SPECIAL ISSUE: ACS 2014

CoatingsTech MARCH 2014  |  www.paint.org

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 CoatingsTech March 2014
Volume 11, Number 3
ISSN: 1547-0083

FEATURES

15 ACS 2014 PREVIEW: Advancing the Industry

with Innovative Solutions for Coatings
Cynthia Challener, CoatingsTech Contributing Writer
The American Coatings Show (ACS) will be held
in Atlanta in April, and innovation will be a key
component of this biennial event. The range of new
raw materials, equipment, and services on display
will effectively illustrate the level of innovation that
underlies the industry. Here, CoatingsTech provides 15 50
a preview of the products and services that will be
showcased in Atlanta.
26 American Coatings Show Exhibitors
34 ACS Schedule at a Glance

50 Formulating Optimized Aqueous Dispersions Using

Surface Active Additive Triangulation
K. Michael Peck, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
The role of surface active agents in an aqueous dispersion is mul-
tifaceted. The enabling technology in the stabilization of the solid
pigment, these additives are essential in making the dispersion, and
58
also help to optimize the milling process, compatibilize the dispersion
in letdown, and enhance handling properties. Formulations contain
at least two, and often three or more, surface active components
that are combined to provide optimal properties. However, since
these components can overlap or even compete, extensive trial and DEPARTMENTS
error testing is needed to identify a final formulation. A general over-
view of the form and functions of basic surface active additives may
help streamline the process. The triangle format of the key additive 6 Perspective 45 Formulator’s Corner
contributions offers a method to expedite formulation development 9
using publicly available product characteristics to predict probable
ACA Update 48 Coatings Xperience
interactions. Although nothing can eliminate the need to test and 12 Local Association/ 67 New Products
evaluate formulations in the lab, this new approach can help reduce Society News
68 Calendar
the workload necessary to achieve faster formulation development. 35 Business & Industry
38 People 72 Coatings Clinic
58 Next-Generation Rheology Modifier Technology: 40 ACA Issues In-Depth
Novel Molecular Architecture for Breakthrough
Sag/Flow Balance, Universal Viscosity Retention on
Tinting, and Optimum Applied Hide
John J. Rabasco, Tara Lyn Conley, David Fasano, and Daniel
Saucy, Dow Coating Materials, The Dow Chemical Company
In the architectural paint market, the desired goal is an applicator
experience and performance result that can help define the benefits ©2014 by aca. JCT CoatingsTech (022-371) is published 11
of one brand over another. Rheology plays a key role, directly affect- times annually, with November/December combined, by ACA,
ing the in-can feel, film thickness, and finished smoothness of the 1500 Rhode Island Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005; ph:
final coating. An ideal rheology package is one that leads to sag/flow 202.462.6272; fax: 202.462.8549.
Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC and at additional
optimization across a range of shear. This is an ongoing formula- mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to JCT
tion challenge due to the inherent characteristics of commonly used CoatingsTech, 1500 Rhode Island
cellulosic thickeners and conventional hydrophobically modified eth- Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
ylene oxide urethane (HEUR) rheology modifiers. A new category of Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. Canada
HEUR thickeners has been developed to optimize sag resistance and Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, Ont.,
flow, with the added benefit of viscosity retention upon tinting which N6C 6B2 Canada.
extends this sag/flow breakthrough across the formulary spectrum. Cover photos and photo (top right) courtesy of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
 CoatingsTech
CoatingsTech provides a forum for publication
of industry and association news, highlight-
ing new materials and technology in practice,
regulatory and legislative updates, as well as
essential business information related to the
coatings and allied industries.
As the principal membership and indus-
try publication of the American Coatings
Association, CoatingsTech serves the global
membership of ACA and others in the coatings
industry, and showcases association news,
programs, and activities.
Editorial Staff:
Patricia D. Ziegler, Senior Editor
pziegler@paint.org
Charles R. Hegedus, Technical Editor
hegeducr@airproducts.com
Heather Benjamin, Associate Editor
hbenjamin@paint.org
Cathy Banks, Production Manager
and Graphic Designer
cbanks@paint.org
Danielle Chalom, Contributing Editor
dchalom@paint.org
Advertising:
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Voice: 704.660.6530
Fax: 704.660.5693
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Subscriptions: An annual print and digital subscrip-
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Nonmembers may subscribe to CoatingsTech at the
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ACA assumes no responsibility for the opinions
expressed by authors in this publication.
March 2014
4 COATINGSTECH
Publications Subcommittee
Clifford K. Schoff, Schoff Associates, Chair
Deepanjan Bhattacharya, Eastman Chemical Company
Ray A. Dickie
Charles R. Hegedus, Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
Graham A. Howarth, Cornerstone Flooring
Mark Nichols, Ford Motor Co.
Theodore Provder, Polymers and Coatings Consultants
Stanley Pruskowski, Dow Coating Materials
Lisa Román, ACA Vice President of Communications
Li-Piin Sung, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Patricia D. Ziegler, ACA Director of Technical Publications
and Communications
CoatingsTech Advisory Board
Charles R. Hegedus, Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., Chair
Ray A. Dickie
Rajeev Farwaha, Celanese
Thomas E. Hill, The Coatings Alliance
Alvin C. Lavoie, Dow Coating Materials
Paul Lewis, Quest Industrial Products
Mark Nichols, The Ford Motor Company
George R. Pilcher, The ChemQuest Group
Theodore Provder, Polymers and Coatings Consultants
Diana P. Strongosky, The Sherwin-Williams Company
Carl J. Sullivan, Reichhold
Copyright: Copyright 2014 by ACA. All rights reserved. No portion of this publication
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system
without permission in writing from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy or digitally
reproduce items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific
clients is granted by the American Coatings Association for users registered with the
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CoatingsTech has first rights to the publication of papers presented at ACA-
sponsored events and educational programs.
Reprints of Articles may be obtained by contacting:
JCT CoatingsTech; 202.719.3704; publications@paint.org
Submit Letters to the Editor and Press Releases c/o Editor, CoatingsTech, 1500
Rhode Island Ave., Washington, DC 20005; voice: 202.462.6272; fax: 202.462.8549;
or email: publications@paint.org.
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EMULSION POLYMERS
Perspective By George R. Pilcher, Vice President, The ChemQuest Group
Remembrance of Things Past . . . Anticipation of Things to Come
After 43 years in the paint and coatings industry—
and attendance at a minimum of 30 variously entitled
Paint Shows, International Coatings Exhibitions, and
American Coatings Shows—as well as truly countless
other regional, national, and international events with a
paint and coatings focus—I have come to a single, firm,
and carefully considered conclusion: attending such
events, especially the American and European Coatings
Shows, is worth every penny that is spent on travel and
registration, and is worth every minute of the time that is
spent traveling, attending papers, visiting booths, chat-
ting with exhibitors, and networking with industry peers.
“Full stop,” as the British say.
I have come to this conclusion because I tend to
think strategically, rather than tactically—a mindset that
made me more valuable in research and marketing and
less valuable in operations and sales, where a more
tactically-oriented thought process tends to serve the ex-
igencies of the moment more reliably. At any given coat-
ings event, such as 2014’s American Coatings Show, one
may walk away having had a productive experience, with-
out being able to quantify it in a report. That is some-
times a stumbling block for management, which typically
expects a pretty quick return on its investment. The
truth is that sometimes a coatings company does get a
quick return on its investment by sending an employee
to such events, because that is where he or she found
the solution to a current problem. This actually does hap-
pen, and it is what I fondly call the “Eureka Event.” This
doesn’t happen frequently, however—certainly not often
enough to justify, in and of itself, attendance at major
coatings industry events.
What does happen at these events, and fully justifies
attendance, is that individuals begin to absorb a lot of
information that, while it may or may not be of immedi-
ate interest, is likely to be of long-term interest. Materials
March 2014
6 COATINGSTECH
and equipment viewed today may not be used tactically,
but—when individuals or companies begin to cast a stra-
tegic eye on the future—the individuals who learned about
such materials and equipment at an industry event will
be able to call upon their recollections of the suppliers
with whom they talked, and their conversations about
the ways in which such materials could help them. Even
nontangible things can be (generally are) of value—making
the acquaintance of individuals working for raw mate-
rial or equipment or service providers in areas outside
of one’s own immediate interest can be extremely valu-
able with the passage of time, and the redirection of
one’s former interests into different areas. Being able
to pick up the telephone and say, “You may or may not
remember me, but I certainly remember talking with you
about . . .” is one of the great professional joys in the life
of those industry members who have been lucky enough
to attend the American Coatings Conference, European
Coatings Conference, ChinaCoat, paintistanbul, Coatings
Science International, or any number of other high-quality
coatings-centered events taking place throughout the year
around the globe.
In addition, innovative thinking is fostered by the abil-
ity to see products and situations “in a different light,”
to build on the possibilities of learning about a new ap-
proach or technology. This creates value-added opportuni-
ties for employers.
Bottom line: Between April 7 and 10, Atlanta will
play host to the American Coatings Conference and the
American Coatings Show, and I would encourage every
reader of CoatingsTech to either attend, or ask an intel-
lectually curious colleague to attend, one or both of these
events. It will be time and money exceedingly well-spent.
Full stop.
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www.american-coatings-show.com
Georgia World Congress Center
Atlanta, GA

April 8-10, 2014

American Coatings ConferenCe

April 7-9, 2014
ACA Hosts Series of Webinars and Seminars to Guide Members
Through its Advance Supplement to the 6th Edition of the Labeling Guide

I
n December 2013, the American Coat-
ings Association (ACA) published its
Advance Supplement to the 6th Edition
of the Labeling Guide, which is available
to ACA members for free download. To
guide its members through the Advance
Supplement, ACA is offering a series of
informative webinars and seminars.
The Advance Supplement reflects the
revisions to the U.S. Occupational Health
and Safety Administration’s (OSHA)
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS),
which adopted the United Nations’ Glob-
ally Harmonized System of Classification
and Labeling (GHS). The GHS was devel-
oped by the United Nations to standard-
ize the labeling of hazardous materials
in the global marketplace. The revised
HCS requires manufacturers of industrial
products that contain hazardous chemi-
cals to update their labels and Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), now known
as Safety Data Sheets (SDS), to comply
with the GHS. The Advance Supplement
assists manufacturers of paints, coatings,
adhesives, and sealants in the process of
changing the labels of industrial products
to meet these requirements.
ACA members may view and down-
load the contents of the Advance Supple-
ment via www.paint.org/resources/
globally-harmonized-system.html.
Comprehensive Webinars
To provide members with a detailed
introduction to the Advance Supplement
to the 6th Edition of the Labeling Guide,
ACA has planned a series of webinars
titled “A Closer Look: The Advance Supple-
ment.” The one-hour webinars will primar-
ily focus on the updates to the labeling
guidance to assist members when first
using the guide. The first two webinars
were held in January and in February. The
final program in the series is scheduled
for March 19 from 1:00–2:00 (EST).
The webinar will only be available to
ACA members, and will be free of charge.
Members may register at www.paint.org/
about-aca/item/1223.html.
Targeted Seminars
To help members translate their cur-
rent labels to a revised HCS label, ACA has
planned three in-person, one-and-a-half-
day seminars titled “Industrial Product
Labeling.”
The seminars are tentatively sched-
uled for:
• May 19–20, 2014—Baltimore, MD;
• June 9–10, 2014—Cleveland, OH;
• June 23–24, 2014—Los Angeles, CA
These dates and locations are subject
to change. ACA will release more informa-
tion on the seminars as details become
available.
For more information, contact ACA’s
Stephen Wieroniey (swieroniey@paint.org).

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March 2014
COATINGSTECH 9
 Ask the Expert
Jeanine
Snyder
Senior
Development
Chemist
Q
How can I
remove foam
and improve
the aesthetics of my
urethane/acrylic water-
based wood coating?
A
The application of water-
borne coatings on difficult-
to-coat substrates such
as wood, plastics, films
and poorly prepared metal surfaces
presents significant challenges to the
coatings formulator. To maximize wet-
ting and minimize defects like craters,
fisheyes, orange peel and pinholes, the
proper surfactant is needed, not only to
promote substrate wetting but also to
minimize foam generation. Dȳnol™ 800
surfactant has been developed to meet
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surfactants. Dȳnol 800 surfactant pro-
vides a superior balance of properties
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surfactants
© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 2012 (34782) B49
March 2014
10 COATINGSTECH
March Journal of Coatings Technology and Research
Highlights Papers from 2013 Waterborne Symposium
The March 2014 issue of Journal of Coatings Technology and Research features
some of the outstanding papers that were presented at the 40th Waterborne Symposium
sponsored by the University of Southern Mississippi’s School of Polymers and High Per-
formance Materials, in New Orleans, LA, in February 2013.
In his introduction to this special issue, JCTR Editor-in-Chief Mark Nichols, of Ford
Research Labs, notes, “These articles continue the storied tradition of innovation and
research excellence that has marked the Waterborne Symposium’s history. Included in
this issue is a paper by Prof. Michael Van De Mark, which won the Shelby F. Thames Best
Paper competition at last year’s symposium. It details advances in the synthesis and
characterization of colloidal unimolecular particles (CUPs). Also included is an overview
of recent advances in different emulsion polymerizations and processes from Timothy
McKenna’s laboratory in Lyon, France. Other papers from the symposium touch on liquid
crystal polymers and epoxies. In addition, this issue brings together other timely articles
devoted to waterborne coatings including pigment dispersion, intumescent coatings, the
drying of coatings, and anticorrosive coatings.”
According to Nichols, the continued interest in waterborne coatings is evidenced
by the depth and breadth of the papers presented in the issue. As concerns about VOC
emissions continue, it is expected that both academic and industrial researchers will
remain focused on providing breakthroughs in the performance and properties of water-
borne coatings.
Articles included in the issue are:
Introduction: Waterborne coatings: continuing innovations—Mark Nichols, JCTR
Editor-in-Chief
Molecular weight (Mn) and functionality effects on CUP formation and stabil-
ity—Michael R. Van De Mark, Ameya M. Natu, Sagar V. Gade, Minghang Chen, Catherine
Hancock, and Cynthia Riddles
Thermotropic, side-chain ordered polymeric coatings: gas permeability switching
via a thermal stimulus—James Goetz and Sergei Nazarenko (2013 Waterborne Sympo-
sium)
Review Article—Novel technologies and chemistries for waterborne coatings—
Timothy F. L. McKenna, Bernadette Charleux, Elodie Bourgeat-Lami, Franck D’Agosto, and
Muriel Lansalot (2013 Waterborne Symposium)
Cure kinetics of several epoxy amine systems at ambient and high temperatures—
Monoj Pramanik, Eric W. Fowler, and James W. Rawlins (2013 Waterborne Symposium)
Review Article—Characterization of film formation in waterborne polymer lattices:
a focus on turbidimetry—Abraham van Tent, Shiva Zohrehvand, and Klaas te Nijenhuis
Review Article—CNSL: An environment friendly alternative for modern coating
industry—Dinesh Balgude and Anagha S. Sabnis
Reflectometry of drying latex paint—N.J. Elton and A. Legrix
Water absorption of water-based anticorrosive coatings and its effect on mechan-
ical property and adhesive performance—Takuya Kamisho, Yukitoshi Takeshita, Seizo
Sakata, and Takashi Sawada
Influence of hydrothermal aging process on components and properties of water-
borne fire-resistive coatings—Ying Dong, Guojian Wang, and Qin Su
Accelerated drying of water-dispersible polyurethane blends—Joseph P. Labukas,
John A. Escarsega, and Dawn M. Crawford
Influence of silicone emulsion on fire protection of waterborne intumescent fire-
resistive coating—Ying Dong, Guojian Wang, and Jiayun Yang
Study on required energy to deagglomerate pigmentary titanium dioxide in
water—R. T. Abrahao, V. Postal, J. L. Paiva, and R. Guardani
Surface treatment optimization of pigmentary TiO2 from an industrial aspect—N.
Veronovski, M. Lešnik, and D. Verhovšek
Influence of nano-boron nitride on fire protection of waterborne fire-resistive coat-
ings—Ying Dong and Guojian Wang
Optimization of milling parameters on the synthesis of stearic acid coated CaCO3
nanoparticles—Deepika, S. K. Hait, and Y. Chen

Developing Sustainable Technologies Using Life Cycle Assessment
Is Focus of Upcoming ACA Virtual Learning Conference
In March, ACA will host a Virtual
Learning Conferences (VLC) on the topic
of “Developing Sustainable Technologies
Using Life Cycle Assessment.” To be held
on March 13, from 1:00–2:00 pm (ET),
the webinar will be led by Dr. David Meyer,
of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
Course Description: As global
concerns for environmental stewardship
grow, emerging technologies must be
scrutinized early in deployment to ensure
they represent the most environmentally
conscious option. Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) is a holistic tool that can be used
to identify the life cycle hot-spots for a
product or technology and focus research
efforts to help minimize these burdens
while maximizing the potential benefits.
The use of LCA is a rapidly growing field
with practical commercial examples avail-
able for most industries. By minimizing
the environmental footprint of products
and services, businesses can take an
important step towards sustainability. Ap-
plying LCA in a decision context requires
an understanding of the methodology,
including its strengths and limitations. To
this end, the presentation will first pro-
vide a basic overview of the four phases
of an LCA. A few key examples will then
be used to highlight how the tool has
been applied to improve paints, coatings,
and the resources available to support
such efforts.
About the Instructor: Meyer joined
the EPA permanently as a chemical
engineer in 2010 after working for two
years as a postdoctoral researcher. As a
member of the Systems Analysis Branch
of the National Risk Management
Research Laboratory within the Office of
Research and Development, he pursues
research in the area of Life Cycle Assess-
ment, with emphasis on the development
of tools and methods for streamlined
data inventory generation and impact
modeling applied to novel materials and
specialty chemicals. This work covers a
range of topics, including nanotechnol-
ogy, consumer electronics, rare earth
elements, and the integration of LCA with
Risk Assessment (RA) for more complete
human exposure modeling. The ultimate
ACA Update
goal of Meyer’s work is the creation of a
comprehensive integrated decision-
making framework that promotes sustain-
able technologies. This will require estab-
lishing a suitable system of valuation to
balance the potential socioeconomical
benefits of emerging technologies with
their traditional environmental impacts.
Meyer’s research at EPA earned him a
PeerOvation Notable Innovation Award
in 2012 for helping to develop a webinar
series on LCA and a Bronze Medal for
Commendable Service in 2013 for his
contributions to a team that used LCA
to evaluate the use of emerging nano-
technology in plug-in hybrid and electric
vehicles.
He received the Ph.D. in Chemical En-
gineering from the University of Kentucky
in 2006 as an NSF IGERT fellow.
Registration: The registration rate is
$129 for ACA members and $149 for non-
members. To register, visit www.paint.org/
events/virtual-learning-conferences.html.
For additional details, contact ACA’s
Starsha Valentine at svalentine@paint.org
or call 202.719.3698.
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 11
 Detroit Society to Host 39th Annual FOCUS

T
he Detroit Society for Coatings Even more critical will be discussions on
Technology will sponsor its 39th whether there actually has been a return
Annual FOCUS Symposium (Future to true innovation, and what that could
of Coatings Under Study) on May 1, 2014. mean to all involved. “Calibration of X-Ray Fluorescence
To be held at the MSU Education Center FOCUS will include two concurrent (XRF) Coating Weight Devices Using Safer
in Troy, MI, the program’s theme is cen- tracks of presentations, as well as stu- One-Side Coating Weight Stripping Meth-
tered on “ROI: Return On/Of Innovation.” dent poster sessions, exhibitor tabletop ods”—Thomas W. Cape, ACT Test Panels
The program will examine what organiza- displays, and networking opportunities. “Building Durable Scratch Resistance
tions and their employees receive as a Speakers and presentations scheduled to in Automotive Clearcoats”—Tim Decem-
return on their investments to innovation. date include the following: ber, BASF
“Designed Defoamer Selection and
Performance in Waterborne Coatings”—
Charles Hegedus, Air Products
“Removal of Manufacturing Oxides”—
Ken Kaluzny, Coral Chemical
T “Performance Attributes for Organic
H ® Corrosion Inhibitors”—Nathan G. Kofira,
E ® HALOX
“Improving the Adhesion of UV-
MIXING - BLENDING - DISPERSION Curable Coatings to Automotive Plas-
tics”—Paul Mills, Plasmatreat NA
THE
THE NEXT
NEXT GENERATION
GENERATION “The Case for Two-Component
Waterborne Polyurethane Clearcoats in
**** NOW AVAILABLE OF U.H.M.W. POLYETHYLENE **** Low-Gloss Automotive Refinish Applica-
tions”—Peter Schmitt, Bayer
For full details and online registration,
Patented visit http://dsctfocus.org/index.html.

MNYCA and Pantone Host

Color Technologies Seminar
The Metropolitan New York Coatings
Association (MNYCA) and Pantone will
present a symposium on Advances in
Color Technologies. The event is sched-
uled for March 27, at Redd’s Restaurant
in Carlstadt, NJ, at 12:00 noon.
The program will begin with lunch and
networking. Speakers from Pantone will
Anti-Static Natural analyze color theory and discuss the proce-
dures used to select the “color of the year.”
* * Less
Lessfrequent
frequentblade
blade changes
changes == Less
Lessdown
downtime
time= =Less
Lesscost
cost. During the program, a speaker from
X-Rite Corporation will review “Color
* * Most
Mostefficient
efficientand
andaggressive
aggressive Poly Blade
Bladeavailable.
available. Measurement Advances: Nonimpact.”
* * When
Whenleading
leadingedges
edges are worn,
worn, blade
bladecan
canbebeturned
turned over
over to to start
start likelike new.
new. Also planned is a presentation on Color
Technologies Advances by Heubach,
* * Also
Alsoavailable
availableofofpolyurethane,
polyurethane, nylon, teflon,
teflon, polypropylene
polypropyleneand
andother
other
Ltd., which will focus on such topics as
materials.
materials.
IR-reflective pigments. Three additional
* * Traditional
Traditionalstainless
stainlessConn
Conn Blades
Blades readily
readily available.
available. presenters, still to be announced, will
* * Call
Callorore-mail:
e-mail: info@connblade.com
info@connblade.com for
forpricing
pricingand
andavailability
availability. round out the program.
A tour of the nearby Pantone plant
Since
Since 1948
1948 will conclude the program.

CONN CO., L.L.C.

