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Aircraft Construction Repair and Modification
Aircraft Construction Repair and Modification
Aircraft Construction Repair and Modification
MODIFICATION
AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND the structural components and
the skin of the aircraft
CONSTRUCTION
WING STRUCTURE
MAJOR TRUCTURAL STRESSES
Tension
Symmetrical Airfoil
o The stress that resists a force
The curvature on the top of the airfoil
that tends to pull something
is the same as that on the bottom
apart
Compression
Upwash
o The stress that resists a
Deflection of the oncoming airstream
crushing force upward and over the wing
Torsion
o The stress that produces
Downwash
twisting Downward deflection of the airstream
Shear
as it passes over the wing and past the
o The stress that resists the force
trailing edge
tending to cause one layer of a
material to slide over an
adjacent layer
Bending
o Is a combination of
compression and tension
STRUCTURAL DESIGNS
FUSELAGE STRUCTURE
Wing Configurations
Truss Structure
o Uses struts and wire-braced
wings
Monocoque/Stressed-Skin Structure
o The skin itself carries the
structural loads which allows
the aircraft to be built with a
more streamlined shape
Semi-Monocoque Structure
o The skin is fastened to a sub-
structure or skeletal
framework, which allows the
loads to be distributed between
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Compression Ribs
Have been specially strengthened to
take compressive loads
Drag Wires
The wires that extend from the front
spar to the rear spar and that are
running diagonally from inboard to
outboard
Oppose the forces that tend to drag
against the wing and pull it backward
Gusset
A thin mahogany plywood-plate
attached to two or more members to
carry the stresses from one member to
the other
Compression Strut Nose Rib/False Ribs
Compression members which separates Prevents air loads from distorting the
the spars leading edge
May be either steel tubing or heavy-
wall aluminum alloy tubing STRESSED-SKIN WING STRUCTURE
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Nacelles FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACES
Are streamlined enclosures used
primarily to house the engine and its
component
Cowling
The detachable panels covering those
areas into which access must be gained
regularly, such as the engine and its
accessories
Flutter
Occurs when an out-of-balance
condition causes a control surface to
oscillate in the air stream, typically
increasing in frequency and amplitude
until the control surface fails
catastrophically
STABILITY
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
Static Stability
The tendency of the airplane to return Ailerons
to its original position the primary flight control surfaces that
move the aircraft about the longitudinal
axis
Dynamic Stability
Concerned with the way the restorative Elevator
forces act with regard to time The primary flight control surface that
moves the aircraft around the horizontal or
lateral axis
Positive Stability
The airplane tend to return to its Rudder
original position The primary control surface that causes an
aircraft to yaw or move about the vertical
axis
Negative Stability
The airplane tend to not return to its DUAL-PURPOSE FLIGHT CONTROLS
original position
Stabilator Horizontal stabilizer and elevator
farther away
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
SECONDARY OR AUXILIARY CONTROL
SURFACES
Stall Strips
Flaps
Ensures that the wing root stalls first
Plain Flaps
before the wing tip
o The effect of these flaps is
minimal, and they are seldom
SPECIAL WING TIPS
found on modern airplanes
Split Flaps
Winglets
o Lift change is similar to that
They also allow for drag reduction and
produced by a plain flap, but it
better airflow control
produced much more drag at
low lift coefficient
Wing Fence
Fowler Flaps
A simple method to stop, or reduce, the
o The design of this wing flap not
span wise flow
only changes the camber of the
wing, it also increases the wing
T-Tail
area
The Stabilizer is moved away from the
disturbed airflow of the wing, rudder
effectiveness is improved because of
the cap on its end
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Deep Stall Flap Station
The airflow over the horizontal tail is Measured perpendicular to the rear
blanketed by, or in the shadow of, the beam of the wing and parallel to, and
disturbed airflow from the wing outboard from, the inboard edge of the
flap
Angle of Incidence
Angle between the chord line of the Nacelle Station
wing and the longitudinal axis of the Measured either forward of or behind
airplane the front spar of the wing and
Increasing it is called “Washing in” perpendicular to a designated water
Decreasing it is called “Washing out” line
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Nicopress Process Interplane Struts
Copper Nicopress sleeves may be Usually made of streamlined steel
compressed onto the cable with a tubing in the form of the letter N, are
special tool placed between the upper and lower
wing out near the tip
BIPLANE ASSEMBLY AND RIGGING
ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFTS
Stagger
The Longitudinal offset of the two wings Gyroplane
relative to each other Has no power to the main rotor except,
in some cases, to start it spinning
Decalage
Difference in the angle of incidence of TYPES OF MAIN ROTOR SYSTEMS
the two wings of a biplane
Fully Articulated System
BIPLANE COMPONENTS Each rotor blade is attached to the rotor
hub through a series of hinges, allowing
Cabane Struts the blade to move independently of the
The struts between the center section others
and the fuselage Flapping Hinge
o Allows the blade to move up
Cabane or Stagger Wires and down
Runs between the rear and forward Lead-Lag/Drag Hinge
cabane struts to adjust the fore-and-aft o Allows the blade to move back
position of the center section and forth
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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FORCES ACTING ON THE MAIN ROTOR HELICOPTER FLIGHT CONDITIONS
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Cyclic Pitch Control AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Used for roll and pitch movements
Tilts the main rotor disc by tilting the
METALS
swash plate assembly, thus changing
the pitch angle of the rotor blades in
PROPERTIES OF METALS
their cycle of rotation
Strength
Anti-Torque Pedals
Tensile Strength
Used for yaw movement and directional
o The ability to withstand tension
control
Yield Strength
Controls the pitch of the tail rotor
o The ability of a metal to resist
blades thereby balancing main rotor
deformation
torque
Shear Strength
o A metal's ability to resist
TAIL ROTOR
opposing forces
Bearing strength
Fenestron
o The ability of a joint to
Uses a series of rotating blades
withstand any form of crushing
