Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABS Offshore Installations Rules PDF
ABS Offshore Installations Rules PDF
1997
Copyright © 1997
American Bureau of Shipping
Two World Trade Center, 106th Floor
New York, NY 10048 USA
Part 3 Design
SECTION
1 Environmental Conditions ............................................................................................................ 41
2 Loads.............................................................................................................................................. 45
3 General Design Requirements...................................................................................................... 51
4 Steel Structures.............................................................................................................................. 55
5 Concrete Structures....................................................................................................................... 59
6 Foundations ................................................................................................................................... 69
7 Marine Operations ......................................................................................................................... 75
These Rules apply to the design, construction and installation of Offshore Installations defined in 1/4.1.7, as
well as the periodic surveys which are to be carried out after installation for maintenance of classification. The
serviceability of an installation is also addressed in these Rules, but only to the extent that the proper functioning
of the structure or its components will affect safety. These Rules are also applicable to the Certification or Veri-
fication of either the design, construction or installation of an offshore installation or any combination of them.
ABS will Certify or Verify the design, construction or installation of an offshore installation when requested by
the owner of an installation or mandated by government regulations to verify compliance either to these Rules,
set of specific requirements, national standards or other applicable industry standards. If ABS’s Certification or
Verification of the offshore installation is in accordance with these Rules and covers the design, construction
and installation, then the offshore installation is also eligible for ABS Classification.
The Rules have been written for worldwide application and as such, the satisfaction of individual requirements
may require comprehensive data, analyses and plans to demonstrate the adequacy of the structure. This instance
may arise for unique structural types or structures located in frontier areas, which are those characterized by
relatively great water depth or areas where little or no operating experience has been obtained. Conversely,
many provisions of these Rules often can be satisfied merely on a comparative basis of local conditions or past
successful practices. The Bureau acknowledges that a wide latitude exists as to the extent and type of documen-
tation which is required for submission to satisfy these Rules. It is not the intention of these Rules to impose
requirements or practices in addition to those which have previously proven satisfactory in similar situations.
Where available, design requirements in these Rules have been posed in terms of existing methodologies and
their attendant safety factors, load factors or permissible stresses which are deemed to provide an adequate level
of safety. Primarily, the Bureau’s use of such methods and limits in these Rules reflects what is considered to be
the current state of practice in offshore installation design. At the same time, it is acknowledged that new meth-
ods of design and construction are constantly evolving along with new structural types, or new uses for estab-
lished structural types and components. In recognition of these facts, the Rules specifically allow for such inno-
vations. The application of these Rules by the Bureau will not seek to inhibit the use of any technological ap-
proach which can be shown to produce an acceptable level of safety.
This Rule book supersedes and replaces the section 1 of “ABS Guide for Building and Classing Undersea Pipe-
line Systems and Risers 1991” and all relevant cross references to “ABS Rules for Building and Classing Off-
shore Installations 1983” in “ABS Guide for Building and Classing Facilities on Offshore Installations 1991.”
Division Number
Part 1/
Section 1/1
Subsection 1/1.1
Paragraph 1/1.1.1
Subparagraph 1/1.1.1a
Item 1/1.1.1a1
Subitem 1/1.1.1a1a
PART 1
SECTION 1 Scope and Conditions
of Classification
ance only with one or more of the Rules, Guides, 1/1.2.3 Special Notations
Standards or other criteria of the American Bureau
of Shipping and is issued solely for the use of the If the survey requirements related to maintenance of
Bureau, its committees, its clients or other authorized special notations are not carried out as required, the
entities. Nothing contained in any certificate, report, suspension or cancellation may be limited to those
plan or document review or approval is to be deemed special notations only.
to be in any way a representation or statement be-
yond those contained in 1/1.1.3. The validity, appli- 1/1.2.4 Suspension of Class Includes:
cability and interpretation of any certificate, report, a Class is suspended for any use, operation, loading
plan or document review or approval are governed condition or other application of any offshore in-
by the Rules and Standards of the American Bureau stallation for which it has not been approved and
of Shipping who shall remain the sole judge thereof. which affects or may affect classification or the
The Bureau is not responsible for the consequences structural integrity, quality or fitness for a par-
arising from the use by other parties of the Rules, ticular use or service.
Guides, Standards or other criteria of the American b If the periodical surveys required for maintenance
Bureau of Shipping, without review, plan approval of class are not carried out by the due date and no
and survey by the Bureau. Rule allowed extension has been granted, class
The term “approved” shall be interpreted to mean will be suspended.
that the plans, reports or documents have been re- c If recommendations issued by the Surveyor are
viewed for compliance with one or more of the Rules, not carried out within their due dates, class will be
Guides, Standards, or other criteria of the Bureau. suspended.
The Rules are published on the understanding d Class is suspended for any damage, failure, dete-
that responsibility for operation, reasonable handling rioration or repair that has not been completed as
and loading, as well as for avoidance of distributions recommended.
of loads, which are likely to set up abnormally se- e If proposed repairs as referred to in 1/1.15.1
vere stresses in offshore installations, does not rest have not been submitted to the Bureau and
upon the Committee. agreed upon prior to commencement, class may
be suspended.
1/1.2 Suspension and Cancellation
of Class 1/1.2.5 Cancellation of Class
a If the circumstances leading to suspension of
1/1.2.1 Termination of Classification
class are not corrected within the time specified,
The continuance of the Classification of any offshore the offshore installations class will be canceled.
installation is conditional upon the Rule require- b An offshore installations class is canceled imme-
ments for periodical, damage and other surveys be- diately when an offshore installation resumes op-
ing duly carried out. The Committee reserves the eration without having completed recommenda-
right to reconsider, withhold, suspend, or cancel the tions which were required to be dealt with before
class of any offshore installation or any part of the resuming operations.
machinery for noncompliance with the Rules, for de-
fects reported by the Surveyors which have not been 1/1.3 Class Designation
rectified in accordance with their recommendations,
or for nonpayment of fees which are due on account 1/1.3.1 Offshore Installations Built Under
of classification and other surveys. Suspension or Survey
cancellation of class may take effect immediately or
after a specified period of time. Offshore installations which have been built under
the supervision of the Surveyors of the Bureau to the
requirements of these Rules or to their equivalent,
1/1.2.2 Notice of Surveys
where approved by the Classification Committee,
It is the responsibility of the owner to ensure that all will be classed and distinguished in the Record by
surveys necessary for the maintenance of class are the symbols @ A1 Offshore Installation.
carried out at the proper time. The Bureau will give Offshore Installations which have been built to
proper notice to an owner of upcoming surveys. This the satisfaction of the Surveyors of the Bureau, to the
may be done by means of a letter, a quarterly vessel requirements as contained in the “Guide for Building
status or other communication. The non-receipt of and Classing Facilities on Offshore Installations”
such notice, however, does not absolve the owner and/or “Guide for Building and Classing Undersea
from his responsibility to comply with survey re- Pipeline Systems and Risers”, and which are ap-
quirements for maintenance of class. proved by the Committee will be classed and distin-
guished in the Record by the symbols @ A1 Offshore tee will consider special arrangements, or equipment,
Installation followed by the appropriate notation: or machinery which can be shown to comply with
standards recognized in the country in which the off-
@ A1 Offshore Installation—Hydrocarbon
shore installation is registered or built, provided they
Processing
are not less effective.
@ A1 Offshore Installation—Hydrocarbon
Production
@ A1 Offshore Installation—Electric Gener- 1/1.5.3 Novel Features
ating Plant (electric generating plant—ex- Offshore installations with novel features of design
port load) in regard to structural arrangements, machinery,
@ A1 Offshore Installation—Undersea Pipe- equipment, etc., to which these Rules are not directly
line applicable, may be classed when approved by the
@ A1 Offshore Installation—Chemical Proc- Committee on the basis that these Rules, insofar as
essing applicable, have been complied with and that special
@ A1 Offshore Installation—Metals/Ore Proc- consideration has been given to the novel features,
essing based on the best information available at the time.
1/1.3.2 Offshore Installations Not Built Under 1/1.5.4 Effective Date of Rule Change
Survey
a) Six Month Rule
Offshore Installations which have not been built un-
Changes to these Rules are to become effective
der the supervision of the Surveyors of the Bureau,
six (6) months from the date on which the Tech-
but which are submitted for classification, will be
nical Committee approves them. However, the
subject to a special classification survey. Where
Bureau may bring into force individual changes
found satisfactory, and thereafter approved by the
before that date if necessary or appropriate.
Classification Committee, they will be classed and
distinguished in the Record in the manner as de- b) Implementation of Rule Changes
scribed as in 1/1.3.1 but the mark “@” signifying the
In general, the Rules in effect will apply unless
survey during construction will be omitted.
application of new Rules before their effective
date is specifically requested by the party sig-
1/1.3.4 Classification Data natory to the application for classification.
Data on offshore installations will be published in Where designs for one or more offshore instal-
the Record as to the latitude and longitude of the lo- lation comply with the Rules applicable at the
cation of the structure, structure type, structural di- time of approval, no retroactive application of
mensions and the depth of water at the site. later Rule changes to such offshore installations
will be required unless necessary or appropriate.
1/1.5 Rules For Classification
1/1.5.5 Other Conditions
1/1.5.1 Application of Rules
The committee reserves the right to refuse classifi-
These Rules are applicable to offshore installations cation of any offshore installation where items for
as defined in 1/4.1.7 and are generally intended to which there are Rule requirements are found not in
remain at a particular site for support of offshore fa- accordance with the Rules.
cilities.
These Rules are applicable to those features of
1/1.7 Other Regulations
the system that are permanent in nature and can be
verified by plan review, calculation, physical survey 1/1.7.1 Governmental and Other Regulation
or other appropriate means. Any statement in the
Rules regarding other features is to be considered as While these Rules cover the requirements for the
a guidance to the designer, builder, owner, et al. classification of new offshore installations, the at-
tention of Owners, builders, and designers is directed
to various governmental regulations which control
1/1.5.2 Alternatives
structural, machinery, and electrical features par-
The Committee is at all times ready to consider al- ticularly in hazardous areas where gas may be pres-
ternative arrangements and scantlings which can be ent or accumulate. Other considerations may include
shown, through either satisfactory service experience the arrangement and extent of watertight bulkheads
or a systematic analysis based on sound engineering and decks, fire-retarding bulkheads, the acceptability
principles, to meet the overall safety, serviceability of watertight and weathertight closures, ventilation,
and strength standards of these Rules. The Commit- and means of escape.
1/1.15 Conditions for Surveys after formation, if requested. Such information includes
Constructions text of conditions of class, survey due dates, and
certificate expiration dates.
1/1.15.1 Damage, Failure and Repair Where appropriate, the offshore installations
flag state will be notified of such attendance and sur-
a) Examination and Repair Damage to off-
vey.
shore installation structure, machinery, equipment,
or which affects or may affect classification, is to be
submitted by the Owners or their representatives for 1/1.17 Fees
examination by the Surveyor, at the first opportunity. Fees in accordance with normal ABS schedules will
All repairs found necessary by the Surveyor are to be be charged for all services rendered by the Bureau.
carried out to his satisfaction. Expenses incurred by the Bureau in connection with
b) Representation Nothing contained in this these services will be charged in addition to the fees.
section or in a rule or regulation of any government Fees and expenses will be billed to the party re-
or other administration, or the issuance of any report questing that particular service.
or certificate pursuant to this section or such a rule or
regulation, is to be deemed to enlarge upon the rep-
resentations expressed in 1/1.1.1 through 1/1.1.4 1/1.19 Disagreement
thereof and the issuance and use of any such reports 1/1.19.1 Rules
or certificates are to be governed in all respects by
1/1.1.1 through 1/1.1.4 thereof. Any disagreement regarding either the proper inter-
pretation of the Rules, or translation of the Rules
1/1.15.2 Notification and Availability for Survey from the English language edition, is to be referred
to the Bureau for resolution.
The Surveyors are to have access to classed offshore
installations at all reasonable times. For the purpose of 1/1.19.2 Surveyors
Surveyor monitoring, monitoring surveyors shall also
have access to classed offshore installations at all rea- In case of disagreement between the Owners or
sonable times. Such access may include attendance at builders and the Surveyors regarding the material,
the same time as the assigned Surveyor or during a workmanship, extent of repairs, or application of the
subsequent visit without the assigned Surveyor. Rules relating to any offshore installations classed or
The offshore installations Surveyors are to un- proposed to be classed by this Bureau, an appeal
dertake all surveys on classed offshore installations may be made in writing to the Committee who will
upon request, with adequate notification, of the order a special survey to be held. Should the opinion
Owners or their representatives and are to report of the Surveyor be confirmed, the expense of this
thereon to the Committee. Should the Surveyors find special survey is to be paid by the party appealing.
occasion during any survey to recommend repairs or
further examination, notification is to be given im- 1/1.21 Limitation of Liability
mediately to the Owners or their representatives in
order that appropriate action may be taken. The combined liability of the American Bureau of
The Surveyors are to avail themselves of every Shipping, its committees, officers, employees, agents
convenient opportunity for carrying out periodical or subcontractors for any loss, claim, or damage
surveys in conjunction with surveys of damages and arising from its negligent performance or nonper-
repairs in order to avoid duplication of work. formance of any of its services or from breach of any
implied or expressed warranty of workmanlike per-
formance in connection with those services, or from
1/1.15.3 Attendance at Port State Request
any other reason, to any person, corporation, partner-
It is recognized that port State authorities legally ship, business entity, sovereign, country or nation,
may have access to an installation. In cooperation will be limited to the greater of a) $100,000 or b) an
with port States, ABS Surveyors will attend on board amount equal to ten (10) times the sum actually paid
a classed installation when so requested by a port for the services alleged to be deficient.
State, and upon concurrence of the offshore installa- The limitation of liability may be increased up
tions owner, will carry out a survey in order to fa- to an amount twenty-five times that sum paid for
cilitate the rectification of reported deficiencies or services upon receipt of Client’s written request at or
other discrepancies that affect or may affect classifi- before the time of performance of services and upon
cation. ABS Surveyors will also cooperate with Port payment by Client of an additional fee of $10.00 for
States by providing inspectors with background in- every $1,000.00 increase in the limitation.
Part 1
Section 2 Surveys During Construction
and Installation
1/2.1 General veyor, for all special and primary application
structures. Data as to place of origin and results of
1/2.1.1 Scope
relevant material tests for structural materials shall
This section pertains to surveys during the construc- be retained and made readily available during all
tion and installation of an offshore structure. The re- stages of construction (see 1/2.3.12 and 1/2.5.9).
quirements of 1/2.1 are to apply to all structures cov- Such data are to be available to the Surveyors upon
ered by these Rules regardless of structural type. request.
Additional requirements specifically for steel struc-
tures are contained in 1/2.3 and additional require-
ments for concrete structures are contained in 1/2.5. 1/2.3 Steel Structures
The phases of construction covered by this sec- 1/2.3.1 Quality Control Program
tion include: material manufacture, fabrication, load-
out, transportation, positioning, installation and final The quality control program (see 1/2.1.2) for the
field erection. construction of a steel structure is to include the fol-
lowing items, as appropriate.
1/2.1.2 Quality Control Program Material quality and traceability
A quality control program compatible with the type, Steel Forming
size and intended function of the planned structure is Welder qualification and records
to be developed and submitted to the Bureau for re- Welding procedure specifications and qualifications
view. The Bureau will review, approve and, as neces- Weld inspection
sary, request modification of this program. The Fabri- Tolerances alignments and compartment testing
cator is to work with the attending Surveyor to Corrosion control systems
establish the required hold points on the quality con- Tightness and hydrostatic testing procedures
trol program to form the basis for all future surveys at Nondestructive testing
the fabrication yard. As a minimum, the items enu- Installation of main structure
merated in the various applicable subsections below The items which are to be considered for each of the
are to be covered by the quality control program. Sur- topics, mentioned above are indicated in 1/2.3.2
veyors will be assigned to monitor the fabrication of through 1/2.3.11.
classed structures and assure that all tests and inspe c-
tions specified in the quality control program are be-
1/2.3.2 Material Quality and Traceability
ing carried out by competent personnel. It is to be
noted that the monitoring provided by the Bureau is a The properties of the material are to be in accor-
supplement to and not a replacement for inspections to dance with Section 1 of Part 2. Manufacturer’s cer-
be carried out by the Fabricator or Operator. tificates are to be supplied with the material. Veri-
fication of the material’s quality is to be done by
1/2.1.3 Access and Notification the Surveyor at the plant of manufacture, in accor-
dance with Section 2/1 of ABS Requirements for
During construction, Surveyors are to have access to
Materials and Welding. Alternatively material
structures at all reasonable times. The attending Sur-
manufactured to recognized standards may be ac-
veyor is to be notified as to when and where parts of
cepted in lieu of the above Steel Requirements pro-
the structure may be examined. If, at any visit, Sur-
vided the substitution of such materials is approved
veyors find occasion to recommend repairs or further
by the Bureau. Materials used are to be in accor-
inspection, notice is to be made to the Fabricator or
dance with those specified in the approved design
his representatives.
and all materials required for classification pur-
poses are to be tested in the presence of an ABS
1/2.1.4 Identification of Materials
Surveyor. The Constructor is to maintain a material
The fabricator is to maintain a system of material traceability system for all the Primary and Special
traceability to the satisfaction of the attending Sur- application structures.
the jacket or abnormal vibrations during pile driving 1/2.5.2 Inspections Prior to Concreting
may require resubmittal of supporting documentation
Prior to their use in construction, the manufacturers
to provide an assessment of the significance of devi a-
of cement, reinforcing rods, prestressing tendons and
tion and any necessary remedial actions to be taken.
appliances are to provide documentation of the perti-
To ensure that overstressing of the structure
nent physical properties. These data are to be made
during transportation has not occurred, the Bureau is
available to the attending Surveyor who will check
to have access to towing records to ascertain if con-
conformity with the properties specified in the ap-
ditions during the towing operations exceeded those
proved design.
employed in the analyses required in Section 3/7.
