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Horticulture 22
Horticulture 22
HORTICULTURE 22
Laboratory Exercise No: 5a-1
Land Preparation and Field Outing
Introduction:
Land preparation is to provide the necessary soil conditions which will enhance the
successful establishment of the young offshoots or the tissue culture plants received from the
nursery. A well-prepared field controls weeds, recycles plant nutrients, and provides a soft soil
mass for transplanting and a suitable soil surface for direct seeding. Land preparation covers a
wide range of practices from zero-tillage or minimum tillage which minimizes soil disturbance
through to a totally 'puddled' soil which destroys soil structure. It typically involves (1) plowing to
"till" or dig-up, mix, and overturn the soil; (2) harrowing to break the soil clods into smaller mass
and incorporate plant residue, and (3) leveling the field.
Objectives:
To acquire skill if not feel the art of land preparation
To learn and appreciate the techniques of laying out flat and hilly lands.
Methodology:
The students listened carefully to the discussion to learn about Land preparation and field
outing. Various techniques of field lay outing were demonstrated by the instructor. Each group of
the students performed field lay outing using their assign planting system and the instructor
explained on the things they performed during the laboratory exercise.
Results:
Table: 1 Description of the different planting systems.
PLANTING
Formula Feature Illustration
SYSTEM
Spaced 6” on center
1. Square
(O, C), X=6 and Simplest and most
planting
Y=6, Therefore, common for planting
system
6x6=36 in2.
Is adopted in hilly
areas for planting
fruit plants where
5. Contour
land is undulated and
soil erosion is a great
threat.
Discussion:
The systems of planting are also called systems of layout and none system is ideal
for planting of fruit plants in all conditions. There are following systems of planting commonly
used for planting of fruit trees
Different planting system has been used in farming. The square planting system is the
simplest and most commonly used in planting. The rectangular planting system Like square lay
outing but different in the spacing between the rows and plant row. Triangular planting system the
plants are planted at the corner of the equilateral triangle. Quincunx planting system like square
planting except that an additional plant is parallel in the center of each square. Contour Is adopted
in hilly areas for planting fruit plants where land is undulated and soil erosion is a great threat.
Conclusion:
Both farmers and home gardeners employ a wide variety of planting systems to
optimize plant health and increase crop production. The selection of a planting system is
dependent on the type of crops being grown, existing soil conditions and needs, as well as the
amount of gardening space available for cultivation.
After the exercise, the student can acquire skill if not feel the art of land preparation and to
learn and appreciate the techniques of laying out flat and hilly lands.
Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte
AY: 2018-2019
HORTICULTURE 22
Laboratory Exercise No. 5a-2
Cultural Management Practices of Horticultural Crops
Land Preparation and Field Planting
Introduction:
Cultural methods are agriculture practices used to enhance crop and livestock health and
prevent weed, pest or disease problems without the use of chemical substances.
Land preparation is a very important practice to enhance good yield from crop grown. It is
one of the measures used to control crop diseases and pest invasion. Land preparation is also
known as tillage practice, tillage practice is the mechanical pulverization or manipulation of the
soil to bring about favorable conditions for the growth of crops.
Methodology:
The students listened carefully to discussion, to learn about land preparation and field
planting.
Results:
Table 1. Yield of Pechay as influenced by method of soil preparation.
Yield
Percent
Treatment
Survival Non- Non-
Marketable Marketable Total
marketable marketable
Conclusion:
In conclusion, after having experienced the first-hand growing and harvesting of Pechay.
The students are able to know the importance of cultural management practices of horticultural
crops. The land preparation and field Planting.
Guide Questions:
1.Discuss the significance/purpose of land preparation?
The purpose of land preparation is to provide the necessary soil conditions which will
enhance the successful establishment of the young offshoots or the tissue culture plants received
from the nursery. Considering the nature of the date palm, one cannot "save" on this operation and
hope for long term sustainability of the plantation.