Stirrers Or Complete
Stirrers Or CompleteUnits
Units For:
For:
There is no charge for representatives
AND
PAINTS
PAINTS URETHANEFOAMS
URETHANE FOAMS
ADHESIVES
ADHESIVES SLURRIES
SLURRIES from MNYCA member companies; others
INKS
INKS GROUTS
GROUTS will be charged a $20 fee.
www.connblade.com
www.connblade.com CEMENTS CHEMICALS
CEMENTS CHEMICALS For additional information or a
1111
SOUTH
SOUTHMARION
MARION STREET
STREET •• WARREN,
WARREN, PENNA. 16365 ••
PENNA. 16365 PHONE 814/723-7980
PHONE 814/723-7980 registration form, visit www.mnyca.org,
FAX
FAX (814)
(814) 723-8502
723-8502 s r r
or contact Ann Fody (info@mnyca.org,
732.291.0168).
TM

March 2014
12 COATINGSTECH
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ACRYSOL™ Rheology Modifiers offer no-drip sag resistance, better film build and more
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 ACS 2014:
PREVIEW

Advancing the Industry with

by Cynthia Challener, CoatingsTech Contributing Writer

I
mproving economies around the world, combined with increasing
expectations from coating manufacturers, their consumer and industrial
customers, and regulatory agencies, are driving increased investment
in R&D within the paint and coatings industry. This increased activity
will be reflected in the numbers and types of innovative solutions presented
at the upcoming 2014 American Coatings Show (ACS) and Conference, which
will be held in Atlanta, GA, from April 7–10. In addition to launching new
products and services, many exhibitors participate in the show because it
provides a valuable opportunity to meet with existing and potential custom-
ers, suppliers, and other collaborators.

The Right Environment

In fact, according to Cathy Strahan, director of marketing for Myers Engi-
neering, “The relaxed and vibrant environment makes ACS a good venue for
stimulating conversations that will allow Myers and coating manufacturers
to generate innovative, creative solutions for mixing equipment needs.” Julie
Vaughn, vice president of corporate marketing for Emerald Performance
Materials, adds that the broad audience from across the entire supply
chain provides an excellent opportunity for innovators to make an impres-
sion on the industry, showcase their full range of capabilities, and highlight
their latest developments. “The ACS provides an excellent setting to gather
and share ideas, which can lead to new opportunities,” she asserts. Julie
Fuell, Coatings sales director with Reichhold, adds that the participation of
people from multiple levels within industry organizations is valuable. For Air
Products, the ACS is a good opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to
the development of new products that meet customer needs for improved
product performance and environmental drivers, according to Christopher
Henkee, Americas marketing manager for Specialty Additives. Furthermore,
the show enables companies to bring technical and marketing people
together to meet with many customers on a real-time basis and allows for
a side-by-side comparison with alternative solutions from other exhibitors,
according to Bob Poletti, vice president of marketing with Michelman.


continued on page 24

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 15

Another benefit of the show, accord-
ing to Sylvia Insogna, North American
marketing director for Dow Coating
Materials (DCM), is that it is an important
place for companies and individuals to
be recognized for the pioneering work
they do through the American Coatings
Association. Charles Palmer, technical
director for Ethox Chemicals, agrees that
attending the ACS is also a great way to
keep abreast of state-of-the-art technolo-
gies and what direction the market is
moving. “While solutions may or may not
be discovered at this show,” observes
Kevin R. Merlo, director of Coatings and
Adhesives Technology with WACKER, “it is
an excellent opportunity to meet and start
up a dialogue with the potential for future
mutual benefit.” Craig Baudendistel,
director of Sales for Shamrock Technolo-
gies, notes that the global participation
in ACS makes the event particularly valu-
able. For BYK, participation in the Ameri-
can Coatings Show is an integral part of
the company’s support of the coatings
industry and the association, according to
Jill St. John, marketing services manager
for North America.
High Expectations
With a return to positive growth in
the global coatings industry, many firms
have particularly high expectations for
the 2014 American Coatings Show. “We
hope that attendance will exceed histori-
cal figures now that the economy is on a
path of recovery and that technical and
commercial experts will be attracted to
our broad range of coatings additives that
are designed to meet the market needs
for sustainability, such as lower VOCs,”
asserts Michel Hourani, vice president
of Coating Additives with King Industries.
“With the success of the 2012 event, cou-
pled with what appeared to be a slight up-
March 2014
16 COATINGSTECH
tick in business in the coatings industry in
2013, I anticipate a bolstered attendance
and even more traffic in our booth, which
comprises the ALTANA divisions, BYK
Additives & Instruments, and ECKART,”
says BYK’s Bruce Seeber, business line
manager for Paint in North America. For
her part, Emerald’s Vaughn believes that
companies are showing a renewed focus
on developing their product pipelines, and
learning about new tools is a critical step
to innovating and creating value in today’s
competitive market. Thus, Emerald is
very optimistic about the show’s value.
Adds DCM’s Insogna, “The renewed confi-
dence in the industry comes with a grow-
ing demand for both paints that can do
more than protect and beautify substrates
and paint-and-primer-in-one products, and
coatings manufacturers will be looking for
innovative, multifunctional solutions.”
In addition to the general goals of
increasing brand awareness, introducing
new products and technologies, and hav-
ing meaningful discussions with pros-
pects and customers that result in the
generation of qualified business leads,
some companies are hoping to increase
awareness of recent capital investments,
from new laboratories to acquisitions.
NETZSCH will be highlighting its new Cus-
tomer Laboratory Testing Facility in Exton,
PA, which is available for feasibility stud-
ies, and Michelman expects interest in
its 2013 purchase of Ecronova Polymers.
Companies also hope to gain exposure
to new people who have joined well-
known coating industry players and new
companies that are coming to the show
for the first time. “Both have the potential
to broaden our project possibilities for the
coming year,” says Strahan.
Overall, companies such as Lonza
and Evonik are anticipating the opportuni-
ty to showcase their products and techni-
cal expertise to a large number of attend-
ees. “We expect to have a great turnout at
the booth and productive meetings with
our business partners,” notes Jennifer
R. Turner, marketing manager, Coat-
ing Additives for Evonik. Robert Ruckle,
global marketing and sales manager
with Siltech, will be satisfied if, out of the
approximately 100 inquiries he estimates
the company will receive, several result in
active projects with new customers. BASF
plans to use the opportunity presented
by ACS 2014 to demonstrate its holistic
approach to formulation, according to
business director for Architectural Coat-
ings Ron Galecki. “BASF is committed to
partnering with its customers to create
cutting-edge solutions, and the ACS booth
will welcome industry members to a dia-
logue about how we can advance growth
through formulation,” he explains.
Technology Drivers
Attendees are attracted to ACS be-
cause of the reputation it has earned as a
place to learn about the latest advances
in technology that will enable paint and
coating formulators to differentiate their
products. The products that are being
launched at the show in 2014—whether
raw materials or production equipment—
reflect technological developments that
were pursued in response to several
overall trends in the industry. Such trends
include a growing demand for increased
productivity, efficiency (raw material use,
processes, and product performance),
sustainability (low VOC, renewability, etc.),
performance of waterborne formulations,
durability/longevity, and multifunctionality.
“Sustainability continues to be an
important factor, with increased focus
on the longevity of paint films and the
reduction of environmental impact in
response to both regulatory requirements
and consumer preferences,” notes David
Tierney, head of Global Sales for Lonza
Industrial Solutions. “We expect ACS visi-
tors this year to be interested in the latest
technology products that offer new levels
of performance and multifunctional at-
tributes, cost savings, and environmental
and safety advantages,” adds Izzy Colon,
vice president Science & Technology with
Troy Corporation.
In fact, resource efficiency will be the
megatrend driving coatings development
for the foreseeable future, according to
Evonik’s Turner. This includes an empha-
sis on green and sustainable products, as
well as topics ranging from low- to zero-
VOC coatings and enhanced performance
properties to cost/energy benefits, such
as improving cure time for industrial coat-
ings. She also notes that smart coatings
and nanotechnology will continue to be
hot topics for the industry. Air Products’
Henkee agrees that increasingly stringent
regulations and the growing complex-
ity of the mix of regional and national
regulations are major trends affecting
the industry. He believes the industry has
made real progress particularly in the
development of coatings based on renew-
able resources.
The interest in increased sustainability
goes well beyond regulatory requirements,
however. “We continue to see an industry-
wide focus on aqueous and ‘green’ coat-
ings,” states BYK’s Seeber. “This interest is
not only regulatory-driven, but also reflects
our customers’ desires to produce final
products that are environmentally friendly,
odor-free, and use sustainable and green
raw materials.” Dow Coating Materials is
continued on page 18
 gs
erican Coatin
Visit us at Amnta, Georgia.
Show in Atla ongress Center,
dC
Georgia Worl #1007
, 2014, booth
April 08 – 10

The Essential Element

Discover our solutions for
aqueous systems.
More information:
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 focused on developing solutions that facili- lating their coatings because of chang-
tate the formulation of longer-lasting paints ing regulations. “These companies are
with smaller environmental footprints, taking the opportunity to improve coating
and is also using Life Cycle Assessments performance by examining their use of
(LCAs) to provide quantifiable evidence high-performance surface modifiers and
of the sustainable performance of its additives as part of the reformulation
products and to help support customers process,” notes Poletti. He adds that, as a
who may be looking to attain certain green result, companies with broad capabilities,
certifications. King Industries is tackling like Michelman, are increasingly valu-
sustainability with a multifaceted strategy able, because they can offer expertise in
that includes enhancing its internal cost surface modifier, additive, and polymer
control, increasing production efficiencies, application. Furthermore, he notes that
ensuring the security of the supply chain, “the recent ‘cost out’ mentality, which
collaborating with customers on significant was driven by difficult economic times,
technical projects, innovating and develop- has been replaced by a desire to improve
ing new products that address customer performance attributes while reducing or
and market needs, and maintaining state- eliminating environmental impact.”
of-the-art labs staffed with experienced Galecki also believes that with BASF’s
professionals. Fuell from Reichhold notes comprehensive portfolio, the company
that such an overall approach is needed, has a significant opportunity to help
because simultaneously achieving prod- the industry find solutions for creating
ucts that show higher performance and high-performing paint with ever-lower
are also environmentally friendly and cost- VOCs and higher TiO2 efficiency. Ruckle
effective is a challenge. agrees that the use of additives is an
Most companies see the demand effective way to increase sustainability,
for increased performance, sustainabil- because additives allow for the reduction
ity, and value in use as providing them of solvents and improve the performance
with real opportunities. Michelman, for of base resins.
example, is expecting to hear significant Separately, the switch to very low-VOC
buzz from companies that are reformu- systems has led to innovation in the area
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March 2014
18 COATINGSTECH
of polymers, resins, and additives, but the
switch can also create other performance
challenges, such as with freeze/thaw, dirt
pickup, blocking, gloss, and open time.
These issues, according to Vaughn, are
creating opportunities for new technologies
that improve properties such as adhe-
sion, durability, and resistance to various
chemicals. Palmer also notes that there
is particular interest in technologies that
can solve more than one or two problems
in a single product, which enable simpler
formulations with improved coating proper-
ties, leading in turn to cost savings and a
reduced environmental impact.
Equipment manufacturers also
continually push to develop new technolo-
gies and processing methods that provide
increased productivity, finer particle sizes,
and reduced energy consumption, accord-
ing to NETZSCH product specialist Paul
Trefny. “We are also seeing an increased
interest in alternate materials of construc-
tion, such as ceramic and polyurethane, in
order to achieve contamination-free grind-
ing and dispersion,” he observes. At Myers,
the increasing awareness of front- and
back-end consumers regarding the raw ma-
terials used to produce and components in
finished products is leading to an increase
in the need for exacting equipment speci-
fications that improve product quality, ac-
cording to applications engineer Stephanie
Shira. “The use of innovative new materials
that help reduce raw material waste and
make products safer and better-performing
also means that explicit empirical knowl-
edge of every variable within the mixing
process is critical,” she adds.
Equipment that Delivers
NETZSCH Premier Technologies and
Myers Engineering are just two of the
equipment manufacturers that will have
a presence at ACS 2014. NETZSCH will
be introducing its OMEGA Dispersionizer,
a new hybrid machine that combines
homogenizing with macrocavitation
principles for energy-efficient dispersion
without the need for grinding media. “The
slurry viscosity that can be produced and/
or fed into this machine is only limited
by the pump used with the system, and
there are no mechanical seals or wear-
ing wetted parts often associated with
media mills. In addition, this unit operates
at much lower pressures than conven-
tional homogenizers, is easy to maintain,
enables easy batch change-over, requires
less solvent per batch and for cleaning,
and provides repeatable results,” says
Trefny. Other products the company is
highlighting include TetraNex Discs for
increased productivity and efficiency in
horizontal and vertical bead mills, the
MasterMill3 advanced submersible bas-
ket mill, and a range of grinding media.
Myers has been focusing on the ac-
cumulation of data from customers earlier
on in its development process to ensure
that the equipment provided is designed
to truly meet their needs. “There are so
many new variables in the coatings in-
dustry regarding regulations, raw material
behavior, production improvements, and
overall expectations for the production
process, it is important to work closely
with our customers from the beginning,”
comments Strahan. “The key to a suc-
cessful design that exceeds customer
expectations is an in-depth understanding
of their process information. However,
customers are not often fully aware of
the importance of what may be seen as
‘basic data’ until our technical sales and
engineering members can bring it out in
more detail, allowing for greater success
for them and us,” she adds.
Additives with Impact
Although additives are used in very
small quantities, they can have a signifi-
Providing the
Brightest
Chemistry
for Coatings
With expanded R&D labs and operations,
Emerald is delivering the latest innovations for
environmentally friendly performance additives and resins
for coatings―bringing flexibility, performance and color
with the newest chemistries worldwide.
Serving our customers globally.
For more information on these products, visit
www.emeraldmaterials.com.
cant impact on the performance of paints
and coatings, both during application and
in the dried film state. Several companies
exhibiting in Atlanta will present new addi-
tive technologies designed to help resolve
unmet performance needs. Air Products
is highlighting its new Dynol 960 and 980
superwetting surfactants that offer both
equilibrium and dynamic wetting, system
compatibility, and low foam, compared to
traditional siloxane surfactants, according
to Henkee. Airase 4500 is a new, non-
mineral oil, organic oil-based defoamer
for a range of applications, including
pigment grinds and water-based coatings.
The company will also be focusing on its
extended line of ZetaSperse dispersants
and dispersant additives, and has new
literature with a selection guide and
formulation charts and an enhanced
version of its online Formulators Assistant
ZetaSperse Tool (FAZT). Other products
the company will be highlighting include
Amicure® IC-321 curative, an amine
curing agent specifically engineered for
use with standard HDI trimer isocyanates
for the preparation of polycarbamide or
aliphatic polyurea coatings designed for
industrial, commercial, and institutional
flooring systems and the next-generation,
modified polyamine curing agents
Ancamine® 2712M and 2739, which are
based on Total Reactive Technology and
do not require any plasticizer.
King Industries will also be introduc-
ing new curing agents, including NACURE
catalysts for amino resin coatings that
improve adhesion to aluminum and galva-
nized steel, contain chromate-free basic
pigments, and cure at low temperature,
and K-Kat KX catalysts as tin alternatives
for urethane coatings prepared using
waterborne, solventborne, and blocked
isocyanates. In addition, the company will
highlight its K-FLEX XM resin modifiers
for thin films with enhanced properties,
DISPARLON rheology modifiers for water-
borne coatings and marine/heavy-duty
applications, and the NACORR 1389 uni-
versal corrosion inhibitor for use in both
water- and solvent-based systems.
Emerald Performance Materials will
be promoting a number of new additives,
including low-VOC coalescents, defoam-
ers, liquid polymers, and an expanded
range of zero-VOC and UV-curable
dispersions. The nonphthalate, low-VOC
plasticizer and coalescent K-Flex® 500P
is ideal for use in architectural coatings
continued on page 20
© 2014 Emerald Performance Materials, LLC
 where excellent gloss, scrub, block, and
freeze-thaw characteristics are desired,
according to Shamsi P. Gravel, K-Flex
Product Line director, while ultra-low-VOC
and APE (alkyl phenol ethoxylate)-free
FOAM BLAST® 4213 is effective for foam
control in aqueous and energy-cured
formulations. In addition, Emerald will
be highlighting its Hypro™ reactive liquid
polymers (RLPs), including methacrylate-
functional copolymers of butadiene and
acrylonitrile. These RLPs improve the
toughness, impact resistance, flexibility,
and adhesion at low temperatures in
acrylic adhesives, sealants, coatings, and
vinyl-ester systems, according to Jeff
Tyrrell, RLP product manager.
Several other companies are featuring
reactive additive products designed to
improve performance. Siltech’s function-
alized silicones react with the resin in
coating formulations and impart flexibility
and slip, mar, and stain resistance, as
well as release properties. The company
is also introducing new monofunctional
silicones that have a variety of reactive
groups or other functionality attached.
“The effects of these materials are just
being understood, but they have been
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March 2014
20 COATINGSTECH
a very hot topic in academic and low-
volume commercial circles. Monofunction-
ality is often required for nanostructuring
or self-assembling materials, and thus
these products are exciting new molecular
building blocks for our customers,” says
Ruckle. Ethox’s E-Sperse® RX-series of
reactive emulsifiers for waterborne alkyd
formulations allow formulators to use
solventborne alkyds in low- or no-VOC
waterborne emulsions and still achieve
excellent water repellency and adhesion.
“These reactive surfactants co-cure with
the alkyd, so there is no free surfactant in
the coating to reduce water repellency or
plasticize the film,” Palmer explains.
In addition to its reactive silicones,
Siltech will be introducing a new line of
Silmer® Q silicone additive resins that
provide a soft feel and stain resistance
along with lubrication, surface tension
reduction, and release, and its EPA-
compliant, perfluorooctane sulfonate-free
Fluorosil® fluoroalkysilicones for surface
tension reduction, flow and leveling, and
stain resistance. Attendees will also find
new fluoropolymer-based products being
introduced by Shamrock Technologies,
including the FluoroSLIP™ series of prod-
Finding the right colorant for your application is all in the
and performance challenges for customers worldwide.
ucts for superior dispersibility with excel-
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FluoroTEX™ PTFE-based textures, which
are a new type of texturing agent offering
higher levels of heat resistance and color
stability compared to other products on
the market, according to Alex Radu of
Shamrock’s Product Marketing Center.
Ethox, meanwhile, will be touting its
multifunctional EthoFlexTM ER additive for
epoxy resins that improves toughness,
impact resistance, corrosion resistance,
gloss, weathering resistance, and adhe-
sion. In line with its “Power to Create”
motto, Evonik is introducing several new
TEGO brand products, including TEGO®
Twin 4200, a new multifunctional additive
offering universal wetting and anticrater-
ing properties with no foam stabilization
in waterborne, solventborne, and UV
systems and two new TEGO Airex deaera-
tors for high-solids coatings. Troy is also
introducing new multifunctional additives,
including Troysol™ Z370 universal wetting
and mar and slip additive and Troysol
Z377 acrylic flow and leveling additive for
nonaqueous systems.
continued on page 22
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 WACKER is showcasing
several novel products that im-
part enhanced stain resistance
and water beading effects for
natural and artificial stone, tile,
and cementitious products and
a silicone wood hybrid designed
specifically for use in outdoor
coatings such as wood decks.
SILRES® WH 80 A is a water-reducible, sol-
vent-free siloxane emulsion that increases
water repellency and beading while
resisting cracking, peeling, and blistering
when used in alkyd or latex systems. This
low-VOC, UV-stable product helps maintain
the gloss and color of waterborne exterior
coatings, according to Merlo. Another
WACKER featured product is VINNAPAS®
EF8300, a vinyl acetate ethylene (VAE)
binder for high-performance interior coat-
ings with flat through gloss finishes that
combine low odor and low-VOC capabili-
ties with excellent performance. Designed
to replace pure acrylics and blend sys-
tems, Merlo notes that VINNAPAS EF8300
is produced without the use of APEOs, has
a very low residual vinyl acrylic monomer
(< 200 ppm), and allows formulation
without coalescing solvents. Advantages
include good block resistance and wet
adhesion while maintaining good scrub
and touch-up properties.
DCM will be highlighting two ready-to-
use ACRYSOL™ RM Rheology Modifiers
with ACID SUPPRESSION™ Technology,
which are ultra low-VOC HEURs that
provide noticeably improved sag-flow
balance, good color development and
stability, and improved viscosity stability
on tinting. BYK will be highlighting several
products added to its portfolio through
the acquisition of the clay-based additives
division of Rockwood, including Optiflo ad-
ditives for architectural coatings. The com-
pany will also feature its newer defoam-
ers, BYK-1780 and BYK-1785, which are
designed for aqueous coatings, along with
additives for surface tension control in
UV-cured coatings and DISPERBYK-118, a
newer wetting and dispersing agent.
Biocides for the Future
Although introductions of new biocidal
products are fairly rare, due to high costs
of new product development, companies
are investing in R&D to provide delivery
mechanisms for existing actives that
provide improved performance. Lonza
will present Densil® ZOD™ Antimicrobial
for the first time in North America at ACS
2014. “This new dry film formulation,
which also incorporates Lonza’s patented
discoloration suppression technology,
March 2014
22 COATINGSTECH
protects paint films from both fungal and
algal growth and has performed excel-
lently in our U.S. field trials,” observes
Tierney. Troy will introduce Troysan® CR,
a new line of controlled release dry-film
algaecides and fungicide-plus-algaecide
formulations that are designed to resist
excessive leaching, according to Colon.
The company will also be promoting its
line of next-generation, low- to zero-VOC
Polyphase® broad-spectrum dry-film
preservatives, which are effective at low
use levels and have preferred toxicology
profiles. In addition, Troy will be highlight-
ing its Mergal® line of wet-state preserva-
tion technologies for a variety of paint and
coating applications.
Resins that Differentiate
Attendees at the show will also have
the opportunity to learn about several
new resin technologies, many of which
have been developed to meet the need
for improved sustainability and perfor-
mance. Reichhold, for example, is intro-
ducing several new waterborne resins,
including BECKOSOL AQ® 400 alkyd
latex products designed for the formula-
tion of non-highway striping coatings,
BECKOSOL AQ 522 for coatings applied
to porous surfaces, and BECKOSOL AQ
510 for blacktop sealers. The company
will also highlight UROTUF® F600-W-40,
a waterborne uralkyd designed for use
in environmentally friendly garage floor
coatings, and energy-curable UROTUF
E300-W-40 for wood surfaces.
Not surprisingly, Dow Coating Materi-
als is featuring a wide range of new resin
technologies at ACS 2014. Most nota-
bly, its FORMASHIELD 12 100% Acrylic
Binder actively removes formaldehyde
from indoor air when used in paint on the
walls of a room, transforming it to water
vapor. The product also offers good scrub
resistance, washability, chemical and
stain resistance, and adhesion without
the use of a coalescing aid. The com-
pany’s line of EVOQUE™ Pre-Composite
Polymers has been expanded to cover
interior and exterior architectural applica-
tions and facilitates TiO2 savings of up to
20% while maintaining equal wet and dry
hiding and tint strength. “We are finding
that these resins also exhibit
barrier properties, such as stain
resistance and removal, cor-
rosion resistance, nail-head
rust resistance, tannin stain
blocking, and dirt pickup
resistance. It is also possible
to achieve formulation-specific
improvements that can result
in whiter whites, more durable brights,
longer-lasting clean, longer re-paint inter-
vals, and reduced environmental impact
as demonstrated by a recent third-party
Life Cycle Assessment,” asserts Insogna.
Other resins for architectural applications
include RHOPLEX™ EZ Clean 1500 Acrylic
Emulsion with advanced stain beading
technology, a 100% acrylic binder for
low-VOC coatings that can be cleaned of
tough liquids such as grape juice, coffee,
and wine, and RHOPLEX 585 APE-free
high-solids binder for exterior architectural
paints with a low coalescent demand but
some freeze/thaw stability.
For the industrial market, DCM is
offering three new resin technologies.
AVANSETM low-VOC, one-component resins
feature ambient self-crosslinking to
help improve the dirt pickup resistance,
chemical/solvent resistance, and overall
durability and novel polymer-pigment
interaction in the wet phase for more
uniform pigment distribution, improved
barrier properties, and greater gloss
potential in general metal and metal
maintenance and protective coatings.
MAINCOTE™ Acrylic Resins with thermal
insulation properties are designed to
replace fiberglass, polyurethane foam,
and other traditional materials used to
inhibit unintended heat transfer, making
it easier to detect corrosion. They can be
formulated into low-VOC, liquid insulation
coatings that offer easy spray application,
low thermal conductivity, and ongoing
energy savings. Finally, ROSHIELD™ 4000
Acrylic Resin rapidly crosslinks after film
formation, offering enhanced early hard-
ness and improved early chemical, block,
and print resistance without yellowing,
even when applied over formaldehyde-
emitting substrates such as engineered
wood or varnish-coated trim.
Michelman, meanwhile, will be
introducing resins for wood coatings
to the North American market. These
resins were developed by Ecronova, a
German manufacturer of water-based
polymers that the company acquired in
2013. Ecrylic™ RA 576 H is an acrylate
polymer that exhibits superior chemical
resistance. Ecrothan™ 2012, a polyure-
thane-acrylic, offers excellent rapid curing
continued on page 24
 CREATING TOMORROW’S SOLUTIONS

PAINT IT. SEAL IT. WATERPROOF IT.