As applicable, at the construction site, the Sur-
veyor is to be satisfied that proper consideration is
1/2.3.12 Records
being given to the support of the structure during
A data book of the records of construction activities construction, the storage of cement and prestressing
is to be developed and maintained so as to compile a tendons in weathertight areas, the storage of admix-
record as complete as practicable. The pertinent rec- tures and epoxies to manufacturer’s specifications,
ords are to be adequately prepared and indexed to as- and the storage of aggregates to limit segregation,
sure their usefulness, and they are to be stored so that contamination by deleterious substances and mois-
they may be easily recovered. ture variations within the stock pile.
For a steel structure, the construction record is to Forms and shores supporting the forms are to be
include, as applicable, the following: material trace- inspected to insure that they are adequate in number
ability records including mill certificates, welding and type, and that they are located in accordance
procedure specification and qualification records, with the approved plans. The dimensions and align-
shop welding practices, welding inspection records, ment of the forms are to be verified by the attending
construction specifications, structural dimension Surveyor, and the measurements are to be within the
check records, nondestructive testing records, rec- allowable finished dimensional tolerances specified
ords of completion of items identified in the quality in the approved design.
control program and towing and pile driving records, Reinforcing steel, prestressing tendons, post-
position and orientation records, leveling and eleva- tensioning ducts, anchorages and any included steel
tion records, etc. The compilation of these records is are to be checked, as appropriate to the planned
a condition of classing the structure. structure, for size, bending, spacing, location, firm-
After fabrication and installation, these records ness of installation, surface condition, vent locations,
are to be retained by the Operator or Fabricator for proper duct coupling, and duct capping.
future references. The minimum time for record re-
tention is not to be less than the greatest of the fol- 1/2.5.3 Inspection of Batching, Mixing and
lowing: the warranty period, the time specified in Placing Concrete
construction agreements, or the time required by
The production and placing of the concrete are to
statute or governmental regulations.
employ procedures which will provide a well mixed
and well compacted concrete. Such procedures are
1/2.5 Concrete Structures also to limit segregation, loss of material, contami-
1/2.5.1 Quality Control Program nation, and premature initial set during all opera-
tions.
The quality control program (see 1/2.1.2) for a con-
Mix components of each batch of concrete are to
crete structure is to cover the following items, as ap-
be measured by a method specified in the quality
propriate.
control program. The designer is to specify the al-
Inspections prior to concreting lowable variation of mix component proportions, and
Inspection of batching, mixing and placing concrete the constructor is to record the actual proportions of
Inspections of form removal and concrete curing each batch.
Inspection of prestressing and grouting Testing during the production of concrete is to
Inspection of joints be carried out following the procedures specified in
Inspection of finished concrete the quality control program. As a minimum, the fol-
Installation of Main Structure lowing concrete qualities are to be measured by the
Tightness and Hydrostatic testing as applicable Constructor.
(See 1/2.3.9)
Consistency
The items which are to be considered for each of the Air content
topics mentioned above are indicated in 1/2.5.2 Density or Specific Gravity
through 1/2.5.8. Strength
Field testing of aggregate gradation, cleanliness, Anchorages are to be inspected to ensure that
moisture content, and unit weight is to be performed they are located and sized as specified in the design.
by the constructor following standards and schedules Anchorages are also to be inspected to assure that
specified in the quality control program. The fre- they will be provided with adequate cover to mitigate
quency of testing is to be determined taking into ac- the effects of corrosion.
count the uniformity of the supply source, volume of
concreting, and variations of atmospheric conditions. 1/2.5.6 Inspection of Joints
Mix water is to be tested for purity following meth-
Where required, leak testing of construction joints is
ods and schedules specified in the quality control
to be carried out using procedures specified in the
program.
quality control program. When deciding which joints
are to be inspected, consideration is to be given to
1/2.5.4 Inspections of Form Removal and
the hydrostatic head on the subject joint during nor-
Concrete Curing
mal operation, the consequence of a leak at the sub-
The structure is to have sufficient strength to bear its ject joint, and the ease of repair once the platform is
own weight, construction loads and the anticipated in service.
environmental loads without undue deformations be-
fore forms and form supports are removed. The 1/2.5.7 Inspection of Finished Concrete
schedule of form removal is to be specified in the
The surface of the hardened concrete is to be com-
quality control program, giving due account to the
pletely inspected for cracks, honeycombing, pop-
loads and the anticipated strength.
outs, spalling and other surface imperfections. When
Curing procedures for use on the structure are to
such defects are found, their extent is to be reported
be specified in the quality control program. When
to the Surveyor and to the designer for guidance on
conditions at the construction site cause a deviation
any necessary repairs.
from these procedures, justification for these devi a-
The structure is to be examined using a calibrated
tions is to be fully documented and included in the
rebound hammer or a similar nondestructive testing
construction records.
device. Where the results of surface inspection, cylin-
Where the construction procedures require the
der strength tests or nondestructive testing do not meet
submergence of recently placed concrete, special
the design criteria, the designer is to be consulted re-
methods for protecting the concrete from the effects
garding remedial actions which are to be taken.
of salt water are to be specified in the quality control
The completed sections of the structure are to be
program. Generally, concrete should not be sub-
checked for compliance to specified design toler-
merged until 28 days after placing. (See also
ances for thickness, alignment, etc., and to the extent
3/5.11.2e.)
practicable, the location of reinforcing and
prestressing steel and post-tensioning ducts. Varia-
1/2.5.5 Inspection of Prestressing and Grouting
tions from the tolerance limits are to be reported to
A schedule indicating the sequence and anticipated the designer for evaluation and guidance as to any
elongation and stress accompanying the tensioning necessary remedial actions.
of tendons are to be prepared. Any failures to
achieve proper tensioning are to be immediately re- 1/2.5.8 Installation of Main Structure
ported to the designer to obtain guidance as to
Upon completion of fabrication and when the struc-
needed remedial actions.
ture is to be loaded and transported to site for instal-
Pre- or post-tensioning loads are to be deter-
lation, the load-out, tie-down and installation proce-
mined by measuring both tendon elongation and ten-
dures are to be surveyed by an attending Surveyor
don stress. These measurements are to be compared,
from the Bureau. All load-out, transportation and in-
and should the variation of measurements exceed the
stallation procedures are to be submitted to the Bu-
specified amount, the cause of the variation is to be
reau for review and approval.
determined and any necessary corrective actions are
The Surveyor is to witness the following opera-
to be accomplished.
tions, as applicable to the planned structure, to verify
The grout mix is to conform to that specified in
that they have been accomplished in a manner con-
the design. The constructor is to keep records of the
forming to plans or drawings covering these operations.
mix proportions and ambient conditions during grout
mixing. Tests for grout viscosity, expansion and Load-out and tie-down
bleeding, compressive strength, and setting time are Towing arrangements
to be made by the constructor using methods and Positioning at the site
schedules specified in the quality control program. Installation
Employed procedures are to ensure that ducts are Final field erection
completely filled. Pre-Tensioning
Part 1
Section 3 Surveys After Construction
(Platforms and Self-Elevating Units in Site Dependent Services)
1/3.1 Condition for Surveys after same time as the assigned Surveyor or during a sub-
Construction sequent visit without the assigned Surveyor.
surveys at the time of the commencement of the de- alterations, repairs or installation of equipment since
activation period, the length of the period, and con- installation should be included in the records.
ditions under which the structure had been main- Those survey requirements in 1/3.5 for the spe-
tained during that period. cial survey have to be included in the survey for ex-
tension of use. The surveys generally cover exami-
1/3.1.7 Incomplete Surveys nation of splash zone, inspection of above water and
underwater structural members and welds for dam-
When a survey is not completed, the Surveyors are to ages and deteriorations, examination and measure-
report immediately upon the work done in order that ments of corrosion protection systems and marine
the Operator and the Committee may be advised of growth, sea floor condition survey, examination of
the parts still to be surveyed. secondary structural attachments, risers and riser
clamps. Special attention should be given to the fol-
1/3.1.8 Alterations lowing critical areas.
No major alterations which affect classification of — Areas of high stress
the installation are to be made to a classed structure — Areas of low fatigue life
unless plans of the proposed alterations are submit- — Damage incurred during installation or while
ted and approved by the Bureau before the altera- in service
tions are undertaken. Such alterations are to be car- — Repairs or modifications made while in service
ried out to the satisfaction of the Surveyors. Nothing — Abnormalities found during previous surveys.
contained in this section or in a rule or regulation of — An inspection report of the findings is to be
any government or other administration, or the issu- submitted to ABS for review and evaluation of
ance of any report or certificate pursuant to this sec- the condition of the platform.
tion or such a rule or regulation, is to be deemed to
enlarge upon the representations expressed in 1/1.1.1 The need for more frequent future periodical surveys
through 1/1.1.4 and the issuance and use of any such will be determined based on the calculated remaining
reports or certificates are to be, in all respects, gov- fatigue life described in Section 4/1 and past inspec-
erned by 1/1.1.1 through 1/1.1.4 tion results.
Part 1
Section 4 Definitions and Design
Documentation
1/4.1 Definitions and submitted for review by the Bureau will form a
part of its classification.
1/4.1.1 Recurrence Period Examples of structures covered by these Rules
The recurrence period is a specified period of time are the types of fixed structures characterized as pile
which is used to establish design values of random supported or gravity platforms, various forms of
parameters such as wave height. compliant structures, and other moored buoyant
structures. Specifically excluded from the coverage
of these Rules are mobile units and manned sub-
1/4.1.2 Owner
mersibles, which are treated in Rules separately is-
An owner is any person or organization who owns sued by the Bureau. Where doubt exists concerning
the platform. the applicability of these Rules clarification may be
obtained from the Bureau.
1/4.1.3 Operator An offshore installation consists of one or more
of the following.
An operator is any person or organization empow-
ered to conduct operations on behalf of the Owners I. Platform Structure
of an installation. II. Undersea Pipeline Systems and Risers
III. Offshore Facilities
1/4.1.4 Constructor a. Machinery, Electrical and Piping Systems
b. Production Equipment
A constructor is any person or organization having
the responsibility to perform any or all of the fol-
1/4.1.8 Platform Structures
lowing: fabrication, erection, inspection, testing,
load-out, transportation, and installation. Various types of offshore structures to which these
Rules may be applied are defined below.
1/4.1.5 Consultant Pile Supported Platform This type of structure
is characterized by slender foundation elements, or
A consultant is any person who, through education piles, driven into the sea floor.
and experience, has established credentials of profes- Gravity Structure This type of structure rests
sionalism and expertise in the stated field. directly on the sea floor. The geometry and weight of
the structure are selected to mobilize the available
1/4.1.6 Surveyor cohesive and frictional strength components of the
A Surveyor is a person employed by the Bureau sea floor soil to resist loadings.
whose principal functions are the surveillance during Compliant Tower This type of structure con-
construction and the survey of marine structures and sists of a slender tower supported at the sea floor by
their components for compliance with Bureau-issued an installed foundation (or by a large spud can) and
Rules or other standards deemed suitable by the Bu- may also be partially supported by buoyancy aids.
reau. Guy lines may or may not be used for lateral re-
straint.
Various provisions of these Rules are to be ap-
1/4.1.7 Offshore Installations
plied to partially or fully buoyant structures which
A buoyant or nonbuoyant structure, supported by or are permanently (see 1/1.5.1) connected to the sea
attached to the sea floor, whose design is based on floor by mooring lines or other non-rigid means.
foundation and long term environmental conditions Structural types including the articulated buoyant
at a particular installation site where it is intended to tower and the tension leg platform, which are de-
remain. The sea floor attachment afforded to the fined below, are included in this category. For these
platform may be obtained by pilings, direct bearing, buoyant structures, classification will be based on
mooring lines, anchors, etc. The site-specific data for compliance with the applicable portions of these
an offshore installation employed by the designer Rules, those of the Bureau’s Rules for Building and
Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units, and other structure, are: wind, waves, current, temperature,
requirements which the Bureau, in consultation with tide, marine growth, chemical components of air and
the Owner, deems appropriate. water, snow and ice, earthquake, and other pertinent
Articulated Buoyant Tower This type of struc- phenomena.
ture depends on buoyancy acting near the water sur- The establishment of the environmental pa-
face to provide necessary righting stability. Because rameters is to be based on appropriate original data
of its tendency towards relatively large horizontal or, when permitted, data from analogous areas. De-
displacements, the articulated buoyant structure can monstrably valid statistical models to extrapolate to
be provided with a pivot near the sea floor. long-term values are to be employed, and any calcu-
Tension Leg Platform This type of structure is lations required to establish the pertinent environ-
fully buoyant and is restrained below its natural flo- mental parameters should be submitted.
tation line by mooring elements which are attached Preferably, a report on the various environ-
in tension to gravity anchors or piles at the sea floor. mental considerations is to present data and conclu-
Additionally, these Rules may be employed, as sions on the relevant environmental phenomena. The
applicable, in the classification of structural types not report is, however, required to separately present a
mentioned above, when they are to be used as per- summary showing the parameters necessary to define
manent offshore installations (see 1/1.5.3). the Design Environmental Condition and Operating
Environmental Conditions, as defined in Section 3/1;
1/4.1.9 Extension of Use where applicable, the likely environmental condi-
tions to be experienced during the transportation of
An existing platform to be used at the same location the structure to its final site; and where necessary,
for a specified period of time beyond its original de- the Strength and Ductility Level Earthquakes, as de-
sign life. See Section 4/1. fined in 3/1.5.1.
The report on environmental considerations may
1/4.1.10 Reuse also contain the calculations which quantify the ef-
An existing platform to be moved to a new location fects or loadings on the structure where these are not
to continue its operation for a specified period of provided in other documentation.
time. See Section 4/2. b Foundation Data A report on foundation
data is to present the results of investigations or,
when applicable, data from analogous areas on geo-
1/4.3 Design Documentation physical, geological and geotechnical considerations
The design documentation to be submitted is to in- existing at and near the platform site. The manner in
clude the reports, calculations, plans, and other which such data is established and the specific items
documentation necessary to verify the structural de- to be assessed are to be in compliance with 3/6.3.
sign. The extensiveness of the submitted documen- The report is to contain a listing of references to
tation should reflect the uniqueness of the structure cover the investigation, sampling, testing, and inter-
or the lack of experience with conditions in the area pretive techniques employed during and after the site
where the structure is to be located. In general, sig- investigation.
nificantly less detailed documentation is required for The report is to include a listing of the predicted
a pile supported platform in calm, shallow waters soil-structure interaction, such as p-y data, to be used
than for an unusual structural configuration sited in in design. As appropriate to the planned structure,
deep waters. Existing documentation may be used the items which may be covered are: axial and lateral
where applicable. pile capacities and response characteristics, the ef-
fects of cyclic loading on soil strength, scour, settle-
ments and lateral displacements, dynamic interaction
1/4.3.1 Reports between soil and structure, the capacity of pile
Reports by consultants and other specialists used as a groups, slope stability, bearing and lateral stability,
basis for design are to be submitted for review. The soil reactions on the structure, and penetration resis-
contents of reports on environmental considerations, tance.
foundation data, and materials are, in general, to Recommendations relative to any special antici-
comply with the recommended list of items given pated problem regarding installation are to be in-
below. cluded in the report. Items such as the following are
a Environmental Considerations Reports on to be included, as appropriate: hammer sizes, soil
environmental considerations are to describe all en- erosion during installation, bottom preparation, and
vironmental phenomena appropriate to the areas of procedures to be followed should pile installation
construction, transportation, and installation. The procedures significantly deviate from those antici-
types of environmental phenomena to be accounted pated.
for, as appropriate to the type and location of the
c Materials and Welding Reports on structural are to demonstrate the adequacy of the structural ele-
materials and welding may be required for metallic ments, members or local structure. Also, the calcul a-
structures, concrete structures or welding procedures tions are to demonstrate, as applicable, that the de-
where materials and procedures are used which do flections resulting from the applied loadings and
not conform to those provided for in Sections 2/1 overall structural displacement and settlement do not
and 2/2. impair the structural performance of the platform.
For metallic structures, when it is intended to c Marine Operations As applicable, calculations
employ new alloys not defined by a recognized are to be submitted in compliance with Section 3/7.
specification, reports are to be submitted indicating d Other Calculations As required, additional
the adequacy of the material’s metallurgical proper- calculations which demonstrate the adequacy of the
ties, fracture toughness, yield and tensile strengths, overall design are to be submitted. Such calculations
and corrosion resistance, with respect to their in- should include those performed in the design of the
tended application and service temperatures. corrosion protection system.