shrouded within a vertical tail
or excessive compressive
distortion
NOTAR/No Tail Rotor
Uses low-pressure air, which is forced
Hardness
into the tail boom by a fan mounted
Ability of a material to resist cutting,
within the helicopter
penetration, or abrasion
STABILIZER SYSTEMS
Malleability
Ability of a material to be bent, formed,
Bell Stabilizer Bar System
or shaped without cracking or breaking
A long bar with weights at each end,
mounted on a pivot and driven by the
Ductility
rotor mast
Ability of metal to be drawn into wire
stock, extrusions, or rods
HELICOPTER VIBRATION
Low
Brittleness
Medium
A material's tendency to break or
High
shatter when exposed to stress
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Thermal Expansion Forging
Property of a metal to expand when A process wherein a piece of metal is
heated and shrink when cooled worked at temperatures above its
amount of expansion or contraction is critical range
predictable at specific temperatures
and is called its Coefficient of Pressing
Expansion Used to form large and heavy parts
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS Magnesium
Good welding and corrosion-resistance
WROUGHT characteristics
Formed by physically working the metal Susceptible to corrosion when exposed
into shape to high temperature
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Solution Heat-Treatment
Process of heating certain aluminum HARDNESS DESIGNATION
alloys to allow the alloying element to
mix with the base metal F As Fabricated
O Annealed, Recrystallized (Wrought)
Precipitation Heat-Treatment H Strain Hardened
Natural Aging Hi Strain Hardened Only
o Alloy is allowed to cool at room H2 Strain Hardened, Partially Annealed
temperature H3 Strain Hardened, Stabilized
Artificial Age-Hardening
o Aging process is accelerated by Hx2 Quarter-Hard
reheating the metal and Hx4 Half-Hard
allowing it to soak for a
Hx6 Three-Quarter Hard
specified amount of time
Hx8 Full-Hard
Hx9 Extra-Hard
Annealing
Process that softens a metal and
MAGNESIUM AND ITS ALLOY
decreases internal stress
One of the lightest metals having
sufficient strength and suitable working
HEAT-TREATMENT IDENTIFICATION
characteristics for use in aircraft
structures
T Solution Heat Treated
TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOY
T2 Annealed (Cast)
Are light weight metals with very high
T3 Solution Heat-Treated, Strain Hardened strength
Alpha Alloy
T4 Solution Heat-Treated, Naturally Aged o Have medium strengths of 120
T5 Artificially Aged, Rapidly Cooled KSI to 150 KSI and good
elevated-temperature strength
T6 Solution Heat-Treated, Artificially Aged Alpha-Beta Alloy
o Have medium strength in the
T7 Solution Heat-Treated, Stabilized
annealed condition and much
Solution Heat-Treated, Strain Hardened, higher strength when heat
T8
Artificially Aged
treated
Solution Heat-Treated, Artificially Aged,
T9 Beta Alloy
Strain Hardened
o medium strength, excellent
T10 Artificially Aged, Cold Worked forming characteristics, and
contain large quantities of high-
density alloying elements
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
NICKEL AND ITS ALLOY IRON
A chemical element which is fairly soft,
Monel malleable, and ductile in its pure form
Contains about 68 percent nickel and 29
percent copper, along with small STEEL
amounts of iron and manganese Pig iron is re-melted and combines with
Can be welded and has very good iron to produce the desired
machining characteristics characteristics
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Chromium Tungsten
Alloyed with steel to increase strength Has an extremely high melting point
and hardness as well as improve its and adds this characteristic to steel it is
wear and corrosion resistance alloyed with
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Gas carburizing MARKING TOOLS
o Carbon from carbon monoxide
gas combines with gamma iron Pens
and forms a high-carbon Fiber-tipped pens are the preferred
surface method of marking lines and hole
Liquid carburizing locations directly on aluminum, because
o Produces a high-carbon surface the graphite in a No. 2 pencil can cause
when a part is heated in a corrosion when used on aluminum
molten bath of sodium cyanide
or barium cyanide Scribe
A pointed instrument used to mark or
Nitriding score to show where it is to be cut
The part is first hardened, tempered,
and then ground to its finished Punches
dimensions before it is case hardened Usually made of carbon steel that has
been hardened and tempered
SHEET METAL TOOLS
Prick Punch
LAYOUT TOOLS Used during layout to place reference
marks on metal because it produces a
Scales small indentation
Available in various lengths, with the 6-
inch and 12-inch scales being the most Center Punch
common and affordable Used to make indentations in metal as
an aid in drilling
Combination Square
Consists of a steel scale with three Transfer Punch
heads that can be moved to any Uses a template or existing holes in the
position on the scale and locked in structure to mark the locations of new
place holes
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Chassis Punch Yellow aviation Snip – Cuts straight
Used to make holes in sheet metal parts Green Aviation Snip – Curve right
for the installation of instruments and Red Aviation Snip – Curve Left
other avionics appliance, as well as
lightening holes in ribs and spars File
Used to shape metal by cutting and
CUTTING TOOLS abrasion
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Vises
Holds the workpiece in place and allow Solid Shank Rivets
work to be done on it with tools such as Commonly used aircraft fastener today
saws and drills
Cleco fastener
Consists of a steel cylinder body with a
plunger on the top, a spring, a pair of
step-cut locks, and a spreader bar
Hole Finders
Used for locating rivet holes in undrilled
skins where a pre-existing hole is
hidden by the metal sheet Rivet Head Design
AN470 Universal Head
AN430 Round Head
SHEET METAL FASTENER AN442 Flat Head
AN455 Brazier Head
RIVETS AN456 Modified Brazier Head
Most common technique of joining AN426 Countersunk
sheets of aluminum
Countersinking
Specifications and Standards A process in which the metal in the top
AMS Aeronautical Material Specifications sheet is cut away in the shape of the
AN Air Force-Navy rivet head
AND Air Force-Navy Design
Dimpling
AS Aeronautical Standard
A process that mechanically "dents" the
ASA American Standards Association
sheets being joined to accommodate
ASTM American Society for Testing and Material
the rivet head
MS Military Standard
NAF Naval Aircraft Factory Radius dimpling
NAS National Aerospace Standard A form of cold dimpling in thin sheet
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers metal in which a cone-shaped male die
is forced into the recess of a female die,
Rivet Codes with either a hammer blow or a