HORTICULTURE 22
Laboratory Exercise No: 5c
Weed Control
Introduction:
A weed is a wild plant that grows in gardens or fields of crops and prevents the plants that
you want from growing properly. Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, which
attempts to stop weeds, especially noxious or injurious weeds, from competing with desired flora
and fauna, this includes domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings, it includes
stopping non local species competing with native, local, species, especially so in reserves and
heritage areas.
Weed control is vital to agriculture, because weeds decrease yields, increase production
costs, interfere with harvest, and lower product quality. Weeds also impede irrigation water-flow,
interfere with pesticide application, and harbor disease organisms.
Objectives:
To familiarize the various techniques of controlling weeds.
To gain some insights in estimating labor requirements and cost of weed control.
To personally experience the job of ring weeding and develop an appreciation and respect
for labor.
Methodology:
The students listened carefully to discussion, to learn about weed control and the
computation for the cost of weeding per hectare. After the discussion the students went to the
nursery to conduct weeding, the student started to weed around the lemonsito tree and stopped
when finished.
Results and Discussion:
Table 1. Speed of weeding (min/tree)
The table shows the speed of weeding and the cost that is required in a specific area. It is
also necessary to know the number counted of man that is needed to determine the cost rate per
hectare.
Np= A/S2 = 10,000 m2/9 m2 = 1,111 plants
Conclusion:
After the exercise, I concluded that the students were able to familiarize the different
techniques in weed control. Gained some insights in estimating labor requirements and cost of
weed control and personally experienced the job of ring weeding and develop an appreciation and
respect for labor.
Annual plants are those that complete their entire life cycle in less than a full year.
The plants grow from seed, develop into a mature plant, set flowers and seeds, and
finally die after the seeds are shed. On the other hand, perennial plants are able to
live for two years or more. Each year they are able to flower and set seed. In
addition, some perennial plants are reproduced and persisted by vegetative
structures such as bulbs, tubers, budding roots, rhizomes and stolons.
Annual weeds are well adopted to survive and reproduce in annual crops. Summer-
annual weeds are typically a problem in spring-seeded crops, and winter-annual
weeds are typically a problem in fall-seeded crops. Furthermore, an annual weed
with a short life cycle (seed to seed) may be able to complete its life cycle between
weed control operations in annual crop.
2. Aside from ring weeding, what other practices can be employed to minimize/prevent
the growth of weeds in fruit tree orchards? Describe the procedure as well as the
advantages of such techniques over ring weeding.
References:
1https://extension.psu.edu/introduction-to-weeds-what-are-weeds-and-why-do-we-care
2https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed_control
Visayas State University
AY: 2018-2019
HORTICULTURE 22
Laboratory Exercise No: 5d
Fertilizer Application
Introduction:
A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that
is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth
of plants.
A fertilizer application is any material or mixture used to supply one or more of the
essential plant nutrient elements. Fertilizer application in ecosystems managed for agricultural
production is a major contributor to soil acidification. Sixteen nutrients are essential for plant
growth and development. Of the major nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required
in relatively large amounts. Calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are also required in relatively large
amounts, but are less likely to be deficient in the soil system. Micro-nutrients (such as iron,
chlorine, manganese, boron, etc.) are essential to plants in relatively small amounts.
Objectives:
To get acquainted with the various kinds of fertilizer materials and the different
methods of application.
To be able to compute the amount of a given fertilizer material to apply to a particular
crop.
To gain experience in the actual application of fertilizer.
Methodology:
The students listened carefully to discussion, to learn about fertilizer application. the
different fertilizer materials, fertilization methods, and computation for fertilization matter has
been given.
The table shows the physical properties of different fertilizer materials with the additional
information about its actual color, the texture and the nutrient analysis. The fertilizer material
shown above are the most common to be used for plants. The fertilizers act as the supplier of soil
nutrient and build soil fertility to meet the demand of crops.
Conclusion:
1) Broadcasting
even and uniform spreading of manure /fertilizers by hand over the entire surface of
field while cultivation or after the seed is sown in standing crop. Depending upon the
time of fertilizer application, there are two types of broadcasting: Broadcasting at
planting and top dressing.
2) Localized Placement
refers to the application of fertilizer into the soil close to the seed or plant. It is usually
employed when relatively small quantities of fertilizers are to be applied.