For concrete structures, when it is not intended to
test or define material properties in accordance with 1/4.3.3 Plans and Other Data
applicable standards of the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) as listed in Section Generally, structural plans and other data are to be
2/1, a report is to be provided indicating the standards submitted in quadruplicate. These plans are to in-
actually to be employed and their relative adequacy clude the following, where applicable.
with respect to the corresponding ASTM standards. Arrangement plans, elevations, and plan views
clearly showing in sufficient detail the overall
configuration, dimensions and layout of the
1/4.3.2 Calculations
structure, its facilities and foundation
Design and analysis calculations are to be submitted Layout plans indicating the locations of equipment
for items relating to loadings, structural stresses and and locations of the equipment loads and other
deflections for in-place and marine operations. In design deck loads, fender loads, etc., which are
this regard, calculations are to be in general compli- imposed on the structure
ance with the items listed below. Calculations which Structural plans indicating the complete structural ar-
may be required in association with environmental rangement, dimensions, member sizes, plating
considerations, and foundation data have been dis- and framing, material properties, and details of
cussed in 1/4.3.1. connections and attachments; for concrete
a Loadings Calculations for loadings are to be structures, arrangements and descriptions of re-
submitted in accordance with Section 3/2. inforcement procedures for construction are to
b Structural Stresses and Deflections The be indicated
stress and deflection calculations to be submitted are Pile plans indicating arrangements, nominal sizes,
to include, those required for nominal element or thicknesses and penetration
member stresses and deflections. As applicable, and Welding details and procedures, and schedule of
where required in subsequent sections of these Rules, nondestructive testing
calculations may also be required for the stresses in Corrosion control systems
localized areas and structural joints, the dynamic re- Structural plans indicating the complete arrange-
sponse of the structure, and fatigue life of critical ments of structures, such as helidecks, crane
members and joints. For pile supported structures, pedestals, equipment foundations and manner of
calculations for the stresses in piles and the load ca- reinforcement, fendering, various houses and
pacity of the connection between the structure and other structures which are not normally consid-
the pile are to be submitted. Similarly, for gravity ered vital to the overall structural integrity of the
structures, calculations are to be submitted for the ef- offshore structure
fects of the soil’s reaction on the structure. Various information in support of novel features
When accounting for the stress resultants de- utilized in the offshore structure design, such as
scribed above, and those resulting from consideration hydrostatic and stability curves, elements of any
of marine operations (see Section 3/7), calculations mooring system, etc.
Part 2
Section 1 Materials
2/1.1 Structural Steels 2/1.1.2 Steel Properties
2/1.1.1 General a General Material specifications are to be
submitted for review or approval. Due regard is to be
a Scope This subsection covers specifications for
given to established practices in the country in which
materials used for the construction of offshore steel
material is produced and the purpose for which the
structures. It is not intended for metals used in rein-
material is intended.
forced or prestressed concrete. (See 2/1.3.) All materi-
b Tensile Properties In Table 2/1.1, the desig-
als are to be suitable for intended service conditions,
nation Group I, II or III is used to categorize tensile
they are to be of good quality, defined by a recognized
properties.
specification and free of injurious imperfections.
c Toughness Appropriate supporting informa-
b Material Selection Materials used are required
tion or test data are to indicate that the toughness of
to exhibit satisfactory formability and weldability char-
the steels will be adequate for their intended applica-
acteristics. As required, documentation is to be submit-
tion and minimum service temperature. Criteria in-
ted to substantiate the applicability of a proposed steel.
dicative of adequate toughness are contained in
Reference can be made to Tables 2/1.2A and 2/1.2B for
2/1.1.3.
ASTM and API steel grades and to Appendix A for
d Bolts and Nuts Bolts and nuts are to have
guidance on the selection of ABS grades of steel.
mechanical and corrosion characteristics comparable
When material other than steel is to be used as a
to the structural elements being joined and are to be
structural material, documentation is to indicate the
manufactured and tested in accordance with recog-
tensile, toughness, fatigue and corrosion characteris-
nized material standards.
tics of the proposed material.
c Corrosion Control Details of corrosion con-
2/1.1.3 Toughness Criteria for Steel Selection
trol systems (such as coatings, sacrificial anodes or
impressed current systems) are to be submitted with a General When members are subjected to
adequate supporting data to show their suitability. significant tensile stress, fracture toughness is to be
Such information is to indicate the extent to which considered in the selection of materials.
the possible existence of stress corrosion, corrosion b Steel Classification Steels are to be classi-
fatigue, and galvanic corrosion due to dissimilar fied as Groups I, II or III according to their tensile
metals to be considered. Where the intended sea en- properties as listed in Table 2/1.1. It should be noted
vironment contains unusual contaminants, any spe- that the yield strengths given in Table 2/1.1 are pro-
cial corrosive effects of such contaminants should vided only as a means of categorizing steels.
also be considered. Appropriate coatings may be
used to achieve satisfactory corrosion protection for TABLE 2/1.1 Steel Tensile Properties
miscellaneous parts such as bolts and nuts.
d Toughness Materials are to exhibit fracture Yield Strength fy
toughness which is satisfactory for the intended ap- Group ksi MPa
plication as supported by previous satisfactory serv- III fy < 40 fy < 275
ice experience or appropriate toughness tests. Where
the presence of ice is judged as a significant envi- III 40 ≤ fy ≤ 60 275 ≤ fy ≤ 415
ronmental factor, material selection may require spe- III 60 ≤ fy ≤ 100 415 ≤ fy ≤ 690
cial consideration.
e Through Thickness Stress In cases where Some of the typical ASTM and API steels belonging
principal loads, from either service or weld residual to the groups of Table 2/1.1 are shown in Tables
stresses, are imposed perpendicular to the surface of 2/1.2A and 2/1.2B. Steels other than those me n-
a structural member, the use of special steel with im- tioned therein may be used, provided that their
proved through thickness (Z-direction) properties chemical composition, mechanical properties and
may be required. weldability are similar to those listed.
*To 2 in. Thick for Type 1, Fully Killed, Fine Grain Practice.
C595. ASTM C150 Type III Portland cement may be phate content of the concrete mix does not exceed
specially approved for particular applications. the limits defined in 2/1.3.4.
b Tricalcium Aluminate The tricalcium alu- c Size The maximum size of the aggregate is
minate content of the cement is generally to be in the to be such that the concrete can be placed without
5% to 10% range. voids. It is recommended that the maximum size of
c Oil Storage For environments which contain the aggregate should not be larger than the smallest
detrimental sulfur bearing materials (such as where of the following: one-fifth of the narrowest dime n-
oil storage is planned and the oil is expected to con- sion between sides of forms; one-third of the depth
tain sulphur compounds which are detrimental to of slabs; three-fourths of the minimum clear spacing
concrete durability), the maximum content of trical- between individual reinforcing bars, bundles of bars,
cium aluminate is to be at the lower end of the 5% to prestressing tendons or post-tensioning ducts.
10% range. Alternatively, pozzolans or pozzolans
and fly ash may be added or a suitable coating em- 2/1.3.6 Admixtures
ployed to protect the concrete.
a General The admixture is to be shown capa-
ble of maintaining essentially the same composition
2/1.3.3 Water
and performance throughout the work as the product
a Cleanliness Water used in mixing concrete used in establishing concrete proportions. Admix-
is to be clean and free from injurious amounts of tures containing chloride ions are not to be used if
oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials or other their use will produce a deleterious concentration of
substances that may be deleterious to concrete or chloride ions in the mixing water.
steel. b Recognized Standards Admixtures are to be
b Nonpotable Water If nonpotable water is in accordance with applicable recognized standards
proposed for use, the selection of proportions of such as ASTM C260, ASTM C494, ASTM C618 or
materials in the concrete is to be based on test con- equivalents.
crete mixes using water from the same source. The c Pozzolan Content Pozzolan or pozzolan and
strength of mortar test cylinders made with nonpot- fly ash content is not to exceed 15% by weight of
able water is not to be less than 90% of the strength cement unless specially approved.
of similar cylinders made with potable water.
Strength test comparisons should include 7-day and 2/1.3.7 Steel Reinforcement
28-day strength data on mortars prepared and tested
Steel reinforcement used in offshore concrete struc-
in accordance with recognized standards such as
tures is to be suitable for its intended service and in
ASTM C109.
accordance with recognized standards.
a Reinforcement for Non-Prestressed Concrete
2/1.3.4 Chloride or Sulphide Content
Non-prestressed reinforcement is to be in accordance
Water for structural concrete or grout should not with one of the following specifications or its equiva-
contain more than 0.07% chlorides as Cl by weight lents.
of cement, nor more than 0.09% sulfates as SO4
Deformed reinforcing bars and plain bars: ASTM A615
when tested by ASTM D512. Chlorides in mix water
Bar and rod mats: ASTM A184
for prestressed concrete or grout should be limited to
Plain wire for spiral reinforcement: ASTM A82,
0.04% by weight of cement.
ASTM A704
Total chloride content, as Cl, of the concrete
Welded plain wire fabric: ASTM A185
prior to exposure shall not exceed 0.10% by weight
Deformed wire: ASTM A496
of the cement for normal reinforced concrete and
Welded deformed wire fabric: ASTM A497
0.06% by weight of cement for prestressed concrete.
b Welded Reinforcement Reinforcement which
2/1.3.5 Aggregates is to be welded is to have the properties needed to pro-
duce satisfactory welded connections. Welding is to be
a General Aggregates are to conform to the
in accordance with recognized specifications such as
requirements of ASTM C33 or equivalent. Other ag-
the American Welding Society (AWS) D1.l, or is to be
gregates may be used if there is supporting evidence
proven to produce connections of satisfactory quality.
that they produce concrete of satisfactory quality.
c Steel Reinforcement for Prestressed Concrete
When specially approved, lightweight aggregates
Steel reinforcement for prestressed concrete is to be
similar to ASTM C330 may be used for conditions
in accordance with one of the following specifica-
that do not pose durability problems.
tions or equivalent.
b Washing Marine aggregates are to be
washed with fresh water before use to remove chlo- Seven-wire strand: ASTM A416
rides and sulphates so that the total chloride and sul- Wire: ASTM A421
Part 2
Section 2 Welding and Fabrication
2/2.1 Introduction 2/2.3.3 Welding Procedures
Welding for steel structures is to comply with the Procedures for the welding of all joints, including
pertinent requirements of a recognized code, such as types of electrodes, edge preparations, welding tech-
the Structural Welding Code—Steel, D1.1, issued by niques and proposed positions, are to be established
the American Welding Society, or Section 2/3 of the before construction begins. Details of proposed
ABS Rule Requirements for Materials and Welding. welding procedures and sequences may be required
While the requirements of this section are to be ad- to be submitted for review, depending on the in-
dressed using a recognized reference code, the refer- tended application.
ence code may not provide coverage of all necessary Special precautions, with regard to joint prepa-
items. Therefore, this section provides additional re- ration, preheat, welding sequence, heat input and in-
quirements which, as the need arises, extend the terpass temperature, are to be taken for welding thick
scope of the code to make it suitable for classifica- sections. Ultrasonic inspection to insure the absence
tion purposes. Also, because of the possible wide of injurious laminations may be required for material
variation of requirements which may exist among used where through thickness (Z-direction) proper-
selected welding codes, 2/2.9 through 2/2.13 give ties are important.
some specific requirements which are intended to
ensure a basic degree of uniformity in the welding 2/2.5 Preparation for Welding
performed for structures classed with the Bureau.
2/2.5.1 Edge Preparation and Fitting
2/2.3 General Edge preparations are to be accurate and uniform and
the parts to be welded are to be fitted in accordance
2/2.3.1 Plans and Specifications
with the approved joint detail. All means adopted for
Submitted plans or specifications are to be in accor- correcting improper fitting are to be to the satisfac-
dance with Section 4 and they are to indicate clearly tion of the Surveyor. Where excessive root openings
the extent of welding for the main parts of the struc- are encountered for butt weld connections, weld
ture. The plans or specifications should indicate the build-up of the edges may be approved by the Sur-
extent of nondestructive inspection of the weld. The veyor, depending upon the location of the joint and
welding process, filler metal and joint design are to be the welding procedures employed. Unless specially
indicated on plans or in separate specifications sub- approved, such build-up of each edge, where per-
mitted for approval, which are to distinguish between mitted, is not to exceed t/2 or 12.5 mm (Z\x in.),
manual and automatic welding. The Surveyor is to be whichever is less, where t is the thickness of the
informed of the planned sequences and procedures to thinner member being welded. Where sections to be
be followed in the erection and welding of the main butt welded differ in thickness and have an offset on
structural members. In all instances, welding proce- any side of more than 3 mm (Z\, in.), a suitable
dures and filler metals are to be applied which will transition taper is to be provided. In general, the
produce sound welds that have strength and toughness transition taper length is to be not less than three
comparable to that of the base material. times the offset. The transition may be formed by ta-
pering the thicker member or by specifying a weld
2/2.3.2 Workmanship and Supervision joint design which will provide the required transi-
tion.
It is to be demonstrated that all welders and welding
operators to be employed in the construction of
2/2.5.2 Alignment
structures to be classed are properly qualified and are
experienced in the type of work proposed and in the Means are to be provided for maintaining the mem-
proper use of the welding processes and procedures bers to be welded in correct position and alignment
to be followed. A sufficient number of skilled super- during the welding operation. In general, strongbacks
visors is to be employed to ensure thorough supervi- or other appliances used for this purpose are to be so
sion and control of all welding operations. Inspection arranged as to allow for expansion and contraction
of welds employing methods outlined in 2/2.7.9 is to during production welding. The removal of such
be carried out to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. items is to be carried out to the satisfaction of the
Surveyor.
stresses, are to be carried out only with the expressed 2/2.7.10 Extent of Inspection of Welds
approval of the Surveyor. These corrective measures
a General The minimum extent of nonde-
are to be kept to an absolute minimum when higher-
structive testing to be conducted is indicated in d or e
strength quenched and tempered steels are involved,
below. The distribution of inspected welds is to be
due to high local stresses and the possible degrada-
based on the classification of application of the
tion of the mechanical properties of the base mate-
welds, as mentioned in c, and the variety of weld
rial.
sizes used in the structure. Nondestructive testing is
generally to be carried out after all forming and
2/2.7.8 Weld Soundness and Surface postweld heat treatment, and procedures should be
Appearance adequate to detect delayed cracking. Welds which
Production welds are to be sound, crack-free and are inaccessible or difficult to inspect in service are
reasonably free from lack of fusion or penetration, to be subjected to increased levels of nondestructive
slag inclusions and porosity. The surfaces of welds inspection. Nondestructive examination of full pene-
are to be visually inspected and are to be regular and tration butt welds is generally to be carried out by
uniform with a minimum amount of reinforcement radiographic or ultrasonic methods. Where a method
and reasonably free from undercut and overlap and (such as radiography or ultrasonics) is selected as the
free from injurious arc strikes. Contour grinding primary nondestructive method of inspection, the ac-
when required by an approved plan or specification ceptance standards of such a method govern. Where
or where deemed necessary by the Surveyor is to be inspection by any method indicates the presence of
carried out to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. defects that could jeopardize the integrity of the
structure, removal and repair of such defects are to
be carried out to the satisfaction of the attending
2/2.7.9 Inspection of Welds
Surveyor. Should the ultrasonic method be used as
Inspection of welded joints in important locations is the primary inspection method, such testing should
to be carried out preferably by established nonde- be supplemented by a reasonable amount of radio-
structive test methods such as radiographic, ultra- graphic inspection to determine that adequate quality
sonic, magnetic-particle or dye-penetrant inspection. control is being achieved. To assess the extent of sur-
An approved acceptance criterion or the Bureau’s face imperfections in welds made in Group III steels
Rules for Nondestructive Inspection of Hull Welds used in critical structural locations, representative in-
are to be used in evaluating radiographs and ultra- spection by the magnetic-particle or dye-penetrant
sonic indications (see also 2/2.7.11). Radiographic or method should also be accomplished.
ultrasonic inspection, or both, are to be used when b Plans A plan for nondestructive testing of
the overall soundness of the weld cross section is to the structure is to be submitted. This plan should in-
be evaluated. Magnetic-particle or dye-penetrant in- clude, but not be restricted to, visual inspection of all
spection may be used when investigating the outer welds, representative magnetic-particle or dye-
surface of welds, as a check of intermediate weld penetrant inspection of tee and fillet welds not sub-
passes such as root passes, and to check back jected to ultrasonic inspection, and the inspection of
chipped, ground or gouged joints prior to depositing all field welds by appropriate means. The extent and
subsequent passes. Surface inspection of important method of inspection are to be indicated on the plan,
tee or corner joints in critical locations, using an ap- and the extent of inspection is to be based on the
proved magnetic-particle or dye-penetrant method, is function of the structure and the accessibility of the
to be conducted to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. welds after the structure is in service. For automated
Some steels, especially higher-strength steels, may welds for which quality assurance techniques indi-
be susceptible to delayed cracking. When welding cate consistent satisfactory performance a lesser de-
these materials, the final nondestructive testing is to gree of inspection may be permitted.
be delayed for a suitable period to permit detection c Classification of Application Welds are to
of such defects. Weld run-on or run-off tabs may be be designated as being either special, primary or sec-
used where practicable and these may be sectioned ondary depending on the function and severity of
for examination. The practice of taking weld plugs or service of the structure in which the welds are lo-
samples by machining or cutting from the welded cated. Special welds are those occurring in structural
structure is not recommended and is to be used only locations of critical importance to the integrity of the
in the absence of other suitable inspection methods. structure or its safe operation. Secondary welds are
When such weld plugs or samples are removed from those occurring in locations of least importance to
the welded structure, the holes or cavities thus the overall integrity of the structure. Primary welds
formed are to be properly prepared and welded, us- are those occurring in locations whose importance is
ing a suitable welding procedure as established for intermediate between the special and secondary clas-
the original joint. sifications. Reference can be made to Table A.1
(Appendix A) for examples of applications following For structures which are circular in shape
this classification system.
Metric Units English Units
d Extent of Nondestructive Inspection—Steel
n = Ld/46.5 n = Ld/500
Jacket Type Structures In general, the number of
penetration type welds (i. e., butt, T, K and Y n = number of check points (2 is minimum number)
joints) to be inspected in each classification is to be L = length of the circular structure, in m (ft)
based on the percentages stated below. Alterna- d = diameter of the circular structure, in m (ft)
tively, the extent of radiographic and ultrasonic in-
f Additional Inspection—Special Conditions
spection may be based on other methods, provided
Additional inspection may be required depending on
the alternative will not result in a lesser degree of
the type and use of the structure, the material and
inspection. Where the extent of welds to be in-
welding procedures involved, and the quality control
spected is stated as a percentage, such as 20% of
procedures employed.
primary welds, this means that complete inspection
g Additional Inspection—Production Experi-
of 20% of the total number of welds considered to
ence If the proportion of unacceptable welds be-
be primary is required.
comes abnormally high, the frequency of inspection
All welds considered special are to be inspected
is to be increased.