pneumatic rivet gun
Coin Dimpling
a male die fits through the rivet hole,
and a coining ram in a female die exerts
pressure on the underside of the hole
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Hot Dimpling 2024 Aluminum Alloy (DD)
the dies are preheated and then the Must be stored at cool temperatures
metal is positioned between the dies until they are ready to be driven
Monel (M)
Used in place of corrosion-resistant
steel rivets when their somewhat lower
1100 Aluminum (A)
shear strength is not a detriment
This type of rivet is made out of
SPECIAL RIVETS
commercially pure aluminum, the rivet
lacks sufficient strength for structural
Pop Rivets
applications
have limited use on aircraft and are
never used for structural repairs
2117 Aluminum Alloy (AD)
The rivet alloy 2117-T3 is the most
Friction-Lock Rivets
widely used for manufacturing and
Cannot replace a solid shank rivet, size
maintenance of modern aircraft
for size
Often referred as “Field Rivets”
When a friction-lock is used to replace a
solid shank rivet, it must be at least one
5056 Aluminum Alloy (B)
size (1/32 inch) larger in diameter
Contains about 5% magnesium
Used for magnesium structures to
Mechanical Lock Rivets
prevent dissimilar metal corrosion
Designed to prevent the center stem of
a rivet from falling out as a result of the
2017 Aluminum Alloy (D)
vibration encountered during aircraft
Extremely Hard
operation
Must be heat-treated before they can
be used
Huck-Loks
Called as “Icebox Rivets”
The first mechanical-lock rivets and are
used as structural replacements for
solid shank
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Cherrylocks Cherrybucks Rivets
Its center stem is locked into place with A one-piece special fastener that
a lock ring combines two titanium alloys which are
Requires a special pulling tool for each bonded together to form a strong
different size and head shape structural fastener
Olympic-Loks Taper-Loks
Blind fasteners are lightweight, The strongest special fasteners used in
mechanically-locking, spindle-type blind aircraft construction
rivets
Hi-Tigue Fastener
CherryMAX rivet Has a bead that encircles the bottom of
Is economical to use and strong enough its shank and is a further advancement
to replace solid shank rivets, size for in special fastener design
size
Jo-Bolts
Hi-Shear Rivets Patented high-strength structural
Has the same strength characteristics as fasteners are used in close-tolerance
a standard AN bolt holes where strength requirements are
Designed especially to absorb high high but physical clearance precludes
shear loads the use of standard AN, MS, or NAS
bolts
SPECIAL FASTENERS
ACCESS PANEL AND COWLING FASTENERS
Lock Bolts
They are lightweight, and as strong as Dzus Fastener
standard bolts Require only a quarter of a turn to lock
or unlock
Hi-Lok Bolts
They possess sufficient strength to with- Airloc Fastener
stand bearing and shearing loads, and Consists of a steel stud and cross-pin in
are available with flat and countersunk a removable cowling or door and a
head sheet spring-steel receptacle in the
stationary member
Hi-Lite Fasteners
Similar to the Hi-Lok except that it is Airloc Fastener
made from lighter materials and has a Consists of a steel stud and cross-pin in
shorter transition from the threaded a removable cowling or door and a
section to the shank sheet spring-steel receptacle in the
stationary member
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RIVET LAYOUT PATTERN Dent
A damage area which is depressed with
Edge Distance respect to its normal contour
2-4 times the diameter of the rivet Distortion
shank Any twisting, bending, or permanent
The most commonly used spacing is 2.5 strain which results in misalignment or
times the diameter if the rivet shank change of shape
Corrosion
Rivet Pitch The destruction of material by chemical
3-12 times the diameter of the rivet or electrochemical action
shank Crease
A damage area which is depressed or
Transverse Pitch folded back upon itself in such a
75% of the pitch, provided that the manner that its boundaries are sharp
rivets in the adjacent row is staggered or well-defined lines or ridges
RIVET INSTALLATION Abrasion
Hand Riveting A damage area of any size which
Compression Riveting results in a cross-sectional area change
Gun Riveting due to scuffing rubbing, scraping or
other surface erosion; it is usually
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE rough or irregular
Mark Nick
Damage of area of any size where A small loss of material due to a knock,
accumulation of scratches, nicks, chips, etc. at the edge of a member or skin
burrs, or gouges, etc. is present in such Crazing
a way that the damage must be treated A mesh of minute hairline surface
as an area and not as a series of cracks
individual scratches, etc. Delamination/Debonding
Scratch The separation of a laminate into its
A line of damage of any depth and constituent layers
length in the material and results in a Hole
cross-sectional area change Constitutes a complete penetration of
Gouge the surface
A dimensional area of any size which Burn Marks (Lightning Strikes)
results in a cross-sectional area change Are usually spot formed welded
Crack damages with discoloration of the
A partial fracture or complete break in material
the material with the most significant
cross-sectional area change
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Brinelling Score
Occurrence of shallow, spherical Deeper (than scratch) tear or break in
depressions in a surface, usually metal surface from contact under
produced by a part having a small Stain
radius in contact with the surface A change in color, locally causing a
under high load noticeably different appearance from
Burnishing the surrounding area
Polishing of one surface by sliding Upsetting
contact with a smooth, harder surface A displacement of material beyond the
Burr normal contour or surface (a local
A small, thin section of metal extending bulge or bump)
beyond a regular surface, usually
located at a corner or on the edge of a PATCH REPAIR
hole
Erosion Lap or Scab Patch
Loss of metal from the surface by An external patch where the edges of
mechanical action of foreign objects, the patch and the skin overlap each
such as grit or fine sand other
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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𝐒𝐄𝐓𝐁𝐀𝐂𝐊 = THICKNESS + BEND RADIUS
Flat
Distance between inside bend tangent
lines from one bend to another, or
from the end of a piece of metal to the
first bend tangent line
Bend Allowance
The amount of material that is actually
involved in the bend and is equal to the
length of the neutral axis
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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NUTS PINS
Held on a bolt by passing a cotter pin Roll Pins