2014

APRIL 8-10
GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS
CENTER, ATLANTA, GA
www.american-coatings-show.com
Visit us at Booth 1313

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• VINNAPAS® vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer dispersions and solid resins for

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• VINNOL® vinyl chloride containing dispersions and solid resins for industrial, flame
retardant and vapor barrier coatings, as well as specialty coatings for food and
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• HDK® pyrogenic silica serves as a rheological additive and anti-settling aid
• SILRES® resins improve high-temperature applications while SILRES® resin systems
improve exterior durability, protection and ease of cleaning in industrial/maintenance
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and outstanding block resistance. The
company will also feature Ecrylic KS 447,
a self-crosslinking anticorrosive metal
primer with very good adhesion to steel,
zinc-treated steel, and tin-treated steel,
according to Poletti.
BASF will be promoting its Acronal®
EDGE 4750 for paint-and-primer-in-one
products.
Pigments that Are Effective
As a result of recent investment in
both a new production line and research
and development, Heubach will be high-
lighting new pigments at ACS 2014. First,
a new line of complex inorganic colored
pigments (CICPs) that combines outstand-
ing productivity and flexibility is now being
produced in Germany, according to Bob
Poemer, Business Unit leader. The line
includes chrome rutile yellow premium
high-tinting strength pigments that also
exhibit a high level of chromaticity. This
unique class of P.Br. 24 pigments is com-
monly used in plastics applications, but
is also suitable for coatings. HEUCODUR®
Yellow 2550 is the first product to be
commercialized and it combines excellent
chemical, temperature, and weathering
resistance with an extremely high-tinting
strength and chromaticity. Heubach is
also highlighting VANADUR® 2108, a cost-
effective green shade Bismuth Vanadate
with high tinting strength, hiding power,
durability, chroma, and dispersibility that
is suitable for the formulation of decora-
tive, industrial, powder, coil, and automo-
tive coatings. HEUCO®FIT LR is a line of
six innovative pigment preparations for
lead chromate replacement that offers
superior hiding power even in full shade
formulations and excellent chroma devel-
opment, according to Poemer.
Finally, Heubach will also be intro-
ducing HEUCOPHOS® CMP, a next-
generation, zinc-free (phosphate) anticor-
rosive pigment that exhibits performance
similar to that of zinc-containing anticor-
rosives and represents a new genera-
tion in modern environmentally friendly
March 2014
24 COATINGSTECH
technology. In addition, this pigment
offers effective anodic inhibition in both
solvent- and waterborne systems and is
compatible with a broad range of resins.
More to Learn
The technical conference held in con-
junction with the American Coatings Show
offers attendees and exhibitor company
representatives extensive opportunities
to learn more about the new technologies
that interest them. Many exhibitors take
advantage of the opportunity to summa-
rize the research efforts that ultimately led
to the development of the new products
their companies are highlighting at the
show. A few examples are detailed below.
Jeanine Snyder, principal develop-
ment chemist at Air Products & Chemi-
cals, Inc., will discuss “New Superwetting
Surfactants for Coatings Applications,”
looking at the challenges associated with
the application of water-based coatings
onto low-energy substrates and contami-
nated surfaces.
Several different speakers from Dow
Coating Materials will cover a range of
topics, including new hybrid latex poly-
mers and their properties (Zhenwen Fu,
principal research scientist: “Designed Hy-
bridization: A Paradigm Shift in New Latex
Polymer Coatings”); HEUR rheology modi-
fiers (Antony Van Dyk, senior research sci-
entist: “Molecular and Shear-Dependent
Interactions of HEUR Rheology Modifiers
in Latexes”); improving architectural
coatings (Tara Conley, technical sales
manager: “Materials and Techniques
for Better Application in Architectural
Coatings”), thermal insulation coatings
(Sudhir Achar, technical service specialist:
“Formulating Waterborne Thermal Insula-
tion Coatings”), and smart coatings (Paul
Doll, senior scientist: “Smart Coatings for
Improving Indoor Air Quality”).
Emerald will deliver two papers cover-
ing new coalescents and silicone technol-
ogy. Research Fellow Bill Arendt will dis-
cuss “Innovation in Benzoate Technology
for Coatings Applications,” regarding the
development of interior and exterior archi-
tectural coatings using K-Flex® benzoate
coalescents, which meet an industry need
for high-performing, low-VOC additives
that offer scrub resistance, gloss, and
blocking. In “Novel Modified Silicone
Fluids for Architectural and Specialty Coat-
ings,” Bruce Berglund, Silicones Product
Line manager, will discuss how silicone
additives such as Emerald’s Silmera™
products provide value-added properties
to coatings, including ease of use, slip/
mar resistance, block resistance, foam
control, and other key characteristics.
Ethox will also present two papers at
ACS 2014. Palmer will discuss “New Reac-
tive Emulsifiers for Waterborne Alkyd Coat-
ings,” highlighting the company’s nonionic
and anionic reactive emulsifiers that work
with existing solvent-based long, medium,
and short oil alkyds. These emulsifiers
participate in the curing process without
slowing it and produce a hard, water-resis-
tant film. The topic of the second presen-
tation on “New Additives for Epoxy Sys-
tems with Markedly Enhanced Properties”
will be given by Gerald Vandezande of
1st Source Research and covers work on
which Vandezande collaborated involving
a breakthrough technology that improves
the impact resistance and flexibility of
low-VOC epoxy systems while maintaining
surface hardness and improving pot life,
gloss, and corrosion resistance.
Maria Nargiello from Evonik’s Inor-
ganic Materials Business Unit will present
a paper titled “Innovative Process Break-
through Makes Fumed Silica Easy-to-
Disperse,” while Bjoern Borup, also from
the Inorganic Materials BU, will present
“Waterborne and Solvent-Free Inorganic
Silane Binders for Zinc-Rich Paints.”
The topic of the technical presenta-
tion by King Industries, which will be given
by Hourani, is “Catalysts for Lower-Tem-
perature Cure of Melamine Crosslinked
Coil Coatings,” and relates to a new class
of catalysts developed by the company.
These catalysts facilitate the cure of coil
coatings at lower peak metal tempera-
tures of 180–200°C, leading to lower en-
ergy costs and improved film properties,
i.e., better flexibility and less yellowing.
Reichhold will be presenting two
papers at the conference. Jeffrey
Danneman, senior technical service asso-
ciate, will talk about “Alkyd Latex Polymer
Design and Coating Formulations for
Low-VOC Metal Primers,” and Jamie Dzic-
zkowski, chemist associate, will discuss
how “Breakthrough Waterborne Technol-
ogy Brings Alkyd Back to the Road.”
Real Promise
Based on this survey of companies
and the novel technologies they are bring-
ing to the paint and coatings industry at
the 2014 American Coatings Show and
Conference, it certainly promises to be an
exciting event. Whether attendees are
looking for new raw materials, laboratory
or processing equipment, or services,
there will be a wide range of options avail-
able. The theme of the conference aptly
sums it up: “Designing the Future: Innova-
tive Solutions for Coatings.”
 Exhibitors
3M Energy+Advanced Material...................................... 635
3V.................................................................................... 1667
Aakash Chemical..............................................................714
Aal Chem.......................................................................... 948
AB Specialty Silicones................................................... 2566
Aceto Corporation.............................................................751
ACME Tech. Co.,Ltd........................................................ 2228
Acme-Hardesty............................................................... 1227
ACT Test Panels.............................................................. 1856
ADM - Evolution Chemicals............................................. 225
Advanced Composite Materials.................................... 2539
AGC Chemicals Americas................................................ 856
Air Products and Chemicals...................................... 1115
AkzoNobel Colloidal Silica............................................. 1931
AkzoNobel - Expancel.................................................... 1931
AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry...................................... 1931
ALAC International........................................................... 425
Alba Aluminiu....................................................................742
Alberdingk Boley Inc...................................................... 2035
Allnex (formerly Cytec Coating Resins)......................... 1907
Alnor Oil Company.......................................................... 1841
*CoatingsTech Advertisers appear in bold
March 2014
26 COATINGSTECH
(as of February 24, 2014)
Amazon Paint................................................................... 464
American Chemie-Pharma,Inc...................................... 2543
American Coatings Association................................ 1259
American Colors, Inc. .................................................... 2730
Amuco Inc. ..................................................................... 2360
ANF Technology Ltd. ....................................................... 860
Anhui Herrman Impex Co., Ltd. .................................... 2734
Anhui Primechem Co., Ltd. ........................................... 1924
Anhui Shenjian New Materials Co., Ltd. ........................ 342
Anhui Xinyuan Chemical Co., Ltd. ................................2544
Anhui Xoanons Chemical Co., Ltd. ............................... 1942
Anshan Runde Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. ....................... 656
Anton Paar USA.................................................................746
Applied Minerals.............................................................. 365
Arizona Instruments........................................................ 759
Arkema, Inc. .................................................................. 2204
Arrowpoint (Huangshan Jiajia
Science & Technology Co. Ltd.).................................. 1958
Arya Chem...................................................................... 1433
Asambly Chemical Company Ltd. ...................................227
Ashland Speciality Ingredients................................. 1541
AST Products, Inc........................................................... 2462
Attension............................................................................748
Avomeen Analytical Services.......................................... 233
Ball Corporation............................................................. 1366
BariteWorld/Rockleigh Industries Inc............................ 923
BASCO............................................................................... 226
BASF - The Chemical Company................................. 1505
BassTech International.................................................. 2546
Bayer MaterialScience, LLC.......................................... 2305
Betterwear New Material Co., Ltd. ............................... 2149
BigC: Dino-Lite Scopes.....................................................757
BioAmber Inc.................................................................. 2430
Birla Carbon...................................................................505
Black Diamond Material Science................................. 1035
Bluestar New Chemical Materials Co.,Ltd......................117
Borica.............................................................................. 1332
Bosson (Beijing) Chemical Co., Ltd. .............................. 349
Boulder Imaging............................................................. 2451
Brandwatch Technologies............................................. 2361
Brazilian Coatings Manufacturers Association.............2748
Brenntag North America, Inc........................................ 1423
Brilliant Group................................................................ 2135
Brookfield Engineering.............................................. 2151
Brüggeman Chemical U.S................................................651
Buckman........................................................................ 1957
Buhler, Inc................................................................... 1441
Buhler, Inc. (Nanotechnology)................................... 1032
Burgess Pigment Co......................................................959
BWAY .............................................................................. 1229
BYK Additives...............................................................1007
BYK Gardner.................................................................1007
Cabot Corporation.............................................................821
California Polytechnic State University......................... 2166
Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P.................... 2058
Cardolite......................................................................... 2233
Cargill Inc........................................................................ 2245
Case Laboratories.......................................................... 2258
Cathay Coating Mfg. Co. Ltd.......................................... 1565
CB Mills........................................................................... 2257
Celanese...................................................................... 2021
CFCM - Canadian Finishing & Coatings Manuf. .............224
Changzhou Sunkee Chemicals Co.,Ltd........................ 2424
Chemguard..................................................................... 2145
Chemical Marketing Concepts LLC............................... 1847
Chemik Co.,Ltd................................................................. 859
CHEMIR..........................................................................338
Chemo International...................................................... 2251
Chemsfield-China........................................................... 1251
Chemspeed Technologies, Inc.........................................248
Chemtura Baxenden...................................................... 1051
Chicago Society for Coatings Technology..................... 2066
Chitec Technology Co. Ltd............................................. 2244
Chromaflo Technologies Corp......................................407
CI Coatings....................................................................... 530
Cimbar Performance Material...................................... 2440
Cinic Chemicals America............................................... 1035
Clariant........................................................................... 1939
Cleveland Steel Container............................................. 2240
Coatex............................................................................. 2204
Coatings Research Group............................................... 722
CoatingsTech.............................................................. 1259
Coatings World............................................................... 2630
Color Guild Int.................................................................. 722
Columbia/Okura LLC..................................................... 2624
Concerto Tech Co., Ltd.....................................................257
Corbion Purac................................................................. 1349
CPS Color Equipment.................................................... 1951
CQV Co., Ltd. .................................................................... 565
Cristal.............................................................................. 1151
Croda.............................................................................. 1335
CS Chemical Co., Ltd......................................................2715
Custom Milling & Consulting, Inc.................................. 1723
Daicel (U.S.A.), Inc.......................................................... 2522
DanChem Technologies & Innovations........................ 2620
DeFelsko Corporation.....................................................2141
Delaphos...........................................................................746
DIC Coporation................................................................. 704
DKSH North America, Inc.................................................765
Dow Chemical Company...............................................807
(Dow Coating Materials)..........................................807
Dow Corning................................................................... 2547
Dow Corning................................................................... 1935

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 Exhibitors
DuPont.............................................................................. 929
Eastern Coatings Federation........................................ 2167
Eastern Michigan University.......................................... 1962
Eastman Chemical Company........................................ 1341
Ebonex Corporation......................................................... 734
Eckart America Corporation.......................................... 1007
Ecopower Chemical Co., Ltd........................................... 648
El Mohandes Company for Trading
& Manufacturing Modern Chemicals.......................... 359
Elemental Container Inc................................................ 2127
Elementis Specialties.................................................... 1915
EMCO Chemicals Dist.................................................... 1930
EMD Chemicals Inc........................................................ 1549
Emerald Performance Materials..................................521
EMI-Engineered Mills, Inc.................................................857
EPS - Materials........................................................... 1451
Essential Industries....................................................... 1028
Estron Chemicals Inc..................................................... 2438
Ethox Chemicals, LLC.................................................... 1829
Euchemy Industry Co., Ltd............................................ 2160
Eurofins Product Testing.................................................. 259
Everlight Chemical............................................................421
Evonik...........................................................................1707
Excalibar Minerals LLC.................................................. 1948
Eye - Applied Optics....................................................... 2752
Fenchem Inc. ................................................................. 1932
Fischer Technology........................................................ 1940
FlackTek, Inc. ................................................................... 528
Formulator & Colortec Software..................................... 820
Fortune International Technology............................. 1853
FP-Pigments Inc............................................................... 730
Fuji Silysia Chemical, Ltd. ............................................. 2340
FutureFuel Chemical Company..................................... 1567
Fuzhou Kuncai Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd....................... 1135
GDB International Inc.................................................... 2267
Gelest, Inc.......................................................................... 741
Generic Systems, Inc......................................................1766
GEO Specialty Chemicals.............................................. 2056
GEOCOTEC.......................................................................2711
GGink International Ltd................................................... 638
GM Containers............................................................... 1565
GSI Exim America........................................................... 2324
GTI Graphic Technology Inc............................................. 842
Guangzhou Kinite Industrial Co., Ltd. ............................ 649
Guangzhou Shuangjiang Pigments Co., Ltd...................243
Guild CPO, Inc.................................................................. 722
Hainan Sinoti Investment Co.,Ltd................................. 2726
Hali Industrial Co., Ltd..................................................... 443
Halox............................................................................... 1021
Hangzhou Hongyan Pigment Chemical Co., Ltd.......... 2720
Hangzhou Jingyi Chemical Co., Ltd. ............................... 442
Hangzhou JLS Flame Retardants Chemical Co., Ltd. ..1749
Hangzhou Multicolor Chemical Co., Ltd..........................245
Hangzhou Ruijiang Chemical Co., Ltd.......................... 1058
Hartness International.................................................. 2263
Haver Filling System, Inc..................................................641
HDSG Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. ................................ 650
Helm US.......................................................................... 1467
Henan Harvest Chem Co., Ltd.........................................461
March 2014
28 COATINGSTECH
(as of February 24, 2014)
Hero................................................................................ 1922
Heucotech Ltd./Heubach...........................................1751
Hockmeyer Equipment.....................................................427
Hoffmann Mineral GmbH.............................................. 2221
Honor Chemicals Co.,Ltd. ............................................. 2724
Houchi Chemical Co., Ltd.............................................. 1026
Huangshan Deping Chemical, Co., Ltd. .........................341
Hubei Greenhome Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. ................. 1348
Huber Engineered Materials......................................... 1133
Hui Tian Adhesive.............................................................561
Hunan Jufa Technology Co., Ltd. .................................... 652
Hunan Zhongchuang Chemical Co., Ltd. .................... 1567
Huntsman....................................................................... 2504
Hybrid Coating Technologies.........................................2642
Hydrite............................................................................. 1247
Imerys............................................................................. 2031
Inchem Corp................................................................... 2057
Inner Mongolia Mengxi Kaolin Co., Ltd. ...................... 2552
Innovadex....................................................................... 2524
Invotec............................................................................ 2426
J Color Chemicals Corp Ltd........................................... 1364
JCC Co. Ltd. ....................................................................2717
Jeco Pigments.................................................................. 253
Jesons Industries Limited..............................................1761
Jiangsu Lanfeng Biochemical Co., Ltd........................... 262
Jiangsu Qingquan Chemical Co., Ltd. .............................457
Jiangsu Runtai Chemical Co., Ltd. ..................................745
Jiangsu Sanmu Group., Ltd. ............................................827
Jiangsu Shenlong Zinc Industry Co., Ltd. ...................... 858
Jiangsu Shuangle Chemical Pigment Co., Ltd. ..............249
Jiangsu Yuxing Industry and Trade Co.,Ltd.....................557
Jinan Yuxing Chemical, Ltd. ............................................ 239
Jyoti Ceramic Ind. Put. Ltd. ........................................... 1464
KaMin LLC........................................................................ 933
Kartner Montanindustrie.............................................. 2431
Kelly Chemical Corporation............................................. 625
Keum Eung Co., Ltd. ..................................................... 2709
Keystone Aniline Corp. .................................................. 2224
KH Neochem Americas, Inc.......................................... 2541
King Industries, Inc.......................................................529
King’s Ceramic & Chemicals Cp Ltd. ............................1760
Kish Company Inc.......................................................... 2431
KITA...........................................................................................
KLW Plastics..................................................................... 230
Kowa American Corp..................................................... 1350
Kraton Performance Polymers...................................... 2351
Krautzberger GMBH...................................................... 1849
Kronos Worldwide, Inc................................................... 2533
Kruss USA......................................................................... 344
Kukdo Chemical Co. Ltd. ................................................ 940
Kunshan PG Chem Co., Ltd. ......................................... 1942
KW Container....................................................................731
Labman Automation Ltd................................................ 2261
Langguth America Ltd................................................... 1223
Lansco Colors................................................................. 1435
Lanxess Corporation...................................................... 1859
Laurel Products.............................................................. 1035
Lawter..............................................................................2744
Leneta............................................................................... 220
Letica Corporation........................................................... 925
Liaoning Liangang Pigment & Dyestuff
Chemicals Co.,Ltd......................................................... 545
Lintech International.................................................. 2131
Linyi Lixing Chemical Co., Ltd. ........................................ 644
Lishui Nanming Chemical Co., Ltd. ............................... 553
Liwang Chemical (Nantong) Co., Ltd. .......................... 2313
Longkou Renhe Ultramarine
Industry & Trading Co., Ltd......................................... 1866
Lonza........................................................................... 1033
Lubrizol........................................................................... 2214
Ludwig Schwerdtel GmbH............................................. 1466
Luohe City Xingmao Titanium Industry Co., Ltd. ........... 642
Mace Polymers & Additives........................................... 2456
Mallard Creek Polymers, Inc......................................... 2359
Manek Minerals............................................................... 356
Marubeni Specialty Chemicals, Inc.............................. 2425
Matsui Int’l Company......................................................1762
McCullough & Associates................................................ 848
MCP Co., Ltd. ..................................................................2713
Metapol, SA. DE CV........................................................ 2163
Michelman...................................................................... 2321
Micro Powders, Inc......................................................... 1241
Milliken & Company......................................................... 364
Million-Union Industry Co.,Ltd. ..................................... 2531
MiniFibers Inc....................................................................721
Missouri University of Science & Technology.............. 1863
Missouri University of Science & Technology
Coatings Institute........................................................ 1863
Mitsui Chemicals America, Inc...................................... 2158
Mixer Direct, Inc............................................................. 2362
Momentive Specialty Chemicals................................... 1105
Monument Chemical (Johann Haltermann Ltd.)......... 2051
MorehouseCowles............................................................749
Munzing.......................................................................... 1515
Myers Engineering......................................................... 1328
Myriant Corporation......................................................... 926
Nano Tech Co., Ltd. ....................................................... 2707
Nagase America, Corp................................................... 2243
Nanjing Hoverchem Co., Ltd. ......................................... 330
Nanjing Union Silicon Chemical Co., Ltd........................ 725
Nantong Zhengyan Pigments Chemical Co., Ltd. ......... 439
National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers... 2162
Netzsch Premier Technologies, LLC............................... 822
New Brook International, Inc......................................... 2159
Nexeo Solutions............................................................. 2547
NiChem........................................................................... 2358
Ningbo DCC Chemical Co., Ltd. ...................................... 459
 Exhibitors
(as of February 24, 2014)

