entered in the order of length, breadth, and depth or height or thickness.

(iii) The measurement for the same item of works under differing conditions should be entered
separately, bringing out clearly the differences in the descriptions.

(iv) The measurement should be for finished items of work.

(v) The method of measurement should be consistent and should reflect the special provisions, if any, in
the specifications.

(vi) The nomenclature of an item of work should be such as to bring out any special features involved in
the execution of work and establish a link with the specifications.

14. Rate Analysis of Construction Works

The process of determining the rate of an item is termed as rate analysis. A rate analysis should take into
account:

i) Materials incorporated in the works

ii) Direct labour required for the output

iii) Incidence of costs of tools, plant, machinery, ancillary requirements such as formwork, etc.

iv) Direct overhead such as contractor’s site supervision

v) Costs arising out of site conditions

vi) Costs arising out of requirements of specifications (example- curing of concrete)

vii) Contractor’s profile and overheads.

15. Overhead Charges: During rate analysis, overhead charges such as office rent, furniture and appliances
charges, staff salaries and wages, service charges and other contingencies are included in the analysis
These charges usually weigh around 2.5 to 5 % of the overall cost. Nowadays, 6% tax has to be paid in
prior. Therefore, it is included weighing up to 10 % in the budget.
16. Contractor’s profit: contractor (s) are generally hired for constructional projects. 10% profit for the
contractor is generally included in the overall cost. This profit is kept 15% in small projects and 8% in
big projects.
17. T. and P. Charges: 1 to 1.5% of the overall cost is reserved for tools and giants during the preparation of
the estimates which is known as T. and P. Charges.
18. Rate Analysis for Concrete Work.
For analysis of concrete work, 100 cubic feet is regarded as Unit of Rate.

Cost of materials for concrete ingredients, cost of labor and the cost of carriage are included during analysis
of concrete work.

Initially, Unit of Rate is thoroughly analyzed for determining, the quantity of material that will be concrete
in wet form.

This quantity is multiplied with 1.54 in order to calculate the concrete volume in dry form.

Concrete volume is increased because cement fills spaces in the sand and resultant mixture fills space
in gravel.

Therefore, the volume of separate concrete ingredients brings about a decline in the overall volume of the
concrete.

A decline in concrete volume depends on the ratio of concrete and size of gravel and sand.

The volume of dry materials helps find quantities of concrete ingredients such as cement, sand (fine
aggregate) and gravel (coarse aggregate).

Therefore, the ratio of concrete ingredients is determined initially by the following formula.

Quantity of Material = (Ratio of Material / Sum of Ratio) x Dry Material of Concrete.

19. Rate Analysis of Plaster.

For rate analysis of plaster, 10 square meters is regarded as Unit Area.

Cost of materials for plaster ingredients, cost of labor and the cost of carriage are included during analysis
of concrete work.

Initially, Unit Area is thoroughly analyzed for determining the quantity of material that will be plaster in wet
form.

This quantity is multiplied with 1.27 in order to calculate the plaster volume in dry form.

Plaster volume is increased because cement fills spaces in the sand.

Therefore, a volume of separate plaster ingredients brings about a decline in the overall volume of the
plaster.

The decline in plaster volume depends on the ingredients of the plaster.

Sum of ratios of mortar is determined in order to calculate the quantities of cement and sand in the volume
of dry mortar.

Then cement ratio is divided by the sum of ratios of mortar and multiplied with the dry volume.

Then the quantity of cement is converted into bags.

For this, cement volume in cubic meters is divided by the 0.035, while cement volume in cubic feet will be
divided by the 1.25.

For determining the sand volume, the sand ratio is divided by the sum of ratios of mortar and multiplied
with the dry volume of cement mortar.

Subsequently, the cost of the material is calculated.

Cost of material is calculated according to the market rates. Moreover, carriage cost is also included if do
so.

Then the cost of the labor is also included as they have rendered the plaster.

Finally, all these costs are added up to get the overall cost.

10% profit for the contractor is added up to the overall cost, and rate analysis of plaster is completed.

20. Rate Analysis for White Washing and Painting.

Whitewashing and painting is the last step in the completion of the building. Unit Area is selected for rate
analysis of whitewashing and painting.

10 square meters and 100 square feet are regarded as Unit Area in meters and feet respectively.

Cost of material for this area, cost of carriage to the construction site and cost of labor are all added up to
determine the overall cost for the unit. 2 kilograms of white fat lime will be needed for the whitewash of a single
coat.

However, 0.06 kilogram of adhesive will be needed into the mixture.

For tipple coating, 3.3 kilograms of white fat lime along with 0.12 kilogram of adhesive will be required.

21. Methods of Estimation of Building.

Estimation of a building can be done by different methods as follow.

1. Long Wall – Short Wall Method.

2. Center Line Method.

22. Long wall – Short wall Method.

 In Long wall – Short wall method of estimation, the external wall along the length of the room is intended to
be Long wall while the wall perpendicular to the long wall is stated to be a Short wall.

To get the length of the long wall or short wall, calculate first the centerline lengths of the particular wall.

