INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

BDA 30502 SEM 1 SESSION 2019/2020

NAME MUHAMMAD AMIN BIN MOHD YASIN

MATRIC ID AD160187
SECTION S1
LECTURER EN. KAMARUDDIN BIN KAMDANI
NAME
DATE OF 10𝑡ℎ OCTOBER 2019
SUBMISION

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Introduction

A wheelbarrow is a little hand-propelled vehicle, for the most part with only one wheel,
consisting of a tray bolted to two handles and two legs. The wheelbarrow is intended to be pushed
and guided by a single person using the two handles at the rear. The wheelbarrow is designed to
disseminate the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator to conveniently carry heavier
and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. While
known mostly as a device for carrying small loads for the household gardener, a wheelbarrow is
often also used in construction and industry for carrying larger loads. The typical capacity of a
wheelbarrow is 170 liters (6 cubic feet) of material. A two-wheel wheelbarrow is more stable on
level ground, while the almost universal one-wheel type has better maneuverability in small
spaces, on planks or when uneven ground would throw the load off balance. The use of on wheel
also permits greater control of the load when emptying the Contents.

Objectives

i. To distinguish the manufacturing process needed to produce the wheelbarrow.

ii. To improvise the manufacturing process and design innovation of the wheelbarrow
iii. To identify the quality control and quality assurance of the wheelbarrow.
iv. To investigate the material of producing of products

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History of Wheelbarrow

The first developer of the modern wheelbarrow was China, possibly as early as 100 B.C.
One early version consisted of a large single wheel at or near the front of a platform. The load
would be placed behind the wheel, and the operator would lift the heavy end and push the load.
Sometimes a small basket would be used to carry the load, and if it was heavy, a second operator
could pull from the front. Another type, probably invented by Chuko Liang in 300 A.D. , had a
carrying surface that was basically a large wheel housing that encased the top half of the wheel. A
flat platform projected out from both sides at axle level could then carry large loads, people and
goods in pannier fashion while the operator steered it. Loads were higher off the ground than those
carried in modern wheelbarrows. Chinese wheelbarrows were hence similar to rickshaws in that
the goal was to carry heavy loads long distances. Tseng Min-Hsung in 1200 A.D. boasted that
"ways which are as winding as the bowels of a sheep will not defeat it."

The first use of the wheelbarrow in Europe was probably in agriculture; then, it spread to
construction, transportation of goods, mining, and brick making. Some wheelbarrows had a
wooden, box-like body with feet. Others had a flat slatted or wicker framework with feet. French,
Flemish, and Dutch wheelbarrows usually had a rack to rest the load or basket against. Swiss
wheelbarrows had solid wheels, while English ones had four feet and spoked wheels. Bohemians
of the time also used spoked wheels, but no feet were used to help lower the load. To assist when
moving loads, European wheelbarrows of around 1200 A.D. had leather straps that wound around
the handles. Operators would slip the straps around their necks.

The wheelbarrow's advantages were that loads could be lifted and carried close to the
ground, as opposed to two-person handbarrows that required carrying to be done at waist level. A
wheelbarrow carrying a basket of goods could be unloaded quickly and put back into action,
although it was too unwieldy at this date to be emptied by simply tilting and twisting it. One person
using a wheelbarrow cuts labor costs in half, and it's easier than two people coordinating their
movements as they carry a load. Wheelbarrows quickly became items crafted by carpenters to be
sold to construction workers. In 1222, records for the king of England's works show that eight
wheelbarrows were purchased from the town of Canterbury for construction at Dover.