Ningbo Hongda IMP & EXP Co., Ltd. ...............................743
Nitro Quimica................................................................. 1635
Nobel NC Co. Ltd. .......................................................... 1340
Norman Hazmat Packaging............................................ 840
North Dakota State University
Coatings & Polymeric Materials................................. 1867
Nubiola USA..................................................................... 1741
Nuplex Resins................................................................ 1641
Nyacol Nano Technologies, Inc....................................... 645
OMG Americas............................................................... 1631
Omnova Solutions.......................................................... 1921
Omya Inc......................................................................... 1623
OPC Polymers................................................................. 1121
Organic Kimya................................................................ 1649
Orion Engineered Carbons............................................ 1926
Oxiteno............................................................................ 1449
P.A.T. Products, Inc......................................................... 1661
Pacific NW Society for Coatings Technology................ 2062
Paint & Coatings Industry................................................ 258
Paint & Pintura/Construchemical Magazines............... 352
PaintCare.................................................................... 2521
PaintPAC..................................................................... 2520
Palmer Holland, Inc....................................................... 2615
Looking for new partners
Pan Technology.............................................................. 1843
Pantai Chemical USA, Inc.................................................527
Panzhihua Dongfang Titanium Industry Co.,Ltd............ 232
Parchem - Fine & Specialty Chemicals........................ 2234
Parker Domnick Hunter | Process Filtration................. 752
Patcham USA.............................................................. 2512
Paul N. Gardner Co., Inc............................................. 1022
PCCR USA, Inc.............................................................1731
Perstorp Group............................................................... 1333
Peter Kwasny Inc...............................................................361
Phibrochem.................................................................... 1823
Philadelphia Mixing Solutions, Ltd...............................2640
Pidilite Industries Limited................................................ 256
Piedmont Society for Coatings Technology.................. 2063
PMG Industries, LLC........................................................ 960
Pollution Control Products Co....................................... 1564
Poly Rheo........................................................................ 2525
PolyDrop LLC.................................................................. 1566
Poly-Resyn, Inc................................................................. 956
Polystar, LLC................................................................... 2339
Potters Industries, LLC.................................................. 2738
PQ Corporation................................................................. 564
Presafer (Qingyuan) Phosphor Chemical Co., Ltd....... 1950
Pritty Pearlescent Pigments.......................................... 2325
Profi L-Clip GmbH........................................................... 1367
Puyang Ruisen Petroleum Resins Co., Ltd. ................. 2252
Puyang Shenghong Chemical Co., Ltd........................... 558
Pzhtaihai Taihai Technology Co, Ltd............................. 1233
Qian Jiang Fangyuan Titanium Industry Co., Ltd........... 345

with blue sky ideas? Qingdao Aspirit Chemical Co. Ltd................................... 626
Qingdao KellyChem Pigment Co., Ltd. ......................... 2530
Servicing the Paint and Coatings Industry Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem Co., Ltd......................... 1235
with unique silicone building blocks Q-Lab Corporation.......................................................... 1039
Quality Assured Label.................................................... 2626
Innovative Silicones for Quanzhou Sanwei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. ............. 844
your Technology R.E. Carroll........................................................................ 222
RadTech - Association for UV & EB Technology........... 1963
Rahn USA Corporation................................................... 1858
Ranbar Electrical Materials, Inc. .................................. 1934
Readco Kurimoto, LLC..................................................... 750
Reaxis............................................................................. 1756
Red Devil Equipment..................................................... 1253
Rehrig Pacific.....................................................................961
Innovative and
Reichhold Inc.............................................................. 1305
Customized Products Revelli Chemicals..............................................................740
Optimum Performance Reverdia.......................................................................... 2421
Excellent Customer Service Reverte............................................................................. 633
Rhopoint Instruments Ltd............................................. 2230
Royce International........................................................ 2423
S&B Industrials Minerals N.A.,Inc. ................................. 753
Sandream Enterprises, LLC.......................................... 2239
Santint USA Inc.............................................................. 2445
Sartomer USA, LLC........................................................ 2204
Sasol Olefins & Surfactants GmbH.............................. 1531
Siltech Corporation Saujanya Exports............................................................. 235
ACA
ACSBooth
Booth1330
1330 225 Wicksteed Avenue
SBHPP Durez.....................................................................261
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Radtech Booth 807 M4H 1G5 Schlenk Metallic Pigments GmbH................................ 2441
Radtech Booth 807 Tel: (416) 424-4567
SE Tylose GmbH & Co. KG................................................515
Fax: (416) 424-3158
www.siltech.com Seal ‘n Lock System Corp. .............................................. 340

March 2014
30 COATINGSTECH
 Visit Reichhold at the
American Coatings Show!
Booth #1305
 PCCR USA continued from page 30

 60 Years of Innovation  Sensient Colors LLC....................................................... 1035

Shamrock Technologies.................................................. 332
Shandong Doguide Co., Ltd. ...........................................551
Shandong Senjie Chemical Co., Ltd............................... 556
Shandong Shida Shenghua Chemical Group, Inc......... 265
Shandong Sunshine Pigment Co. Ltd.......................... 2227
Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology Co., Ltd. .... 445
Shanghai Hoosun Mechanical & Electrical
Technology Co., Ltd....................................................... 440
Shanghai Jiuta Chemical Co.,Ltd.................................... 559
Shanghai Liancai Chemcials Co., Ltd............................. 558
Shanghai Longyang Chemical Co., Ltd........................... 543
Shanghai World-Prospect Chem Tech Co., Ltd.............. 449
Shanghai Xinda Chemical Industry Co., Ltd....................241
Shanghai Yipin Pigments, Inc......................................... 348
Shanxi Huachang Chemical Co., Ltd...............................761
Sheng Shyan Machine Co., Ltd..................................... 1344
PCCR USA continues a 60-year history of producing high Shenzhen Hong Ye Jie Technology Co., Ltd.................... 549
quality resins for the coatings industry. As your supplier Shifang Changfeng Chemical Co., Ltd............................ 552
of alkyd, polyester, solution acrylic, latex and powder Shin-Etsu MicroSi........................................................... 2156
resins, PCCR is Shin-Etsu Silicones...........................................................515
…committed to outstanding technical and customer service Sichuan Nitrocell Corporation......................................... 450
Siltech Corporation.................................................... 1330
…dedicated to creating innovative products
Silver Fern Chemical...................................................... 2059
…positioned to supply products throughout North America
Sincol Corporation Ltd................................................... 1051
Sinochem Jiangsu Co., Ltd............................................ 2262
Sinochem Qingdao Co. Ltd.............................................. 452
Solvay (formerly Rhodia)..................................................212
Hydreau™ Southern Society for Coatings Technology................... 2067
…Alkyd emulsions—true alkyd chemistry emulsified in water Specialty Polymers......................................................... 1139
…Polyester dispersions—near zero VOC capable Springer Science & Business........................................... 747
Stahl USA.......................................................................... 234
Aquamac™ Stepan............................................................................ 1757
…Acrylic latex—including products capable of zero VOC STI Polymer........................................................................244
coatings Sudarshan........................................................................ 659
SUEK Specialty Minerals............................................... 2467
Sun Chemical................................................................. 2313
Synasia Inc..................................................................... 2363
Synox Pigments Corp..................................................... 2356
Synthesia, a.s................................................................. 2534
Taizhou Yojoy Chemical Co., Ltd..................................... 732
Taminco.......................................................................... 2459
Tayca Corporation.......................................................... 2548
TBF Environmental Technology Inc. ............................. 1961
Ter Qingdao Industry and Trading Co. Ltd. .................... 532
PCCR USA, Inc. TH Hilson........................................................................ 2459
99 East Cottage Avenue The Chemical Company................................................... 865
Carpentersville, IL 60110 The Coatings Group (Quartz Coatings Ltd.)..................2740
www.pccrusa.com
800-322-8103 The Leading Coatings Trade Shows............................... 465
The Powder Coating Institute........................................ 1967
The Shepherd Color Company...................................... 2123
The Waterborne Symposium – University
of Southern Mississippi.............................................. 1966
Acrylamac™ —Thermoplastic and thermoset acrylic resins Thermoset Resin Formulators Association.................. 2266
Duramac™ —Alkyd resins—conventional, high solids, and water reducible Thor Specialties Inc..........................................................324
Polymac™ —Polyester resins—liquid and powder
Rezimac™ —Phenolic, epoxy, and silicone-modified alkyds
Tianjin Jiuri Chemical Co., Ltd..........................................431
Macopol™ —VT, acrylic, and styrene-modified alkyds
Carbamac™ —Oil-modified urethanes

 Visit PCCR USA at the American Coatings Show—Booth #1731 

March 2014
32 COATINGSTECH
 PNT MINX HUS for ACS:Layout 1 22/10/09 10:17 AM Page 1

Tianjin Surfychem T&D Co., Ltd.................................... 2260

Best Under
the Sun
Tianyi Chemical Engineering Material Co., Ltd.............. 526
Titanos............................................................................ 2638
Toda United Industrial (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd.......................524
Tolsa USA, Ltd................................................................ 2129
Total Kimyasal Urunler................................................... 1351
Toyobo Co., Ltd................................................................. 358 With exceptional tint retention, chalk resistance
TQC bv............................................................................. 1322
Trans Ocean Bulk Logistics..............................................231
and photochemical stability, MINEX® additions
Triangle Chemical Company............................................ 665 can enhance the color and extend the service
Trinity Resources............................................................ 1833 life of aqueous and solvent based architectural
TRInternational, Inc....................................................... 1825
Tronox LLC...................................................................... 2343
paint. Forty years of real time exterior
Troy Corporation......................................................... 1523 exposure tests verify MINEX is the best
Trust Chem USA............................................................. 2333 functional filler under the sun.
U.S. Polymers - Accurez LLC............................................ 846
U.S. Silica.................................................................... 2532
®
UBE America, Inc........................................................... 2458
UCT, Specialties............................................................... 623
Unibrom Corp................................................................... 544
Unican............................................................................. 2367 FUNCTIONAL FILLERS AND EXTENDERS

UNIMIN Corporation......................................................833
Union Process................................................................ 2222
United Mineral & Chemical Corporation...................... 1657
United Soybean Board..................................................... 253
Univar.............................................................................. 1935
Van Horn, Metz & Company, Inc................................... 1035
Vanderbilt Minerals........................................................ 2466
Velsicol Chemical LLC.................................................... 1035
Vencorex............................................................................221
Vertellus Specialties...................................................... 2225
Vibfast Pigments...............................................................241
Vinavil Americas............................................................. 2607
Vincentz Network....................................................... 1459
Visit Indy......................................................................... 2061
Vitro Minerals....................................................................764
VMA-Getzmann GMBH.................................................... 238
Wacker Chemical Corporation.................................. 1313
Wacker Chemie AG..................................................... 1323
Wanlong Chemical Co., Ltd........................................... 2250
Wenzhou Lypont Powder Coatings Co., Ltd................... 453
Wetex Advanced Materials (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd...........1767
World Wide Partnership................................................ 2338
Worlee-Chemie GmBH................................................... 1849
Wuxi Firstrust Chemicals Co., Ltd..................................2742
Wuxi Liangxi Fine Chemicals Ltd.................................... 343
X-Rite/Pantone............................................................... 1952
Yancheng City Kelan Pigment Chemical Co., Ltd........ 1735
Yinchuan Baihong Chemical Co., Ltd. ........................... 538
Yunnan Zechang Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.................. 539
Zeon Corporation............................................................. 958 Visit us at the ACS Booth 833
Zhejiang Feidian Chemical Co., Ltd................................ 448
Zhejiang Genky Chemical Co., Ltd.................................. 542 For more information and our complete product portfolio visit:
Zhejiang Ruicheng Effect Pigment...............................2344
Zhenjiang Great Honest Inc.......................................... 2357
www.BrilliantAdditions.com
Zinc Oxide LLC................................................................ 1465

® MINEX is SPECIALTY AND PERFORMANCE MINERALS

a registered
trademarks.
All rights reserved.
©2014
 SCHEDULE
At-A-Glance

Monday, April 7, 2014 Tuesday, April 8, 2014, continued

American Coatings Conference 12:30–2:00 pm
8:30–10:00 am Networking: Conference Lunch
Pre-Conference Tutorials 1–5
2:00–5:30 pm
10:00 am–10:30 am • Session 9: Architectural Coatings II
Networking: Coffee Break • Session 10: Polyurethanes II
• Session 11: Protective Coatings II
10:00 am–12:00 pm • Session 12: Radiation Curing
Pre-Conference Tutorials 6–11

11:30 am–12:15 pm
Networking: Welcome Lunch
Wednesday, April 9, 2014

12:15–1:30 pm
American Coatings Show
Plenary Session Exhibit Hours:
• Welcome Address and Conference 9:00 am–5:00 pm
Introduction
• Keynote Presentations, American Coatings Conference
Award Ceremonies
8:00–9:00 am
1:30–2:00 pm Mattiello Lecture
Networking: Coffee Break 9:00 am–12:30 pm
Conference Sessions
2:00–5:30 pm • Session 13: Waterborne Coatings
Conference Sessions
• Session 14: Epoxy Coatings
• Session 1: Science Today—
• Session 15: Nanotechnology
Coatings Tomorrow
• Session 16: Functional & Smart
• Session 2: Bio-Based Coatings
Coatings
• Session 3: Measuring & Testing
• Session 4: Pigments 12:30 pm
End of Conference
5:30–7:00 pm
Poster Session/Networking:
AC Conference Reception
Thursday, April 10, 2014
Tuesday, April 8, 2014 American Coatings Show
Exhibit Hours:
American Coatings Show 9:00 am–3:00 pm
Exhibit Hours:
9:00 am–5:00 pm

American Coatings Conference

9:00 am–12:30 pm
Conference Sessions
• Session 5: Architectural Coatings
• Session 6: Polyurethanes I
• Session 7: Protective Coatings I
• Session 8: Novel Materials continued on page 24
 Business & Industry
Valspar Donates $1 Million to University of Minnesota
College of Science and Engineering
V
alspar has made a donation of $1
million to the University of Minnesota
College of Science and Engineering.
To be distributed over five years, the gift
will provide high-tech equipment for the
university’s new undergraduate laboratory.
Valspar Corporation will administer the
donation through its Valspar Foundation.
The new Valspar Materials Science
and Engineering Lab will be located in the
university’s Gore Annex of Amundson Hall,
at the Department of Chemical Engineer-
ing and Materials Science. Most of the
construction is expected to be completed
in the summer of 2014, with final construc-
tion to be accomplished in early 2015.
Equipment to be provided includes testing
equipment that characterizes the mechan-
ical performance of materials; electron
microscopes that image at the nanoscale;
and other devices to measure magnetic,
electrical, and optical properties.
Valspar’s award decision was based
in large part on the two entities’ mutual
goals of developing world-class materi-
als science and products, as well as on
the proximity of research laboratories.
The gift announcement arrives at a time
when Valspar is completing a major
expansion of its Valspar Applied
Science and Technology Center facility in
Minneapolis, expected to accommodate
Bayer Acquires Aniline Facility
Bayer MaterialScience LLC has
acquired DuPont’s Baytown, TX, aniline
production facility. With this purchase,
Bayer assumes responsibility for the facil-
ity’s direct operating personnel. Financial
terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Aniline is a primary feedstock used
to manufacture methylene diphenyl
diisocyanate (MDI), a chemical used to
produce rigid polyurethane foams for
insulation in such industries as con-
struction, coatings, adhesives, sealants,
elastomers, and binders. The facility is
located within Bayer’s Baytown plant,
which is the company’s largest manufac-
turing facility in the United States. Adding
aniline production integrates the Baytown
plant along the MDI value chain.
The acquisition reinforces Bayer’s
commitment to the Baytown facility. Over
the past two years, the company has
invested approximately $120 million in
process, reliability, quality, and environ-
mental improvements at the plant, which
also produces toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
and polycarbonate.
up to 135 additional re- new lab with state-of-
searchers and technologists. the-art equipment that
Dr. Cynthia Arnold, Val- is second to none,”
spar’s senior vice president said Frank Bates,
and chief technology officer, head of the univer-
commented that “the alliance sity’s Department of
of Valspar with the Univer- Chemical Engineering
sity of Minnesota is clearly a and Materials Science.
strong match with our strategy for science According to Bates, the university’s materials
and innovation leadership in the coatings science and engineering program has seen
industry.” She added, “Valspar will benefit high growth as many industries, from oil com-
from the university’s outstanding interdis- panies to computer chip manufacturers to
ciplinary program for materials science, a medical device companies, have recognized
specific coatings program, and proximity to this emerging field as critical to their success.
one of our major research laboratories.” The total enrollment of materials science and
“This gift from Valspar allows us to engineering students at the University of Min-
grow our undergraduate materials science nesota has increased fourfold over the past
and engineering program and outfit the few decades.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Producer Price Index
Prepared Paint 06211,2 Paint Materials3
(1982=100) (1991=100)
2012
July 271.2 (R) 211.8 (R)
August 271.9 (R) 212.1 (R)
September 271.3 (R) 214.1 (R)
October 271.7 (R) 214.1 (R)
November 271.8 (R) 213.4 (R)
December 271.7 (R) 212.6 (R)
2013
January 273.7 (R) 217.1 (R)
February 273.9 (R) 222.0 (R)
March 273.7 (R) 218.1 (R)
April 273.5 (R) 213.3 (R)
May 274.2 (R) 212.4 (R)
June 272.8 (R) 211.6 (R)
July 274.5 (R) 211.2 (R)
August 272.2 (R) 214.1 (R)
September 273.0 211.9
October 273.3 211.6
November 273.4 210.7
December 276.5 210.2
SOURCE: 1U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2Not seasonally
adjusted; 3ACA Management Information Committee; (R) = revised.
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 35
 Elinor Specialty Coatings
Partners with NDSU
Elinor Specialty Coatings of Fargo,
ND, has signed a licensing agreement
with the North Dakota State University
Research Foundation (NDSU/RF) for a
coatings technology that is free of hexava-
lent chromium (Cr(VI)). The licensing
agreement gives Elinor Specialty Coatings
exclusive rights in marine and automotive
markets to further develop and commer-
cialize the patented coatings technology,
which was developed at NDSU, in Fargo.
The technology protects aluminum
alloys, such as those in vehicle or ship
parts, or in vehicles made entirely from
aluminum. Rich in magnesium, the
new technology will be used in primers
marketed to both the military and civilian
automotive and shipbuilding industries
under the trade names Aluma45-MTM
and Aluma45-ATM. According to Elinor
Specialty Coatings, these products offer
viable alternatives to the toxicity of Cr(VI).
The Cr(VI) is eliminated completely from
the coating system, since the products
are designed to be applied over chromi-
um-free pretreatments or bare metal.
Although Cr(VI) prevents corrosion,
it can also cause environmental con-
tamination and health problems. Dante
Battocchi, chief technical officer of Elinor
Specialty Coatings, asserted of the new
products that “the long-lasting protection
allows longer periods between mainte-
nance cycles, while eliminating the toxic
work conditions and long-term hazmat
storage dilemmas of Cr(VI) for companies
or command units.”
According to Battocchi, previous
chromate-free primers on the market did
not provide the anticorrosive properties
of chromate, which is still used in the U.S.
because of its effectiveness at inhibit-
ing corrosion of high-strength aluminum.
He said that the magnesium technology
formulated at NDSU provides the first
nonchrome corrosion-inhibiting system to
perform as well as, or better than, chro-
mate in laboratory and field testing.
“We are thrilled to see another more
environmentally friendly coating tech-
nology reach the market through Elinor
Specialty Coatings,” said Dale Zetocha,
executive director of the NDSU Research
Foundation, which licenses technologies
developed at the university.
Other researchers from NDSU who
have taken part in developing the new
technology include Dr. Gordon Bierwagen,
Dr. Michael E. Nanna, and Battocchi.
Previous research funding that resulted
in the development of these coatings
was provided by the U.S. Air Force Office
of Scientific Research; the Center for
Surface Protection, a state Economic De-
velopment Center of Excellence at North
Dakota State University; and the Product
Design Center at NDSU.
PDA Annual Conference
Offered March 24–26
The 2014 Annual Conference of the
Polyurea Development Association (PDA)
will be held March 24–26, 2014, in Hous-
ton, TX. The event, subtitled “The Road to
Success Using Polyurea,” will take place
at the Hilton Post Oak.
Incorporating educational content
along with a vendor exposition, the
conference will offer PDA’s “Introduc-
tion to Polyurea” course along with a full
program of guest speakers and topics. For
an additional fee, participants can attend
Monday’s session on “Surface Prepara-
tion for Concrete and Steel.” On March
25–26, presentations will commence with
session topics including the state of the
industry, innovative coatings projects, and
new formulas and processes.
More information can be found at
www.pda-online.org/polyurea_annual_
conference.asp.

Distributor News

Unimin Specialty Minerals has expanded its distri-

bution agreement with Dowd and Guild Inc. to include
Oregon, Washington, Colorado, and Utah. Dowd and Guild
Inc. serves the markets in paint and coatings, graphic arts,
building products, adhesives, sealants, and plastics. The
company currently covers the 11 states west of the Rocky
Mountains, as well as the southwestern states of Texas,
Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Arkansas.

McCullough & Associates has announced the addition

of STEPAN’s liquid polyester polyols to its industrial line of
products. These products are sold into the Coatings, Ad-
hesives, Sealants, and Elastomer (CASE) industries for the
states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.