100% by the ultrasonic or radiographic method.
h High Through Thickness (Z-Direction)
Twenty percent of all welds considered primary are
Stresses At important intersections welds which im-
to be inspected by the ultrasonic or radiographic
pose high stresses perpendicular to the member
method. Welds considered to be secondary are to be
thicknesses (Z-direction loading) are to be ultrasoni-
inspected on a random basis using an appropriate
cally inspected to assure freedom from lamellar
method. In locations where ultrasonic test results are
tearing after welding.
not considered reliable, the use of magnetic-particle
or dye-penetrant inspection as a supplement to ultra-
2/2.7.11 Acceptance Criteria
sonic inspection is to be conducted. For T, K, or Y
joints, approval may be given to substituting mag- As stated in 2/2.7.9, recognized acceptance criteria
netic-particle or dye-penetrant inspection for ultra- such as those issued by the AWS are to be e mployed.
sonic inspection when this will achieve a sufficient When employing the Bureau’s Rules for Nonde-
inspection quality. structive Inspection of Hull Welds, Class A and Class
Magnetic-particle or dye-penetrant inspection of B criteria are to be applied as follows.
fillet welds is to be accomplished for all permanent
Class A acceptance criteria are to be used for special
fillet welds used in jacket construction, all jacket-to-
application structure and critical locations within
pile shim connections, and all fillet welds in special
primary application structure such as circumfer-
application areas of the deck structure. The random
ential welds of cylindrical and built up columns
inspection of other deck fillet welds is to be carried
or legs, weld intersections of external plating in
out at the discretion of the Surveyor.
platforms, etc.
e Extent of Nondestructive Inspection Steel
Class B acceptance criteria are to be used for pri-
Plate or Shell Type Structures The minimum extent
mary application structure where Class A ac-
of the ultrasonic or radiographic inspection of plate
ceptance does not apply
or shell type structures is to be equivalent to, or in
Twice Class B acceptance criteria are to be used for
general agreement with, the number of check points
secondary application structure
obtained by the following equations. As practicable,
the length of each check point is to be at least When radiographic or ultrasonic inspection is speci-
750 mm (30 in.). fied for other types of connections, such as partial
penetration and groove type tee or corner welds,
For structures which are rectangular in shape
modified procedures and acceptance criteria are to be
Metric Units English Units specified which adequately reflect the application.
n = L (B + D)/46.5 n = L (B + D)/500
2/2.12 Repair Welding
n = number of check points (2 is minimum number)
Defective welds and other injurious defects, as de-
L = length of greatest dimension of structure, in
termined by visual inspection, nondestructive test
m (ft)
methods, or leakage under hydro static tests, are to
B = greatest breadth, in m (ft)
be excavated in way of the defects to sound metal
D = greatest depth at the center, in m (ft)
and corrected by rewelding, using a suitable repair
For structures which are other than rectangular a welding procedure to be consistent with the material
proportional number of check points should be sup- being welded. Removal by grinding of minor surface
plied. imperfections such as scars, tack welds and arc
strikes may be permitted. Special precautions, such 2/2.9.4 Electroslag and Electrogas Welding
as the use of both preheat and low-hydrogen elec-
The use of electroslag and electrogas welding proc-
trodes, are to be considered when repairing welds in
esses will be subject to special consideration, de-
higher-strength steel, materials of thick cross section
pending upon the specific application and the me-
or materials subject to high restraint.
chanical properties of the resulting welds and heat-
affected zones.
2/2.9 Butt Welds
2/2.9.5 Special Welding Techniques
2/2.9.1 Manual Welding Using Stick Electrodes
Special welding techniques employing any of the ba-
Manual welding using stick electrodes may be em-
sic welding processes mentioned in 2/2.9.1 through
ployed for butt welds in members not exceeding
2/2.9.4 will be specially considered, depending upon
6.5 mm (Z\v in.) in thickness without beveling the
the extent of the variation from the generally ac-
abutting edges. Members exceeding 6.5 mm (Z\v
cepted technique. Such special techniques include
in.) are to be prepared for welding using an appropri-
oneside welding, narrow-gap welding, tandem-arc
ate edge preparation, root opening and root face
welding, open-arc welding and consumable-nozzle
(land) to provide for welding from one or both sides.
electroslag welding. The use of gas tungsten-arc
For welds made from both sides, the root of the first
welding will also be subject to special consideration,
side welded is to be removed to sound metal by an
depending upon the application and whether the pro-
approved method before applying subsequent weld
cess is used manually or automatically.
passes on the reverse side. When welding is to be
deposited from one side only, using ordinary weld-
2/2.11 Fillet Welds
ing techniques, appropriate backing (either perma-
nent or temporary) is to be provided. The backing is 2/2.11.1 General
to be fitted so that spacing between the backing and
The sizes of fillet welds are to be indicated on detail
the members to be joined is in accordance with es-
plans or on a separate welding schedule and are
tablished procedures. Unless specially approved oth-
subject to approval. The weld throat size is not to be
erwise, splices in permanent backing strips are to be
less than 0.7 times the weld leg size. Fillet welds
welded with full penetration welds prior to making
may be made by an approved manual or automatic
the primary weld.
technique. Where the gap between the faying sur-
faces of members exceeds 2 mm (Z\zn in.) and is
2/2.9.2 Submerged-arc Welding
not greater than 5 mm (C\zn in.), the weld leg size
Submerged-arc welding, using wire-flux combina- is to be increased by the amount of the opening.
tions for butt welds in members not exceeding Where the gap between members is greater than 5
16 mm (B\, in.) in thickness, may be employed mm (C\zn in.), fillet weld sizes and weld proce-
without beveling the abutting edges. Members ex- dures are to be specially approved by the Surveyor.
ceeding 16 mm (B\, in.) are normally to be prepared Completed welds are to be to his satisfaction. Special
for welding using an appropriate edge preparation, precautions such as the use of preheat or low-
root opening and root face (land) to provide for hydrogen electrodes or low hydrogen welding proc-
welding from one or both sides. When it is deter- esses may be required where small fillets are used to
mined that sound welds can be made without goug- attach heavy members or sections. When heavy sec-
ing, the provisions of 2/2.7.5 are not applicable. tions are attached to relatively light members, the
Where the metal is to be deposited from one side weld size may be required to be modified.
only, using ordinary welding techniques, backing
(either permanent or temporary) is to be provided 2/2.11.2 Tee Connections
and the members are to be beveled and fitted in ac-
Except where otherwise indicated under 2/2.11.1, the
cordance with established procedures.
fillet weld requirement for tee connections is to be
determined by the lesser thickness member being
2/2.9.3 Gas Metal-arc and Flux Cored-arc
joined. Where only the webs of girders, beams or
Welding
stiffeners are to be attached, it is recommended that
Manual semi-automatic or machine automatic gas the unattached face plates or flanges be cut back. Ex-
metal-arc welding, and flux cored-arc welding using cept for girders of thickness greater than 25 mm
wire-gas combinations and associated processes, (1 in.), reduction in fillet weld sizes may be specially
may be ordinarily employed utilizing the conditions approved in accordance with either a or b specified
specified in 2/2.9.1 except that specific joint designs below. However, in no case is the reduced leg size to
may differ between processes. be less than 5 mm (C\zn in.).
a Where quality control facilitates working to a sum of the two is not less than 1.5 times the thick-
gap between members being attached of 1 mm ness of the thinner member.
(0.04 in.) or less, a reduction in fillet weld leg
size of 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) may be permitted 2/2.11.5 Overlapped Seams
provided that the reduced leg size is not less
than 8 mm (C\zn in.). Unless specially approved, overlapped seams are to
b Where automatic double continuous fillet have continuous welds on both edges of the sizes re-
welding is used and quality control facilitates quired by the approved plans and are to be in accor-
working to a gap between members being at- dance with the applicable provisions of 2/2.11.1.
tached of 1 mm (0.04 in.) or less, a reduction
in fillet weld leg size of 1.5 mm (Z\zn in.) 2/2.11.6 Plug Welds or Slot Welds
may be permitted provided that the penetration Plug welds or slot welds may be specially approved
at the root is at least 1.5 mm (Z\zn in.) into for particular applications. Where used in the body
the members being attached and the reduced of doublers and similar locations, such welds may be
leg size is not less than 5 mm (C\zn in.). generally spaced about 300 mm (12 in.) between
centers in both directions. Slot welds generally
2/2.11.3 Lapped Joi nts should not be filled with weld metal. For plate thick-
Lapped joints are generally not to have overlaps of nesses up to 13 mm (Z\x in.), fillet sizes are to be
less width than twice the thinner plate thickness plus equal to plate thickness but not greater than 9.5 mm
25 mm (1 in.). Both edges of an overlapped joint are (C\, in.); for thicknesses over 13 mm (Z\x in.) to
to have continuous fillet welds in accordance with 25 mm (1 in.) fillet sizes are to be 16 mm (B\, in.)
2/2.11. or 2/2.11.4. maximum.
Part 3 Design
Part 3
Section 1 Environmental Conditions
3/1.1 General Other phenomena, such as tsunamis, submarine
slides, seiche, abnormal composition of air and wa-
The environmental conditions to which an offshore
ter, air humidity, salinity, ice drift, icebergs, ice
installation may be exposed during its life are to be
scouring, etc. may require investigation depending
described using adequate data for the areas in which
upon the specific installation site.
the structure is to be transported and installed. For
The required investigation of seabed and soil
structures requiring substantial near-shore construc-
conditions is described in Section 3/6.
tion (e.g., concrete gravity installations), environ-
mental studies are to be commensurate with the du-
3/1.5 Environmental Design Criteria
ration of construction operations and the relative
severity of expected conditions. The combination and severity of environmental con-
The environmental phenomena which may in- ditions for use in design are to be appropriate to the
fluence the transport, installation, and operation of installation being considered and consistent with the
the structure are to be described in terms of the char- probability of simultaneous occurrence of the envi-
acteristic parameters relevant to the evaluation of the ronmental phenomena. It is to be assumed that envi-
structure. Statistical data and realistic statistical and ronmental phenomena may approach the installation
mathematical models which describe the range of from any direction unless reliable site-specific data
pertinent expected variations of environmental con- indicate otherwise. The direction, or combination of
ditions are to be employed. All data used are to be directions, which produces the most unfavorable ef-
fully documented with the sources and estimated re- fects on the installation is to be accounted for in the
liability of data noted. design.
Methods employed in developing available data
into design criteria are to be described and submitted in 3/1.5.1 Design Environmental Co ndition
accordance with Section 1/4. Probabilistic methods for
In these Rules, the combination of environmental
short-term, long-term and extreme-value prediction are
factors producing the most unfavorable effects on the
to employ statistical distributions appropriate to the en-
structure, as a whole and as defined by the parame-
vironmental phenomena being considered, as evidenced
ters given below, is referred to as the Design Envi-
by relevant statistical tests, confidence limits and other
ronmental Condition. This condition is to be de-
measures of statistical significance. Hindcasting meth-
scribed by a set of parameters representing an
ods and models are to be fully documented.
environmental condition which has a high probabil-
Generally, suitable data and analyses supplied
ity of not being exceeded during the life of the
by consultants will be accepted as the basis for de-
structure and will normally be composed of
sign. For installations in areas where published de-
a The maximum wave height corresponding to
sign standards and data exist, such standards and
the selected recurrence period together with
data may be cited as documentation.
the associated wind, current and limits of water
depth, and appropriate ice and snow effects
3/1.3 Environmental Factors to be b The extreme air and sea temperatures
Considered c The maximum and minimum water level due
to tide and storm surge
In general, the design of an offshore installation will
However, depending upon site-specific condi-
require investigation of the following environmental
tions, consideration should be given to the combina-
factors.
tions of events contained in item a above. The recur-
Waves rence period chosen for events a, b, and c above is
Wind normally not to be less than one hundred years, un-
Currents less justification for a reduction can be provided. For
Tides and storm surges platforms that are unmanned, or can be easily evacu-
Air and sea temperatures ated during the design event, or platforms with
Ice and snow shorter design life than typical 20 years may use a
Marine growth recurrence interval less than 100 years for events a, b
Seismicity and c above. However, the recurrence interval is not
Sea ice to be less than 50 years.
For installation sites located in seismically ac- b Long-Term Predictions All long-term and
tive areas (see 3/1.7.8), an earthquake of magnitude extreme-value predictions employed for the determi-
which has a reasonable likelihood of not being ex- nation of design wave conditions are to be fully de-
ceeded during the platform life to determine the risk scribed and based on recognized techniques. Design
of damage, and a rare intense earthquake to evaluate wave conditions may be formulated for use in either
the risk of structural collapse are to be considered in deterministic or probabilistic methods of analysis,
the design. The earthquakes so described are herein but the method of analysis is to be appropriate to the
referred to as the Strength Level and Ductility Level specific topic being considered.
Earthquakes respectively. The magnitudes of the pa- c Data The development of wave data to be
rameters characterizing these earthquakes having re- used in required analyses is to reflect conditions at
currence periods appropriate to the design life of the the installation site and the type of structure. As re-
structure are to be determined. The effects of the quired, wave data may have to be developed to de-
earthquakes are to be accounted for in design but, termine the following.
generally, need not be taken in combination with
Provision for air gap
other environmental factors.
Maximum mud line shear force and overturning
For installations located in areas susceptible to
moment
tsunami waves, submarine slides, seiche or other
Dynamic response of the structure
phenomena, the effects of such phenomena are to
Maximum stress
be based on the most reliable estimates available
Fatigue
and, as practicable, the expected effects are to be
Impact of local structure
accounted for in design. Generally, for such phe-
nomena, suitable data and recommendations sub- Breaking wave criteria are to be appropriate to
mitted by consultants will be accepted as a basis for the installation site and based on recognized tech-
design. niques. Waves which cause the most unfavorable ef-
fects on the overall structure may differ from waves
3/1.5.2 Operating Environmental Conditions having the most severe effects on individual struc-
tural components. In general, more frequent waves
For each intended major function or operation of the
of lesser heights, in addition to the most severe wave
installation, a set of characteristic parameters for the
conditions, are to be investigated when fatigue and
environmental factors which act as a limit on the safe
dynamic analyses are required.
performance of an operation or function is to be de-
termined. Such operations may include, as appropri-
3/1.7.2 Wind
ate, transportation, offloading and installation of the
structure, drilling or producing operations, evacua- a General Statistical wind data is normally to
tion of the platform, etc. These sets of conditions are include information on the frequency of occurrence,
herein referred to as Operating Environmental Con- duration and direction of various wind speeds. Pub-
ditions. lished data and data from nearby land and sea sta-
tions may be used if available. If on-site measure-
ments are taken, the duration of individual
3/1.7 Specific Environmental measurements and the height above sea-level of
Conditions measuring devices is to be stated. Sustained winds
3/1.7.1 Waves are to be considered those having durations equal to
or greater than one minute, while gust winds are
a General Statistical wave data from which winds of less than one minute duration.
design parameters are determined are normally to in- b Long-Term and Extreme-Value Predictions
clude the frequency of occurrence of various wave Long-term and extreme-value predictions for sus-
height groups, associated wave periods and direc- tained and gust winds are to be based on recognized
tions. Published data and previously established de- techniques and clearly described. Preferably, the sta-
sign criteria for particular areas may be used where tistical data used for the long-term distributions of
such exist. Hindcasting techniques which adequately wind speed should be based on the same averaging
account for shoaling and fetch limited effects on periods of wind speeds as are used for the determi-
wave conditions at the site may be used to augment nation of loads. Vertical profiles of horizontal wind
available data. Analytical wave spectra employed to are to be determined on the basis of recognized sta-
augment available data are to reflect the shape and tistical or mathematical models.
width of the data, and they are to be appropriate to
the general site conditions.
c Vertical Profiles of Horizontal Wind Verti- b Velocity Profiles Current velocity profiles
cal profiles of horizontal wind for use in design can are to be based on site-specific data or recognized
be determined using the following equation. empirical relationships. Unusual profiles due to bot-
tom currents and stratified effects due to river out-
Vy = VH (y/h)l/n
flow currents are to be accounted for.
Vy = wind speed at height y above a reference wa-
ter depth, in m/s (ft/s) 3/1.7.4 Tides
VH = wind speed at reference height H, usually 10
a General Tides, when relevant, are to be con-
m (33 ft) above a reference water depth, in
sidered in the design of an offshore fixed structure.
m/s (ft/s)
Tides may be classified as lunar or astronomical
1/n = exponent dependent upon the time-averaging
tides, wind tides, and pressure differential tides. The
period of the measured wind speed VH
combination of the latter two is commonly called the
The value of n typically ranges from 7 for sus- storm surge. The water depth at any location consists
tained winds to 13 for gust winds of brief duration. of the mean depth, defined as the vertical distance
For sustained winds of 1-minute duration, n equal to between the sea bed and an appropriate near-surface
7 may be used; for gust winds of 3-second duration, datum, and a fluctuating component due to astro-
n equal to 12 may be used. nomical tides and storm surges. Astronomical tide
d Lack of Data In the event that wind speed variations are bounded by highest astronomical tide,
data is not available for the time-averaging periods HAT, and lowest astronomical tide, LAT, still water
desired for use in design, conversions to the desired level (SWL) should be taken as the sum of the high-
time-averaging periods may be made on the basis of est astronomical level plus the storm surge.
Table 3/1.1. Storm surge is to be estimated from available
Linear interpolation may be used with Table statistics or by mathematical storm surge modeling.