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 The modern wheelbarrow can have one, two, or four wheels. These wheels can be either
in front or beneath the load. Other conveniences include storage space compartments or side clips
to carry tools. Wheelbarrows are considered a necessity for the backyard gardener as well as
industry, for they are considered simple, unmotorized, yet effective ways for one person to carry
a heavy load. There are three kinds of wheelbarrows that available in industry of gardening.

i. Hybrid Wheelbarrows
- Hybrid wheelbarrows are a mix of classic wheelbarrow design that has been
updated for modern times. In the past, wheelbarrows had a single wheel and a
load tub that was so shallow it wouldn’t much of anything. Now, wheelbarrows
come with 1, 2, or even 4 wheels and a variety of tub sizes, depending on the
type of load you need to haul.

ii. Hill-Use Wheelbarrows

- It is suitable for who live in a hilly area. This wheelbarrow is produce for one
with a lightweight frame, typically a high-quality plastic. The ball bearings in
the wheels should be well-lubricated and the handles should have grips to help
pull it up a hill.
iii. Electric Wheelbarrows
- The most high-tech option for gardener to consider is the electric wheelbarrow.
These are more expensive than the traditional or hybrid models. Even after the
gardener purchase one, there are additional maintenance costs to consider.

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How a Wheelbarrow is Made

To make a new designing of wheelbarrow there are several specifications should be taken
seriously, highlight or consideration such as the existing design for wheelbarrow can be produced
to improve the material, provide comfortable, safe and user friendly to the worker. This is because,
a wheelbarrow is designed for various kinds of gardening activity. Despite the fact that, the
procedures of design of new wheelbarrow usually are not excessively unique or still quite similar.

The accompanying classifications can be utilized to portray and assess wheelbarrow designs:

a) Functional Performance
- How a new wheelbarrow performs for various clients in various situations. The
functional performance of a wheelbarrow is dictated by its designs and
highlights.

b) Strength, Rust Resistant and Stability

- How a new wheelbarrow can resist the higher load from breaking, can avoid
any rust on long period and stability of the wheelbarrow.

c) Safety Users and Environment

- It is must be considered safe to all users, whether old or young workers and not
giving dangerous effect to the environment.
d) Economic considerations
- provide an indication and need to be taken with great caution, some prices may
indeed vary significantly from one moment to the other and from one country
to another.

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The Process of Manufacturing a Wheelbarrow

Because wheelbarrows exist in a variety of forms, made from many different materials,
manufacturing procedures vary widely depending on the exact kind of wheelbarrow being made.
Some wooden wheelbarrows are simple enough to be made with hand tools used by weekend
hobbyists with modest carpentry skills. Some heavy-duty wheelbarrows, intended for industrial
use, are manufactured with heavy machinery which shapes thick steel sheets. In order to discuss
several different techniques used for making wheelbarrows, the following outline will describe the
manufacturing of a typical garden wheelbarrow, with wooden handles, steel legs and braces, a
rubber tire, and a plastic tray.

1. Making the Tray

 A typical plastic used to make wheelbarrow trays is polyethylene. Polyethylene is
formed by linking molecules of ethylene into a long chain. Ethylene is a
hydrocarbon which is found in petroleum and natural gas. For industrial purposes,
however, ethylene is usually obtained by heating heavier hydrocarbons, obtained
from petroleum, in the presence of a catalyst. This process, known as cracking,
transforms larger molecules into smaller molecules, such as ethylene.
 The process of combining numerous small molecules into a long chain is known
as polymerization. Ethylene can be polymerized into two types of polyethylene.
Low density polyethylene, made by subjecting ethylene to very high pressure, is
generally used in the form of a thin, flexible film, as in plastic bags. High density
polyethylene is much stiffer and is used to make wheelbarrow trays and other rigid
items. High density polyethylene is polymerized by subjecting ethylene to a
pressure of about 250-500 lb per sq in (18-35 kg per sq cm) in the presence of a
catalyst.
 High density polyethylene can be formed into a wide variety of shapes using
various techniques. For wheelbarrow trays, it is generally produced in the form of
a thick sheet. This can be done by extrusion. This process involves melting
granules of polyethylene into a liquid and forcing it through a nozzle. The opening
of the nozzle has the width and thickness of the desired sheet. As the liquid

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 polyethylene emerges from the nozzle it cools into a sheet that can be cut to the
desired length.