through a hole in the bolt shank and o Used to provide a pivot for a
through slots, or castellations, in the joint where the pin is not likely
nut to be removed
Self-Locking and Non Self-Locking Clevis Pins
o Used for hinge pins in some
Standard Nuts aircraft control systems
1. AN310 Castle Nut Taper Pin
2. AN320 Shear Castle Nut o Does not allow any loose
3. AN315 Plain Nut motion or play
4. AN316 Check Nut
5. AN340 Machine Screw Nut WASHERS
6. AN345 Machine Screw Nut Provide a bearing surface area for nuts,
7. AN355 Slotted Engine Nut and act as spacers or shims to obtain
8. AN360 Plain Engine Nut the proper grip length for a bolt and nut
9. AN350 Wing Nut assembly
10. AN364 Shear Self-Locking Nuts
WOOD
Anchor Nuts
Are permanently mounted nut plates Solid wood
that enable inspection plates and access Used for some aircraft wing spars and,
doors to be easily removed and as the name implies, is made of one
installed solid piece cut from a log
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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WOOD DEFECTS Knot
Portion of a branch or limb that is
Brown Rot embedded in the wood of a tree trunk,
Any decay in wood that produces a light or that has been surrounded by
to dark brown, easily crumbled residue subsequent stem growth
Checks Mineral Streaks
A lengthwise separation or crack of the An olive to greenish-black or brown
wood that extends along the wood discoloration believed to show regions
grain of abnormal concentrations of mineral
Compression Failure matter in some hardwoods
Characterized by a buckling of fibers Pin Knots
that appear as streaks on the surface of Knots with diameters less than or equal
the wood that are at right angles to the to 1/2 inch
grain Pitch Pocket
Compression wood Lens-shaped opening extending parallel
Characterized by high specific gravity, it to the annual growth rings in certain
has the appearance of an excessive coniferous wood
growth of summerwood Spike Knots
Cross Grain Knots that run completely through the
Wood in which the direction of the depth of the wood perpendicular to the
fibers or grain deviate from a line annual rings
parallel to the sides Split
Curly Grain Longitudinal cracks produced by
Wood with distorted fibers resulting in artificially induced stress
a curly appearance as in bird's-eye Shakes
wood A separation or crack along the grain,
Decay the greater part of which may occur at
The destruction and eventual reduction the com mon boundary of two rings or
of wood to its component sugars and within growth rings
base elements through attack by
organisms such as fungi and certain AIRCRAFT ADHESIVES/GLUE
insects such as termites; may also be
referred to as "dote" Casein Glue
Dry rot Deteriorates over the years after it is
Any dry, crumbly rot but especially a exposed to moisture in the air and to
wood easily crushed to dry powder in wide variations in temperature
its advanced stage
Hard knots Plastic Resin Glue
Solid across the surface, at least as hard A urea-formaldehyde resin that is
as the surrounding wood, and shows no water-, insect-, and mold-proof
indication of decay
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Resorcinol Glue COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
A two-part synthetic resin glue Are combinations of two or more
consisting of a resin and a hardener and materials that differ in composition or
is the most water-resistant of the glues form
used
Fiberglass
Phenol-Formaldehyde Glue Made from small strands of molten
Requires high curing temperatures and silica glass that are spun together and
pressures making it impractical for use woven into cloth
in the field S-Glass
o Has very high tensile strength
Epoxy Resins E-Glass
Are two-part synthetic resins that o Has high resistivity to current
generally consist of a resin and a flow
hardener mixed together in specific
quantities Aramid
Exhibits high tensile strength,
WOOD PREPARATION exceptional flexibility, high tensile
stiffness, low compressive properties,
Pot Life and excellent toughness
is the useable life of the glue from the
time it is mixed until the time it must be Carbon Fibers
used Produced in an inert atmosphere by the
pyrolysis of organic fibers such as rayon,
Open-Assembly Time poly-acrylonitrile, and pitch
The allowable time between the
application of the glue and the time the Boron Fibers
joint is assembled Are made by depositing the element
boron onto a thin filament of tungsten
Closed-Assembly Time
The allowable length of time between Ceramic
the assembling of the joint and the Used where a high-temperature
application of the clamping pressure application is needed
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Weft/Fill Catalyst
Are those that run perpendicular (90°) Suppress the inhibitors and initiate the
to the warp fibers curing process
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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poly vinyl chloride (PVC)/Strux Kinds of Developer
o Can be used with either 1) Dry Developer
polyester or epoxy resins and 2) Wet Developer
cut with a hot wire 3) Nonaqueous Developer
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Resonance Acetylene Gas
This system differs from the pulse Heavy gas, with a disagreeable odor,
method in that the frequency of acetylene becomes unstable at
transmission may be continuously pressures of 15 psi or higher
varied
Oxygen Gas
RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that
Uses certain sections of the comprises 21 percent of the volume of
electromagnetic spectrum to the earth's atmosphere
photograph an object's interior
Carbonizing Flame
TAP TEST Relatively rich in acetylene
Tapping the edge of a coin lightly along Used for brazing and soldering
an area that is suspected to be
damaged Neutral Flame
Solid ringing sound means an Used primarily when welding aircraft
undamaged area steel
Hollow thud means a damaged area
Oxidizing Flame
LASER HOLOGRAPHY Relatively rich in oxygen
The part is heated and then Used for cutting
photographed using a laser light source
and a special camera system Equipment
a) Pressure Regulators
AIRCRAFT WELDING b) Hoses
Fusion Welding c) Torches
o The blending of compatible d) Torch Lighters
molten metals into one e) Filler Rods
common part or joint f) Oxyacetylene Welding Goggles
Non-Fusion Welding g) Welding Gloves
o the joining of metals by
adhesion of one metal to Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
another Also called Stick Welding
Useful for fabricating tools and shop
OXYACETYLENE WELDING equipment, but it is not generally used
Uses two gases, oxygen and acetylene, for the fabrication or repair of aircraft
to produce a flame
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Formerly called Metal Inert Gas (MIG)
welding
No slag is deposited on the weld bead