3/1.1 to determine the factor to be applied to the b Design Environmental Wave Crest For de-
time-averaging period wind speed relative to the 1- sign purposes, the design environmental wave crest
hour wind speed. elevation is to be superimposed on the SWL. Varia-
For wind speeds given in terms of the “fastest tions in the elevation of the daily tide may be used in
mile of wind”, Vf, the corresponding time-averaging determining the elevations of boat landings, barge
period t in seconds is given by fenders and the corrosion prevention treatment of
structure in the splash zone. Water depths assumed
t = 3600/Vf for various topics of analysis are to be clearly stated.
where Vf is the fastest mile of wind at a reference
height of 10 m (33 ft), in miles per hour. 3/1.7.5 Temperature
Extreme values of air, sea and seabed temperatures are
3/1.7.3 Currents to be expressed in terms of recurrence Periods and as-
sociated highest and lowest values. Temperature data
a General Data for currents are generally to
is to be used to evaluate selection of structural materi-
include information on current speed, directions and
als, ambient ranges and conditions for machinery and
variation with depth. The extent of information
equipment design, and for determination of thermal
needed is to be commensurate with the expected se-
stresses, as relevant to the installation.
verity of current conditions at the site in relation to
other load causing phenomena, past experience in
3/1.7.6 Ice and Snow
adjacent or analogous areas and the type of structure
and foundation to be installed. On-site data collec- For structures intended to be installed in areas where
tion may be indicated for previously unstudied areas ice and snow may accumulate or where sea ice haz-
and/or areas expected to have unusual or severe con- ards may develop, estimates are to be made of the
ditions. Consideration is to be given to the following extent to which ice and snow may accumulate on the
types of current, as appropriate to the installation structure. Data may be derived from actual field
site: tidal, wind-generated, density, circulation and measurements, laboratory data or data from analo-
river-outflow. gous areas.
Part 3
Section 2 Loads
3/2.1 General g The forces exerted on the structure during the op-
eration of cranes and vehicles
This section pertains to the identification, definition
h The forces exerted on the structure by vessels
and determination of the loads to which an offshore
moored to the structure or accidental impact con-
structure may be subjected during and after its trans-
sideration for a typical supply vessel that would
portation to site and its installation. As appropriate to
normally service the installation
the planned structure, the types of loads described in
i The forces exerted on the structure by helicopters
3/2.3 are to be accounted for in design.
during take-off and landing, or while parked on
the structure
3/2.3 Types of Loads
Where applicable, the dynamic effects on the struc-
Loads applied to an offshore structure are, for pur- ture of items d through g are to be taken into ac-
poses of these Rules, categorized as follows. count. Where appropriate, some of the items of live
load listed above may be adequately accounted for
3/2.3.1 Dead Loads by designing decks, etc. to a maximum, uniform area
Dead loads are loads which do not change during the load as specified by the Operator, or past practice for
mode of operation under consideration. Dead loads similar conditions.
include the following. Live loads occurring during transportation and
installation are to be determined for each specific
Weight in air of the structure including, as appropri- operation involved and the dynamic effects of such
ate, the weight of the principal structure (e.g., loads are to be accounted for as necessary (see Sec-
jacket, tower, caissons, gravity foundation, pil- tion 3/7).
ing), grout, module support frame, decks, mod-
ules, stiffeners, piping, helideck, skirt, columns 3/2.3.3 Deformation Loads
and any other fixed structural parts
Weight of permanent ballast and the weight of per- Deformation loads are loads due to deformations im-
manent machinery posed on the structure. The deformation loads in-
External hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy calcu- clude those due to temperature variations (e.g., hot
lated on the basis of the still water level oil storage) leading to thermal stress in the structure
Static earth pressure and, where necessary, loads due to soil displac e-
ments (e.g., differential settlement or lateral dis-
3/2.3.2 Live Loads placement) or due to deformations of adjacent
structures. For concrete structures, deformation loads
Live loads associated with the normal operation and due to prestress, creep, shrinkage and expansion are
use of the structure are loads which may change to be taken into account.
during the mode of operation considered. (Though
environmental loads are live loads, they are catego- 3/2.3.4 Environmental Loads
rized separately; see 3/2.3.4) Live loads acting after
construction and installation include the following. Environmental loads are loads due to wind, waves,
current, ice, snow, earthquake, and other environ-
a The weight of drilling or production equipment mental phenomena. The characteristic parameters de-
which can be removed, such as derrick, draw fining an environmental load are to be appropriate to
works, mud pumps, mud tanks, rotating equip- the installation site and in accordance with the re-
ment, etc. quirements of Section 3/1. Operating Environmental
b The weight of crew and consumable supplies, Loads are those loads derived from the parameters
such as mud, chemicals, water, fuel, pipe, cable, characterizing Operating Environmental Conditions
stores, drill stem, casing, etc. (see 3/1.5.2). Design Environmental Loads are those
c Liquid in the vessels and pipes during operation loads derived from the parameters characterizing the
d Liquid in the vessels and pipes during testing Design Environmental Condition (see 3/1.5.1).
e The weight of liquids in storage and ballast tanks The combination and severity of Design Envi-
f The forces exerted on the structure due to opera- ronmental Loads are to be in accordance with
tions, e.g., maximum derrick reaction 3/1.5.1.
Environmental loads are to be applied to the F = hydrodynamic force vector per unit length
structure from directions producing the most unfa- along the member, acting normal to the axis
vorable effects on the structure, unless site-specific of the member
studies provide evidence in support of a less strin- FD = drag force vector per unit length
gent requirement. Directionality may be taken into Fl = inertia force vector per unit length
account in applying the environmental criteria.
The drag force vector for a stationary, rigid member
Earthquake loads and loads due to accidents or
is given by
rare occurrence environmental phenomena need not
be combined with other environmental loads, unless FD = (c/2g) D CD un |un|
site-specific conditions indicate that such combina-
tions are appropriate. c = weight density of water, in N/m3 (lb/ft3)
g = gravitational acceleration, in m/s2 (ft/s2)
3/2.5 Determination of Environmental D = projected width of the member in the direc-
Loads tion of the crossflow component of velocity
(in the case of a circular cylinder, D denotes
3/2.5.1 General
the diameter), in m (ft)
Model or field test data may be employed to estab- CD = drag coefficient (dimensionless)
lish environmental loads. Alternatively, environ- un = component of the fluid velocity vector nor-
mental loads may be determined using analytical mal to the axis of the member, in m/s (ft/s)
methods compatible with the data established in un = absolute value of un, in m/s (ft/s)
compliance with Section 3/1. Any recognized load
The inertia force vector for a stationary, rigid mem-
calculation method may be employed provided it has
ber is given by
proven sufficiently accurate in practice, and it is
shown to be appropriate to the structure’s character- Fl = (c/g) (p D2/4) CM an
istics and site conditions. The calculation methods
CM = Inertia coefficient based on the displaced
presented herein are offered as guidance representa-
mass of fluid per unit length (dime nsionless)
tive of current acceptable methods.
an = component of the fluid acceleration vector
normal to the axis of the member, in m/s2
3/2.5.2 Wave Loads
(ft/s2)
a Range of Wave Parameters A sufficient
For compliant structures which exhibit substantial
range of realistic wave periods and wave crest posi-
rigid body oscillations due to the wave action, the
tions relative to the structure are to be investigated to
modified form of Morison’s equation given below
ensure an accurate determination of the maximum
may be used to determine the hydrodynamic force.
wave loads on the structure. Consideration should be
given to other wave induced effects such as wave F = FD + Fl (c/2g) DCD (un-ún) |un-ún|
impact loads, dynamic amplification and fatigue of
+ (c/g) (p D2/4) an + (c/g) (p D2/4) Cm (an-án)
structural members. The need for analysis of these
effects is to be assessed on the basis of the configu-
ún = component of the velocity vector of the
ration and behavioral characteristics of the structure,
structural member normal to its axis, in m/s
the wave climate and past experience.
(ft/s)
b Determination of Wave Loads For struc-
Cm = added mass coefficient, i.e., Cm = CM − 1
tures composed of members having diameters which
án = component of the acceleration vector of the
are less than 20% of the wave lengths being consid-
structural member normal to its axis, in m/s2
ered, semi-empirical formulations such as Morison’s
(ft/s2)
equation are considered to be an acceptable basis for
determining wave loads. For structures composed of For structural shapes other than circular cylinders,
members whose diameters are greater than 20% of the term p D2/4 in the above equations is to be re-
the wave lengths being considered, or for structural placed by the actual cross-sectional area of the
configurations which substantially alter the incident shape.
flow field, diffraction forces and the hydrodynamic Values of un and an for use in Morison’s equa-
interaction of structural members are to be accounted tion are to be determined using a recognized wave
for in design. theory appropriate to the wave heights, wave peri-
c Morison’s Equation The hydrodynamic ods, and water depth at the installation site. Values
force acting on a cylindrical member, as given by for the coefficients of drag and inertia to be used in
Morison’s equation, is expressed as the sum of the Morison’s equation are to be determined on the basis
force vectors indicated in the following equation. of model tests, full scale measurements, or previous
studies which are appropriate to the structural con-
F = FD + Fl
figuration, surface roughness, and pertinent flow pa- In the absence of experimental data, values for the
rameters (e.g., Reynolds number). shape coefficient (Cs) may be assumed as follows.
Generally, for pile-supported template type
TABLE 3/2.1 Values of Cs
structures, values of CD range between 0.6 and 1.2;
values of CM range between 1.5 and 2.0. Shape Cs
d Diffraction Theory For structural configura- Cylindrical shape 0.50
tions which substantially alter the incident wave Major flat surfaces and overall projected
field, diffraction theories of wave loading are to be area of platform 1.00
employed which account for both the incident wave
force (i.e., Froude-Kylov force) and the force result- Isolated structural shapes (cranes, angles,
beams, channels, etc.) 1.50
ing from the diffraction of the incident wave due to
the presence of the structure. Under-deck areas (exposed beams and
The hydrodynamic interaction of structural girders) 1.30
members is to be taken into account. For structures Derricks or truss cranes (each face) 1.25
composed of surface piercing caissons or for instal- Sides of buildings 1.50
lation sites where the ratio of water depth to wave
length is less than 0.25, nonlinear effects of wave The area of open trussworks commonly used for der-
action are to be taken into account. This may be done ricks and crane booms may be approximated by tak-
by modifying linear diffraction theory to account for ing 30% of the projected area of both the windward
nonlinear e ffects or by performance of model tests. and leeward sides with the shape coefficient taken in
accordance with Table 3/2.1.
3/2.5.3 Wind Loads Where one structural member shields another
from direct exposure to the wind, shielding may be
Wind loads and local wind pressures are to be de- taken into account. Generally, the two structural
termined on the basis of analytical methods or wind components are to be separated by not more than
tunnel tests on a representative model of the struc- seven times the width of the windward component
ture. In general, the wind load on the overall struc- for a reduction to be taken in the wind load on the
ture to be combined with other design environmental leeward member.
loads is to be determined using a one-minute sus- Where appropriate, dynamic effects due to the
tained wind speed. For installations with negligible cyclic nature of gust wind and cyclic loads due to
dynamic response to wind, a one-hour sustained vortex induced vibration are to be investigated. Both
wind speed may be used to calculate the wind loads drag and lift components of load due to vortex in-
on the overall structure. Wind loads on broad, essen- duced vibration are to be taken into account. The ef-
tially flat structures such as living quarters, walls, fects of wind loading on structural members or com-
enclosures, etc. are to be determined using a fifteen- ponents that would not normally be exposed to wind
second gust wind speed. Wind pressures on indivi d- loads after platform installation are to be considered.
ual structural members, equipment on open decks, This would especially apply to fabrication or trans-
etc. are to be determined using a three second gust portation phases.
wind speed.
For wind loads normal to flat surfaces or normal 3/2.5.4 Current Loads
to the axis of members not having flat surfaces, the
following relation may be used. Current induced loads on immersed structural me m-
bers are to be determined on the basis of analytical
Fw = (ca/2g) Cs Vy2 A methods, model test data or full-scale measurements.
Fw = wind load, in N (lb) When currents and waves are superimposed, the cur-
g = gravitational acceleration, in m/s2 (ft/s2) rent velocity is to be added vectorially to the wave
ca = weight density of air, in N/m3 (lb/ft 3) induced particle velocity prior to computation of the
Cs = shape coefficient (dimensionless) total force. Current profiles used in design are to be
Vy = wind speed at altitude y, in m/s (ft/s) representative of the expected conditions at the in-
A = projected area of member on a plane normal stallation site. Where appropriate, flutter and dy-
to the direction of the considered force, in m2 namic amplification due to vortex shedding are to be
(ft2) taken into account.
For calculation of current loads in the absence of
For any direction of wind approach to the waves, the lift force normal to flow direction, and the
structure, the wind force on flat surfaces should be drag force may be determined as follows.
considered to act normal to the surface. The wind
force on cylindrical objects should be assumed to act FL = CL (c/2g) V2 Al
in the direction of the wind. FD = CD (c/2g) V2 Al
FL =total lift force per unit length, in N/m (lb/ft) When a standardized response spectrum, such as
CL =lift coefficient (dimensionless) given in the American Petroleum Institute (API) RP
c =weight density of water, in N/m3 (lb/ft3) 2A, is used for structural analysis, input values of
V =local current velocity, in m/s (ft/s) (see ground motion (spectral acceleration representation)
3/1.7.3) to be used are not to be less severe than the follow-
Al = projected area per unit length in a plane nor- ing.
mal to the direction of the force, in m2/m
100% in both orthogonal horizontal directions
(ft2/ft)
50% in the vertical direction
FD = total drag force per unit length, in N/m (lb/ft)
CD = drag coefficient (see 3/2.5.2c) When three-dimensional, site-specific ground
motion spectra are developed, the actual directional
In general, lift force may become significant for long
accelerations are to be used. If single site-specific
cylindrical members with large length-diameter ra-
spectra are developed, accelerations for the remain-
tios and should be checked in design under these
ing two orthogonal directions should be applied in
conditions. The source of CL values employed is to
accordance with the factors given above.
be documented.
If time history method is used for structural
analysis, at least three sets of ground motion time
3/2.5.5 Ice and Snow Loads
histories are to be employed. The manner in which
At locations where structures are subject to ice and the time histories are used is to account for the po-
snow accumulation the following effects are to be tential sensitivity of the structure’s response to
accounted for, as appropriate to the local condi- variations in the phasing of the ground motion rec-
tions. ords.
Structural appurtenances, equipment, modules,
Weight and change in effective area of structural
and piping are to be designed to resist earthquake in-
members due to accumulated ice and snow
duced accelerations at their foundations.
Incident pressures due to pack ice, pressure ridges
As appropriate, effects of soil liquefaction,
and ice island fragments impinging on the
shear failure of soft muds and loads due to accel-
structure
eration of the hydrodynamic added mass by the
For the design of structures that are to be installed in earthquake, submarine slide, tsunamis and earth-
service in extreme cold weather such as arctic re- quake generated acoustic shock waves are to be
gions, reference is to be made to API Bulletin 2N: taken into account.
“Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Off-
shore Platforms in Ice Environments.” 3/2.5.7 Marine Growth
The following effects of anticipated marine growth
3/2.5.6 Earthquake Loads
are to be accounted for in design.
For structures located in seismically active areas
strength level and ductility level earthquake induced Increase in hydrodynamic diameter
ground motions (see 3/1.5.1) are to be determined on Increase in surface roughness in connection with the
the basis of seismic data applicable to the installation determination of hydrodynamic coefficients
site. Earthquake ground motions are to be described (e.g., lift, drag and inertia coefficients)
by either applicable ground motion records or re- Increase in dead load and inertial mass
sponse spectra consistent with the recurrence period
The amount of accumulation assumed for design is
appropriate to the design life of the structure. Avail-
to reflect the extent of and interval between cleaning
able standardized spectra applicable to the region of
of submerged structural parts.
the installation site are acceptable provided such
spectra reflect site-specific conditions affecting fre-
3/2.5.8 Sea Ice
quency content, energy distribution, and duration.
These conditions include: the type of active faults in The global forces exerted by sea ice on the structure
the region, the proximity of the site to the potential as a whole and local concentrated loads on structural
source faults, the attenuation or amplification of elements are to be considered. The effects of rubble
ground motion between the faults and the site, and piles on the development of larger areas, and their
the soil conditions at the site. forces on the structure, need to be considered.
The ground motion description used in design is The impact effect of a sea ice feature must con-
to consist of three components corresponding to two sider mass and hydrodynamic added mass of the ice,
orthogonal horizontal directions and the vertical di- its velocity, direction and shape relative to the struc-
rection. All three components are to be applied to the ture, the mass and size of the structure, the added
structure simultaneously. mass of water and soil accelerating with the struc-
Part 3
Section 3 General Design Requirements
3/3.5 Overall Design Considerations b Splash Zone The part of the installation
containing the areas above and below the still water
3/3.5.1 Design Life level (see 3/1.7.4) which are regularly subjected to
The design life of the structure is to be specified by wetting due to wave action. Characteristically, the
the Operator. Continuance of classification beyond splash zone is not easily accessible for field painting,
the Design Life will be subject to a special survey nor protected by cathodic protection.
and engineering analysis as indicated in Part 4 of c Atmospheric Zone That part of the installa-
these Rules. tion above the splash zone.
Additionally, for structures located in areas
subject to floating or submerged ice, that portion of
3/3.5.2 Air Gap
the structure which may reasonably be expected to
An air gap of at least 1.5 m (5 ft) is to be provided come into contact with floating or submerged ice is
between the maximum wave crest elevation and the to be designed with consideration for such contact.
lowest protuberance of the superstructure for which
wave forces have not been included in the design.