 Sheets of polyethylene are shipped to the wheelbarrow manufacturer and

inspected. They are then shaped into trays using a technique known as vacuum
forming or thermo forming. This process involves heating the sheet until it is soft.
The soft plastic is then placed on top of an open box. The box contains a mold in
the shape of the wheelbarrow tray. Air is removed from the box, and the resulting
vacuum causes the air pressure outside the box to force the sheet against the mold.
The plastic cools into the wheelbarrow tray and is removed.

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2. Making the legs and braces
 The support legs and braces are usually made of steel. Steel is made by combining
iron ore and coke (a carbon-rich substance made by heating coal in the absence of
air) and heating them with very hot air in a blast furnace. The resulting mixture of
iron and carbon is known as pig iron. Oxygen is blasted into molten pig iron to
remove most of the carbon. The resulting molten steel is cooled into a variety of
shapes.
 Strips of steel arrive at the wheelbarrow manufacturer and are inspected. Sharp dies
are used to punch various components out of the steel strips using large, powerful
presses. Holes are punched into these components to allow them to be bolted into
place.
 The steel components are usually painted for protection. A degreasing solution is
used to clean the components, which are then dried. Paint is applied using an
electrostatic process. The steel and the paint are given opposite electrical charges.
The opposite charges attract, causing the paint to cover the steel evenly and
completely. The paint is then baked onto the steel in an oven.

3. Making the wheel and tire

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  The wheel may be made of steel or plastic. It is made using methods similar to those
used to make other steel parts or the plastic tray.
 The tire is usually made of natural or synthetic rubber. Natural rubber is made from
latex, a substance secreted by rubber trees. The latex is filtered to remove foreign
substances, and water is added to make the liquid latex thinner. A dilute acid is
added to cause solid rubber to be deposited out of the liquid mixture. Synthetic
rubber can be made from a wide variety of chemicals. The most common form of
synthetic rubber is styrene-butadiene rubber. This substance is made by mixing
styrene and butadiene, both derived from petroleum, in an emulsion of soap and
water. The two chemicals combine to form synthetic rubber.
 The natural or synthetic rubber is heated until it melts into a liquid. It is then poured
into a mold in the shape of the tire. The rubber cools and the tire is removed from
the mold. The tire is shipped to the wheelbarrow manufacturer and is placed around
the wheel.

4. Making the handles

 Lumber arrives at the wheelbarrow manufacturer and is inspected. The wood is
stored and allowed to dry. It is then cut and shaped by woodworking equipment
such as saws and lathes. Holes are drilled to allow the handles to be bolted into
place. The wooden handles are then coated with varnish for protection.

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 5. Packaging and shipping
 Wheelbarrows are generally not assembled until they reach the consumer. Instead,
the components are packaged in strong cardboard boxes and shipped to retailers.
By not being fully assembled, the wheelbarrows take up much less space during
shipping and storage.

Manufacturing Production Innovation

As years go by, the production of wheel barrow has developed and innovations have been
implemented to improvise the design and the effectiveness of. Here are some innovations that can
be implemented to it:

1) Lock + Load WheelBarrow by Cyclone industries

The wheelbarrow is designed to be mobile and easy to handle but most importantly
is in flat pack which allowed the customers to assemble it quickly and without any
tools.

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For starters, wheelbarrows has this one problem which is it has an awkward shape,
resulting a high proportion of wasted space when transporting fully assembled units
or a costly and time consuming assembly process in-store prior to being put on
display if the products are shipped as components which generated the cost of
labour and transport.
To tackle the problem, the weakness which is the wasted space is used and made
into a flat packed wheelbarrow minimising the space while optimising packing
volume.

Every component of the Lock+Load Wheelbarrow has been considered. Whether

it’s the side handles on the tub that provide an easy carry lift when handling the

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 packaging, the quick-release wheel assembly, the wide footprint feet or the ultra
comfortable handle grips, every part has been developed with the end user in mind.
Many of the design innovations are associated with the snap together assembly and
unique tub packaging. As a result Cyclone was able to secure a number of global
patents that enabled them to both protect their design and add value to their balance
sheet.