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Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) e) Edge Joint
Uses a tungsten electrode that does not Formed by bending the edges
act as filler rod of one or both parts upward
and place the two ends parallel
Spot Welding to each other
Two copper electrodes are held in the
jaws of a vise-like machine and the Brazing
pieces of metal to be welded are A form of metal joining in which an
clamped between them iron-free metal is used as a cohesive
material
Seam Welding
Used to manufacture fuel tanks and Flux
other components where a continuous Used to clean the surfaces of the metal
weld is needed being joined
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Grade-A Cotton DETERMINING FABRIC STRENGTH
Minimum tensile strength of 80 lb/in2 Seyboth Tester
For an aircraft having a VNE 160 miles Maule Tester
per hour and wing loading of 9 pounds
per square foot AIRCRAFT PAINTING AND FINISHING
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MODIFICATION
Wash Primer CORROSION
A three-component material. Four parts
of primer are mixed with one part acid Naphtha
and four parts thinner and allowed to Used to remove oil, grease, or soft
stand for twenty minutes to begin preservative compounds
curing Aliphatic Naphtha
o A hydrocarbon solvent that
Acrylic Lacquer dissolves oil and grease but
Easy to apply does not harm rubber or acrylic
Have a lower solids content than components
enamels but they produce a good gloss, Aromatic Naphtha
especially if they are polished o Attacks rubber and acrylic
compounds
Polyurethane
One of the most durable and attractive Oxidation Corrosion
topcoats on high-speed, high-altitude Occurs when a metal such as aluminum
aircraft is exposed to a gas containing oxygen
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Filiform Corrosion MAINTENANCE PUBLICATION, FORMS,
Results when the wash primer used on AND RECORDS
a metal has not been properly cured
Manufacturers’ Service
Intergranular Corrosion Bulletins/Instructions/Letters
An attack along the grain boundaries of
These are types of publications issued
a material
by airframe, engine, and component
manufacturers
Exfoliation Corrosion
An extreme case of inter-granular
Aircraft Maintenance Manual
corrosion
Contains complete instructions for
maintenance of all systems and
Stress Corrosion
components installed in the aircraft
Occurs when metal is subjected to a
tensile stress in the presence of a
Overhaul Manual/ Component Maintenance
corrosive environment
Manual
Contains brief descriptive information
Fretting Corrosion and detailed step by step instructions
Results of the abrasive wear caused by
covering work normally performed on a
the two surfaces rubbing against each
unit that has been removed from the
other aircraft
PROTECTIVE COATING
Airworthiness Certificate
Signifies that an aircraft meets the
Anodizing
standards for service
An electrolytic process of applying an
Stays with the aircraft throughout its
oxide film is performed in the factories
service life and is transferred when
ownership changes
Alodizing
Applying of a protective film through Technical Standard Order
chemical rather than an electrolytic
A set of specifications that call for parts
process
to meet certain quality standards
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Type Certificate Data Sheets Service
Describes the type design and sets forth Means to perform functions that assure
the limitations prescribed by the continued operation
applicable CFR part
Preventive Maintenance
Repair Consists of preservation, upkeep, and
An operation that restores an item to a the simple replacement of small parts.
condition of practical operation or to Under some circumstances, the FARs
original condition allow licensed airmen other than
maintenance personnel to perform
Major Repair preventive maintenance
One that, if improperly done, might
appreciably affect weight, balance, Structural Repair Manual
structural strength, performance, Contains information and specific
power plant operation, flight instructions for repairing primary and
characteristics, or other airworthiness secondary structures
factors
Illustrated Parts Catalog
Alteration Presents component breakdowns of
Any change in the configuration or structure and equipment in disassembly
design of an aircraft sequence
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Aircraft Logs Determines hardness by forcing a
An inclusive term which applies to the penetrator into a sample and measuring
aircraft logbook and all supplemental the diameter of the resulting
records concerned with the aircraft impression
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
ATA CHAPTERS AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
0 General 46 Information Systems
1 Maintenance Policy 47 Inert Gas System
2 Operations 48 Inflight Fuel Dispensing ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
3 Support 49 AAP
4 Airworthiness 50 Cargo and Accessory GENERATORS
Limitations Compartments Any piece of equipment that converts
5 Time Limits/ mechanical energy into electrical
Maintenance Check energy by electromagnetic induction
6 Dimensions and Areas 51 Standard Practices
DC and AC Generator
7 Lifting and Shoring 52 Doors
8 Leveling and Weighing 53 Fuselage
9 Towing and Taxiing 54 Nacelles/Pylon Ripple
10 Parking, Mooring, 55 Stabilizers The variation in DC voltage which is
Storage and RTS reduced by adding more loops
11 Placard and Markings 56 Windows
12 Servicing 57 Wings Field Frame
14 Hardware Constitutes the foundation for the
18 Vibration 60 Standard Practices
generator
61 Propellers/Propulsors
20 Standard Practices 62 Main rotor
21 Air Conditioning 63 Main Rotor Drive Armature Assembly
22 Auto Flight 64 Tail Rotor Consists of the armature coils, the
23 Communications 65 Tail Rotor Drive commutator and other associated
24 Electrical Power 66 Folding Blades/Pylon mechanical parts
25 Equipment/Furnishing 67 Rotor Flight Control
26 Fire Protection Commutator
27 Flight Controls 70 Standard Practice Is located at one end of the armature
28 Fuel 71 Power Plant and consists of wedge-shaped segments
29 Hydraulic Power 72 Engine
of hard-drawn copper
30 Ice and Rain Protection 73 Engine Fuel & Control
31 Indicating/Recording 74 Ignition
32 Landing Gear 75 Air Brush
33 Lights 76 Engine Controls Acts as the electrical contact between
34 Navigation 77 Engine Indicating armature coils and an external circuit
35 Oxygen 78 Exhaust
36 Pneumatic 79 Oil Types of DC Generators
37 Vacuum 80 Starting a) Series-Wound
38 Water/Waste 81 Turbocharging Field windings in series
39 Electrical 82 Water Injection
b) Shunt-Wound
40 Multisystem 83 Accessory Gearboxes
Field windings in parallel
41 Water Ballast 84 Prop Augmentation
42 IMA 85 Fuel Cell System c) Compound-Wound
44 Cabin System 91 Charts Combination of Series-Wound