Pioneer Solutions Americas has chosen Archway

Sales, Inc. to represent their solid acrylic resin line. Arch-
way will represent Pioneer Solutions in all states east of the
Rocky Mountains, while current distributor Aal Chem LLC
will share representation in the states of Indiana, Michigan,
and Ohio. Pioneer Solutions products are marketed under
the PChem brand. Pioneer Solutions Americas is the Ameri-
cas division of Pioneer Chemicals, China’s largest coating
usage solid acrylic resin manufacturer.

March 2014
36 COATINGSTECH
 Business & Industry

Orion Engineered Carbons is creating a corresponding increase in the industry to upgrade production capac-
business opportunities for the coatings ity, invent new technologies, and promote
Increases Capacity in Germany industry. Related to this construction, eco-friendly, multifunctional products.
Orion Engineered Carbons has end-user industries such as automotive, In 2013, CHINACOAT in Shanghai
started up a new production line for household appliance, and furniture are drew 25,736 visitors from 88 countries
specialty carbon blacks at its plant in also increasing demand in the coatings or regions and 1,019 exhibitors from 35
Kalscheuren, Germany. Launched at the market. countries or regions. At press time, about
beginning of the year, the new operations Another factor that unexpectedly 70% of exhibit space has already been
use production technology in which the facilitates growth and development in booked for the 2014 show.
company invested several million euros to the industry is the strict environmental Those interested in participating
develop. Orion intends this scaled-up pro- regulations being passed in China. They can visit www.chinacoat.net/2014/exh_
duction capacity to enable the company provide an incentive for manufacturers in en.htm for more information.
to better serve the growing global market
for carbon black specialty grades.
One of the first products coming off
the new production line is Colour Black
FW 255, a carbon black of a specialized
grade that can be used in both water- and
solvent-based systems. According to the
company, the high jetness and bluish
undertone make it suitable for automo-
tive OEM and refinish systems. Other new
upgrades the plant will produce include
XPB 412, for medium color coatings in
water- and solvent-based applications
and XPB 538, 545, and 538 for applica-
tions requiring high conductivity.

CHINACOAT 19th Annual

Exhibition Dates Set
Official dates have been announced
for the 19th China International Exhibition
for Coatings, Printing Inks, and Adhesives
(CHINACOAT® 2014) as December 3–5,
2014. The show will take place at the
China Import and Export Fair Complex
(Canton Fair Complex) in Guangzhou,
China.
A major trade platform for the global
coatings industry, CHINACOAT will offer
six exhibit zones covering international
and Chinese raw materials, machinery
and instruments, powder coatings, UV/
EB technology, and products. The exhibits
represent nearly every aspect of the
industry: raw materials, technology and
production/packaging plants, installa-
tions for production of coatings, printing
inks and adhesives, powder coatings and
UV/EB-curing technology, and measure-
ment and testing equipment for QC/R&D,
as well as environmental management
systems and recycling technology. Additives For Paints, Coatings, Inks &
China is reportedly the world’s larg-
est producer and end-user of coatings. Composites
In 2013, the coatings output was over
13 million tons, accounting for more Visit us at Booth 2512, ACS 2014
than 40% of total worldwide coatings
production. The larger Asia-Pacific region
PATCHAM USA LLC, Secaucus, NJ. Tel.: 201 293 4282
accounted for 48% of the world market
for coatings last year. The rise in Chi- www.patchamusa.com
nese investment in urban construction,
housing projects, and rural infrastructure

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 37
 Timothy Grabnic Paul Tredgold
Chromaflo Quest Automotive
Technologies Products
Chromaflo Technologies re-
cently added several new employ-
ees. Timothy Grabnic has joined
Chromaflo as an analytical chemist,
responsible for providing global
analytical support. Based out of
the Ashtabula, OH facility, he will
report to Jeremy Powers, analytical
manager. Grabnic will work across
the departments of Manufacturing,
Quality Assurance, Color Science,
Sales, Product Development, and
Technical Service to develop innova-
tive solutions for customers.
Jeramy Eckenrode has joined
Chromaflo’s Coatings division as
a technical service representative
within the Americas region. In his
new position, Eckenrode will inter-
act directly with customers and
build relationships by troubleshoot-
ing technical inquiries. He will re-
port to Jadel Baptista, who recently
moved into the technical service
manager, Coatings position from his
former role as coatings product de-
velopment manager—Americas.
In addition, Wayne Pedlar
comes on board to lead manufac-
turing for Chromaflo’s Ashtabula
headquarters. Pedlar will manage
production activities with a concern
for safety and the implementation
of process improvements to satisfy
customers. He will report to Mark
Skouby, global vice president of
Manufacturing.
Paul Tredgold has been
promoted by Quest Automotive
Products (QAP) to the position of
managing director for the UK and
Europe. In this role, he succeeds
Mark Flint, who was recently pro-
moted to vice president of Sales
and Marketing for QAP in Massillon,
OH. Tredgold joined the company
March 2014
38 COATINGSTECH
Rob Kleinschmidt
Dymax Coatings Research
Corporation
in May 2012 as national sales man-
ager, being promoted shortly there-
after to European brand manager
for the Pro-Spray brand.
Dymax Corporation has named
Rob Kleinschmidt as Americas
sales manager. In his new position,
Kleinschmidt will report to Jennifer
Mann, director of Sales and
Marketing. He will be responsible
for implementing sales growth and
expansion through the management
of the regional managers and terri-
tory managers. In his previous years
at Dymax, Kleinschmidt had been
a territory manager and an eastern
regional sales manager, as well as
an application engineer.
Mike Acker will serve as re-
gional sales manager in the Field
Sales Department for the company.
Acker will report to Kleinschmidt
and will assist manufacturers in
the western and southern states in
solving application problems and
reducing manufacturing costs. Most
recently a territory manager, Acker
brings to his new position 15 years
of industrial sales experience, most
of which were as an engineering
sales representative with Ellsworth
Adhesive Systems, a Dymax channel
partner.
The Coatings Research Group,
Inc. (CRGI) has announced that
Richard Scott will succeed Dr.
Jackie Savoca as executive direc-
tor. Savoca is retiring after serving
in the role since 2000. Scott brings
over 25 years of experience in
the paint industry to the executive
position, including several posts
in R&D, quality, and sales for
Sherwin-Williams, Cook Paint, and
BYK. Scott’s most recent position
Richard Scott
Group, Inc.
was as North American business
line manager—Paint & Coatings for
the Instruments Division of BYK
Additives & Instruments.
Parchem Fine & Specialty
Chemicals has promoted Luigi
Magliaro to vice president of
Product Development. Magliaro
previously was head of Parchem’s
specialty division headquartered in
the United States, which primarily
involved leading business develop-
ment of distinct products in the
specialty group. In his new role,
Magliaro will manage projects that
further expand the specialty division
globally. He will also oversee major
accounts to cultivate strategic alli-
ances in the short and long term.
Magliaro has over 13 years of ex-
perience in the chemical industry,
including global marketing and
distribution of specialty chemical
intermediates.
Orion Engineered Carbons
has announced two new appoint-
ments. Thomas Papasso is the
new coatings marketing man-
ager for Business Line Pigments,
Americas. His duties will involve
developing market strategy and
managing products and key ac-
counts in the Americas. With over
15 years of experience in coatings,
Papasso has worked previously at
Sherwin-Williams, Evonik Degussa
Corporation, and DB Becker.
Mark Dingeldein has been
appointed coatings technical mar-
keting manager, Americas, for the
Pigments Business Line. In this role,
he will fulfill sales and technical
support for carbon black pigments
in the paint and coatings industry.
Dingeldein also has over 15 years
of experience in the industry. He
has formulated resins and pigment
dispersions for the coatings and
graphic arts industries, as well
as working as a technical sales
representative for Nexeo Solutions
LLC and as technical manager of
graphic arts dispersions for Emerald
Hilton-Davis.
IGM Resins, Inc. has added
two senior executives: Timothy J.
Fagan, as chief financial officer,
and Michael Lotman, as vice presi-
dent of Operations. Both will report
to chief executive officer Edward
Frindt, and will be based at IGM’s
North American regional center in
Charlotte, NC.
Fagan’s most recent position
was with Kadan, LLC, where he
served as CFO for a variety of in-
ternational family-owned or private
equity group portfolio companies.
Lotman possesses 18 years of
experience in the coatings and ad-
hesives industry, particularly in the
Coatings Make Sustainability Possible.
Find out how at www.paint.org/sustainability.
areas of manufacturing, technical
management, and supply chain. He
has held positions in several sub-
sidiaries of the oil and gas company
Total, including executive director
of Operations, director of Global
Operations, director of Coatings
Manufacturing, and plant manager.
Barry Law, president of the
Master Painter’s Institute (MPI),
has announced the appointment of
Davis Kyle as executive vice presi-
dent of MPI. In his new position, Kyle
will further expand the use of paint
and coating standards within the
facility management sector across
North America. He will be based in
Vancouver, B.C., Canada. With more
than 30 years in the coatings indus-
try, Kyle has worked with manufac-
turers such as PPG, AkzoNobel, and,
for the last 12 years, General Paint.
At that company, Kyle held the post
of vice-president of Marketing, where
he was also responsible for the
design and implementation of pro-
grams targeted at the specification
and property management sectors.
Sika Corporation has made two
appointments. Jason Whitman has
been promoted to vice president
Automotive Sales. His former posi-
tion was as sales director Asian
OEMs, which he held since he joined
Sika in 2010. During that time, he
helped lead the Automotive team
to record growth and profitability
and established Sika as a full-range
technology partner to Honda, Toyota,
Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Tesla.
Mitch Buback is now the sales
director German OEMs. Buback
joined Sika in 1997, and has held
positions of increasing responsibility
in the areas of automotive engineer-
ing, marketing, OES sales, and OEM
sales. Most recently, Buback led
Sika teams responsible for growing
its OEM business with the global ac-
counts of Volkswagen and Ford.
 ACA Issues In-Depth
ACA Participates in OSHA Meeting on Proposed Rule
To Improve Tracking of Workplace Injuries and Illnesses
O
n January 8 and 9, the American Coat-
ings Association (ACA) attended an
informal public meeting hosted
by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Oc-
cupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration (OSHA) to discuss the agency’s
proposed rules on workplace injury
and illness reporting. Industry rep-
resentatives, union representatives,
interested members of the public,
and OSHA staff members met to
discuss the potential benefits and
pitfalls of the proposed rule. OSHA
had extended the deadline to March
8, 2014, for the public to submit written
comments.
The proposed rule, released in early
November 2013, would amend OSHA’s re-
cordkeeping regulations by adding requirements
for electronic submission of workplace illness and injury
data that employers are already required to submit to OSHA.
The agency plans to provide a secure website for this data
collection effort and states that the data publicized will not
include employee-identifying information. The purpose of
the rule is to improve workplace safety and health and is
intended to help employers, employees, employee represen-
tatives, the government, and researchers to better identify
and prevent workplace hazards.
Specifically, the rule would require that any establish-
ment with 250 or more employees electronically submit
illness and injury data (forms 300 and 301) quarterly
and form 300A annually. The rule would also require that
establishments with 20 or more employees from designated
industries, including manufacturing (NAICS 31-33), with a
Days Away From Work, Job Restriction, Job Transfer (DART)
rate of 2.0 or higher, based on the 2009 Bureau of Labor
and Statistics (BLS) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Ill-
ness (SOII), to electronically submit form 300A annually. The
paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing (NAICS 3255)
DART rate for 2009 was 1.9; therefore, many paint and coat-
ings establishments with fewer than 250 employees will be
exempted from this rule.
At the meeting, supporters of the proposed rule praised
OSHA’s efforts to improve hazard identification by making re-
porting more timely and transparent, and noted the minimal
cost and burden to employers since many employers already
do electronic submissions. Supporters discussed how mak-
ing this data public would be useful for research purposes,
improving the accuracy of reporting, and giving employees
access to information they have the right to request without
fear of backlash from their employer. Multiple union repre-
sentatives emphasized that making these records public
would also help solve the problems they experience with
employers delaying or denying valid records requests.
However, many stakeholders voiced concerns about
the potential unintended consequences this proposed rule
would have on employers and employees, and questioned
whether these changes would in fact improve workplace
March 2014
40 COATINGSTECH
safety. Primary concerns discussed during
the meeting included:
• “Naming and Shaming”—Indus-
try representatives were concerned
that making employers’ injury and
illness data publicly available
could unjustly harm their reputa-
tions, since the data would not
be put into context, nor would it
include information about the
employers’ efforts to implement
workplace safety programs or
year-to-year safety improvements.
Specifically, the U.S. Chamber of
Commerce emphasized the lack
of correlation between injury rate
and violations of OSHA standards in
a workplace or its commitment to safety
programs. Representatives also discussed the
potential misuse of this data by business competitors
or trial attorneys.
• False Reporting—Industry representatives cautioned
that making injury and illness data public would also
incentivize businesses to underreport injuries.
• Employee Privacy—Industry representatives expressed
concern that incidents involving unique injuries or oc-
curring in small communities could result in employees
being identified by the public. Representatives also
pointed to the administrative burden OSHA would be
responsible for assuming to ensure each report is prop-
erly scrubbed before being published online.
• Technology—Industry representatives noted that not all
businesses have proper technology or Internet access
to comply with the electronic submission requirements
of this proposed rule.
• Legal Authority—Baruch Fellner, of Gibson, Dunn &
Crutcher LLP, raised the argument that OSHA could
expose itself to legal challenges with this proposed rule
because it is not authorized by statute to create a new,
publicly searchable database of workplace injury and
illness records. The Coalition for Workplace Safety also
noted that this potential rule goes against OSHA’s long-
standing policy of “no-fault recording.”
• Costs—Several industry representatives questioned the
cost analysis estimated by OSHA and maintain that the
actual costs will be much higher due to the amount
of training management and employees will need to
understand and comply with the rule if it passes.
OSHA Assistant Secretary of Labor Dr. David Michaels
issued a statement on January 9 strongly encouraging mem-
bers of the public to assist OSHA in the process of developing
a final rule by submitting written comments and supporting
documentation by the March 2014 comment deadline.
Contact ACA’s Javeneh Nekoomaram (jnekoomaram@
paint.org) or Stephen Wieroniey (swieroniey@paint.org) for
more information.
ACA Responds to Marina del Rey Harbor Toxics
Total Maximum Daily Load Suggested Reconsideration
On January 15, ACA’s Marine Antifouling Working Group
submitted comments to the Los Angeles Regional Water
Quality Control Board (LARWQCB) objecting to proposed
revisions to the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Marina
del Rey Harbor. The proposed changes would effectively ban
copper from antifouling coatings applied to pleasure craft.
LARWQCB released a report on November 5 that maintains
that copper is currently at unsafe levels in the Marina del Rey
harbor, home to a large amount of small craft vessels.
ACA argued in its comments that California Assembly Bill
425, which directs the California Department of Pesticide
Regulation (DPR) to develop mitigation measures regarding
copper-based antifouling coatings to protect aquatic environ-
ments, was only signed into law on October 5, 2013. By law,
the agency was required to take action by February 1, 2014.
ACA contends that LARWQCB’s suggested TMDL ignores
the intended purpose of the law, and bypasses the scientific
evaluation by DPR. ACA strongly believes that the mitigation
strategies should be given time to take effect, and that the
water agency is acting without the complete scientific picture.
ACA supported passage of California AB 425, Antifouling
Paint Registration and Mitigation. The new law requires that
DPR establish a leach rate for copper-based antifouling paint
used on recreational vessels and make recommendations for
appropriate mitigation measures that may be implemented
to address the protection of aquatic environments from the
effects of exposure to that paint. The direction to DPR will
ensure that the DPR registration for low-leach-rate, copper-
based antifouling paint is completed by a date certain, and
provide DPR the flexibility to consider all available mecha-
nisms to achieve mitigation. ACA worked very closely with the
author on this bill—Asmb. Toni Atkins (D-San Diego)—as well
as on previous legislation that was tabled last year that would
have potentially included a ban on copper-based antifouling
paint under certain circumstances. The association will con-
Ballast Water Management for Control of Nonindigenous
Species Act of 1999, to address the threat of nonindigenous
species (NIS) introductions. An example of one extension
of that law is that the California State Lands Commission
has been charged with oversight and administration of the
state’s program to prevent or minimize the release of NIS
from vessels that weigh 300 gross registered tons and above.
ACA argues that copper-based antifouling coatings are more
effective in some operating scenarios than the biocide-free
coatings this TMDL is forcing vessels to apply. ACA referred
to “IPM for Boats: Integrated Pest Management for Hull
Fouling in Southern California Coastal Marinas,” in which the
authors conclude that the risk of spreading invasive species
can be higher for coatings not containing active ingredients,
as demonstrated under the conditions in this study. ACA
believes that the risk of increased hull-borne invasive species
transport and introduction should be addressed before this
TMDL is adopted, and if the risk is greater without effective
copper-based antifouling coatings, the revised TMDL should
not be adopted.
Contact ACA’s John Hopewell (jhopewell@paint.org) for
more information.
29 years of happy.
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Until a proper risk assessment is conducted, the changes
required in the TMDL should not be adopted and the TMDL We’ll make you smile.
reconsideration should be denied, argued ACA. ACA believes
that LARWQCB’s recommendation for 85% of the vessels
mooring in the marina to switch exclusively to biocide-free
coatings will just create a different input into Marina del Rey.
Beyond that, ACA underscored that the TMDL is flawed in
many other ways, the first of which is that it does not consider
bioavailability of dissolved copper in the water column.
LARWQCB’s fact sheet regarding this TMDL states that “two
marinas in Southern California already have similar TMDLs
in place to reduce copper in the water: Shelter Island Yacht
Basin in San Diego and Newport Bay in Orange County.” That
is true, and ACA pointed out that studies on both of those
marinas have shown there is no or very limited toxicity in the
water column due to copper.
Moreover, the TMDL fails to mention the risk associated
Fitz Chem Corporation
with the increased likelihood of the transport and intro- 450 E. Devon Avenue, Suite 175 | Itasca, IL 60143 | www.fitzchem.com
duction of hull-borne invasive species. California’s Marine Phone 630.467.8383 | Fax 630.467.1183
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Invasive Species Act of 2003 renewed and expanded the

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 41
 Oral Arguments in Conflict Minerals Case Held;
Judges Emphasize First Amendment Questions
Oral arguments in a legal challenge to the U.S. Securi-
ties and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) conflict minerals
disclosure rule, National Assoc. of Manufacturers v. SEC,
were held on January 7, 2014, in the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit. The National Association
of Manufacturers (NAM) appealed the decision made by
the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, which on
July 23 rejected all of the association’s objections to SEC’s
conflict minerals rule, granting summary judgment to the
SEC. The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia’s rul-
ing appears to have turned largely on its determination that
none of the SEC’s decisions were arbitrary and capricious.
Manufacturers subject to the SEC’s jurisdiction are required
to issue their first reports under the law on May 31, 2014,
and NAM is seeking a decision from the court before that
date. The appellate court’s review is de novo, which means
that it looks at the case fresh, without any presumption that
the trial court’s ruling is binding.
Senior Judges David Sentelle and A. Raymond Randolph
and Judge Sri Srinivasan heard oral arguments in the case in
January. Interestingly, while the U.S. District Court in its July
ruling summarily dismissed the First Amendment allegation,
stating that it found “a reasonable fit” between the rule’s
financial reform requirement and the congressional intent in
“promoting peace and security,” the three appellate judges
focused much of their questioning for the SEC Assistant
General Counsel on industry associations’ assertion that the
rule violates the First Amendment by requiring companies to
report on their website and to the SEC if any of their products
are “not DRC conflict-free.” Judge Sentelle even said that
“this is compelled speech,” seemingly bolstering the industry
coalition’s contention that requiring this disclosure is “as un-
founded as it is politically charged.” Judge Randolph queried
how the rule would accomplish its goals of “promoting peace
and security.” He asked, “Is it by stigmatizing companies?”
ACA, along with six other trade associations, on Janu-
ary 23, 2013, filed an amicus brief in support of an October
2012 lawsuit filed by NAM, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce,
and the Business Roundtable (BRT) against the SEC. The
suit asked that the SEC’s Conflict Minerals Rule be set aside.
On August 22, 2012, the SEC voted 3–2 to adopt the
Conflict Minerals Rule, pursuant to section 1502 of the Dodd-
Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Act. The rule requires
that U.S. publicly traded companies disclose certain conflict
minerals or derivatives used in their production processes.
Congress included this provision in the Dodd-Frank Act in an
effort to further the humanitarian goal of ending conflict in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the adjoining
region. This conflict has been partially financed by the trade of
certain minerals, known as “conflict minerals,” which currently
include tin, tungsten, tantalum, and gold. The rule took effect
on January 1, 2013, and requires annual reporting, the first of
which is due May 31, 2014. Annual compliance with the rule—
which impacts some 6,000 SEC-reporting issuers and many
more of their suppliers—is expected to cost billions of dollars.
In granting summary judgment to the SEC, Judge Robert
Wilkins found that “the Commission’s choice not to include
a de minimis exception in the Final Rule was the product
March 2014
42 COATINGSTECH
of reasoned decision-making, and the Court finds no basis
under the [Administrative Procedure Act] to subjugate the
Commission’s prerogative on this point.”
While emphasizing support for the goal of the legisla-
tive measure—that is, to help end the humanitarian crisis in
and around the Democratic Republic of the Congo—ACA’s
amicus brief argued that, in drafting particular provisions in
the rule governing, for example, de minimis uses of conflict
mineral derivatives, the SEC failed to apprise itself of the
economic consequences of its action, either with respect
to U.S. industry or the situation in the Congo. As such, it
violates the SEC’s foremost statutory mandate to determine
the economic implications of its rules. ACA’s brief supported
petitioners and argues that the court should send the rule
back to SEC for revised rulemaking conducted in accordance
with SEC’s statutory obligations.
Specifically, ACA’s brief highlighted the dire consequences
and unnecessary burdens on manufacturers imposed by
“failing to adopt a sensible de minimis exception for those
whose products may (or may not) contain mere trace ele-
ments of conflict metals (e.g., tin) as a result of manufacturing
processes (e.g., the use of catalysts) employed by third party
suppliers of ingredient materials at one stage, or more, in
long upstream supply chains.” The brief also pointed out
that by failing to adequately define a “derivative” of a conflict
mineral, the SEC has potentially expanded the economic
scope of the regulation to markets with only the most tenu-
ous connection, if any, to the Congo and the purpose of its
statutory authority. ACA’s amicus maintained that the SEC
rule is arbitrary and capricious, and it should be set aside.
One of ACA’s goals in preparing the amicus brief was to
secure “clarifications” from the SEC in its reply brief that might
benefit industry, even if the full challenge to the conflict miner-
als rule is not successful. The most notable SEC response is
with respect to packaging, which the SEC states is not covered
by the conflict minerals rule: “Moreover, amici’s concerns that
the rule ‘could be read to include a product’s packaging’ are
overstated, as nothing in the release states that packaging is
included.” This is a helpful clarification, since ACA members
were unsure, based on the vague language of the rule, if the
packaging of a product was subject to the rule.
Of note, the packaging question raised in ACA’s amicus
is directly addressed in the SEC’s list of FAQs, released May
continued on page 43
Storage Tank Inspection Bill Enacted in Massachusetts;
Law Supported by ACA and Massachusetts Paint Council
In December 2013, Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick
signed into law “An Act Relative to Certain Tanks Used for
the Storage of Fluids,” a bill which ACA and its Massachu-
setts Paint Council (MPC) had been pursuing passage of
to relieve the inspection burden on local paint companies
for storage tanks currently subject to annual fire marshal
inspections and fees.
ACA and its MPC have been working for some years
on legislation in Massachusetts that would amend the
state’s hazardous materials storage tank regulations, which
require permits and costly inspections for what would nor-
mally be deemed nonhazardous materials (e.g., latex paint).
Under prior Massachusetts law, the State Fire Marshal
was required to inspect all above-ground storage tanks
exceeding 10,000 gallons if the tank contained a fluid
other than water. These inspections were required to be
conducted on an annual basis, regardless of the content of
the tanks or the level of potential harm.
The new law amends these provisions to allow the Fire
Marshal to determine the frequency of the inspections of
above-ground storage tanks. These changes allow for an-
nual inspections or inspections at other intervals as deemed
appropriate by the Fire Marshal, depending on such factors as
the tank’s contents, potential safety hazards, tank construc-
tion, or other safety measures used to prevent spills or leaks.
It is expected that the regulations that result from this new
law will lengthen the amount of time between inspections for
tanks that contain low-hazard fluids or that have ample safety
measures to prevent leaks or spills, thereby reducing the
burden on both paint manufacturers and the Fire Marshal.
ACA and MPC had sought passage of the bill for several
years. In the past, the bill had received the support of the
Executive Office of Public Safety and Security and the State
Fire Marshal and has passed both the House and Senate,
but repeatedly stopped short of being fully enacted. In fact,
during the 2012 legislative session, working with the Fire
Marshal’s office, the Governor’s office, and the Department
of Environmental Protection, the bill (S2166) was voted favor-
ably out of the House Ways and Means Committee, but did
not progress further.
Contact ACA’s Alison Keane (akeane@paint.org) for more
information.

