Physics/Unit — 6B 7 Precision/uncertainty | Apparatas [rere rake — [1mm =0:1 em ncasuring Tonger engin Ge Um) fe raw gauge [001 mm = 0.00 em | For mexsuring thickness /alameter of f wite(ie=> 4.26 mm) [s—retercaliper or 10a) [0-Tmm = 007 cm | Diameter of collapsing (=. +253-me0) [4 [Measuring cylinder Temi mi Volume of irregular shape _ [3] Thermometer [asc From room temperature to 100°C For measuring resistance [6 | Ohmmeter 2dp [7 [Voltmeter 2 dp (range 0— 20 V) | For measuring voltage. 8 | Ammeter {0-200 mA) 2dp __| For measuring current (—10 A) [001s To get the time reading in 2 dp [9 TStop watch/time Critic result /readi tal 1. Too few value are taken /More readings should be taken (when less than 6 readings), 2 soe decimal places for (when dp are not same). . Inconsistent intervals for the given values (when gap between two readings are large). 4. Repeat readings should be taken for a . doen aman 1 and make an average value, (when the . Recording length of wire / spring by using meter nearest & Unitis not given — _ - ‘ange of ____ should be wider.(when 6 readings but not for wider range)when less than 6 readings) ents eee et oe et ae aa crs cadingsshoxid be taken ft >and mak ever vale, (nica th opens variable ene repeted) Saute eect CALCULATION OF UNCERTAINTY A‘ 1.Combining Uncertainties: add absolute uncertainties. © For addition and subtraction, 100em Dr ~ Meter rule +100 [0.lem -> absolute uncertainty or precision ] % uncertainty in = (@) For multiplication and division, add percentage uncertainties %p-~%m+%V) *Verewxt %V=% I+ w+ %r [*p=2 (iil) When using powers, multiply the percentage uncertainty by the power.sor=%od [As ‘a’ is always measured | %V=%d~3 2.Discussion on uncertainty and ercenta: ¢ uncertainty. (i Precision : Measurement that can be made to small degree .©-8: Precision of metre rule 1mm = 0.lem Precision of vernier calliper (10 div) = 0.1mm = 0.0Lem Precision of vernier calliper (20 div ) = 0.05mm = 0.005em Precision of micrometer screw gauge = 0.01mm = 0.001em [Measurement instrument which has a smaller value for precision is highly precised and can record the measurements to the highest degree of accuracy.| (i) Limit tainty/Uncertainty/Absolute uncertainty . Uncertai a : inty means the realistic amount by which you consider your reading could be erroneous If there are several reading, limit of uncertainty = 2256 value-minimum vals 2 tee _ eee3. Percentage difference : Differcoce between two values is expressed with respect 10a ‘value ( oF two values) in percentage can assess the validity of an experiment. “difference between two values % difference ~ os Tine” *100 [ When the experimental value is compared ‘with 2 theoretical valve] Or difference between two values rage of two values % difference 100 [When both values are experimental} 4. Total % uncertainty : (@ Total % uncertainty represents the reliability of an experiment. And can be calculated by adding the percentage uncertainty in individual measurements. ¢.g. Density,p = — %p=%m+%v (ii) Percentage Uncertainty : The reliability of an experiment can be assessed best by expressing the uncertainty as percentage. limit of uncertainty 100 Or average value Percentage uncertainty = Precision average value Percentage uncertainty =Fo mpare the limit of uncertainty with the precision of an instrument and select the bigger one fo calculate % uncertainty] For Time : Compare the limit of uncertainty with human reaction time (0.18) and use the bigger one to calculate % uncertainty. * To caleulate the % uncertainty in time period use the recorded time ( not time period ) 5. Comment on the acceptance of an experimental value: your “experimental value” is acceptable or not can be proved by comparing the % difference with the total % uncertainty. (i If there is any % uncertainty in the manufacture value, that is also included to calculate the total % uncertainty. e.g. Total % uncertainty =% in your exp. + % uncertainty in manufacture value. Gi) 1f% difference is less than total % uncertainty, your experimental value is acceptable. %D<%U, the exp. value is acceptable. * [the uncertainty in recording the values makes the difference ]re) ee VERO SCCCaC. * [ May be there are some errors in recording the measurements. 6. Errors : (i) Random error (ii) Systematig error. (® Raiidom ctror : The scatter of the recorded values suggests a random error, particularly for the smaller values. This is probably due to timing errors. Which are more apparent when the times are short. Ifean be minimized by taking the average of a number of repeat measurements and by drawing a graph, in effect, averages a range of values. eats Systemacerot systematic error Random and systematic ror i matic error; Systematic error arises due to the instrumental error or error in recordi ror in i Procedure. This can be a eed minimized by sensible precautions, such as checking for zero errors and Avoiding parallax errors, and by drawing a suitable graph,nwoaad Capes « [yy {WUT 10 ApISIN aUOP oq PInoYs SHA PaPmou> st quy ap Jr “DD40) WHOM 9q PIOYS ( 59181 Spier ‘xpi youag atp 2Aoqn pasnsvaus st Yes 24) JO WBHOY “I -quasaud st 20405 fousDIx9 ON ‘parwsuadwoo ISNOLLNVOUdd a9 — 3) / Sad[> <— Eis constant When EHT supply ( 5000V ) is used for investigating electric field hand gloves should be worn to avoid electric shock. When CuSo, solution is used hand gloves should be worn to avoid harmful effect on skin (irritation).(Be sure to connect the positive marked on the capacitor to the positive terminal of the supply, and the largest voltage you use is less than the maximum voltage marked on the capacitor. (ii) In recording time and charging current simultaneously, timer and ammeter are placed side by side (in eye line in same time ) 5. For magnetic field : i) Repeat readings should be taken for each measurement. ii) No other magnetic material around the experimental setup. ii) Plotting compass is tapped before taking reading to avoid friction between the compass needle and the floor. 6. For Thermal Physics: (i) When heat is given on water in a beaker, it is required to stir the water for uniform distribution of heat or water to achieve the thermal equilibrium, ii) Before taking each reading heat source is removed and waits for a while, then maximum. steady temperature is recorded. foss lagging and lid should be used. For safety -> Hot things should not touch with bare hand use tongs or tweezers,7. For Radioactivity : The background count must be measured and then subtracted from subsequent readings when undertaking quantitative experiments on radioactivity. Safety precaution : (i) Keep as far away as possible (At least 30 cm ) from all laboratory sources of ionizing radiation. (ii) Do not touch radioactive materials- use a handling tool. (iii) Keep sources in their lead storage containers when not in use. (iv) During an investigation keep the source pointed away from the body, especially the eyes. (v) Limit the time of use of sources-return to source storage as soon as possible. (vi) Wash hands after working with a radioactive source. 8. For Oscillation: (i) Time is recorded for at least 10 oscillations at a time. (ii) Repeat readings should be taken and take an average. (iii) Oscillations are counted with respect to a pointer to avoid parallax error. (iv) Stop watch should start through anticipation or first few oscillations are ignored.