After accounting for the initial and expected long- 3/3.7 Considerations for Particular
term settlements of the structure, due to consolida- Types of Structures
tion and subsidence in a hydrocarbon or other res-
3/3.7.1 General
ervoir area, the design wave crest elevation is to be
superimposed on the still water level (see 3/1.7.4) In this subsection are listed specific design consid-
and consideration is to be given to wave run-up, erations which are to be taken into account for par-
tilting of the structure and, where appropriate, tsu- ticular types of structures. They constitute additional
namis. pertinent factors which affect the safety and per-
formance of the structure and are not intended to
3/3.5.3 Long-Term and Secondary Effects supplant or modify other criteria contained in these
Rules.
Consideration is to be given to the following effects, Where required, the interactive effects between
as appropriate to the planned structure. the platform and conductor or riser pipes due to plat-
Local vibration due to machinery, equipment and form motions are to be investigated. For compliant
vortex shedding structures which exhibit significant wave induced
Stress concentrations at critical joints motions, determination of such interactive effects
Secondary stresses induced by large deflection (P-δ may be of critical importance.
effects)
Cumulative fatigue 3/3.7.2 Pile-Supported Steel Platforms
Corrosion
a Factors to be Considered Factors to be con-
Abrasion due to ice
sidered in the structural analysis are to include the
Freeze-thaw action on concrete and coatings
soil-pile interaction and the loads imposed on the
tower or jacket during towing and launching.
3/3.5.4 Reference Marking b Installation Procedures Carefully controlled
For large or complex structures, consideration should installation procedures are to be developed so that
be given to installing permanent reference markings the bearing loads of the tower or jacket on the soil
during construction to facilitate future surveys. are kept within acceptable limits until the piles are
Where employed, such markings may consist of driven.
weld beads, metal or plastic tags, or other permanent c Special Procedures Special procedures may
markings. In the case of a concrete structure, mark- have to be used to handle long, heavy piles until they
ings may be provided using suitable coatings or per- are self-supporting in the soil. Pile driving delays are
manent lines molded into the concrete. to be minimized to avoid set-up of the pile sections.
d Dynamic Analysis For structures likely to be
3/3.5.5 Zones of Exposure sensitive to dynamic response, the natural period of
the structure should be checked to insure that it is not
Measures taken to mitigate the effects of corrosion as in resonance with waves having significant energy
required by 3/4.1.2 and 3/5.1.2 are to be specified content.
and described in terms of the following definitions e Instability Instability of structural members
for corrosion protection zones. due to submersion is to be considered, with due ac-
a Submerged Zone That part of the installa- count for second-order effects produced by factors
tion below the splash zone. such as geometrical imperfections.
3/3.7.3 Concrete or Steel Gravity Platforms b Steel and Concrete Interfaces Special at-
tention is to be paid to the design of the connections
a Positioning The procedure for transporting between steel and concrete components.
and positioning the structure and the accuracy of c Other Factors Pertinent design factors for
measuring devices used during these procedures are the concrete base listed in 3/3.7.3 are also to be taken
to be documented. into account.
b Repeated Loadings Effects of repeated
loadings on soil properties, such as pore pressure,
3/3.7.5 Guyed Compliant Towers
water content, shear strength and stress strain be-
havior, are to be investigated. a Clump Weights Where necessary, clump
c Soil Reactions Soil reactions against the weights (with or without buoyancy units) between
base of the structure during installation are to be in- the tower and anchors on the sea floor are to be pro-
vestigated. Consideration should be given to the oc- vided to minimize the uplift forces on the anchors, to
currence of point loading caused by sea bottom ir- hold the guylines taut, and to restrict the lateral
regularities. Suitable grouting between base slab and movement of the tower.
sea floor can be employed to reduce concentration of b Lifting Clump Weights As required by the
loads. design, clump weights should have provisions for
d Maintenance The strength and durability of being lifted off the sea floor during a storm. Lifting
construction materials are to be maintained. Where of the clump weights will decrease the stiffness of
sulphate attack is anticipated, as from stored oil, ap- the mooring system, and allow the tower to displace
propriate cements are to be chosen, pozzolans incor- more with the large waves.
porated in the mix, or the surfaces given suitable c Swiveling Fairleads Consideration should be
coatings. given to locating the swiveling fairleads on the tower
e Reinforcement Corrosion Means are to be as close as possible to the center of pressure of the de-
provided to minimize reinforcing steel corrosion. sign wind, wave and current loads in order to mini-
f Instability Instability of structural members mize horizontal forces at the bottom of the tower.
due to submersion is to be considered, with due ac- d Foundations Foundations supporting the
count for second-order effects produced by factors base are to be embedded in the sea floor to a depth
such as geometrical imperfections. sufficient to attain the desired load-carrying capacity.
g Horizontal Sliding Where necessary, pro-
tection against horizontal sliding along the sea floor 3/3.7.6 Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
is to be provided by means of skirts, shear keys or
equivalent means. a Factors to be Considered In determining the
h Dynamic Analysis A dynamic analysis, in- design environmental criteria, the design events that
cluding simulation of wave-structure response and will produce the worst response to each component
soil-structure interaction, should be considered for of the structure are to be considered. The largest re-
structures with natural periods greater than approxi- sponses of different components of the structure are
mately 3 seconds. not necessarily produced by the highest wave condi-
i Long Term Resistance The long term resis- tion.
tance to abrasion, cavitation, freeze-thaw durability b Tendons The pretension is to be selected to re-
and strength retention of the concrete are to be con- sult in positive tension at the foundation tendon con-
sidered. nection for all design and operating load conditions.
j Negative Buoyancy Provision is to be made c Analysis Frequency domain or time domain
to maintain adequate negative buoyancy at all times analysis may be performed to determine the re-
to resist the uplift forces from waves, currents, and sponses of the structure such as extreme offset and
overturning moments. Where this is achieved by yaw, minimum and maximum tendon tension, and
ballasting oil storage tanks with sea water, continu- deck clearance.
ously operating control devices should be used to d Damaged Condition Analysis In addition to
maintain the necessary level of the oil-water inter- intact operating and design environmental condi-
face in the tanks. tions, damaged conditions such as accidental flood-
ing of a buoyant compartment and/or a missing or
flooded tendon are to be considered in the design.
3/3.7.4 Concrete-Steel Hybrid Structures e Foundation Foundations used to anchor the
a Horizontal Loading Where necessary, the tendon leg system to the sea floor are to be sufficient
underside of the concrete base is to be provided with to attain the required load-carrying capacity.
skirts or shear keys to resist horizontal loading; steel f Transportation and Installation Procedures
or concrete keys or equivalent means may be used. Transportation and installation procedures are to be
developed which minimize the stresses of the struc-
tural components. For the design of TLP, reference is form structures are to be designed in accordance with
to be made to API RP2T: “Recommended Practice these Rules along with the ABS “Rules for Building
for Planning, Designing, and Constructing Tension and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units”, wher-
Leg Platforms”. ever applicable.
b Foundation When selecting a unit for a par-
3/3.7.7 Minimum Structures ticular site, due consideration should be given to soil
conditions at the installation site. The bearing capac-
a Design Considerations These Rules are to ity and sliding resistance of the foundation are to be
be applied in design of minimum structures wherever investigated. The foundation design is to be in ac-
applicable. Minimum structures generally have less cordance with 3/6.9. As applicable, the foot prints
structural redundancy and more prominent dynamic left by Jack-up rigs and scour are to be considered in
responses due to the flexible nature of the structural the foundation design.
configuration. The dynamic effects on the structure c Structural Analysis In the structural analy-
are to be considered in the structural analysis when sis, the leg to hull connections and soil/structure in-
the structure has a natural period greater than 3 sec- teraction are to be properly considered. The upper
onds. The pertinent design factors listed in 3/3.7.2 and lower guide flexibility, stiffness of the elevat-
are to be taken into account. ing/holding system, and any special details regarding
b Mechanical Connections Connections other its interaction with the leg should be taken into con-
than welded joints are commonly used in minimum sideration. For units with spud cans, the legs may be
structures. For these mechanical connections such as assumed pinned at the reaction point. For mat sup-
clamps, connectors and bolts, joining diagonal braces ported units, the soil structure interaction may be
to the column or piles to the minimum structure, the modelled using springs.
strength and fatigue resistance are to be assessed by d Holding Capacity While used as a site de-
analytical methods or testing. pendent platform structure, the calculated loads are
to demonstrate that the maximum holding capacity
3/3.7.8 Site Specific Self-Elevating Mobile of the jacking system will not be exceeded.
e Preload Units with spud cans are to be pre-
Offshore Units
loaded on installation in order to minimize the possi-
a Design Considerations Self-Elevating Mo- bility of significant settlement under severe storm
bile Offshore Units converted to site dependent plat- conditions.
Part 3
Section 4 Steel Structures
taken to prevent general and local buckling fail- struction (AISC) Manual of Steel Construction,
ure, and the interaction between soil and structure ASD, with the exception of earthquake loadings
is adequately treated. When assessing structural (see d below) and tubular structural members un-
instability as a possible mode of failure, the ef- der the combined loading of axial compression
fects of initial stresses and geometric imperfec- and bending, the basic allowable stresses of the
tions are to be taken into account. Construction members are to be obtained using the AISC
tolerances are to be consistent with those used in Specification. For tubular members subjected to
the structural stability assessment. the aforementioned interaction, stress limits are to
b Dynamic effects are to be accounted for if the be in accordance with the API RP 2A.
wave energy in the frequency range of the struc- b Where stresses in members described in a are
tural natural frequencies is of sufficient magni- shown to be due to forces imposed by the design
tude to produce significant dynamic response in environmental condition acting alone or in com-
the structure. In assessing the need for dynamic bination with dead and live loads, the basic al-
analyses of deep water or unique structures, in- lowable stresses cited in a may be increased by
formation regarding the natural frequencies of the one-third provided the resulting structural mem-
structure in its intended position is to be obtained. ber sizes are not less than those required for the
The determination of dynamic effects is to be ac- operating environment loading combined with
complished either by computing the dynamic am- dead and live loads without the one-third increase
plification effects in conjunction with a determi- in allowable stresses.
nistic analysis or by a random dynamic analysis c When considering loading combinations which
based on a probabilistic formulation. In the latter include earthquake loads (see 3/4.5) on individual
case, the analysis is to be accompanied by a sta- members or on the overall structure, the allowable
tistical description and evaluation of the relevant stress may be set equal to 1.7 times the basic al-
input parameters. lowable stress of the member.
c For static loads, plastic methods of design and d The allowable stresses specified in b are to be re-
analysis can be employed only when the proper- garded as the limits for stresses in all structural
ties of the steel and the connections are such that parts for the marine operations covered in Section
they exclude the possibility of brittle fracture, al- 3/7, except for lifting, where the one third in-
low for formation of plastic hinges with sufficient crease in the basic allowable stress is not permit-
plastic rotational capability, and provide adequate ted. The lifting analysis should adequately ac-
fatigue resistance. count for equipment and fabrication weight
d In a plastic analysis, it is to be demonstrated that increase.
the collapse mode (mechanism) which corre- e For any two- or three-dimensional stress field
sponds to the smallest loading intensities has been within the scope of the working stress formula-
used for the determination of the ultimate strength tion, the equivalent stress (e.g., the von Mises
of the structure. Buckling and other destabilizing stress intensity) is to be limited by an appropriate
nonlinear effects are to be taken into account in allowable stress less than yield stress, with the
the plastic analysis. Whenever non-monotonic or exception of those stresses of a highly localized
repeating loads are present, it is to be demo n- nature. In the latter case, local yielding of the
strated that the structure will not fail by incre- structure may be accepted provided it can be
mental collapse or fatigue. demonstrated that such yielding does not lead to
e Under dynamic loads, when plastic strains may progressive collapse of the overall structure and
occur, the considerations specified in c are to be that the general structural stability is maintained.
satisfied and any buckling and destabilizing non- f Whenever elastic instability, ove rall or local, may
linear effects are to be taken into account. occur before the stresses reach their basic allow-
able levels, appropriate allowable buckling
3/4.9 Allowable Stresses and Load stresses govern.
Factors
3/4.9.2 Plastic Design Approach
3/4.9.1 Working Stress Approach Whenever the ultimate strength of the structure is
When a design is based on a working stress method used as the basis for the design of its members, the
(see 3/4.7a and 3/3.3), the safety criteria are to be safety factors or the factored loads are to be for-
expressed in terms of appropriate basic allowable mulated in accordance with the requirements in
stresses in accordance with requirements specified Chapter N (Plastic Design) of Part 5 of the AISC
below. Manual of Steel Construction, ASD or an equivalent
a For structural members and loadings covered by code. The capability of the principal structural
Part 5 of the American Institute of Steel Con- members to develop their predicted ultimate load
capacity is to be demonstrated. For safety against Other rational analysis methods are also acceptable if
brittle fracture, special attention is to be given to the forces and member stresses can be properly rep-
details of high stress concentration and to improved resented. The dynamic effects should be taken into
material quality. consideration if they are significant to the structural
response.
3/4.11 Structural Response to
Earthquake Loads 3/4.15 Stresses in Connections
Structures located in seismically active areas are to be Connections of structural members are to be deve l-
designed to possess adequate strength and stiffness to oped to insure effective load transmission between
withstand the effects of strength level earthquake, as joined members, to minimize stress concentration
well as sufficient ductility to remain stable during rare and to prevent excessive punching shear. Connection
motions of greater severity associated with ductility details are also to be designed to minimize undue
level earthquake. The sufficiency of the structural constraints against overall ductile behavior and to
strength and ductility is to be demonstrated by minimize the effects of postweld shrinkage. Undue
strength and, as required, ductility analyses. concentration of welding is to be avoided.
For strength level earthquake, the strength The design of tubular joints may be in accor-
analysis is to demonstrate that the structure is ade- dance with the API RP 2A.
quately sized for strength and stiffness to maintain
all nominal stresses within their yield or buckling
3/4.17 Structure-Pile Connections
limits.
In the ductility analysis, it is to be demonstrated The attachment of the structure to its foundation is to
that the structure has the capability of absorbing the be accomplished by positive, controlled means such
energy associated with the ductility level earthquake as welding or grouting, with or without the use of
without reaching a state of incremental collapse. mechanical shear keys or other mechanical connec-
In United States offshore regions, reference may tors. Details of mechanical connectors are to be
be made to the API RP 2A for design criteria for submitted for review. Such attachments are to be ca-
earthquake. In other seismically active locations pable of withstanding the static and long-term cyclic
around the world a seismic report should be submit- loadings to which they will be subjected. General
ted. references may be made to the API RP 2A where the
ratio of the diameter to thickness of either the pile or
the sleeve is less than or equal to 80. Where a ratio
3/4.13 Fatigue Assessment exceeds 80, special consideration is to be given to
For structural members and joints where fatigue is a the effects of reduced confinement on allowable
probable mode of failure, or for which past experi- bond stress. Particulars of grouting mixtures are to
ence is insufficient to assure safety from possible be submitted for review.
cumulative fatigue damage, an assessment of fa- The allowable stresses or load factors to be em-
tigue life is to be carried out. Emphasis is to be ployed in the design of foundation structure for steel
given to joints and members in the splash zone, gravity bases or piles are to be in accordance with
those that are difficult to inspect and repair once the 3/4.9.1 or 3/4.9.2, and with regard to laterally loaded
structure is in service, and those susceptible to piles in accordance with 3/6.7.5.
corrosion-accelerated fatigue.
For structural members and joints which require
3/4.19 Structural Response to
a detailed assessment of cumulative fatigue damage,
the results of the assessment are to indicate a mini- Hydrostatic Loads
mum expected fatigue life of twice the design life of Analyses of the structural stability are to be per-
the structure where sufficient structural redundancy formed to demonstrate the ability of structural parts
exists to prevent catastrophic failure of the structure to withstand hydrostatic collapse at the water depths
of the member or joint under consideration. Where at which they will be located.
such redundancy does not exist or where the desir-
able degree of redundancy is significantly reduced as
a result of fatigue damage, the result of a fatigue as- 3/4.21 Deflections
sessment is to indicate a minimum expected fatigue The platform deflections which may affect the de-
life of three or more times the design life of the sign of piles, conductors, risers and other structures
structure. in way of the platform are to be considered. Where
A spectral fatigue analysis technique is recom- appropriate, the associated geometric nonlinearity is
mended to calculate the fatigue life of the structure. to be accounted for in analysis.
3/4.23 Local Structure Local structures are to be adequate for the nature
and magnitude of applied loads. Allowable stresses
Structures which do not directly contribute to the specified in 3/4.9 are to be used as stress limits ex-
overall strength of the fixed offshore structure, i.e., cept for those structural parts whose primary func-
their loss or damage would not impair the structural tion is to absorb energy, in which case sufficient
integrity of the offshore structure, are considered to ductility is to be demonstrated.
be local structure.