Then the length of the long wall, (out to out) may be measured after adding half breadth at each end to its
centerline length.

Thus, the length of short wall measured into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its
centerline length at each end.

The length of the short wall usually increases from earthwork to brickwork in superstructure while the long
wall decreases.

These lengths are then multiplied by depth and breadth to get quantities.

In short wall and long wall method, the wall along the length of the room is considered to be a long wall,
while the wall perpendicular to a long wall is known to be a short wall.

23. Center Line Method.

In Center Line method of estimation, measurements of the wall are taken up-to center. Internal
measurements are generally taken.

The thickness of half wall from one side and thickness of half wall from another side in internal
measurements are added in order to determine the length of Center Line of room walls.

If all of the steps are symmetrical in cross-section of the wall, then the total length of the Center Line will be
uniform for all items of the wall.

If these steps are not symmetrical, then the length will be determined separately for each step.

Despite, if the design of walls is same throughout in building then it is quite easy to find the length of Center
Line.

Center Line method is employed easily in circular and polygonal shaped buildings.

Despite, this method is also suitable to use in small buildings with few rooms.

Example 1 .1: Prepare an approximate estimate of building project with totalplinth area of all building is
800 sqm. and from following data.

i) Plinth area rate Rs. 4500 per sqm

ii) Cost of water supply @7½ %of cost of building.

iii) Cost of Sanitary andElectrical installations each @ 7½% of cost ofbuilding.

iv) Cost of architectural features @1% of building cost.

v) Cost of roads and lawns @5% of building cost.

vi) Cost of P.S. and contingencies @4% of building

cost. Determine the total cost of building project.

Solution:

Data given:

Plinth area = 800m2

Plinth area rate = Rs. 4500 per Sq.m

Cost of building = 800 x 4500 = Rs. 36,00,000=00

 Example 1 . 5 : From the given figure below calculate the detailed and abstract estimate for the single
roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by
a) long wall & short wall method

b) Centre Line Method

(do it from next word file page no. 11 12)

Rate Analysis:
3
rate analysis for 1m of reinforced concrete.
Data required for RCC Rate Analysis:
1. Estimation of materials:
Material estimation include sand, cement, coarse aggregate and steel for a particular mix design. Let us
consider a mix design of 1:1.5:3 for our estimation practice. The dry volume of total materials required
is considered as 1.54 times the wet volume of concrete, due to voids present in sand and aggregates in
dry stage. Therefore, for our calculation, we will consider the total volume of materials required as 1.54
m3 for 1 m3 of wet concrete.
Bags of cement required:
Volume of cement required for 1m3 of Concrete =

=0.28 m3
Then number of bags of cement (volume of one bag of cement = 0.0347 m3)

= = 8.07 bags of cement.

b) Volume of Sand required:

Volume of sand required = = 0.42 m3 of sand.

c) Volume of Coarse Aggregate Required

Volume of Coarse Aggregate = = 0.84 m3 of coarse aggregates.

d) Estimation of Reinforced Steel:
Quantity of steel required depends on components of structure, i.e. slabs, beams, columns, foundations,
roads etc. To estimate the steel required, there are two methods.
First method is, when we have the drawing available, we can calculate the total weight of steel required
divided by total volume of concrete for different components. This will give us the weight of
reinforcement steel per cubic meter of concrete.
Second method is assuming the percentage of reinforcement for different components. Following are the
percentage of reinforcement steel generally required per different components. Its values can vary from
structure to structure, and can be assumed from past experiences of similar structure.
o For slabs = 1.0 % of concrete volume.
o For Beam = 2 % concrete volume.
 o For column = 2.5 % of concrete volume.
o For RCC Roads, 0.6% concrete volume.
Lets take example of RCC Column, where reinforcement required is 2.5% of concrete volume,
weight of steel required will be:

=196.25 kg.

2. Labour Requirement for 1m3 of RCC:

Labours required are presented in terms of days required by particular labour to complete its work for
the given quantity of concrete. Following are the various labours required:
a) Mason: As per Standard Schedule of Rates and Analysis of Rates, One mason is required for 0.37
days.
b) Labours: One Unskilled labours required for 3.5 days.
c) Water carrier: One water carrier required for 1.39 days.
d) Bar Bender: Bar bender requirement depends on weight of reinforcement. Lets consider one bar
bender required for 100 kg of steel as for 1 day.
e) Mixer Operator: One mixer operator required for 0.0714 days.
f) Vibrator Operator: One vibrator operator required for 0.0714 days.

Write rate analysis for following works:

(1) Lime concrete in foundation or floor with 40 mm gauge stone ballast, white lime & sand
(1:2:4) unit 1 cum. Take-10 cum.
(2) Cement concrete 1:2:4-unit 1 cum. Take - 10 cum.
(3) R. C. C. work in beams, slab 1:2:4,unit 1 cum. Take - 10 cum
(4)R. C. C. work in column 1:1.5:3 unit 1 cum. Take - 10 cum
(5) 1st class brickwork in superstructure with 20*10*10 cm brick with 1:6 cement sand mortar
unit 1 cum. Take - 10 cum