Oral Arguments in Conflict Minerals Case 5883 Chatham Drive

Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192

continued from page 42 ORTUNE t: 847-429-9791 f: 847-429-9785

e: sales@fortuneintltech.com
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY www.FORTUNEINTLTECH.com

30, about its contentious conflict minerals rule: “Only a

conflict mineral that is contained in the product would be
considered ‘necessary to the functionality or production’ of FORTUNE INTERNaTIONaL TECHNOLOgy NOw sUppLyINg / titanium dioxide
the product. The packaging or container sold with a prod-
uct is not considered to be part of the product.” PIGMENTS
Through its Amicus and Legal Tracking System pro- • pHTHaLO BLUE & gREEN
INORGANIC PIGMENTS
• aZO RED & yELLOw • MICRONIZED OXIDEs
gram, ACA chooses select prominent cases each year in • HIgH pERFORMaNCE pIgMENT • TRaNs OXIDEs
which it files an amicus or “friend of the court,” brief as a • FDa COMpLIaNT • CICp - MIXED METaL
• pEaRLsCENT, COLOR sHIFTINg • ULTRaMaRINE BLUE
show of support for issues that can adversely impact the • ZINC FERRITE
industry. Specifically, the Amicus Program seeks to prevent WAX - POWDERS, EMULSIONS
court decisions that establish bad precedent, to overturn • pOLyETHyLENE
EQUIPMENT - HOCKMEYER
• pOLypROpyLENE • IMMERsION MILLs
such precedent where it currently exists, and to advance • pTFE - TEFLON • MEDIa - Ce, yTZ
the legal protection of property due process and liberties • EBs • NaNO paRTICLE MILLs
• OXIDIZED pE • HI spEED DIspERsERs
that rightfully belong to good faith corporate interests and • DUaL sHaFTs MIXERs
behavior. Since the program’s 2007 inception, ACA has DYESTUFF
•
•
CENTRIFUgaL MIXERs
vEssELs - ss, Cs
filed more than 30 amicus briefs. ACA enlisted as fellow • sOLvENT
• FD & C COMpLIaNT
amici the American Chemistry Council, Can Manufactur- ADDITIVES
• aNTI-OXIDaNTs
ers Institute, Consumer Specialty Products Association,
National Retail Federation, Precision Machined Products sTOp By aND vIsIT
Association, and Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. Us IN bOOTH 1853
The industry coalition also challenged provisions of
the rule requiring companies to undertake an onerous proudly representing:

“reasonable country of origin inquiry,” expanding the rule’s

scope to nonmanufacturers, and providing for an irrational
transition period.
ACA has put together a guidance document to assist
its membership in understanding the rule and supporting
compliance efforts.
Contact ACA’s Thomas Graves (tgraves@paint.org) or
Marie Hobson (mhobson@paint.org) for more information.

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 43
 ACA Attends Hearing on Chemical Security and Drinking Water Protection Act
On February 4, ACA attended the
Senate Environment and Public Works
Committee Subcommittee on Water
and Wildlife hearing on “Examination
of the Safety and Security of Drinking
Water Supplies Following the Central
West Virginia Drinking Water Crisis.”
At the hearing, Sen. Joe Manchin
(D-WV), Sen. Jay Rockefeller (D-WV),
Rep. Shelly Moore Capito (R-WV), and
Rep. Nick Rahall (D-WV) joined together
to testify about the negative impact the
Elk River chemical spill has had on over
300,000 West Virginia residents who
went without access to clean water for
weeks. They emphasized the need to
give the public confidence that the wa-
ter that comes from their taps is safe.
Sen. Manchin also discussed
legislation that he, along with Sen.
Rockefeller and committee Chairwom-
an Barbara Boxer, introduced to help
prevent a contamination of this scale
from happening again—the Chemical
Security and Drinking Water Protection
Act. Officials from the state of West Virginia also testified,
including West Virginia Secretary of State Natalie Tennant,
to discuss how businesses and residents have suffered from
the chemical spill, how the spill has jeopardized tourism in
West Virginia, and how it has hurt their economy. Witness
Richard Faulk cautioned that a federal solution may be
premature and not the best mechanism to address the issue
of chemical spills, and witness Peter Weaver (International
Liquid Terminals Association) discussed the current regula-
tions already in existence that can be utilized for emergency
response planning, inspections, and notification.
The Chemical Safety and Drinking Water Protection
Act calls for states to establish programs under the Safe
Drinking Water Act that set out minimum requirements for
construction standards; inspections; emergency response
plans; employee training; and acceptable standards of good
design, construction, and maintenance for chemical storage
facilities. The bill also requires covered chemical storage
facilities under these plans to be inspected every three years
and any other covered storage facilities every five years. The
bill has provisions for cost recovery and notification/informa-
tion-sharing with public water systems.
Additionally, in the House of Representatives, Rep. Shelly
Moore Capito has introduced a bill in the House Transporta-
tion and Infrastructure Committee—the Ensuring Access to
Clean Water Act of 2014. This bill is similar to Sen. Man-
chin’s bill, but it also requires the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) to prepare and submit to Congress a report
that surveys state oversight and inspection programs, and
includes civil penalties for violations.
ACA has been active in monitoring these chemical facility
Javaneh Nekoomaram (jnekoomaram@paint.org) for more
bills, which are expected to move through Congress quickly.
information.
March 2014
44 COATINGSTECH
In the West Virginia State
Legislature, a bill has been
introduced that is intended to
implement an above-ground
storage tank regulation program
in the state. The measure is
supported by Gov. Earl Ray Tom-
blin (D), Senate President Jeff
Kessler (D), and House Speaker
Tim Miley (D).
Both the federal and state
bills would impose storage
tank construction standards,
leak detection, overfill require-
ments, emergency response
and communication plans,
notification requirements, and
facility inspection requirements.
It is difficult to assess the effect
of these bills on the coatings
industry, since many of the
details would be resolved in
future regulations. However, the
following are just some of the
issues to consider.
• Chemicals of Concern—Sen. Manchin’s S. 1961 would
regulate chemicals that pose a risk of harm to a public
water system, but the bill leaves the list of chemicals
to future regulations. The West Virginia bill defines
“regulated materials” as a substance having a health
hazard of 2, 3, or 4 as determined by the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA).
• Geographic Scope—The current Oil Pollution Regula-
tions (SPCC plans) generally apply to the “navigable
waters of the United States.” However, both bills cover
chemical storage facilities that could impact public
water systems, surface water, and most likely, ground-
water. The West Virginia bill includes “releases” into
groundwater, surface waters, and subsurface soils. The
concern is that these bills expand coverage beyond
surface waters to groundwater.
• Notification, Fees, and Inspection—Both bills would
require a facility to notify federal and state officials
and public water systems of chemicals that are being
stored at a facility. These bills would also impose fees
on chemical facilities. In addition, these bills would re-
quire storage facilities to be inspected. S. 1961 would
require inspections either every three or five years, and
the West Virginia bill would require annual inspection
and certification by a registered professional engineer.
The bills do not fully define “inspection,” but would
likely include inspection of the integrity of each tank
and containment area.
Contact ACA’s Dave Darling (ddarling@paint.org) or
 Formulator’s Corner By Thomas Penny,
Emerald Performance Materials — Specialties Group

Exploring Foam Control

O
ptimizing foam control is an ongoing challenge in
the paint and coatings industries. The formulator
must typically be aware of dual-purpose needs:
foam control during the manufacturing cycle and also dur-
ing final application of the coating by the end user. This
need for both short- and long-term foam control presents
a unique problem, because most foam control agents are
designed to prevent either production or application foam,
but not both. While striving to meet both of these foam
control parameters, the formulator must also be cognizant
of the effect a foam control package has on other proper-
ties, such as film appearance, gloss, and clarity. Quite
often, what initially appears to be an excellent solution for
foam issues can lead to unwanted consequences.
Luckily, there have been numerous advances in the
construction of foam control agents over the past 30
years. Innovations have been made in a variety of com-
pounds; options from familiar mineral oil/silica blends to
novel, organically modified silicones are now available to
aid the coatings manufacturer. Increased focus on the
design of defoamers, antifoams, and deaerators can now
give increased flexibility to the coatings formulator.
Foam and Foam Control
Before exploring the breadth of options in foam con-
trol, one should have a basic understanding of how foam
is formed. In coatings, foam is the result of the pres-
ence of surfactants and stabilizers that are necessary
to uniformly disperse and enhance the compatibility of
pigments and fillers, coupled with the processes encoun-
tered during manufacturing and applications.
Mechanical action introduces air into the product,
creating foam. For example, actions such as opening a
paint can, shaking, mixing, and applying the paint by roller
or brush to a wall (which itself has porosity) all put energy
into the paint, which can generate foam. Once a bubble
has formed, it is stabilized by the presence of surfactants,
forming a liquid lamella and causing a repulsive force that
results in the stabilization of the foam.
The foam control agent can work as an antifoam to in-
hibit the formation of the lamella or as a defoamer, which
disrupts the lamella once it has formed. In a coating,
these actions must be completed and the surface allowed
to re-level prior to drying to avoid defects. The three pri-
mary components of the foam control product—a carrier
media to assist in spreading, hydrophobic components/
activating agents to assist in rupturing the bubble walls
and prevent reformation, and emulsifiers/dispersants
to facilitate hydrophobe dispersion and displace bubble-
stabilizing surfactants—drive these actions.
The various combinations of these diverse chemicals
present an almost infinite number of options for manu-
facturers today. This large number of options, while po-
tentially confusing for the formulator, is necessary given
the number and nature of components in today’s paints
and coatings.

Selecting a Foam
Table 1—Main Categories of Foam Control Products for Waterborne Coatings
Control Agent
Foam Control Product Type  Description 
This broad range of chemistries and blends
of chemistries can be categorized in seven main
Silicone Compounds  100% active polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS)‐based materials 
product classes of foam control products used
Silicone Emulsions  Dilutions of PDMS compounds in water  for waterborne coatings, as shown in Table 1.
Organically Modified Silicones  PDMS backbones with attached organic functionality  Each of these foam control agent classes has
Synthetic Polyol  Typically, glycol carriers with silica and/or wax hydrophobes  its own unique strengths and weaknesses.
Standard Mineral Oil  Hydrocarbon oil with silica and/or wax hydrophobes  Why select one defoamer over another?
The foam control products are all hydrophobic
Hydrocarbon oil with silica and/or wax hydrophobes, 
Enhanced Mineral Oil  possibly with PDMS, organically modified silicones (OMS)  in nature to varying extents, and the degree to
and other additives  which the components are hydrophobic drives
Vegetable Oil  Nonhydrocarbon oil with silica and/or wax hydrophobes   how the foam control product will perform.
Figure 1 depicts the relative hydrophobicity of
the various classes of foam control products.
continued on page 46