3) Bonding/Bond Placement
refers to placing the fertilizer in a continuous narrow strip running parallel to the crop
and fairly close to it. Bonding is the best suited for closely sown row crops like spinach,
lettuce and drill-planted (one seed per hole) maize. -the placement of fertilizer in bands.
6) Pellet Application
refers to the placement of nitrogenous fertilizer in the farm of pellets 1.5 to 5 cm depth
between the paddy crop.
7) Injection into the soil
liquid fertilizer for injection into the soil may be of either pressure on non-pressure
type.
8) Aerial application
fertilizer solutions are applied by aircraft particularly in hilly areas, in forest lands,
grass lands or in sugarcane fields and etc.
2. What are some alternatives to commercial/inorganic fertilizer? Discuss their
advantages and disadvantages over the commercial/inorganic fertilizers.
Bone meal, composted manure and leguminous crops (green manure) are some
alternatives to commercial /inorganic fertilizers.
Advantages:
can be used immediately to rescue dying plants
easily available at most gardening stores
precise content of nutrients is guaranteed by law
Disadvantages
the cost is expensive
contains certain compounds and salts that a plant is unable to absorbed and hence are left
behind in the soil.
over usage can be detrimental for plants.
References
http://allianceofrougecommunities.com/PDFs/activities/FertilizerSelection.pdf
Visayas State University
AY: 2018-2019
HORTICULTURE 22
Laboratory Exercise No: 6
Post Production Management System of Horticultural Crops
Introduction:
Post-Harvest Management involves all kinds of treatments. Freshly harvested
commodity/horticultural produce are made to undergo these treatments to minimize losses and
increase its shelf-life and add value to the product. Efficient techniques for harvesting,
transportation, handling, storage, processing/preservation, packaging, etc., are the components of
post-harvest management. Value addition to food products has assumed vital importance and
involves, in the present context, processing of fruits and vegetables with a dual purpose: preventing
losses that occur due to lack of appropriate storage facilities and increased income from the
processed commodity.
Post-harvest management comprises the various technologies and practices undergone by
the farmer, farmers' groups or cooperatives and/or agribusiness companies, from the field to the
plate, to handle the crop production immediately following harvest, up to its final destination, such
as storing, transport, cleaning, sorting, processing and packing.
Objectives:
To be able to know the basic principles, practices and technological innovations in
horticultural crop postproduction management.
Methodology:
A Power Point presentation on postharvest handling and management of perishable crops
will be conducted.
Results:
Table 1: Postharvest handling operations for perishable crops.
Conclusion:
I conclude that the most important goals of post-harvest handling are keeping the product
cool, to avoid moisture loss and slow down undesirable chemical changes (eg grain fats could go
rancid), and avoiding physical damage such as bruising or cutting, to delay spoilage.
Women are often more involved than men in post-harvest operations. A gender sensitive
strategy is needed to drive change in post-harvest practices and invest in new technologies.
A. Physiological maturity: It refers to the stage in the development of the fruits and
vegetables when maximum growth and maturation has occurred. It is usually
associated with full ripening in the fruits. The Physiological mature stage is
followed by senescence.
Example, A French bean pod of okra is at its physiological maturity when seeds are
fully developed and the pod is which will dehisce with little pressure.
Example, A papaya with green pulp and peel that has attained maximum size in
already commercially mature as a vegetable but a tinge of yellow colour has to develop
when it is used for dessert.
Example, for local market and for processing, fully coloured tomato fruits are
harvested. However, for a distant market fruit which have started developing colour are
harvested.
3. Enumerate and discuss the basic physiological processes that govern the post-harvest
life of harvested crops/commodities.
4) Different practices in PHM the substrates cannot be replenished once the fruit or
vegetable has been removed from the plant. Faster respiration rates will result in
loss of food nutritional value, loss of saleable weight, poorer flavor, and thus
reduced product quality.
References:
http://cststudy.blogspot.com/2018/06/maturity-maturity-indices-types-of.html
https://www.slideshare.net/KarlLouisseObispo/lecture-2-biological-aspect-of-
postharvest-handling-of-crops