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Driving Towards 2020
Driving Towards 2020
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Abstract—In the last few years automotive radar has been Most of the listed functions will make use of a radar sensor
transformed from being a niche sensor to becoming standard even due to it’s robustness in varying environmental conditions like
in middle-class cars. With Euro-NCAP ratings now requiring rain, dust, or sunlight at a minimum of costs.
automated braking and pedestrian safety functionality, radar
is often identified as the best suited sensor for this purpose.
Driver Monitoring
Additionally, future automated driving will require detailed and
one
Turn and Crossing Injury
j y free
highly reliable information on the environment and surrounding Cross Traffic Assist
antenna system, where new concepts to acquire more information Traffic Jam Assist
Comfort & A
Degree of a
Park and
about signals reflected from the environment can significantly Maneuver Assist Lateral guidance
Remote Park Assist
Light and Sight Maneuver
improve resolution and detection performance. Assist Brake Assist Automatic Park Assist
C. Antenna Element
Fig. 2. Measured speed of CMOS and SiGe transistors The antenna element has always been a determining fac-
tor in radar performance. As the available bandwidth has
increased from 1 GHz in the 76-77 GHz band to 4 GHz in the
B. Packaging newly available 77-81 GHz band, the antenna element needs to
Modern automotive radar sensors like the Bosch MRR [12] provide this increased bandwidth. In order to simultaneously
are manufactured using surface-mount technology, even for the achieve a good input match, a well defined robust antenna
77 GHz millimeter-wave parts. This is a key enabler to achieve pattern with low sidelobes, without requiring a new complex
low-cost and high-volume production. and costly technology, new antenna concepts are required like
In addition to the millimeter-wave capable package, the [15].
printed circuit board (PCB) is another key element, serving Also, as more information about the environment like road
multiple purposes. It is used as antenna substrate, means for surface or remote object properties are desired, polarization
information is desired. This requires antenna types that can
operate simultaneously with multiple polarizations, while still
providing the desired radiation pattern.
D. Angle Information
A key requirement for next generation radar sensors is to
provide high angular resolution in azimuth and elevation. In
commercial or military radar systems, mechanical or electrical (a) PCB (b) Antenna Pattern
scanning of narrow antenna beams has been the standard
Fig. 6. MIMO System [18]
approach to achieve high angular resolution. Mechanical scan-
ning is not feasible for automotive radar, as it is expensive to
achieve reliable mechanical scanning. Frequency-domain scan- Finally, extending the MIMO approach with a transmit-
ning reduces the available bandwidth to achieve the required side phased array promises to maintain the advantages of
distance resolution at a certain angle. Using phased arrays, the MIMO approach while improving the overall SNR by
recently demonstrated in [16], allows creating an electronically facilitating transmit-side antenna gains, as discussed in [19].
scanned narrow antenna beam pattern with excellent perfor-
mance. The disadvantage of this approach is that it requires E. Modulation
many individually steerable transmit and receive channels to Traditional modulation schemes like FSK, FMCW or Pulse-
achieve a well behaved narrow beam. CW – invented in the beginnings of radar technology in the last
With the advent of low-cost digital signal processing, an- century – need to be improved or replaced to achieve better
other approach has proven to by extremely successful: digital range-doppler separation, and to allow multiple transmitters
beamforming (DBF) at the receive side. Here, the antenna to transmit at the same time to reduce measurement time in
beamforming is conducted not at RF, but in the digital domain. MIMO operation without interfering with each other.
This approach also allows high-resolution algorithms to be Next to some hybrid forms or combinations like combining
used for angle estimation. In addition, nonuniform and sparse FSK and FMCW [20], two modulation types have emerged in
antenna arrays can be used, reducing the number of required recent times:
antenna elements and receive channels. An example of this • Fast chirp sequences [21], with a single chirp duration in
approach is the MRR sensor [12] using four receive channels the order of 50 µs or less, allow the separation of distance
to achieve a high angle separability in azimuth. and velocity information. This requires faster ADCs and
This approach can be extended to systems with high angular more signal processing power in the subsequent stages,
resolution in two dimensions, using sparse arrays to minimize compared to slower FMCW modulation schemes.
the number of receive channels [17]. This is shown in Fig.5. • High speed coded signals are nowadays easily generated
Rx-Antenne RX Antenna digitally using integrated circuits, and also promise the
Tx-Antenne
TX Antenna separation of speed and distance information, while at
the same time allowing code-domain signal separation
to enable simultaneous MIMO operation using multiple
transmitters [22].
Moving away completely from fixed modulation forms,
y
ADC
AD-Wandler
well known from digital communication. However, in addition
76.77 GHz
. . 77
FMCW-Quelle
GHz
Signal Source DSPPC
DSV, to high-speed analog-to-digital conversion demands, this leads
(a) Block Diagram (b) Ambiguity Function
to new requirements in the millimeter-wave frontend, as it has
to be very linear and with very low intermodulation. This is a
Fig. 5. 2D Digital beamforming using sparse array [17] major challenge at millimeter-wave frequencies with required
bandwidths of up to 4 GHz.
Another approach to increase the angular resolution is to
facilitate a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system F. Cooperation and Communication
concept, that creates an antenna array with additional virtual Currently, each individual radar sensor is operating com-
antenna positions. There is a lot of ongoing research conducted pletely autonomous, without any communication from or
in this area, the example shown in Fig.6 was taken from to other sensors. Cooperative operation of multiple sensors
[18]. A critical issue with this approach is measurement promises a better detection of objects, e.g. when strong mir-
time. As traffic scenarios can he highly dynamic, sequential roring reflections occur, as well as achieving a larger field-of-
measurement can lead to significant errors. Simultaneous mea- view [24].
surements using multiple carriers or signal coding are potential As a further step, dedicated short range communication
solutions to this issue. (DSRC) from/to other vehicles will allow establishing a
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Fig. 7. Generic OFDM radar system block diagram [23]
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