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 45
 Formulator’s Corner
continued from page 45
The selection of a foam control package is also
guided by a central question: when does the foam need
to be controlled—at grind, let-down, or paint application?
Jerry Seinfeld provided an insight into selecting a medi-
cation that applies here as well: “‘This one’s fast-acting’
or ‘This one’s long-lasting.’ Do I want to feel better now
or later?” The question for the coating formulator is
similar: do I need foam control during manufacture or
during application?
Controlling Foam:   Now or Later?
Some foam control agents have a favorable effect
on knockdown—controlling foam now—but lack long-
term foam suppression later, otherwise known as low
in-can stability. For coatings where in-can stability is
important, such as DIY paint, silicone and modified-
silicone-type agents provide the longest stability due to
their high hydrophobicity, followed by enhanced mineral
oil types that will not wet out and become encapsu-
lated by surfactants and therefore inactive. At the other
end of the spectrum, standard mineral-oil defoamers
are generally the least hydrophobic and contain more
surfactant/dispersants because they need to spread
throughout the formulation. This makes the standard
mineral oil types effective for knockdown, but not for
long-term protection, as the active ingredients will
become more easily encapsulated by the paint’s hydro-
philic ingredients and be rendered inactive.
Grind or Let-Down: Many defoamers added during
the grind can lose activity because this phase imparts
a lot of mechanical energy, which hastens “wetting out”
(activity loss) of the hydrophobe. Silicone types, however,
are very hydrophobic and retain their hydrophobicity, so
the extra shear only helps to better incorporate them
into water-based systems and retain their effectiveness.
In contrast, a mineral-oil-type defoamer would be wet
out by the wetting aids in the paint compound in this
high shear process, making it hydrophilic, encapsulating
the silica and/or grinding the particle down, all of which
make it less effective.
Foam control agents added during the let-down
phase under lower shear in paint must conversely dem-
onstrate a “middle of the road” balance of dispersability
and longevity, meaning they are a little less hydrophobic
and have more surfactants/dispersants.
March 2014
46 COATINGSTECH
Different varieties of foam control agents also have
varying impacts on the performance of the final coat-
ings formulation, either positive or adverse, depending
on the preferences demanded by the end user for a
particular application.
A foam control agent containing silica will cause
drops in clarity and gloss due to light refracting off the
particle, typically by four to eight points. This is prob-
lematic for industrial and wood manufacturers who
are creating clear coatings and responding to rising
demand, and paint formulators creating trendy high-
gloss or semi-gloss finishes. Mineral oils also tend to
flatten gloss and create haze due to incompatibility
between water and oil and differences in the refractive
indexes at the surface. However, enhanced mineral
oil defoamer will lessen the impact of the gloss reduc-
tion due to smaller particle sizes and/or lower levels of
silica utilized in those systems.
Microfoam: Microfoam is another challenge that
is becoming increasingly prevalent, because older co-
solvents and coalescents—which are being phased out
due to VOC regulations—often had a secondary effect
of removing entrained air and acting as defoamers.
Microfoam can actually be a bigger challenge than
larger-scale foam, as the capillary forces are great-
est where the diameter of the interstitial spaces is
the smallest. It can impact the tint palette—requiring
more pigment—and voids can lead to issues with cor-
rosion and/or adhesion. Modified silicone foam control
agents can counteract this; a blend of more hydrophilic
organically modified silicones disperse well with more
hydrophobic silicones and interact more readily with the
bubble wall, optimizing balance and performance.
Though hydrophobic foam control agents often have
benefits for knockdown, longevity, clarity, and gloss,
precaution must be taken to avoid fisheyes or craters.
Unlike when hydrophobic agents are added during
grind, they may not properly incorporate in lower shear
processes, leading to cratering. Creation of fisheye
craters is also very dependent on the dosage used in
the coating; a low-dose level of these very hydrophobic
OMS-type foam control products are often very effective
to control foam and may sufficiently blend in without
the unwanted phase separation.
 Figure 1—Relative hydrophobicity, ease of incorporation, and long-term foam control/in-can stability of
different types of foam control products.
Screening Methods
There are several methods frequently used to screen
defoamer choices. To evaluate knockdown performance,
a whip density evaluation, mixing the coating media in
a Mixmaster, can replicate shear in an open-headed
vessel. A jar shake test with a closed glass jar, coating
media, and defoamer that are shaken in a shaker or by
hand is often used. For standard paints and coatings, a
Red Devil shake density, gloss analysis, roll-out (3/8 in.
nap roller for paint), and drawdowns are a standard pro-
tocol to look at the finished surface.
For an indication of in-can stability, the foam control
product and coating media may be aged in a 50°C oven
for two weeks, repeating the testing protocol. Ambient
aging for one to two months may be performed in addi-
tion to accelerated heat aging.
With the changes in the coatings formulations in
response to tightening VOC regulations and new ingredi-
ents on the market today, the foam control challenges
have also changed. With the huge variety of foam con-
trol products and the next-generation foam control solu-
tions now available, the coatings formulator should rely
on a foam control products manufacturer to assist in
the screening process.
Conclusion
The inherent properties of the chosen foam control
package and how it is incorporated will necessarily af-
fect whether the final coating has a smooth, clear finish
of the desired gloss and color or if it fails to meet the
performance benchmarks of today’s competitive market.
The strengths and weaknesses of each of the seven
general foam control product categories presented here
serve as a guide to finding the foam control solution that
will help determine the best balance of properties for
your performance needs, bridging the gap between ease
of mixing and hydrophobicity/in-can stability.
The right supplier can also provide support in select-
ing the foam control package that is most harmonious
with a particular coating and application, as well as as-
sisting with the screening process to confirm effective-
ness in the final product. CT
Thomas Penny is technical manager, industrial
foam control, for Emerald Performance Materials—
Specialties Group.
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 47
Coatings
X perience
Improving Sustainability throughout the 
S    ustainability is now an integral part of the daily
     operations of most chemical companies. The
       impacts of activities ranging from product and
process development to sourcing and even customer ap-
provals are all considered in light of the requirements for
environmentally sound performance. Recognizing the criti-
cal importance of ensuring sustainability throughout the
supply chain while also realizing the need to increase ef-
ficiencies, several leading chemical manufacturers created
a new industry initiative designed to enhance sustainability
within the chemical supply chain while eliminating redun-
dant efforts. Founded in 2011, Together for Sustainability
(TfS)—The Chemical Initiative for Sustainable Supply Chains
has completed an initial pilot phase and is now looking to
expand its membership and move into additional markets.
Several of the six founding members (BASF, Bayer,
Evonik Industries, Henkel, LANXESS, and Solvay) are
key players in the coatings industry, and most recently
AkzoNobel joined the initiative. “We already carry out
extensive sustainability assessments in our own supply
chains,” says Ton Geurts, AkzoNobel’s chief procurement
officer. “But by integrating TfS into our existing strategy we
will enhance our current processes and further improve
the quality of our supply chains for the benefit of our
customers.” The company anticipates that participation in
the TfS initiative will strengthen its risk management pro-
cesses, help it prioritize improvement areas, and make its
supply chains more robust, which will enable AkzoNobel
to expand more effectively in emerging markets.
TfS aims at developing and implementing a global sup-
plier engagement program that assesses and improves
sustainability sourcing practices, including ecological and
social aspects, according to Michael Britt, head of Global
Direct Procurement BASF. Importantly, the initiative is
based on good practices and builds on established prin-
ciples, such as the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC)
and the Responsible Care Global Charter, as well as stan-
dards developed by the International Labor Organization
(ILO), the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), Social Accountability International (SAI), and others.
According to Thomas Udesen, chief procurement officer
“The member companies’ combined activities have an important impact in
supporting fair working conditions as well as environmental protection globally.”
March 2014
48 COATINGSTECH
of Bayer MaterialScience, “TfS helps to establish and
constantly improve sustainability standards in our supply
chains. The member companies’ combined activities have
an important impact in supporting fair working conditions
as well as environmental protection globally. Together for
Sustainability is therefore an integral part of Bayer’s sus-
tainability strategy and supports Bayer in living up to our
mission ‘Science for a Better Life.’”
As a new initiative on sustainable supply chains in
the chemical industry, TfS is working on several fronts:
• Creating standards for sustainable supply chains;
• Building a third-party auditor pool with appropri-
ate qualifications to perform sustainability audits;
• Sharing sustainability assessments and audit re-
sults through a web-based platform;
• Forming partnerships with other sustainability au-
dit programs to further reduce double audits;
• Raising awareness and initiating continuous im-
provements; and
• Reporting on sustainability performance and pro-
moting best practices.
“Participating suppliers will now only have to com-
plete one form instead of multiple questionnaires with
the relevant sustainability information provided to all
participating buyers, who would otherwise need separate
sustainability assessments or audits from these sup-
pliers. Additionally, buyers can access the information
through a shared platform,” Britt notes.
Specifically, the TfS initiative involves assessments
and audits of suppliers by independent experts. EcoVadis,
a Paris-based rating company in sustainable supply
management, was selected to conduct assessments of
suppliers and establish sustainability scorecards that are
shared within TfS on a web-based collaborative platform.
For its online assessments, EcoVadis uses 21 corporate
social responsibility (CSR) criteria (including environment,
social, ethics, and supply chain categories) to evaluate
information that suppliers provide in response to a ques-
tionnaire that is tailored to the supplier's company size, in-
  Supply Chain
dustry, and countries of operation.
EcoVadis then generates personal-
ized scorecards from the results.
TfS has also selected a set of
independent audit firms to mea-
sure the supplier's sustainability
performance against a predefined
set of audit criteria tailored to
the requirements of the chemi-
cal industry, including manage-
ment, environment, health and
safety, labor and human rights,
and governance topics. Suppliers
are audited through on-site ex-
amination of production facilities,
warehouses, and office buildings by
pre-approved auditors. The audit report,
consisting of a company profile, an over-
view of positive and negative findings,
and audit correction plan, is then shared
with all TfS member companies via the
web-based platform.
“Of course,” adds Udesen, “It re-
mains each TfS member’s individual
responsibility to embed sustainability ex-
pectations into its business relationships
and using the sustainable ratings as cri-
teria for individual purchasing decisions.”
BASF—and the other TfS members—
already had an established code of
conduct for suppliers that goes beyond
price, quality, or supplier reliability and
addresses compliance with ecological,
social, and corporate governance stan-
dards. However, the company joined the
TfS initiative because commitment to this
effort clearly demonstrates that BASF and
the other members take responsibility
for their own operations in the sphere of
their influence on their supply chains to
support adherence to existing regulations
and to respond to the needs and expecta-
tions of consumers and society, according
to Britt. “In addition, member companies
join forces to harmonize requirements
and to manage complexity and risk in our
global value chains for the benefit of all
stakeholders. By doing so, TfS members
use resources more efficiently and reduce
the bureaucratic burden for both buyers
and suppliers,” he says.
“Corporate responsibility is a central
element of LANXESS’s corporate strategy,
and thus also of its procurement policy.
The goal is to harmonize environmental,
economic, and social aspects; however,
even a responsible company has to take
efficiency aspects into account too,”
agrees Holger Hueppeler, chief procure-
ment officer at LANXESS. “The TfS ini-
tiative's collaborative approach to this
important area is thus fully correct and
also significant,” he asserts. “Together,
we can accomplish more, thereby initiat-
ing continuous improvement in our supply
“Participating suppliers will now only
have to complete one form instead
of multiple questionnaires with the
relevant sustainability information
provided to all participating buyers,
who would otherwise need separate
sustainability assessments or audits
from these suppliers.”
chains, which frequently overlap.
At the same time, we can also
keep our use of resources, i.e., the
limited time of our employees and
the financial outlay required for
training and sensitization of suppli-
ers, to a reasonable level.” He also
adds that suppliers benefit from
this collaborative approach as
well, because they avoid the need
to meet varying requirements and
can reduce superfluous efforts
arising from multiple inquiries or
duplication in auditing. “We are
convinced that the TfS initiative
with its uniform requirements profile will
help to improve the social and ecologi-
cal conditions of our supply chain, which
is part of the responsibility for protect-
ing people and the environment that
LANXESS bears as a chemical company
with global operations,” Hueppeler con-
cludes.
There are, at present, four work
streams on which the TfS initiative is fo-
cusing: governance and mutual recogni-
tion, supplier sustainability assessments,
supplier sustainability audits, and com-
munication and awareness-raising. Each
work stream is chaired by a Sustainable
Procurement representative from one of
the founding members. A committee co-
ordinates and supervises joint activities.
During its pilot phase from June
2012 to June 2013, approximately 2,000
assessments and audits were initiated,
including 150 shared supplier audits in
China. Through June 2015, TfS plans to
increase its activities to further procure-
ment markets and membership. “We are
striving to broaden our membership base
and establish the TfS model as the in-
dustry standard,” Udesen adds. The goal
is to increase the impact of sustainability
programs. The TfS initiative is open to
companies all over the world and is cur-
rently in discussion with a number of
interested companies. CT
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 49
Photo courtesy of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
by K. Michael Peck
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Formulating a Pigment Dispersion
The formulation of aqueous pigment dispersions is en-
abled by the use of surface active agents to wet, disperse,
and stabilize solid particles or pigments in water as well as to
provide letdown compatibilization, defoaming, and applica-
tion performance. Typically, formulations contain at least two,
and often three or more, surface active components that are
combined to provide the optimal properties. These different
components can provide synergistic benefits, but, just as
often, they can function antagonistically, requiring extensive
trial and error testing by a formulator to identify a final formu-
lation. Understanding the functionality of the different surface
active components is a critical first step in streamlining for-
mulation development, minimizing development work, and
effectively trouble-shooting performance hiccups.
A complicating factor in this understanding is the
proprietary composition of many additives and pigment
surface chemistries. The absence of this important infor-
mation severely inhibits a formulator’s ability to apply both
theory and experience from one formulation to the next.
March 2014
50 COATINGSTECH
“Black box” testing and trial and error become a leading
method of product development and require a significant
amount of work to be done to develop every formulation.
In spite of this limitation, there do exist ways to streamline
this work. Although exact additive chemistries may be trade
secrets, general chemistry classes and attributes are often
shared by suppliers, and this information enables some
general guidelines to be proposed. The form and function
of the different surface active additives can be described
generally and their probable interactions predicted, thus
providing a pathway for elimination of low-value experimen-
tation and faster formulation development.
Attributes of Surface
Active Additives
The role of surface active agents in an aqueous dis-
persion is multifaceted. These additives are the enabling
technology in the stabilization of the solid pigment; they
are not only essential in making the dispersion, but they
also help optimize the milling process, compatibilize the
dispersion in letdown, and optimize handling prop-
erties. The primary functions and contributions of
surface active chemistries in a dispersion gener-
ally can be broken down as follows:
• Wetting of the air–solid, air–water inter-
face to enable proper deaeration of dry
pigment, eliminating the detrimental ef-
fects of entrapped air on both milling ef-
ficiency and foam,
• Dynamic stabilization of newly created
liquid–solid interfaces to optimize milling
efficiency and color development,
• Stabilization of the dispersed particles for
optimal dispersion shelf life and handling
as well as the necessary performance in
applications,
• Compatibilization of the dispersion for let-
down into other systems and minimizing of
shock and related issues, and
• Controlling foam during processing and
application.
Stabilization of the particles is the most critical
function in dispersion preparation; however, the
other properties are also required for optimal per-
formance. This contribution is particularly evident
when considering that a dispersion is typically not
just a formulation; it is a process as well. Wetting of
the dry solid may be of little importance in the use of
the dispersion in its final application, but it is a vital
necessity in the initial dry pigment incorporation and
is essential for milling efficiency. The dispersion pro-
cess is classically described as three unique steps
that are required to obtain a stable dispersion1:
• Wetting of the dry solid,
• Milling of the solid to optimal particle size,
and
• Stabilization of the solid.
Table 1—Relationship between
Dispersion Process Steps and Surface
Active Additive Functions
For many dispersion end uses, though, it is appro-
priate to recognize a fourth step:
• Letdown or formulation into application.
Application performance is a critical step that is
recognized in dispersion performance evaluations,
but it is often not considered as a fundamental
step in dispersion preparation. When considering
the surface active chemistries used in the optimi-
zation of the process and dispersion stabilization, it
is necessary to consider also how they will impact
the final application. Therefore, these four steps
become intertwined during the development of a
dispersion formulation.
The complete process requires a specific mix
of contributions from the surface active chemis-
tries used in formulation of the dispersion. The
ideal situation would be one in which a single
additive serves all functions. However, as will be
described later, the attributes required in one step
are often at odds with the attributes needed for
another, making multicomponent formulation a
critical necessity to meet all performance targets.
When matching up the dispersion steps with the
functional contributions of the surface active ad-
ditives (Table 1), it can be seen that, while many
functions/attributes overlap, the criticality of the
contributions vary with each step.
Additives used to enhance performance in
one step will often have little to no impact on
other steps. This is well understood with defoam-
ing additives, which are critical in the high-energy
milling process, but are often detrimental in later
steps, particularly because they can promote
defects in the final application.2 Somewhat less
evident is the use of surface active additives for
surface tension reduction and dynamic stabiliza-
tion during these steps. These additives can have
significant downstream impacts, both synergistic
and antagonistic, on the stabilizing chemistries
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 51
 and in letdown compatibility. Developing a func-
tional understanding of these interactions is es-
sential to formulation optimization.
Additive Classes
The types of surface active chemistries used in
formulation development can vary widely, but there
are common chemistries and attributes that are
useful in building general classifications. These will
not fit every surface active additive found in use;
however, the vast majority of surface active addi-
tives will fall into these categories.
Dispersants
Dispersants are the stabilizing agents in a pig-
ment dispersion and are commonly based on poly-
meric, and often complex, structures. As such, they
are typically comprised of proprietary chemistries
that present significant challenges for formulators
if complementary chemistries are being sought.
Dispersants can be grouped into categories based
upon general functionality that can help guide ap-
propriate formulation.
Ionic Polymers: The majority of dispersants
in aqueous dispersions are based on inexpen-
sive anionic polymers. Acrylic acids, naphthalene
sulphonates, and other commodity polymers are
commonly used. Their chemistries and suitability
for specific pigments, solids, or applications may
differ, but their attributes are generally similar. The
polymers are typically of higher molecular weights
and are slow to orient at interfaces, offering little
to no wetting or dynamic stabilization. However,
anionic polymers offer strong stabilization charac-
teristics at equilibrium. The stabilization is ionic
and the resultant dispersions are typically prone
to having higher viscosities and lower dispersion
solids limits; they are also susceptible to letdown
Lower molecular weight
Nonionic stabilization
Dynamic stabilization
Color development
Milling efficiency
Letdown compatibilization
Viscosity reduction
Nonionic, surfactant-like High-performance dispersants
A–B and A–B–A block structures Electrosteric polymers
High-HLB surfactants Comb polymers
Figure 1—Range of common dispersant attributes.
March 2014
52 COATINGSTECH
incompatibilities and shock. Grind resins and bind-
ers used in pigment dispersion are a specific class
of stabilizing polymers that provide additional let-
down benefits in film formation. They serve the role
of dispersants in a pigment dispersion and they will
be referred to as dispersants in this discussion.
High-Performance Dispersants: The chemistry
types encompassed by this group vary significantly,
but, in general, high-performance dispersants dif-
fer from commodity dispersants in several ways.
The high-performance dispersants are lower in mo-
lecular weight and offer greater mobility. While still
poor for wetting, they do provide better efficiency
during milling. High-performance dispersants also
typically employ ethylene oxide chains to provide
nonionic steric stabilization characteristics. Either
in comb structures or in block groups, this nonionic
functionality helps to reduce dispersion viscosities,
allowing increased solids loadings, and to reduce
sensitivity to letdown incompatibility and shock.
Nonionic, Surfactant-like Dispersants:
This class of dispersants is comprised of lower-
molecular-weight A–B- or A–B–A-type structures
that contain a large ethylene oxide chain block
that provides nonionic steric stabilization. While
offering low-dispersion viscosities, dynamic sta-
bilization during milling, and excellent letdown
shock resistance, this class of dispersants does
not provide strong static stabilization and is often
recommended for use in resin- or binder-containing
systems or in combination with another anionic
polymeric dispersant. This group of dispersants
overlaps with traditional stabilizing and emulsifying
surfactants and shares many of the characteristics
offered by high-HLB ethoxylated surfactants.
These three classes of dispersants can be
viewed as a continuum of characteristics, as
shown in Figure 1, where their relative perfor-
mance attributes are mapped.
Larger molecular weight
Greater ionic character
Equilibrium stabilization
Color stability
Viscosity stability
Flocculation control
Anionic polymers
Electrosta c polymers
Random copolymers

In general, dispersants are designed for sta-
bilization. The attributes that optimize that per-
formance characteristic include a higher degree
of ionic character, higher molecular weight, and
strong intermolecular interactions. These attributes
are often not beneficial in optimal surface tension
reduction or dynamic behaviors in wetting and
stabilization, reducing their benefits in the other
stages of the dispersion process. The higher-mo-
lecular-weight anionic polymers, like grind resins
and commodity copolymers, tend to be poorest for
dispersion process benefits. Although suitable for
stabilization, they are most often formulated with
surfactants to improve the other attributes. Higher-
performance dispersants are typically designed to
improve upon commodity polymers, incorporating
better stabilization, and also enhancing benefits in
the other steps of the process. Still, they are often
improved through formulation with surfactants,
but to a lesser degree than are the commodity
dispersants. Lower-molecular-weight dispersants,
typically modified ethoxylates, block polyglycol
copolymers, and similar chemistries tend to have
the most surfactant-like performance. Wetting and
milling process attributes can be improved with
formulation, but this is often of minimal necessity.
These types of dispersants, however, are typically
weak in stabilization and are often recommended
as co-dispersants to be used jointly with anionic
polymers in resin-containing or binder-containing
dispersions.3
Surfactants
The surfactants commonly used in formulation
also lend themselves to similar characterization
because they fall into distinct groupings based on
functionality.
Dynamic Wetting Agents: These surfactants
are characterized by a low HLB and a structure
Lower intermolecular interactions
Dry pigment wetting
Deaeration
High efficiency
Low foam, foam-inhibiting
Dynamic wetting agents
Acetylenic diols
Figure 3—Range of common surfactant attributes.
 
 
Figure 2—Proper wetting of a powder releases air trapped in the agglomerates.
that offers minimal intermolecular and intramolec-
ular interactions. As such, they provide negligible
stabilization, have minimal interactions with the
dispersant or other surfactants, and are nonmi-
cellar. They provide efficient reduction of surface
tension, excellent wetting behavior, and little other
impact on the dispersion. Acetylenic diols are the
classic chemistry used for this performance, but
other proprietary chemistries can be used to good
effect. Wetting of the dry pigment is critical to
eliminate trapped air and prepare the dispersion
for milling (Figure 2).4
Ethoxylates: These surfactants, a classic for-
mulation tool in aqueous pigment dispersion, are
based on ethoxylation of an alcohol or other hydro-
phobic moiety. They provide basic steric stabiliza-
tion benefits in a dispersion, but, more importantly,
they also offer the dynamic stabilization attributes
that enhance milling efficiency. These additives
often engage in moderate intermolecular and
intramolecular interactions, providing strong inter-
actions with other system components. This can re-
sult in synergistic benefits, but selection is critical
to avoid competitive behaviors with the dispersant
chemistries. These additives also vary significantly
with the level of ethoxylation, or HLB. At high HLBs,
16+, they begin to function similarly to nonionic
Greater intermolecular interactions
Greater steric stabilization
Dynamic stabilization
Color development
Milling efficiency
Letdown compatibilization
Viscosity reduction
Mid-HLB ethoxylates (12—15) High-HLB ethoxylates (16+)
Grind aids
Grind surfactants
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 53
  

Dynamic stabilizing
Color development
Milling efficiency
Letdown compa biliza on
Viscosity reduc on
Lower MW
Figure 4—Three Nonionic
functions of High HLB
dispersants and
surfactants in
the dispersion
process.

Optimal
Performance
Low HLB
Higher MW
Ionic

Dynamic we ng Equilibrium stabilizing

Dry pigment we ng Color stability
Agglomerate deaeration Viscosity stability
Floccula on control
 

dispersants by providing greater benefits in stabili-
zation characteristics. At lower ethoxylation levels
(HLBs of 12–15), the benefits in milling efficiency
and letdown compatibilization are dominant. At
even lower HLB values, ethoxylates begin to func-
tion more similarly to wetting agents. Ethoxylated
alkylphenols (APEs) are the classic chemistry used;
however, with the growing efforts to eliminate
APEs, newer chemistries are available that offer
equivalent or better performance attributes.
The surfactant continuum is best related to eth-
oxylation level or HLB and is mapped in Figure 3 in a
similar manner to that of dispersants (Figure 1), by
looking at the range of attributes they offer.
 
 Figure 5—Grind surfactant benefits when used in conjunction with a dispersant.
The formulation of these various additive types
can be challenging, particularly as many interact
strongly with other additives. Finding the right com-
bination can involve significant work, but mapping
out their properties in this way allows us to create
some tools that may make this easier. Both the
dispersant and surfactant continuums share simi-
larities and, in particular, they overlap significantly
on the ends of the continuums where nonionic
dispersants and high-HLB ethoxylated surfac-
tants serve very similar functions. In many cases,
the form and function of a high-HLB ethoxylated
surfactant and a nonionic dispersant are indistin-
guishable. If we join these ends and view these
continuums in relationship to one another, a visual
tool can be created to serve as a guide to formula-
tion. In Figure 4, the visual tool takes the shape of
a triangle, where each of the points represents the
core attributes necessary for the steps of disper-
sion discussed earlier.
Higher-molecular-weight ionic polymers provide
basic stabilization for flocculation control and sta-
bility. Lower-molecular-weight nonionic dispersants,
and/or high-HLB ethoxylated surfactants, provide
dynamic stabilization characteristics optimal for
milling benefits as well as compatibilization in
letdown. Dynamic wetting agents provide surface
tension reduction and efficient wetting of pigment
surfaces. These three attributes can be combined
to provide optimal performance for both disper-
sion and process. It may not always be easily ap-
parent that one can visualize dispersions in this
manner; however, typical formulations do reflect

March 2014
54 COATINGSTECH

Nonionic co-dispersants
High-HLB (16+) ethoxylates
Dispersants for resin-containing grinds
Mid-HLB ethoxylates (12–14)
Grind aids
Grind surfactants
Performance
Low-HLB surfactants (<8)
Acetylenic diols
these exact combinations of additives/attributes.
Paint grinds seen in many published starting point
formulations are often comprised of an acrylic acid
polymer dispersant (equilibrium stabilizing), alcohol
ethoxylate (dynamic stabilizing), and an acetylenic
diol (dynamic wetting). Resinated colorants also
commonly follow a similar path, utilizing an
anionic acrylic or styreneacrylic resin, a nonionic
co-dispersant, and a wetting surfactant.
The points of the triangle represent the three
fundamental attributes necessary for an optimal
dispersion, but often additives are composed of
balanced properties. High-performance dispersants
commonly offer a mix of equilibrium- and dynamic-
stabilizing attributes falling on the right-hand line
somewhere between the points of the triangle.
Further formulation of a high-performance disper-
sant is less critical than a high-molecular-weight
commodity dispersant, but, nonetheless, the tri-
angle offers guidance here as well. To reach the
center of the triangle for optimal performance, a
high-performance dispersant is often best paired
with only a dynamic wetting agent.
Grind surfactants, specifically designed for
dispersion applications, typically offer a mix of sur-
factant attributes spanning both wetting and stabi-
lization characteristics. Similar to high-performance
dispersants, grind surfactants fall on the line
between the points of the triangle. Formulations
with ionic dispersants are often served well by
formulation with a grind surfactant to achieve the
combination of all three key attributes, particularly
in terms of milling efficiency and optimization of
Figure 6—Primary
contributions of
the different types
of surface active
additives.
High-performance dispersants
Electrosteric polymers
Optimal
Ionic dispersants
Electrosta c polymers
Grind resins and binders
the pigment performance properties, such as color
development. Figure 5 describes the benefits typi-
cally contributed by a grind surfactant in a milling
operation when combined with a static stabilization
dispersant like a grind resin.
Dispersion Formulation
Using the Triangle
The first step in the formulation of a dispersion is
always the selection of the stabilization chemistry—
the dispersant—based on cost-performance decisions,
the pigment chemistry to be dispersed, and the end-
use application needs. Supplier recommendations
are critical to facilitating this step, and many suppliers
offer guides for their customers to help them find the
correct dispersant. Experimentation with the recom-
mended dispersants is necessary to find the top
candidates for final formulation development. During
the experimentation, it is critical to remove all other
surfactants, as they can mask performance deficits
or adversely impact dispersant performance. Basic
formulation testing for flocculation prevention, color
stability, and aged stability are the leading criteria for
dispersant performance.
Once the leading dispersant candidate(s) are
identified, the next step is to approximate where
the additive falls on the triangle. Is it a commodity
anionic polymer, an electrosteric comb polymer, or
a formulated product? Most suppliers will share
enough general chemistry information to allow an
estimate of where it falls on the triangle. Based on
this approximation, a formulator can use the triangle
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 55
 Dynamic stabilizing

Figure 7a—Formulating 1
strategy of starting
with a grind resin and
adding first a dynamic
stabilizing additive and
then a dynamic wetting
agent.
Star ng Point:
Grind resin

Dynamic wetting Equilibrium stabilizing

2

Dynamic stabilizing

Figure 7b—Formulating
strategy of starting with
a grind resin and adding
a single grind surfactant.