2) BeastBarrow of Lunt Construction

The BeastBarrow features a second inline wheel attachment for the standard
wheelbarrow, designed to lighten the workload and add stability over uneven
terrain

Targeting contractors, brick masons, landscapers, and DIYers, the BeastBarrow

claims to offer a simple-to-use, durable solution to wheelbarrowing frustrations. It
attaches to any wheelbarrow, adding stability through a swiveling, inline wheel
system.

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When parked, the BeastBarrow’s wheel sits between the front wheel and the
wheelbarrow legs. When lifted, the second wheel swings back and locks into place.
All of the weight rests on the two wheels. This allows heavy loads to be pushed
rather than lifted. The BeastBarrow alleges to reduce user fatigue, as well as strain
on the lower back. And at first glance, it certainly looks like it should.

The swivel wheel allows the user to move across uneven terrain. As you roll over,
say, a pile of dirt, both wheels grip the surface, resulting in a more stable
wheelbarrowing experience. If I could draw a really obvious parallel, the
BeastBarrow is to a wheelbarrow what a bicycle is to a unicycle

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The Quality Control and Quality Assurance

How many times has it struck you that many practitioners involved in the ICT field lack an
understanding of the difference between Quality Assurance and Quality Control? Often you will
hear someone talk about ‘QA’, when what they actually mean is ‘QC’.

Although QA and QC are closely related concepts, and are both aspects of quality management,
they are fundamentally different in their focus:

 QC is used to verify the quality of the output;

 QA is the process of managing for quality.

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A good point of reference for understanding the difference is the ISO 9000 family of standards.
These standards relate to quality management systems and are designed to help organisations meet
the needs of customers and other stakeholders.

 In the ISO 9000 standard, clause 3.2.10 defines Quality Control as:
“A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements”
 Clause 3.2.11 defines Quality Assurance as:
“A part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality
requirements will be fulfilled”

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Quality Control : A Strategy of Detection

The most important factor in the quality control of wheelbarrows is ensuring that all the
components fit together correctly. During the shaping of steel components, each part is compared
to a standard part of the same type that is known to be correct. In a similar way, the plastic tray is
compared to a standard tray. Wooden handles are compared to a drawing or to a sample handle.
The most critical part of this comparison process is ensuring that holes are drilled in the correct
positions to allow bolts to hold the wheelbarrow together.

Because a wheelbarrow is generally assembled into its final form by the consumer, it is
critical that all necessary components are included in the shipping container. Instructions for
assembly must also be included. Large components and instruction sheets are inspected
individually to ensure that they are all present. Instead of counting all the bolts to ensure that there
are enough included to assemble the wheelbarrow, the manufacturer can save time by weighing a
batch of bolts on an accurate scale. A batch of bolts of the correct weight will contain the correct
number of bolts.

A sample wheelbarrow can be tested by assembling it, filling it with a load, and moving it
around. Factors to be considered in order to produce a wheelbarrow that will satisfy consumers
include ease of assembly, ease of motion, stability, ability to be steered accurately, and ability to
carry a heavy load with minimal effort on the part of the user.

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Quality Assurance: A Strategy of Preventon

The table below describes the areas to be reviewed in the QASP process. Quality assurance will
be conducted by the Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR), of the Facility Management
Service (FMS). The results of the QASP will be approved by the COR.

Required Performance Standards Acceptable Methods of Incentive (Positive

Services Quality Surveillance and/or Negative
(Tasks) Levels Impact on
Contractor
Payments)

Ground Provide gardener worker 98% 100% review 5% deduction of

Wheelbarrow to carry load for trips of each worker monthly payment if
Service and within one (1) hour for > 15 minutes late.
Timeliness per-scheduled. Scheduled
worker need to be at their
appointments no more
than 30 minutes prior to
the appointment and no
later than the appointment
time. Worker need to carry
load must be no more than
30 minutes after the
Contractor has been
notified of completion of
the worker appointment.
Response times for
unscheduled trips/add-on
need to be within two
hours of notification.

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Certifications Contractor/employee to 98% Random 2% deduction of
and Training maintain current proper Surveillance/ monthly payment if
licenses and ensure all Customer 1 or more
attendants are properly Complaint employees do not
trained and competent to record have current
provide service licenses or > 1
customer complaint
on attendant
competence.