Part 3
Section 5 Concrete Structures
to their potential influences on the serviceability of f c' = specified compression strength of concrete
the structure. Ag = gross area of section
Pu = axial design load in compression member
Cracking and spalling
Pb = axial load capacity assuming simultaneous
Deformations
occurrence of the ultimate strain of concrete
Corrosion of reinforcement or deterioration of concrete
and yielding of tension steel
Vibrations
Leakage Slabs and shells, f = 0.70
c For shear and torsion, f = 0.85
3/5.5.2 Required Strength (Load Combinations) d For bearing on concrete, f = 0.70
The required strength (U) of the structure and each Alternatively, the expected strength of concrete
member is to be equal to, or greater than, the maxi- members can be determined by using idealized
mum of the following. stress-strain curves and material factors (cM) given in
ACI 357R. The material factors applied to the stress-
U = 1.2(D + T) + 1.6 Lmax + 1.3 Eo strain curves limit the maximum stress to achieve the
U = 1.2(D + T) + 1.2 Lmax + cE Emax desired reliability similar to using the strength re-
U = 0.9(D + T) + 0.9 Lmin + cE Emax duction factors given above. The strength reduction
in which cE assumes the following values: factors (f) and the material factors (cM) are not to be
used simultaneously.
cE = 1.3 for wave, current, wind, or ice load
cE = 1.4 for earthquake loads
3/5.5.4 Fatigue
In the preceding relations, the symbols D, T, and L
The fatigue strength of the structure will be consid-
represent dead load, deformation load, and live load,
ered satisfactory if under the unfactored operating
respectively (see 3/5.3.2). The symbol EO represents
loads the following conditions are satisfied.
operating environmental loads, while Emax represents
design environmental loads. The symbol Lmin repre- The stress range in reinforcing or prestressing steel
sents minimum expected live loads, while Lmax repre- does not exceed 138 MPa (20,000 psi), or where
sents maximum expected live loads. reinforcement is bent, welded or spliced, 69
For loads of type D, the load factor 1.2 is to be MPa (10,000 psi)
replaced by 1.0 if it leads to a more unfavorable load There is no membrane tensile stress in concrete and
combination. For loads of type EO the load factor 1.3 not more than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) flexural tensile
may be reduced if a more unfavorable load combi- stress in concrete
nation results. For strength evaluation the effects of The stress range in compression in concrete does not
deformation load may be ignored provided adequate exceed 0.50fc' where fc' is the specified compres-
ductility is demonstrated. sive strength of concrete
While the critical design loadings will be identi- Where maximum shear exceeds the allowable shear
fied from the load combinations given above, the of the concrete alone, and where the cyclic range
other simultaneously occurring load combinations is more than half the maximum allowable shear
during construction and installation phases are to be in the concrete alone, all shear is taken by rein-
considered if they can cause critical load effects. forcement. In determining the allowable shear of
the concrete alone, the influence of permanent
compressive stress may be taken into account
3/5.5.3 Strength Reduction Factors
In situations where fatigue stress ranges allow
The strength of a member or a cross section is to be greater latitude than those under the serviceabil-
calculated in accordance with the provisions of 3/5.7 ity requirements given in Table 3/5.1, the latter
and it is to be multiplied by the following strength condition shall assume precedence
reduction factor, f. Bond stress does not exceed 50% of that permitted
for static loads.
a For bending with or without axial tension, f = 0.90
b For axial compression or axial compression com- Where the above nominal values are exceeded, an
bined with bending. in-depth fatigue analysis is to be performed. In such
Reinforced members with spiral reinforcement, an analysis the possible reduction of material
f = 0.75 strength is to be taken into account on the basis of
Other reinforced members (excluding slabs and appropriate data (S-N curves) corresponding to the
shells), f = 0.70 95th percentile of specimen survival. In this regard,
The values given above may be increased linearly consideration is to be given not only to the effects
to 0.9 as Pu decreases from 0.1 fc'Ag or Pb, which- of fatigue induced by normal stress, but also to fa-
ever is smaller, to zero. tigue effects due to shear and bond stress. Particular
attention is to be given to submerged areas sub- mum permissible membrane strain across the walls
jected to the low-cycle, high-stress components of should not cause cracking under any combination of
the loading history. Where an analysis of the fa- D, L, T and Emax using load factors taken as 1.0. For
tigue life is performed, the expected fatigue life of structures prestressed in one direction only, tensile
the structure is to be at least twice the design life. stresses in reinforcement transverse to the prestress-
In order to estimate the cumulative fatigue damage ing steel shall be limited so that the strains at the
under variable amplitude stresses, a recognized cu- plane of the prestressing steel do not exceed Dps/ES.
mulative rule is to be used. Miner’s rule is an ac- Where Dps is as defined in Table 3/5.1 and ES is the
ceptable method for the cumulative fatigue damage modulus of elasticity of reinforcement (see section
analysis. 3/5.7.2 g).
Alternative criteria such as those which directly
3/5.5.5 Serviceability Requirements limit crack width will also be considered.
b Liquid-Containing Structures The follow-
a Serviceability The serviceability of the ing criteria are to be satisfied for liquid-containing
structure is to be checked by the use of stress-strain structures to ensure adequate design against leakage.
diagrams (Figures 3/5.1 and 3/5.2) with strength re-
duction factor, f = 1.0, and the unfactored load com- The reinforcing steel stresses are to be in accordance
bination wish section 3/5.5.5a
The compression zone is to extend over 25% of the
U = D + T + L + EO wall thickness or 205 mm (8 in.), whichever is
where L is the most unfavorable live load and all less
other terms are as previously defined. There is to be no membrane tensile stress unless
Using this method the reinforcing stresses are to other construction arrangements are made, such
be limited in compliance with Table 3/5.1. Addition- as the use of special barriers to prevent leakage
ally for hollow structural cross sections, the maxi-
TABLE 3/5.1 Allowable Tensile Stresses for Prestress and Reinforcing Steel to Control Cracking
3/5.7 Analysis and Design f Poisson Ratio The Poisson ratio of concrete
may be taken equal to 0.17.
3/5.7.1 General g Modulus of Elasticity-Reinforcement The
Generally, the analysis of structures may be per- modulus of elasticity, ES of non-prestressed steel
formed under the assumptions of linearly elastic reinforcement is to be taken as 200 × 103 MPa
materials and linearly elastic structural behavior, (29 × 106 psi). The modulus of elasticity of
following the requirements of ACI 318 and the addi- prestressing tendons is to be determined by tests.
tional requirements of this subsection. The material h Uniaxial Tension-Reinforcement The
properties to be used in analysis are to conform to stress-strain relation of non-prestressed steel rein-
3/5.7.2. However, the inelastic behavior of concrete forcement in uniaxial tension is to be assumed as
based on the true variation of the modulus of elastic- shown in Figure 3/5.2. The stress-strain relation of
ity with stress and the geometric nonlinearities, in- prestressing tendons is to be determined by tests, or
cluding the effects of initial deviation of the structure taken from the manufacturers certificate.
from the design geometry, are to be taken into ac- i Yield Strength-Reinforcement If the speci-
count whenever their effects reduce the strength of fied yield strength, fy, of non-prestressed reinforce-
the structure. The beneficial effects of the concrete’s ment exceeds 420 MPa (60,000 psi), the value of fy
nonlinear behavior may be accounted for in the used in the analysis is to be taken as the stress corre-
analysis and design of the structure to resist dynamic sponding to a strain of 0.35%.
loadings.
When required, the dynamic behavior of con- 3/5.7.3 Analysis of Plates, Shells, and Folded
crete structures may be investigated using a linear Plates
structural model, but soil-structural impedances are
In all analyses of shell structures, the theory em-
to be taken into account. The analysis of the structure
ployed in analysis is not to be based solely on me m-
under earthquake conditions may be performed un-
brane or direct stress approaches. The buckling
der the assumption of elasto-plastic behavior due to
strength of plate and shell structures is to be checked
yielding, provided that the requirements of 3/5.7.7
by an analysis which takes into account the geomet-
are satisfied.
rical imperfections of the structure, the inelastic be-
havior of concrete and the creep deformations of
3/5.7.2 Material Properties for Structural concrete under sustained loading. Special attention is
Analysis to be devoted to structures subjected to external pres-
a Specified Compressive Strength The speci- sure and the possibility of their collapse (implosion)
fied compressive strength of concrete, fc', is to be by failure of concrete in compression.
based on 28-day tests performed in accordance with
specifications ASTM C172, ASTM C31 and ASTM 3/5.7.4 Deflection Analysis
C39. Immediate deflections may be determined by the meth-
b Early Loadings For structures which are ods of linear structural analysis. For the purposes of de-
subjected to loadings before the end of the 28-day flection analysis, the member stiffnesses are to be com-
hardening period of concrete, the compressive puted using the material properties specified in the
strength of concrete is to be taken at the actual age of design and are to take into account the effect of cracks
concrete at the time of loading. in tension zones of concrete. The effect of creep strain
c Early-Strength Concrete For early-strength in concrete is to be taken into account in the computa-
concrete, the age for the tests for fc' may be deter- tions of deflections under sustained loadings.
mined on the basis of the cement manufacturer’s
certificate. 3/5.7.5 Analysis and Design for Shear and
d Modulus of Elasticity-Concrete For the pur- Torsion
poses of structural analyses and deflection checks,
the modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete The applicable requirements of ACI 318 or their
may be assumed as equal to 4733 fc MPa (57,000 equivalent are to be complied with in the analysis
fc psi) or determined from stress-strain curves de- and design of members subject to shear or torsion or
veloped by tests (see Figure 3/5.1) the latter method to combined shear and torsion.
is used, the modulus of elasticity is to be determined
using the secant modulus for the stress equal to 3/5.7.6 Analysis and Design for Bending and
0.5 fc'. Axial Loads
e Uniaxial Compression-Concrete In lieu of a Assumed Conditions The analysis and de-
tests, the stress-strain relation shown in Figure 3/5.1 sign of members subjected to bending and axial
may be used for uniaxial compression of concrete. loads are to be based on the following assumptions.
The strains in steel and concrete are proportional to of individual members and of the whole structure
the distance from the neutral axis should be considered.
Tensile strength of the concrete is to be neglected,
except in prestressed concrete members under 3/5.7.8 Seismic Design
unfactored loads, where the requirements in
3/5.5.5 apply a Compressive Strain The compressive strain
The stress in steel is to be taken as equal to ES times in concrete at it critical sections (including plastic
the steel strain, but not larger than fy hinge locations) is to be limited to 0.3%, except
The stresses in the compression zone of concrete are when greater strain may be accommodated by con-
to be assumed to vary with strain according to fining steel.
the curve given in Figure 3/5.1 or any other con- b Flexural Bending or Load Reversals For
servative rule. Rectangular distribution of com- structural members or sections subjected to flexural
pressive stresses in concrete specified by ACI bending or to load reversals, where the percentage of
318 may be used tensile reinforcement exceeds 70% of the reinforce-
The maximum strain in concrete at the ultimate state ment at which yield stress in the steel is reached si-
is not to be larger than 0.30% multaneously with compression failure in the con-
crete, special confining reinforcement and/or
b Failure The members in bending are to be compressive reinforcement are to be provided to
designed in such a way that any section yielding of prevent brittle failure in the compressive zone of
steel occurs prior to compressive failure of concrete. concrete.
c Web Reinforcement Web reinforcement
3/5.7.7 Seismic Analysis (stirrups) of flexural members is to be designed for
shear forces which develop at full plastic bending
a Dynamic Analysis For structures to be lo-
capacity of end sections. In addition,
cated at sites known to be seismically active (see
3/5.7.8), dynamic analysis is to be performed to de- The diameter of rods used as stirrups is not to be less
termine the response of the structure to design earth- than 10 mm (#3 bar)
quake loading. The structure is to be designed to Only closed stirrups (stirrup ties) are to be used
withstand this loading without damage. In addition, a The spacing of stirrups is not to exceed the lesser of
ductility check is also to be performed to ensure that d/2 or 16 bar diameters of compressive rein-
the structure has sufficient ductility to experience de- forcement, where d is the distance from the ex-
flections more severe than those resulting from the treme compression fiber to the centroid of tensile
design earthquake loading without the collapse of the reinforcement. Tails of stirrups are to be anchored
platform structure, its foundation or any major within a confined zone, i.e., turned i nward.
structural component.
d Splices No splices are allowed within a dis-
b Design Conditions The dynamic analysis for
tance d from a plastic hinge. Lap splices are to be at
earthquake loadings is to be performed taking into
least 30 bar diameters long but not less than 460 mm
account
(18 in.).
The interaction of all components of the structure
The compliance of the soil and the dynamic soil-
3/5.9 Design Details
structure interaction
The dynamic effects of the ambient and contained 3/5.9.1 Concrete Cover
fluids.
a General The following minimum concrete
c Method of Analysis The dynamic analysis cover for reinforcing bars is required.
for earthquake loadings may be performed by any
recognized method, such as determination of time Atmospheric zone not subjected to salt spray: 50 mm
histories of the response by direct integration of the (2 in.)
equations of motion, or the response spectra method. Splash and atmospheric zones subjected to salt spray
d Ductility Check In the ductility check, dis- and exposed to soil: 65 mm (2.5 in.)
tortions at least twice as severe as those resulting Submerged zone: 50 mm (2 in.)
from the design earthquake are to be assumed. If the Areas not exposed to weather or soil: 40 mm (1.5 in.)
ductility check is performed with the assumption of Cover of stirrups may be 13 mm (0.5 in.) less than
elasto-plastic behavior of the structure, the selected covers listed above.
method of analysis is to be capable of taking into ac- b Tendons and Ducts The concrete cover of
count the nonlinearities of the structural model. The prestressing tendons and post-tensioning ducts is to be
possibility of dynamic instability (dynamic buckling) increased 25 mm (1 in.) above the values listed in a.
c Sections Less Than 500 mm (20 in.) Thick tic tubing shall have a minimum wall thickness of 2
In sections less than 500 mm (20 in.) thick, the con- mm. Ducts may also be semi-rigid steel, spirally
crete cover of reinforcing bars and stirrups may be wrapped, of minimum thickness of 0.75 mm, and
reduced below the values listed in a; however, the shall be grout-tight. All splices in steel tubes and
cover is not to be less than the following. semi-rigid duct shall be sleeved and the joints sealed
with heat-shrink tape. Joints in plastic duct shall be
1.5 times the nominal aggregate size
fused or sleeved and sealed.
1.5 times the maximum diameter of reinforcement,
The inside diameter of ducts shall be at least 6
or 19 mm (0.75 in.)
mm (0.25 in.) larger than the diameter of the post-
Tendons and post-tensioning duct covers are to have
tensioning tendon in order to facilitate grout injection.
12.5 mm (0.5 in.) added to the above.
3/5.9.5 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and
3/5.9.2 Minimum Reinforcement
Couplers
For loadings during all phases of construction, trans-
portation, and operation (including design environ- Anchorages for unbonded tendons and couplers are
mental loading) where tensile stresses occur on a to develop the specified ultimate capacity of the ten-
face of the structure, the following minimum rein- dons without exceeding anticipated set. Anchorages
forcement on the face is required. for bonded tendons are to develop at least 90% of the
specified ultimate capacity of the tendons, when
AS = (ft /fy) bde tested in an unbonded condition without exceeding
AS =
total cross-section area of reinforcement anticipated set. However, 100% of the specified ul-
ft =
mean tensile strength of concrete timate capacity of the tendons is to be developed af-
fy =
yield stress of the reinforcing steel ter the tendons are bonded in the member.
b =
width of structural element Anchorage and end fittings are to be perma-
de =
effective tension zone, to be taken as 1.5c + nently protected against corrosion. Post-tensioning
10db anchorages shall preferably be recessed in a pocket
c = cover of reinforcement which is then filled with concrete. The fill should be
db = diameter of reinforcement bar mechanically-tied to the structure by reinforcements
as well as bonded by epoxy or polymer.
de should be at least 0.2 times the depth of the sec- Anchor fittings for unbonded tendons are to be
tion but not greater than 0.5 (h-x), where x is the capable of transferring to the concrete a load equal to
depth of the compression zone prior to cracking and the capacity of the tendon under both static and cy-
h is the section thickness. clic loading conditions.
At intersections between structural elements,
where transfer of shear forces is essential to the in- 3/5.11 Construction
tegrity of the structure, adequate transverse rein-
forcement is to be provided. 3/5.11.1 General
Construction methods and workmanship are to fol-
3/5.9.3 Reinforcement Details low accepted practices as described in ACI 318, ACI
Generally, lapped joints should be avoided in struc- 357, API RP 2A, and the specifications referred to
tural members subjected to significant fatigue load- by these codes. Additional requirements relevant to
ing. If lapped splices are used in members subject to concrete offshore structures are included below.
fatigue, the development length of reinforcing bars is
to be twice that required by ACI 318, and lapped 3/5.11.2 Mixing, Placing, and Curing of
bars are to be tied with tie wire. Reinforcing steel is Concrete
to comply with the chemical composition specifica-
tions of ACI 359 if welded splices are used. a Mixing Mixing of concrete is to conform
For anchorage of shear reinforcement as well as with the requirements of ACI 318 and ASTM C94.
for anchorage of main reinforcement, mechanically- b Cold Weather In cold weather, concreting in
headed bars (T-headed bars) may be used if their ef- air temperatures below 2°C (35°F) should be carried
fectiveness has been verified by static and dynamic out only if special precautions are taken to protect
testing. the fresh concrete from damage by frost. The tem-
perature of the concrete at the time of placing is to be
at least 4°C (40°F) and the concrete is to be main-
3/5.9.4 Post Tensioning Ducts
tained at this or a higher temperature until it has
Ducting for post-tensioning ducts may be rigid steel reached a strength of at least 5 MPa (700 psi).
or plastic, (polyethylene or polystyrene). Steel tubing Protection and insulation are to be provided to
shall have a minimum wall thickness of 1 mm. Plas- the concrete where necessary. The aggregates and
water used in the mix are to be free from snow, ice 3/5.11.3 Reinforcement
and frost. The temperature of the fresh concrete may
be raised by heating the mixing water or the aggre- The reinforcement is to be free from loose rust,
gates or both. Cement should never be heated nor grease, oil, deposits of salt or any other material
should it be allowed to come into contact with water likely to affect the durability or bond of the rein-
at a temperature greater than 60°C (140°F). forcement. The specified cover to the reinforcement
c Hot Weather During hot weather, proper at- is to be maintained accurately. Special care is to be
tention is to be given to ingredients, production taken to correctly position and rigidly hold the rein-
methods, handling, placing, protection and curing to forcement so as to prevent displacement during con-
prevent excessive concrete temperatures or water creting.
