Principles of Transient

Modeling of Power System and Components

Frequency Response of Networks and Components

 Principles of Transient
Modeling of Power System and Components

Measuring the transient behavior of power apparatus in power system is often

difficult.

It’s expensive and occasionally it is hazardous to the equipment involved.

Yet we need to know how components will behave when switching operations,
faults and lightning activity occur on the system if we are to have reliable secure
system.

MODELING - is a potential solution to improve the design for any climatic future
failures

Model – is a circuit representation usually in the form of Ls, Rs and Cs.

Series R-L-C circuit

Model should be evaluated by the aid of computer on how a component or system
will behave when subjected to a prescribed transient stimulus.

Evaluation requires knowledge of the value of components.

Resistances

Inductances

Capacitances

Inductive Reactance of most power system components is often stated at

nameplate.

Capacitance Reactance of the components is often not know by manufacturer.

It can be obtained by test and Chapter 13 is devoted to this matter.

The form of model depends on how it to be used.

Transformer for Example.

If the primary interest is in the terminal response as a component in a system, we

would use one model. But if we are concerned with events within the transformer
– the transient stresses on the winding insulation – a different and more complex
model would require.

The degree of details in modeling also depends on the position of the components
in the system with respect to the event creating the disturbance.
Inevitably, some engineering judgement must be used in modeling; this only
comes with experience.
 Frequency Response of Networks and Components

An important characteristic of an L.C. circuit is the Natural frequency its exhibits.

A network comprising a more complicated assemblage of Ls and Cs will have

several or many natural frequencies because it has more degrees of freedom.

A lumped parameter model will have as many natural frequencies as the meshes
it contains.

Lumped Parameter Model of a 2x25 kV Railway System

 Fig. 1 Layout of typical metropolitan substation

Circuit Breaker A Capacitor Bank

Feeders breakers Tie Breaker
Measuring Point Feeders
Transformer
Fig 1 shows a one line diagram of the layout of part of a metropolitan substation.
Power is fed from three transformers to buses to which feeders are connected
through circuit breakers.

This buses are joined by a common bus at the top, which in turn can be connected
to similar adjacent sections by tie breakers. The feeders in the particular
installation were cables; some of them were quite long so that in total, they
constituted a considerable amount of capacitance on the bus.

In a test conducted by the author an uncharged capacitor bank was suddenly

connected to the system by closing the circuit breaker A. The effect of the
operation, measured by an oscilloscope connected to the bus by appropriate
potential dividers, is shown in Fig 2

Fig. 2 Consequence of shocking the circuit shown in Fig.1 by closing the circuit
breaker at A
The three traces correspond to the three phase voltages. What we observe is the
superposition on the 60 Hz waves of transients in which only two frequencies are
evident to any obvious degree.

It is remarkable that a system so complex with multiple feeds, many connected

cables and a vast number of loads should give such a simple response.

By way of interpretation we can deduce that the uncharged capacitor initially

depresses the bus voltage, much as a short circuit would do. Subsequently, the
cables share their charge with the capacitor bank this is the high frequency
oscillation and then the power system brings the cable and capacitor bank to its
own potential through the lower frequency oscillation.

If high resolution measuring equipment on a fast time scale had been present when
the tests were made, it would have been possible to observe a fine structure of
high frequency transient’s indicative of the multiplicity of traveling waves about the
many paths of the system. Nevertheless, the outstanding feature is dominance of
the two natural frequencies. This strongly suggest that the example circuit on Fig.1
could represent by a quite simple model. This example should encourage the
reader to prune quite severely when setting up for transient’s models.