45 OMS 92 E. System Installation and Shunt Wound
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Inter-Poles Bonding
Used to counteract some of the effects A process that grounds all components
of field distortion when the speed and in an aircraft together electrically
load of the generator are changing
constantly SWITCHES
Interrupts the flow of current to the
ALTERNATORS component it controls
Conduit MOTORS
Used to enclose a wiring that provides Helps in performing operations that
the best mechanical protection require forces greater than what a pilot
Inside diameter must be 25% larger can perform manually
than the maximum diameter of the wire
bundle
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
DC Motor AC Motor
Rotating machine that transforms Do not use brushes or commutators
direct-current electrical energy into
mechanical energy Universal Motor
Armature Assembly They can operate on either alternating
o Contains a soft-iron core, coils, or direct current
and commutator mounted on a
rotatable steel shaft Induction Motor
Field Assembly There is no need for an electrical
o Consists of the field frame, a set connection between the motor housing
of pole pieces, and field coils and the rotating elements
Brush Assembly
o Consists of brushes and their Synchronous Motor
holders The torque developed does not depend
End Frame on the induction of currents in the rotor
o The part of the motor that the
armature assembly rotates in HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM
Series, Shunt and Compound DC Motor
HYDRAULIC FLUID PROPERTIES
ENERGY LOSSES Viscosity
o Internal resistance to flow
Copper losses Chemical Stability
Occur when electrons are forced o Ability of the liquid to resist
through the copper armature and field oxidation and deterioration for
windings long periods
Flash Point
Iron losses o Temperature at which a liquid
Are divided into hysteresis and eddy gives off vapor in sufficient
current losses quantity to ignite momentarily
Hysteresis Losses (flash) when a flame is applied
o Result from the armature Fire Point
revolving in a magnetic field, o Temperature at which a
which causes the current in the substance gives off vapor in
armature to alternate, thus sufficient quantity to ignite and
magnetizing it in two directions continue to burn when exposed
Eddy Current Losses to a spark or flame
o Occur because the armature's
iron core acts as a conductor
revolving in a magnetic field
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS Variable-Displacement Pump
Does not move a constant amount of
Vegetable-Base Fluid fluid each revolution, but only the
MIL-H-7644 amount the system will accept
Blue, Essentially Castor oil and alcohol
Flow-Control Valves
Mineral-Base Fluid Selects the route of flow of the fluid
MIL-H-5606 through the system, and is not normally
Red, Kerosene-type petroleum product concerned with the pressure
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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Control Valve WHEELS
Consists of a three-port housing, two
poppet valves, and a control lever with Camber
two lobes A measure of the amount the wheel
leans, as viewed from straight ahead
Check Valve
prevents a flow of air out the intake Toe-In
port If lines drawn through the center of the
two wheels cross ahead of the wheels
Restrictor
Reduces the rate of airflow and the Toe-Out
speed of operation of an actuating unit Causes the wheels to try and move
apart
Moisture Separator
Collects the water that is in the air on a AIRCRAFT BRAKES
baffle, and holds it until the system is Single-Disc Brakes
shutdown Multiple Disc Brakes
Segmented Rotor-Disc Brakes
Shuttle Valves Carbon Breaks
Used to provide an emergency
pneumatic backup for hydraulically TIRES
operated landing gear or brake systems
Tire Types
LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS Type III
o Most popular low-pressure tire
LANDING GEAR ARRANGEMENT found today on piston-powered
a) Tail-Wheel Type Landing Gear aircraft
b) Tricycle-Type Landing Gear Type VII
c) Tandem Landing Gear o Extra-high pressure tires are the
d) Fixed or Retractable Landing Gear standard for jet aircraft
Type VIII
Shock Struts o Used for high performance jet
Also known as Oleo Strut aircraft with their extremely
Most widely used shock absorber high takeoff speeds
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Carcass If the center ribs are worn away while
Made up of layers or plies of rubber- the shoulder ribs still have an
coated nylon-cord fabric appreciable depth, the tire has been
operated in an over-inflated condition
Tread and is highly susceptible to cuts and
The wearing surface on the outer bruises
circumference of the tire Tread that has been worn until the body
Plain or Smooth Tread plies are visible indicates poor
o Popular for tires used on maintenance
airplanes with no brakes, or for Uneven tread wear can indicate that
aircraft whose brakes were the landing gear is out of alignment
used primarily as a taxi aid, Tread wear in spots can be caused by
rather than for slowing the malfunctioning brakes, improperly
aircraft in its landing roll torqued bearings, worn strut parts, or
All-Weather Tread landing with brakes engaged
o A rib tread in the center and
diamonds molded into the POSITION AND WARNING SYSTEM
shoulders
Rib Tread ANTI-SKID SYSTEM
o It is designed especially for use Avoid excessive braking to prevent
on hard-surfaced runways and skidding and loss of control
gives long tread wear, good
traction, and exceptionally good System Components
directional stability Wheel-Speed Sensor
Control Valves
Sidewall Control Unit
A rubber covering that extends from
the tread down to the bead heel to STALL WARNING INDICATOR
protect the carcass from injuries such as Indicated if an aircraft is approaching
cuts or bruises and from exposure to stall
moisture and ozone
Stall
Tread Condition A flight condition where the airflow
A tire that has been properly over the upper surface of the wing
maintained and operated with the separates and becomes turbulent
correct inflation pressure will wear the
tread uniformly Electric Stall Warning
Under-inflation will cause the shoulder Uses a small vane mounted near the
ribs to wear more than those in the stagnation point in the leading edge of
center the wing
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Autosyn Systems Vertical Speed Indicator
A registered trade name for a system Helps a pilot establish a rate of climb or
that uses a single-phase electromagnet descent to allow arrival at a specified
for the rotor and a three-phase delta altitude at a given time
connected coil for the stator
Tachometer
Magnesyn Systems A mechanical or electrical instrument
Uses a permanent magnet for its rotor that displays engine r.p.m
rather than the electromagnet
Turn Indicators
Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System Measure the rate of rotation of an
Requires very little monitoring by the aircraft about its vertical axis
crew and promotes quick, accurate
identification and recording of Deviation
problems A compass error which occurs due to
disturbances from magnetic fields
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM produced by metals and electrical
accessories within the air-plane itself
Gauge Pressure
The difference between atmospheric Electronic Attitude Director Indicator
pressure and the pressure being Displays much of the basic flight data
measured needed to maintain a smooth and
comfortable flight
Differential Pressure
Differential pressure is the comparison Clock
between two different pressures One of the most fundamental of
instruments, used for timing flight
Altimeter maneuvers, for navigation and for
Simply a barometer that measures the determining engine functions such as
absolute pressure of the air the fuel consumption rate
Encoding, Servo and Radio Altimeter
AVIONICS SYSTEM
Airspeed Indicator
A differential pressure gauge that Radio
measures the difference between the Refers to the wireless transmission of
pitot and the static air pressure information from one point to another
40
MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Frequency Modulator
The number of times something occurs device needed to superimpose the
in a given period of time audio frequency (AF) signal onto the
carrier wave signal before it is sent to
Carrier Wave the antenna
Necessary to transmit radio wave
information Demodulator
Modulation Removes the RF component of the
o Variation or alteration of the modulated RF signal and produces an
carrier wave in any way audio frequency output
o Amplitude and Frequency
Filters
Ground Waves Used in a radio circuit to remove or
Frequency below 3 MHz filter out unwanted frequencies
Follow the curvature of the earth
Antenna
Sky Waves An electrical conductor that radiates or
Operate in the HF band from 3 MHz to receives radio waves
30 MHz Hertz Dipole
Bounce or retract off the ionosphere o Its overall length is equal to one
half the wavelength of the EM
Space Waves wave it is designed to send out
Transmitted above 30MHz or pick up
Does not bounce off the ionosphere Marconi Monopole Antenna
o A single metal conductor with a
BASIC RADIO COMPONENTS length of 1/4 wavelength
Wire Antenna
Transmitters o A length of wire that is
The electronic unit that accepts supported by masts and
information and converts it into a radio attachments above or below
frequency signal capable of being the aircraft fuselage
transmitted over long distances
Receivers
Oscillator Reproduces the information signal
Generates the carrier signal at the received by the antenna
desired frequency
AVIONICS SYSTEMS
Amplifier
A component that increases the HF Communications
strength of a signal and is found in both Operate on frequencies between 2 and
transmitters and receivers 30 MHz
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
VHF Communications Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Includes the frequencies between 118.0 Measures groundspeed by comparing
megahertz (MHz) and 135.975 MHz the time lapse between a series of
pulses, flight in any direction other than
Intercoms and Interphones directly to or away from the station will
Uses audio signals to permit result in an unreliable reading
communication between various points
in and around the aircraft Long-Range Navigation (LORAN)
Uses a network of land-based radio
SATCOM transmitters originally developed to
Consists of a UHF radio installed in the provide all-weather navigation
aircraft for voice and data
communications Inertial Navigation System (INS)
A self-contained system that uses gyros,
SELCAL accelerometers, and a navigation
Used for communications between computer to calculate position
aircraft in flight and people on the
ground such as the airline managers or Global Positioning System (GPS)
dispatch Calculates its own position, it can then
determine and display the distance,
Aircraft Communication Addressing and bearing, and estimated time enroute to
Reporting System (ACARS) the next way-point
Provides an automatic and manual
means to transmit and receive RADAR
operational, maintenance, and Uses a synchronized radio transmitter
administrative information between the and receiver to emit radio waves and
air process their reflections for display
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Glideslope ANTI-ICING SYSTEMS
o Transmits on frequencies of
328-336 MHz in the UHF band Thermal Anti-Icing
Marker Beacons Heated air is directed through specially
o Low-powered transmitters that designed heater ducts in the leading
transmit a cone-shaped pattern edges of the wings and tail surfaces to
straight up into the air prevent ice formation
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
RAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS Chemical/Solid Oxygen
A solid oxygen generator consists of a
Windshield Wiper shaped block of a chemical such as
Similar to those on automobiles except Sodium Chlorate encased in a
they must be able to withstand the air protective steel case
loads that are caused by high speeds of
operation OXYGEN SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
44
MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Demand-Type Ram Air Door
o The regulator is set up to meter Allow cool outside air to ventilate the
the proper amount of oxygen to cabin with fresh air during
the user, so outside air would unpressurized flight
upset the required ratio of air
to oxygen Receiver-Dryer
The reservoir for the system and is
VENTILATION SYSTEMS located in the high side between the
condenser and the expansion valve
Exhaust Shroud Heaters
A sheet-metal shroud is installed Thermal Expansion Valve
around the muffler in the engine The control device which meters the
exhaust system correct amount of refrigerant into the
evaporator
Electric Heating Systems
A fan blows air over the heating coils to Evaporator
heat and circulate the air back into the Consists of one or more circuits of
cabin copper tubing arranged in parallel
between the expansion valve and the
Combustion Heater compressor
Used for small single-engine aircraft,
and compressor bleed air heating is Compressor
primarily used on large turbine- Circulates the refrigerant through the
powered aircraft system
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
Compression Isolation Service Valves Fuel Identification
o Used to isolate the com-pressor
from the system for servicing
without losing the refrigerant
charge
SERVICE EQUIPMENT
Low-Side Gauge
A compound gauge, meaning that it will
read pressure on either side of
atmospheric pressure
Manifold
Connects the gauges, the valves, and FUEL SYSTEM OPERATION
the charging hoses