Submit All monthly reports 90% 100% 1% deduction of

Monthly submitted within 5 inspection of monthly payment
Reports calendar days of due date all monthly for deliverable >5
deliverable calendars late

Worker Ensure all working 98% Random 5% deduction from

Maintenance/ machines are in proper Surveillance monthly payment
Safety condition and fit for with 1 or more
worker or public safety. findings of unsafe
conditions.

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The Material of Producing of Wheelbarrow

Just like other garden tools, there are a ton of different options and customizations that
wheelbarrow manufacturers add to their products. Because wheelbarrows exist in a variety of
forms, made from many different materials, manufacturing procedures vary widely depending on
the exact kind of wheelbarrow being made. Some wooden wheelbarrows are simple enough to be
made with hand tools used by weekend hobbyists with modest carpentry skills. Some heavy-duty
wheelbarrows, intended for industrial use, are manufactured with heavy machinery which shapes
thick steel sheets.

I’ve broken all of the most common wheelbarrow features down so you can understand exactly
what to look for when making your purchase.

1. Tray
2. Legs and Braces
3. Wheel
4. Ball Bearings
5. Tire
6. Hand Grips
7. Handles/Rear Frames
8. Fasteners

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Picture and Schematic Diagram

Picture of an Wheelbarrow

Schematic diagram of a Wheelbarrow

By parts, wheelbarrows are made from different materials. Firstly, the trays are made
from polyethylene. Polyethylene is formed by linking molecules of ethylene into a long chain.

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High density polyethylene is the one used to make the tray, and not the low one which used
normally to make plastic.

Secondly, the legs and braces components are made of steel for their toughness and
strong properties to withhold the loads. After, it is painted for protection using electrostatic
process. Next, the wheel and tire. For wheels, some of them are made from plastics, others from
steel depends on the requirement and need. For its tires, it is made from synthetic rubber that is
stronger and long lasting for the environment.

Last but not least, the handles are made from lumbers which is then inspected once arrived.
It is then coated with varnish for protection. The materials used for every components are inspected
thoroughly and chosen carefully to meet the requirements for the product to be in high quality and
at the same time affordable to all customers.

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Conclusion

When I have settled do research for my project of manufacturing of wheelbarrow, there are few
conclusions according to my research project. Overall, I have achieved my research project
objective:

i. To identify the manufacturing process required to produce a wheelbarrow.

ii. The background of the wheelbarrow and its processes.

iii. The manufacturing production of wheelbarrow.

iv. The quality control and quality assurance.

v. The detail costing and economics of producing a wheelbarrow

From this project, I have learned that wheelbarrow is too important or useful for nearly country in
the world for construction, road work, masonry, landscaping and gardening activity. In
construction industry this is widely used on day to day basis. A wheelbarrow is an essential tool
that helps take the load off your back. It can be used to transport supplies, tools, building materials
or debris to and from the construction site. In ancient time, the first wheelbarrows were created in
China. the first wheelbarrows seem to have been created in China along with the first gunpowder,
paper, seismoscopes, paper currency, magnetic compasses, crossbows, and many other key
inventions. This research also represent the evolution in wheelbarrow. Other than that, how it been
made also have been studied.

To conclude this study, The wheelbarrow has changed over thousands of years from
handheld carriers with no wheels to modern lawn carts with four wheels. The increasing popularity
of gardening as a hobby, combined with the aging of the American population, suggests that
wheelbarrows will continue to evolve in ways that will make them more versatile and easier to
use.

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References

Source from internet:

1) https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-the-wheelbarrow-195264
2) http://mendocoasttv.org/daily-uses-of-a-wheelbarrow/
3) http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Wheelbarrow.html
4) https://www.appropedia.org/Wheelbarrow_construction_manual
5) https://www.slideshare.net/vuthuydung5076/70-production-planning-and-
scheduling
6) https://www.protoolreviews.com/trades/landscaping/beastbarrow-wheelbarrow-
accessory/32507/
7) https://katapultdesign.com.au/work/lock-load-wheelbarrow/

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