evaporation which will impair the required strength
or serviceability of the member or structure. The 3/5.11.4 Prestressing Tendons, Ducts
temperature of concrete as placed is not to exceed and Grouting
30°C (90°F) and the maximum temperature due to
heat of hydration is not to exceed 65°C (145°F). a General Further guidance on prestressing
d Curing Special attention is to be paid to the steels, sheathing, grouts and procedures to be used
curing of concrete in order to ensure maximum dura- when storing, making up, positioning, tensioning and
bility and to minimize cracking. Concrete should be grouting tendons will be found in the relevant sec-
cured with fresh water, whenever possible, to ensure tions of ACI 318, Prestressed Concrete Institute
that the concrete surface is kept wet during harden- (PCI) publications, Federation Internationale de la
ing. Care should be taken to avoid the rapid lowering Precontrainte (FIP) Recommended Practices, and the
of concrete temperatures (thermal shock) caused by specialist literature.
applying cold water to hot concrete surfaces. b Cleanliness All steel for prestressing ten-
e Sea Water Sea water is not to be used for dons is to be clean and free from grease, insoluble
curing reinforced or prestressed concrete, although, oil, deposits of salt or any other material likely to af-
if demanded by the construction program, “young” fect the durability or bond of the tendons.
concrete may be submerged in sea water provided it c Storage During storage, prestressing tendons
has gained sufficient strength to withstand physical are to be kept clear of the ground and protected from
damage. When there is doubt about the ability to weather, moisture from the ground, sea spray and
keep concrete surfaces permanently wet for the mist. No welding, flame cutting or similar operations
whole of the curing period, a heavy duty membrane are to be carried out on or adjacent to prestressing
curing compound should be used. tendons under any circumstances where the tem-
f Temperature Rise The rise of temperature in perature of the tendons could be raised or weld
the concrete, caused by the heat of hydration of the splash could reach them.
cement, is to be controlled to prevent steep tem- d Protective Coatings Where protective wrap-
perature stress gradients which could cause cracking pings or coatings are used on prestressing tendons,
of the concrete. Since the heat of hydration may they are to be chemically neutral so as not to produce
cause significant expansion, members must be free to chemical or electrochemical corrosive attack on the
contract, so as not to induce excessive cracking. In tendons.
general, when sections thicker than 610 mm (2 ft) are e Entry of Water All ducts are to be watertight
concreted, the temperature gradients between inter- and all splices carefully taped to prevent the ingress
nal concrete and external ambient conditions are to of water, grout or concrete. During construction, the
be kept below 20°C (68°F). ends of ducts are to be capped and sealed to prevent
g Joints Construction joints are to be made the entry of sea water. Ducts may be protected from
and located in such a way as not to impair the excessive rust by the use of chemically neutral pro-
strength and crack resistance of the structure. Where tective agents such as vapor phase inhibitor powder.
a joint is to be made, the surface of the concrete is to f Grouting Where ducts are to be grouted, all
be thoroughly cleaned and all laitance and standing oil or similar material used for internal protection of
water removed. Vertical joints are to be thoroughly the sheathing is to be removed before grouting.
wetted and coated with neat cement grout or equiva- However, water-soluble oil used internally in the
lent enriched cement paste or epoxy coating immedi- ducts or on the tendons may be left on, to be re-
ately before placing of new concrete. moved by the initial portion of the grout.
h Watertight Joints Whenever watertight con- g Air Vents Air vents are to be provided at all
struction joints are required, in addition to the above crests in the duct profile. Threaded grout entries,
provisions, the heavy aggregate of the existing con- which permit the use of a screwed connector from
crete is to be exposed and an epoxide-resin bonding the grout pump, may be used with advantage.
compound is to be sprayed on just before concreting. h Procedures For long vertical tendons, the
In this case, the neat cement grout can be omitted. grout mixes, admixtures and grouting procedures are
to be checked to ensure that no water is trapped at members must be maintained above 10°C (50°F) for
the upper end of the tendon due to excessive bleed- at least 48 hours after grouting. General guidance on
ing or other causes. Suitable admixtures known to grouting will be found in the specialist literature.
have no injurious effects on the metal or concrete Holes left by unused ducts or by climbing rods of
may be used for grouting to increase workability and slipforms are to be grouted in the same manner as
to reduce bleeding and shrinkage. Temperature of described above.
Part 3
Section 6 Foundations
3/6.5.2 Cyclic Loading Effects interactive effects between the soil and structure.
When analysis is required it may be accomplished
The influence of cyclic loading on soil properties is by lumped parameter, foundation impedance func-
to be considered. For gravity structures in particular, tions, or by continuum approaches including the
possible reduction of soil strength is to be investi- use of finite element methods. Such models are to
gated and employed in design. In particular the fol- include consideration of the internal and radiational
lowing conditions are to be considered. damping provided by the soil and the effects of soil
Design storm during the initial consolidation phase layering.
Short-term effects of the design storm Studies of the dynamic response of the structure
Long-term cumulative effects of several storms, in- are to include, where applicable, consideration of the
cluding the design storm nonlinear and inelastic characteristics of the soil, the
possibilities of deteriorating strength and increased
Reduced soil strength characteristics resulting or decreased damping due to cyclic soil loading, and
from these conditions are to be employed in design. the added mass of soil subject to acceleration. Where
In seismically active zones, similar deteriorating applicable, the influence of nearby structures is to be
effects due to repeated loadings are to be considered. included in the analysis.
Other possible cyclic load effects, such as
changes in load-deflection characteristics, liquefac-
tion potential and slope stability are also to be con- 3/6.5.7 Loading Conditions
sidered, and these effects should be accounted for Those loadings which produce the worst effects on
when they will affect the design. the foundation during and after installation are to be
taken into account. Post installation loadings to be
3/6.5.3 Scour checked are to include at least those relating to both
the operating and design environmental conditions,
Where scour is expected to occur, either effective
combined in the following manner.
protection is to be furnished soon after the installa-
tion of the structure, or the depth and lateral extent of a Operating environmental loading combined with
scouring, as evaluated in the site investigation pro- dead and maximum live loads appropriate to the
gram, is to be accounted for in design. function and operations of the structure
b Design environmental loading combined with
3/6.5.4 Deflections and Rotations dead and live loads appropriate to the function
and operations of the structure during the design
Tolerable limits of deflections and rotations are to be environmental condition
established based on the type and function of the c Design environmental loading combined with
platform, and the effects of those movements on ris- dead load and minimum live loads appropriate to
ers, piles and other structures which interact with the the function and operations of the structure during
platform. Maximum allowable values of platform the design environmental conditions
movements, as limited by these structural considera-
tions or overall platform stability, are to be consid- For areas with potential seismic activity, the
ered in the design. foundation is to be designed for sufficient strength to
sustain seismic loads.
3/6.5.5 Soil Strength
The ultimate strength or stability of soil is to be de- 3/6.5.8 Anchoring System
termined using test results which are compatible with Where the anchoring utilizes piles, the requirements
the method selected. In a total stress approach the in these Rules applicable to piles are to be used. The
total shear strength of the soil obtained from simple loads at the mooring line attachments are to be cal-
tests is used. A total stress approach largely ignores culated and the pile’s local strength is to be checked.
changes in the soil’s pore water pressure under Where the anchoring utilizes gravity anchors, the re-
varying loads and the drainage conditions at the site. quirements in these Rules applicable to gravity based
When an effective stress approach is used effective structures are to be used.
soil strength parameters and pore water pressures are Where platforms such as guyed towers and
determined from tests which attempt to predict in- compliant towers are permanently and partially sup-
situ total stresses and pore pressures. ported by a mooring system, the analysis of the plat-
form’s foundation is to include the interactive effects
3/6.5.6 Dynamic and Impact Considerations of the mooring system.
Other types of anchoring will be specially con-
For dynamic and impact loading conditions, a real-
sidered.
istic and compatible treatment is to be given to the
3/6.5.9 Loads and Soil Conditions Due to evaluated using the above cited API method, the al-
Temporarily Situated Structures lowable values of axial pile bearing and pullout loads
are to able values of axial pile bearing and pullout
Changes in soil conditions due to temporarily situ- loads are to be determined by dividing the ultimate
ated platforms such as self-elevating drilling units, capacities obtained above by a factor of safety tabu-
workover rigs or tender rigs placed near the structure lated below.
are to be assessed and investigated. These changes
and their influence on the structure are to be incorpo- Loading Condition Factor of Safety
rated in the foundation design to ensure that struc- 3/6.5.7a 2.0
ture’s function and safety are not impaired. 3/6.5.7b, 3/6.5.7c 1.5
For the Design Earthquake, the factor of safety will
3/6.7 Pile Foundations be specially considered.
3/6.7.3 Factors of Safety for Axial Piles 3/6.7.7 Connections Between Piles and Structure
When the pile is subjected to the three loading cases The loads acting on the platform may be transferred
described in 3/6.5.7 and the ultimate capacities are to the piles by connecting the jacket legs or pile
sleeves to the piles by welding, grouting the annulus of loads. Possible long-term redistribution of bearing
between the jacket leg or pile sleeve and the pile, or pressures under the base slab are to be considered in
by use of mechanical devices such as pile grippers. order to ensure that the maximum edge pressures are
The design of the grouted pile to structure con- used in the design of the perimeter of the base.
nection should consider the use of mechanical shear The lateral resistance of the platform is to be in-
connectors as their presence increase the strength of vestigated with respect to various potential shearing
the connection, and eliminates any effect of long term planes. Special consideration is to be given to any
grouting shrinkage. Adequate clearance between the layers of soft soil.
pile and the jacket leg should be provided for proper Calculations for overturning moment and verti-
placement of the grout. Reliable means for the intro- cal forces induced by the passage of a wave are to
duction of the grout to the annulus should be provided include the vertical pressure distribution across the
to ensure complete filling of the annulus and to mini- top of the foundation and along the sea floor.
mize the possibility of dilution of the grout and the The capacity of the foundation to resist a deep-
formation of voids in the grout. Wipers or similar de- seated bearing failure is to be analyzed. In lieu of a
vices should be used to minimize intrusion of mud more rigorous analysis, where uniform soil condi-
into the annulus during installation. For the design of tions are present or where conservatively chosen soil
the grouted connections, reference is to be made to properties are used to approximate a non-uniform
API RP2A or other appropriate references. soil condition, and where a trapezoidal distribution
If mechanical devices are used their strength and of soil pressure is a reasonable expectation, the ca-
fatigue characteristics are to be adequately demon- pacity of the foundation to resist a deep-seated bear-
strated by analysis, testing or experience. ing failure can be calculated by standard bearing ca-
pacity formulas applicable to eccentrically loaded
shallow foundations. Alternatively, slip-surface
3/6.9 Gravity Structures methods, covering a range of kinematically possible
3/6.9.1 General deep rupture surfaces can be employed in the bearing
capacity calculations.
The stability of the foundation with regard to bearing The maximum allowable shear strength of the
and sliding failure modes is to be investigated em- soil is to be determined by dividing the ultimate
ploying the soil shear strengths determined in accor- shear strength of the soil by the minimum safety
dance with 3/6.3.4 and 3/6.5.2. The effects of adja- factors given below.
cent structures and the variation of soil properties in When the ultimate soil strength is determined by
the horizontal direction are to be considered where an effective stress method, the safety factor is to be
relevant. applied to both the cohesive and frictional terms. If a
Where leveling of the site is not carried out, the total stress method is used, the safety factor is to be
predicted tilt of the overall structure is to be based on applied to the undrained shear strength. The mini-
the average bottom slope of the sea floor and the tol- mum safety factors to be obtained, when employing
erance of the elevation measuring device used in the a standard bearing capacity formulation and various
site investigation program. Differential settlement is trial sliding failure planes with the loading condi-
also to be calculated and the tilting of the structure tions of 3/6.5.7, are 2.0 for loading case a, and 1.5
caused by this settlement is to be combined with the for loading cases b and c. The safety factors to be
predicted structural tilt. Any increased loading ef- obtained when considering the Design Earthquake
fects caused by the tilting of the structure are to be will be specially considered.
considered in the foundation stability requirements Where present, the additional effects of pene-
of 3/6.9.2. trating walls or skirts which transfer vertical and lat-
When an underpressure or overpressure is experi- eral loads to the soil are to be investigated as to their
enced by the sea floor under the structure, provision is contribution to bearing capacity and lateral resis-
to be made to prevent piping which could impair the tance.
integrity of the foundation. The influence of hydraulic
and slope instability, if any, is to be determined for the 3/6.9.3 Soil Reaction on the Structure
structural loading cases b and c of 3/6.5.7.
Initial consolidation and secondary settlements, For conditions during and after installation, the reac-
as well as permanent horizontal displacements, are to tion of the soil against all structural members seated
be calculated. on or penetrating into the sea floor is to be deter-
mined and accounted for in the design of these
3/6.9.2 Stability members. The distribution of soil reactions is to be
based on the results obtained in 3/6.3.4. Calculations
The bearing capacity and lateral resistance are to be of soil reactions are to account for any deviation
calculated under the most unfavorable combination from a plane surface, the load-deflection characteris-
tics of the soil and the geometry of the base of the An analysis of the penetration resistance of
structure. structural elements projecting into the sea floor be-
Where applicable, effects of local soil stiffening, low the foundation structure is to be performed. The
nonhomogeneous soil properties, as well as the pres- design of the ballasting system is to reflect uncer-
ence of boulders and other obstructions, are to be ac- tainties associated with achieving the required pene-
counted for in design. During installation, considera- tration of the structure. Since the achievement of the
tion is to be given to the possibility of local contact required penetration of the platform and its skirts is
pressures due to irregular contact between the base of critical importance, the highest expected values of
and the sea floor; these pressures are additive to the soil strength are to be used in the calculation of
hydrostatic pressure. penetration.
Part 3
Section 7 Marine Operations
For large or unusual structures, an experimental The adequacy of the towlines, attachments and tow-
determination of the center of gravity of the structure ing vessels will not be reviewed by the Bureau. Re-
and its means of support, where such exist, is to be view by the Bureau solely for the purposes of classi-
performed. fication is not to be considered a replacement for the
review commonly required for the issuance of a tow-
3/7.7 Fitness to Tow Certificate age certificate.
Upon request by the Operator and where authorized
to do so, the Bureau will undertake the services re-
quired for the issuance of a fitness to tow certificate.
Part 4
Section 1 Extension of Use
obtained. Survey requirements are outlined in sible alterations of platforms to allow continued use
1/3.1.10. The surveyors will witness and monitor all are developed by altering the analysis model to
survey activities for the platform. evaluate the effect of the alterations. Members and
The corrosion protection system is to be re- joints indicated overstressed or low in fatigue life
evaluated to ensure that existing anodes are capable may be improved by reducing deck load and remov-
of serving the extended design life of the platform. If ing unused structures such as conductors, conductor
found necessary by the re-evaluation, replacement of guides framing, and boat landing. The results of
the existing anodes or additional new anodes may these load reduction on the structure should be
have to be carried out. If the increase in hydrody- evaluated to determine whether the repairs/
namic loads due to the addition of new anodes is sig- alterations is needed.
nificant, this additional load should be taken into ac- An analysis based on an ultimate strength
count in the structural analysis. Condition of method is also acceptable if the method and safety
protective coatings in the splash zone shall be recti- factors used are proven to be appropriate.
fied and placed in satisfactory condition.
4/1.2.4 Implementing Repairs/Reinspection
4/1.2.3 Structural Analyses
The initial condition survey in conjunction with
The structural analyses of an existing structure must structural analysis will form the basis for determin-
incorporate the results of the platform survey. Spe- ing the extent of repairs/alterations which will be
cifically, deck loads, wastage, marine growth, scour, necessary to class the platform for continued opera-
and any platform modifications and damages must tion.
be incorporated into the analysis model. The original A second survey may be necessary to inspect ar-
fabrication materials and fit-up details must be es- eas where the analysis results indicate as being the
tablished such that proper material characteristics are more highly stressed regions of the structure. Mem-
used in the analysis and any stress concentrations are bers and Joints found overstressed should be
accounted for. The pile driving records should be strengthened. Joints with low fatigue lives may be
made available so that the foundation can be accu- improved either by strengthening or grinding the
rately modelled. For areas where the design is con- welds. If grinding is used, the details of the grinding
trolled by earthquake or ice conditions, the analyses are to be submitted to ABS for review and approval.
for such conditions should also be carried out. Interval of future periodic surveys should be deter-
The results of the analyses are considered to be mined based on the remaining fatigue lives of these
an indicator of areas needing careful inspection. Pos- joints.
Part 4
Section 2 Reuse
Appendices
A.1 General
For the classification of offshore fixed structures it is necessary to take into account minimum expected service
temperature, the structural element category and material thickness when selecting structural materials. The
various parts of the structure are to be grouped according to their material application categories. The structural
elements falling into these categories are described, in general, in A.3.
Selection of steel grades and thicknesses other than those shown in Table A.1 should be based on the funda-
mental principles specified in 2/1.1.3.
TABLE A.1 Material Selection Guidelines for ABS Grades of Structural Steel*
Numbers in table are maximum thickness in mm (in.). Blank areas indicate no application.
Application Areas
*See “ABS Rule Requirements for Material and Welding” for description of ABS Grades of Structural Steel
A496 1994 Standard Specification for Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete
Reinforcement
A497 1994a Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Wire Fabric for
Concrete Reinforcement
Code No. Year/Edition Title
A615 1994 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
A673 1990b Standard Specification for Sampling Procedure for Impact Testing of
Structural Steel
A704 1990 Standard Specification for Welded Steel Plain Bars or Rod Mats for
Concrete Reinforcement
C31 1991 Standard Method of Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in
the Field
C33 1992a Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C39 1986 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens
C94 1992a Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
C109 1992 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement
Mortars (using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens)
C144 1993 Standard Specification for Aggregate for Masonry Mortar
C150 1992 Standard Specification for Portland Cement
C172 1990 Standard Method of Sampling Fresh Concrete
C260 1986 Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
C330 1989 Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural
Concrete
C494 1992 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C595 1993 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C618 1993 Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural
Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete
D512 1989 Standard Test Method for Chloride Ion in Water and Waste Water