Gravity-Feed System
Charging Hoses Use two fuel tanks, one in either wing
Attached to the fittings of the manifold Fuel can be drawn from either tank
set for servicing the system individually, or both tanks can feed the
engine at the same time
AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM
Pump-Feed System
AVIATION FUEL Used in low-wing planes
A liquid containing chemical energy Engine-driven and/or electric pump
that, through combustion, is released as must be used to provide adequate fuel
heat energy and then converted to pressure
mechanical energy by the engine
AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Characteristics of Aviation Fuel
Weight – Must have the highest Tanks
possible energy Manufactured from materials that will
Density – Important factor when fueling not react chemically with any aviation
large jet transport aircraft fuel and have a number of common
Volatility – Fuel must vaporize readily features
to burn evenly but not too much which Flapper Valves
could lead to vapor lock o Prevent fuel from flowing away
from the boost pump or tank
Octane Number out-let when the aircraft is in a
Compares the anti-knock properties to a high "G" maneuver
mixture of iso-octane and normal heptane Welded, Integrated, and Bladder
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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Fuel Tank Filler Caps CONTAMINANTS
Located on the upper surface of the
wing, and it is possible for fuel to be Solid Contaminants
siphoned from the tank if the cap is Those which do not dissolve in fuel
leaking or improperly installed
Surfactants
Fuel Lines and Fittings Consists of soap or detergent-like
Metal tubing is usually made of materials that occur naturally in fuel, or
Aluminum Alloy can be introduced during refining or
Flexible Hose is made of Synthetic handling
Rubber or Teflon
Microorganisms
Selector Valves Have become a critical problem in some
Provide a means for shutting off the turbine fuel systems
fuel flow, for tank and engine selection,
for crossfeed, and for fuel transfer Detection of Contaminants
a) Millipore
Fuel Pumps A filter-type test capable of
Deliver a properly pressured, detecting microscopic solid
continuous supply of fuel during engine contaminants down to .8 of a
operation micron in size
Hand Pump b) "White Bucket" Test
o Used for backing up an engine- Is particularly helpful in
driven pump and for detecting surfactant
transferring fuel from one tank concentrations in turbine fuel
into another
Centrifugal Boost Pump
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
o An electric motor drives a
centrifugal pump to sling fuel
Fire
out into the discharge line
A reaction between oxygen and fuel
Fuel Injectors
For a fire to occur, There must be Fuel,
Oxygen, and Enough Heat to raise the
Filters
temperature of the fuel to its ignition or
Many smaller fuel strainers use a filter
kindling point
element, consisting of a simple disk of
relatively fine mesh screen wire at the
CLASSES OF FIRES
top of the strainer bowl
a) Class A
All fuel tanks should have a drain valve
One in which solid combustible
(sump) or drain plug at their lowest
material burns, such as wood,
point
paper, or cloth
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
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b) Class B CONTINUOUS LOOP
Composed of combustible A single switch in the form of a long
liquids such as gasoline, oil, jet inconel tube is used instead of several
fuel, and many of the paint individual switches
thinners and solvents used in
aviation maintenance FENWAL SYSTEM
c) Class C Produces a thermoswitch fire-detection
Those that involve energized system, a thermocouple fire-detection
electrical equipment system, and a continuous-loop fire-
d) Class D detection system
Involve burning metals such as
magnesium, and are difficult to Thermoswitch Detector
extinguish A spot-type detection system that uses
a number of thermally activated
FIRE ZONES switches
a) Class A Single-Loop
Have large quantities of air o All of the thermoswitches are
flowing past regular wired in parallel with each
arrangements of similarly other, and the entire group of
shaped obstructions switches is connected in series
b) Class B with an indicator light
Have large quantities of air Double-Loop
flowing past regular o All of the detectors are
arrangements of similarly connected in parallel between
shaped obstructions two complete loops of wiring
c) Class C
Have relatively low airflow Thermocouple Detector
through them Initiates a fire warning when the
d) Class D temperature of the surrounding air rises
Have very little or no airflow too rapidly
e) Class X Active Thermocouple
Have large quantities of air o Placed in fire zones around an
flowing through them and are engine
of unusual construction Reference Thermocouple
o Placed in a dead-air space
between two insulated blocks
FIRE DETECTION
Continuous-Loop Detector
SPOT DETECTION Consists of a single overheat-sensing
Placed in locations where a fire is likely element that varies in length,
to occur depending on the size of the fire zone
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MMTB
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND
MODIFICATION
KIDDE SYSTEM 3) Solid-State Type
Consists of a single overheat-sensing Consist of a heating coil
element that varies in length encased in a coating of
Conductors are embedded in a semiconductor material
thermistor, or thermal resistor mate-
rial, to prevent the two electrodes from CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
touching each other and the exterior Used to sense the presence of deadly
casing carbon monoxide gas, and are primarily
found in aircraft cabins or cockpits
LINDBERG System
A pneumatic continuous-loop type FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
system consisting of a stainless steel
tube filled with an inert gas and a FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
discrete material that is capable of Carbon Dioxide
absorbing a portion of the gas o A colorless, odorless gas that is
about one and one-half times
SYSTRON-DONNER SYSTEM heavier than air
Utilizes a gas filled tube with a titanium Halogen
wire running through its center as a o One of the group that consists
sensing element of chlorine, fluorine, bromine,
or iodine
FLAME DETECTORS
Consist of a photoelectric sensor that
measures the amount of visible light or
infrared radiation in an enclosed area
SMOKE DETECTORS
1) Light Refraction Type
When smoke particles are
present, they refract light into
the photoelectric cell which
activates a warning light and
aural warning
2) Ionization Type
Use a small amount of
radioactive material to ionize
some of the oxygen and
nitrogen molecules in the air
sample drawn into the detector
cell
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