Starting Point:
Grind resin

Dynamic we ng Equilibrium stabilizing

Dynamic stabilizing
Figure 8—Formulating
strategies when start-
ing with a high-perfor-
mance dispersant. Star ng Point:
High-performance
dispersant

Dynamic we ng Equilibrium stabilizing

March 2014
56 COATINGSTECH
to get a jump-start on what attributes can be added
via formulation to optimize the dispersion’s perfor-
mance. In Figure 6, the triangle is redrawn with the
general chemistry types that provide the three per-
formance aspects necessary for an optimal disper-
sion. When evaluating the chemistries selected and
used in each formulation, it is important to consider
what contribution each makes in the dispersion pro-
cess and match up complementary additive types to
maximize performance and limit cost.
Formulating Strategies for Optimizing a
Grind Resin or Commodity Anionic Polymer
By way of example, if the dispersant selected
is an anionic polymer or a grind resin, the fol-
lowing choices can be considered to reach the
optimal performance in the center of the triangle.
A nonionic co-dispersant can enhance stability
and letdown compatibility, but an additional low-
HLB, dynamic wetting agent will also be necessary
for adequate wetting (Figure 7a). Alternatively, a
choice directly across the triangle, a grind surfac-
tant (Figure 7b), will offer balanced performance
and allow a single additive solution.
Formulating Strategies for Optimizing a
High-Performance Dispersant
If the dispersant selected is a high-performance
product or an electrosteric polymer, the choices be-
come different. Using an additional anionic polymer
or a nonionic co-dispersant will often have minimal
benefit and overlapping performance. A grind aid will
serve to enhance wetting and milling efficiency, but
a dynamic wetting agent may be all that is typically
needed (Figure 8).
AUTHOR
K. Michael Peck, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.,
Allentown, PA; PECKKM2@airproducts.com.
Summary
Aqueous pigment dispersion development is
a time-consuming endeavor. There is significant
theory and literature available to the bench chem-
ist that can guide development, but its value is
hindered by the proprietary nature of many of the
components and the complexity of the formula-
tions. A general overview of the functions of basic
surface active additives in pigment dispersion may
help streamline the process by eliminating trial and
error testing of additives with overlapping or com-
peting performance attributes. The triangle format
of the key surface active additive contributions
offers a method to expedite formulation develop-
ment using publicly available product character-
istics. Although nothing can eliminate the need to
test and evaluate formulations in the lab, this new
approach should help reduce the workload neces-
sary to reach the desired result. CT
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Wim Stout and Rick
Cuddeback, both of Air Products and Chemicals,
Inc., for their contributions to this work.
References
1. Parfitt, G.D., Dispersion of Powders in Liquids, Elsevier
Science, New York, 1969.
2. Snyder, J.M., Reader, C.J., and Hegedus, C.R., Ink World,
17 (5), 70 (2011).
3. Patton, T.C., Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.
4. Rosen, M.J., Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 57
 Next-Generation
Rheology Modifier
Technology
Novel Molecular Architecture for Breakthrough
Sag/Flow Balance, Universal Viscosity Retention
on Tinting, and Optimum Applied Hide
by John J. Rabasco, In the architectural paint market,
Tara Lyn Conley,
David Fasano, and
attention has focused on driving down
Daniel Saucy volatile organic compounds (VOCs) while
Dow Coating Materials, enhancing application performance
The Dow Chemical Company for the do-it-yourself (DIY) market. This
segment seeks products offering easy
application, long-lasting performance,
and excellent hiding, with a minimum
number of coats. Ultimately, the desired
goal is an applicator experience and
performance result that can be differen-
tiated in the market when evaluated by
consumer market rating organizations.
From a marketing perspective, how a
paint feels when it is stirred, poured,
and applied to the wall contributes to a
unique end-user experience that helps
to define the benefits of one brand over
another. Rheology plays a key role in this
area, directly affecting the in-can feel,
as well as film thickness and finished
smoothness of the final coating. An ideal
rheology package is one that optimizes
both sag resistance and flow across
a range of shear. This is an ongoing
March 2014
58 COATINGSTECH
formulator challenge due to the inher-
ent characteristics of commonly used
cellulosic thickeners and conventional
hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide
urethane (HEUR) rheology modifiers.
Cellulosics offer excellent sag resistance,
but they lack the properties needed to
optimize flow. Conventional HEURs, by
contrast, offer excellent flow, but often
lack sufficient sag resistance. In typical
paint formulations, optimizing one prop-
erty means sacrificing the other to some
degree. To address this performance
conflict, a new category of HEUR thicken-
ers has been developed that optimizes
both sag resistance and flow, a combina-
tion heretofore unseen in commercial
rheology modifiers.
This article describes the break-
through molecular design of these next-
generation HEURs, the unique balance of
sag resistance and flow that results from
this breakthrough design, and the added
benefit of viscosity retention upon tinting
which extends this sag/flow breakthrough
 O O O O Figure 1—Generalized
structure of HEUR
R1 R O R R1 rheology modifiers.
O N N O O N N O
H H n H H
m
m

across the formulary spectrum. Additionally, this ar-

ticle will describe analytical and imagery tools devel- HO OH + PEG + OCN R NCO
oped to quantitatively characterize the pattern uni-
formity of roller-applied film, correlate these results
with the impact on applied hiding in white and pastel
paint formulations, and demonstrate significant cat.
Hydrophobic Diol
improvements in applied hiding when both sag resis-
tance and flow are optimized using next-generation PEG Segment
Urethane Residue
HEUR technology.

Conventional HEURs
HEUR rheology modifiers are widely used in
waterborne coatings for their desirable rheological
and application properties. They consist of a water-
soluble polymer backbone that contains two or
more hydrophobic groups. This general structure is
shown in more detail in Figure 1.
Typical synthesis begins with preparing an
isocyanate-terminated prepolymer by reacting poly-
ethylene glycol (PEG) with excess diisocyanate in a
ratio to achieve the target molecular weight (MW).
Terminal hydrophobic groups are then introduced
by end-capping this prepolymer with hydrophobic
alcohols or amines. Pendant, or nonterminal, hydro-
phobic groups can also be introduced by including
a hydrophobic diol in the prepolymer formation
step. This process is depicted in Figure 2.
The hydrophobic groups of the HEUR polymer
are unique in that they can associate with one an-
other, as well as with other hydrophobic species and
sites present in a coating formulation, especially the
surface of latex binder particles. Such associations
restrict molecular motion, thus increasing viscos-
ity. The inherent thickening efficiency of traditional
HEUR chemistry, however, can be problematic
for the formulator from a handling standpoint.
Associative rheology modifiers are designed to
thicken aqueous systems very effectively, thus fall-
ing into two categories, with KU (Krebs Unit)-builders
giving more viscous solutions than ICI-builders.
Hence, most KU-builders become gels when dis-
solved at 20% solids in pure water, making them im-
practical to pump and pour. To avoid this problem,
traditional HEUR technology dissolves the polymer
in a mixture of water and solvent to achieve work-
able viscosities at reasonable polymer solids levels.
The VOC contribution from such products limits their
OCN NCO
OH
Figure 2—Synthesis of hybrid HEUR rheology modifiers with pendant and
terminal hydrophobic groups.
future use, as formulators strive to reduce or elimi-
nate the VOC content of their coating systems.
pH Control of Viscosity
To facilitate the use of high-efficiency HEUR
rheology modifiers in low-VOC and solvent-free
paints, a novel technology has been developed
that facilitates the delivery of HEUR technology at a
level of as-supplied solids that is practical to pour
and pump, without the aid of added solvent or sur-
factant. This technology, which is documented in
U.S. Patent No. 7,741,402, is referred to as Acid
Suppression™ HEUR Technology.1 It is a pH-
triggered approach where the associative thicken-
ing network can be turned on and off by a simple
pH adjustment, thus facilitating delivery of the
HEUR product in a solvent-free, aqueous solution
at reasonable solids and viscosities.
The enabling feature of Acid Suppression
HEUR Technology is the use of HEUR hydrophobic
moieties that contain amine functionality. The pres-
ence of the amine nitrogen within the hydrophobe

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 59
  

+
Figure 3—Schematic
of the pH-triggered +
activation of associa- + +
tive thickening at +
high pH for HEUR + + + +
polymers containing + + +
hydrophobic tertiary + + Base
amine groups.
+ + +
Acid
+
+ + Amine Functional
+ + HEUR in Water
+ +
+
= Amino Phobe
+

+
+
Low pH in Water High pH in Water
Charge Repulsion Phobes Associate
Inhibits Phobe Associations Thickening Activated

controls the ability to associate and form an asso- low pH inhibit the association of the hydrophobic
ciative network as a function of pH, as follows. At groups, while the neutral nitrogen centers at high
low pH, the amine is protonated and charged. The pH exhibit full association.
resulting charged hydrophobic groups of the HEUR
thickener are less hydrophobic, which decreases
the driving force to associate. The charged hydro-
Amine Hydrophobes
phobic groups are inhibited from associating with A key challenge for developing products based
one another in an aqueous solution due to charge- on Acid Suppression™ HEUR Technology is
charge repulsion, further reducing the viscosity. In the development of the necessary hydrophobic
other words, thickening is turned “off” at a low pH. amines. Designing suitable hydrophobic amines to
In the high-pH environment of an aqueous coating enable the new technology requires not only the
formulation, the amine is deprotonated and neu- right hydrophobicity, but also the right pKa, so that
tral, which results in full association and full thick- the thickener/nonthickener transition matches the
ening effect (i.e., at high pH, thickening is turned formulation pH. The pKa is the pH at which half of
“on”). This approach is depicted schematically in the amine groups are ionized. Since the thicken-
Figure 3, where the charged nitrogen centers at ing mechanism of acid-suppressed HEURs is pH-
triggered, the pKa of the hydrophobic amine must
be such that the nitrogen is fully deprotonated in
O
the pH environment of paint in order to achieve
R'
O O
maximum thickening efficiency. Otherwise, small
R'
HO R changes in the pH of the coating formulation could
N lead to significant viscosity changes.
R
O R' O
A number of custom-designed hydrophobic
O O R
N O
R'
O N
R amino alcohols and hydrophobic amino diols have
R 2NH
R OH OH R been developed that are used to manufacture a va-
riety of amine technology HEUR products. These key
O
OH materials are produced through epoxy–amine chem-
OH HO istry, where appropriate alkyl and dialkyl amines are
reacted with epoxides to form the corresponding
N
R R amino alcohol adducts (Figure 4).2-4 Examples of
R starting amines include diamylamine, dihexylamine,
EO / PO / BO
N (EO)x (PO)y (BO)z
bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine, dibenzylamine, benzylamine,
R etc. Examples of epoxides include ethylene oxide,
propylene oxide, butylene oxide, alpha-olefin epox-
Figure 4—Epoxy-amine adduct chemistry: synthetic routes to hydrophobic ides, and various glycidyl ethers such as butyl gly-
amino alcohols. cidyl ether and 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether.

March 2014
60 COATINGSTECH
 The effect of pKa on thickening response is dis-  
played in Figure 5, where the viscosity of low-solids
(2–4 wt%) aqueous solutions of HEUR rheology
 
modifiers are shown as a function of pH. The set
of HEUR rheology modifiers was synthesized using
hydrophobic amino alcohols prepared as previously
described, reacted with PEG8000 and isophorone
diisocyanate.
For HEURs prepared using dialkylamine-based
amino alcohols, such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)amino-
ethanol, the transition from low aqueous viscosity
to high aqueous viscosity occurs over the pH range
of approximately 6.0 to 8.5—thus, the pKa is ~7.4
for HEUR #1. For this particular HEUR to exhibit
its maximum thickening efficiency, the pH of the
formulation must be at 8.5 or above. For coating
formulations where maximum thickening efficiency
is required at lower pH, lower pKa hydrophobic Figure 5—Aqueous solution viscosity vs pH for various rheology modifiers that
amino alcohols, such as those based on benzyl- vary in pKa based on Acid Suppression HEUR Technology.
amine or dibenzylamine, were used to synthesize
HEUR rheology modifiers with transitions from low
than 10 sec-1) regimes that conventional HEUR
viscosity to high viscosity that occur at a much lower
thickeners do not strongly influence.
pH. As seen in Figure 5, HEUR compositions can be
tailored such that full thickening power is achieved Finetuning the overall property balance of a
at a range of pH values to suit the needs of specific paint formulation typically requires the use of a
coating formulations. For example, whereas the dial- KU-builder, an ICI-builder, and a Brookfield-builder
kylamine-based HEUR thickeners require pH above such as hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cel-
8.5 to be fully activated, a benzylamine-based HEUR lulose (HMHEC). Combinations help to facilitate an
can be fully activated at a pH as low as 6. overall balance of rheological properties, including
flow and leveling, sag resistance, syneresis resis-
tance, film coverage, and roller/brush application
Addressing the Sag/Flow properties; however, compromises in sag resis-
Conundrum tance and leveling are usually made to strike an
acceptable balance of overall properties. As noted,
Numerous factors, including hydrophobe size
an ongoing challenge lies in the optimization of sag
and structure, HEUR molecular weight, hydrophobe
resistance without sacrificing flow, and vice versa.
level, latex particle size and composition, and other
As demonstrated by the green data points in Figure
coating formulation components, all contribute to
7, Brookfield viscosity is highly correlated with
the overall rheology profile of a given coating sys-
leveling and sag resistance, but in opposite direc-
tem and how the viscosity responds as a function
of shear rate. As represented in Figure 6,
addressing the full range of rheological
needs for a typical paint requires a rheol-
ogy package that delivers the necessary
viscosity across a range of shear regions.
Roller Application
In practice, this ultimately comes down
Brush Application
to focusing on the low and high viscos-
In-can Feel Film Build - Brush Application
ity regimes. Conventional HEUR rheology
modifiers generally fall into two classes:
Sp
KU-builders are designed to thicken paints at
te
Color Properties Applicator Loading rR
efficiently in the mid-shear range (approxi- Color Properties es
ist
mately 100 sec ), whereas ICI-builders
-1 an
ce
Particle Setting
Particle Settling Flow Leveling
are designed to increase the viscosity at
Sag Resistance
high shear rates (approximately 10,000
sec ) without giving a large increase in
-1

the mid-shear viscosity. Cellulosic rheol-

ogy modifiers are often used as a third
Figure 6—Rheology profile of a typical paint indicating the shear regions which correlate to
thickener to affect the low-shear (less various properties.

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 61
 Figure 7—Low shear viscosity, as measured by a Brookfield-type viscometer, correlates well with both
Leneta leveling and sag resistance. The blue circles represent high-performance HEUR rheology modifiers.

tions. As the Brookfield viscosity increases, the lev-
eling of the paint film decreases, while the desired
sag resistance increases. As a result, tipping the
scale in favor of one property typically reduces the
performance of the other.
Using Acid Suppression™ HEUR Technology
as an enabling platform for low-VOC- and ultra-
low-VOC-capable HEURs, new high-performance
HEUR rheology modifiers have been designed to
tip the scales in favor of both sag resistance and
flow. These next-generation HEURS utilize newly
designed hydrophobic amines (discussed above)
to impart a novel combination of rheological prop-
erties, including a level of sag resistance that ap-
proaches the performance of cellulosics and a level
of flow that is characteristic of conventional HEURs.
This breakthrough in sag/flow balance is dem-
onstrated in Figure 8, which plots the rheology
profiles of three paints thickened to the same KU
and ICI viscosity. Paints formulated with HMHEC
rheology modifier have the highest low-shear vis-
cosity, and should, therefore, also have the high-
est sag resistance of the three paints. However,
as shown in Table 1, the measured Leneta level-
ing and sag resistance of the high-performance
HEUR rheology modifiers match the sag resis-
tance of the HMHEC plus conventional HEUR co-
thickened paint, but with the desirable additional
benefit of significantly improved Leneta leveling.
This breakthrough level of sag/flow optimization
is represented by the blue data points in Figure 7,
which demonstrate a performance balance previ-
ously unseen in rheology modifiers.
Impact on Applied Hiding
In addition to providing a signature applica-
tion experience, rheology plays a key role in the
performance of the dried paint film. If the wet
paint film does not flow and level once applied,
it results in more peaks and valleys or thin and
thick spots that are visible once the film is dry,
which gives the appearance of a rough surface
and poor pattern uniformity. However, the more

Table 1—Effect of Three Thickener Chemistries on

Rheological Propertiesa

Semigloss Paint HMHEC plus High High

30PVC/38VS Conventional Performance Performance
HEUR HEUR #1 HEUR #2
HMHEC 1.5 lb/100 gallons No No
Equil. KU 111 105 110
Equil. ICI 1.6 1.6 1.5
Sag Resistance
24 22 24
[mils]
Leneta Flow 3 9+ 9

Figure 8—The effect of three thickener chemistries on rheological

profile. All were adjusted to the same KU and ICI viscosity. These are (a) All were adjusted to the same KU and ICI viscosity. These
are for the same paints as in Figure 8.
for the same paints as in Table 3.

March 2014
62 COATINGSTECH
 the paint sags and  
drips when applied, the
less desirable it is to
the customer and the
more difficult it is to
apply. As noted, con-
ventional formulation
practice uses cellulosic
and HEUR rheology
modifiers in combina-
tion to achieve a bal-
ance of sag resistance and flow. Dow scientists
hypothesized that this widely accepted practice,
which results in compromised leveling, negatively
affects the pattern uniformity and, ultimately, the
applied hiding of the coating. To prove this hy-
pothesis and to demonstrate the impact of break-
through sag/flow balance on applied hiding, Dow
scientists developed a method of measurement
to quantitatively rate film surface smoothness
and correlate these findings with their impact on
applied hiding.
Surface smoothness, surface roughness, and
pattern uniformity are terms used to describe
the texture or topography of a dried film when
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  10—Visual surface roughness evaluation
Figure
correlates well with the more time-consuming
topography measurement.
 
Figure 11—Roller patterns are described based on the Relative Surface Area of
each measured dry film thickness (DFT). These patterns can be approximated
by Gaussian distributions. For the pattern shown, the average is 1.05 mil and the
standard deviation is 0.24 mil.
Figure 9—Commercial
paints qualitively and
quantitively rated for
surface smoothness.
From left: Excellent
(5), Very Good (4),
Very Good (4), Good
(3), Fair (2).
 
applied to a substrate, usually with a nap roller.
Smoothness is typically rated visually on a scale
of one to five, with one being poor or very rough
and five being excellent, smooth, or uniform, as
demonstrated in Figure 9. An ongoing concern with
qualitative ratings based on visual observation is
the variability from different operators over time.
To facilitate a deeper understanding of the
influence of surface smoothness uniformity on ap-
plied hiding, Dow developed an analytical method
that correlates visual imagery with measures for
film topography. The method rates film roughness
by comparing the surface area difference between
the highest and lowest point of the paint film,
a value calculated from the surface profile. The
results are given as a difference in surface area
between the imaged surface and a flat surface of
the same lateral size. A data set was evaluated by
visual rating, as well as surface area roughness,
to understand the correlation between the two
methods, and as a means to determine if visual
appearance is related to the topography of dried
films. Figure 10 shows the correlation between the
visual rating by a 1–5 scale, and the surface area
difference. The results show a good correlation
between the image ratings and topography results,
thus providing quantitative values that remove
operator error. Topography maps also can be used
to determine film thickness. The measured thick-
Table 2—Estimated Contrast Ratio at the
Average Thickness (1.05 mil) and the 1, 2,
and 3 Standard Deviation(0.24 mil) Points
Dry Film Thickness Estimated
(DFT; mils) Contrast Ratio
0.33 0.700
0.57 0.819
0.81 0.879
1.05 0.913
1.29 0.935
1.53 0.950
1.77 0.961
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 63
 Table 3—Estimated Contrast Ratio at the Average Thickness (1.05 mil) In addition to topography, time lapse imagery
and the 1, 2, and 3 Standard Deviation (0.24 mil) Points was used to understand how surface roughness
changes as paint films dry. Figure 13 presents pic-
Spread Wet Film Dry Film Estimated tures of dried paint films using image analysis that
Application
Rate Thickness Thickness Contrast shows the difference in pattern uniformity over a
Method
(ft2/gal.)
) (mils) (mils) Ratio period of 10 minutes of drying at 72°F. How the
Recommended 450 3.56 1.35 0.940 topography of the film changes, or does not change,
3 mil Bird 535 3.00 1.14 0.922 strongly influences how the dried film will appear.
Rollout (average) 580 2.77 1.05 0.913 The two paints both have very rough surfaces at
Rollout (pattern) 580 2.77 1.05 0.906 time zero, but paint 1 (utilizing a high-performance
HEUR rheology modifier in combination with an
HEUR ICI thickener) shows a significantly smoother
ness for each fractional area is used to generate a film at 10 minutes after application. Paint 2 con-
frequency plot, as shown in Figure 11. For most of tains HMHEC and conventional HEUR technology.
the roller patterns examined, the results are well The image results clearly demonstrate that the ini-
fit by a Gaussian distribution with varying averages tial pattern created by the roller cover is not neces-
and standard deviations. sarily the final pattern observed when the film is dry.
Also, the time analysis demonstrated that a paint
Results of quantitative analysis aided by quan-
can flow and level once applied to the surface.
titative topography and visual imaging demonstrate
that the ideal distribution of film thickness for
maximized applied hiding is where even the thin- Universal Performance
nest film would deliver a contrast ratio of 0.98 or from White to Tint Base
greater. Table 2 shows the estimated contrast ratio
for the dried film thickness distribution, as shown In addition to overcoming the need for sag or
in Figure 11, where the measured S/mil is 5.0, and flow compromises common to traditional HEURs,
the paint was not toned, retaining a Y reflectance of the high-performance HEURs described herein
94% and volume solids of 38%. Note the dramatic were also designed to minimize viscosity loss on
decrease in hiding as thickness decreases. tinting, which is a common issue in deep bases.
Incorporating viscosity retention upon tinting al-
The estimated contrast ratios for different ap-
lows these high-performance HEURs to be used in
plications are shown in Table 3. Recommended
formulation spaces where conventional HEUR tech-
spread rate, typical laboratory draw-down, and
nology cannot be used or has very limited utility.
rollout tend to trend to thinner films, and thus
Medium, deep, and ultra-deep formulations require
lower hiding. For roller application, hiding is further
high colorant levels typically containing high con-
lowered due to the pattern introducing thin spots.
centrations of surfactants. The hydrophobes from
Figure 12 shows topography images comparing
these surfactants compete for adsorption sites
high-performance HEUR surface roughness and
on the latex particle surface and displace some
conventional HEUR with HMHEC surface rough-
of the thickener from the surface, resulting in a
ness. The high-performance HEUR surface topog-
weaker network and lower viscosity. The surfac-
raphy is more uniform in minimizing the thick and
tant also disrupts associations between thickener
thin spots when compared to the conventional
chains themselves, further contributing to viscosity
HEUR/HMHEC topography.
decrease. Various approaches exist to mitigate

 
 

 
Figure 12—Topography images compare surface roughness of high-performance HEUR (left) and conventional HEUR with HMHEC.

March 2014
64 COATINGSTECH
  
these effects of colorant addition. The simplest  
approach is to minimize the use of associative  
thickeners and, in their place, use nonassociative  
thickeners such as hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC).  
This approach tends to result in poor flow, a direct  
consequence of the volume-depletion flocculation  
mechanism by which nonassociative thickeners  
work. A second approach is to over-thicken the un-  
tinted base paint, so that after tinting, the viscosity  
drops to the desired final viscosity. This approach  
has a higher cost and is more difficult to handle  
during manufacturing because of the higher viscos-  
ity. Over-thickening will also lead to a range of final  
paint viscosities from a base because of the varia-  
tion in tint amount and colorant type, which lead  
to wide variations in application performance and  
user experience.  
A thickener that is tolerant of the surfactants  
in colorants would avoid both the viscosity loss on  
tinting and the issues with compensating for it.  
However, the composition necessary for colorant tol-  
erance also creates strong self-association in water  
Figure 13—Topography of paint films during drying using high speed photography correlates
and, hence, an unpourable solution if the polymer is Figure 13—Topography of paint films during drying using high-speed
the observed visual smoothness rating.
photography correlates with the observed visual smoothness rating.
dissolved in water at 20% solids. By using an amine-  
containing hydrophobe and depressing the pH, a
20% solids solution of this thickener has a viscos- KU Drop with 8 oz/gal Colorant
KU Drop with 8 oz/gal Colorant
ity of only 2200 cP at pH 2.7, allowing for the new
5
thickener to be of practical use for the current for- 4 4
0
mulating needs. For example, in a 0 PVC/31 volume
KU Loss on Tinting

‐5
solids semigloss accent base with Rhoplex™ VSR- ‐10
1050 Emulsion that is thickened with either of the ‐15
‐34 ‐32 ‐33
two conventional-structure HEUR KU-builders, the ‐20 Phthalo Blue
Phthalo Blue ‐39
‐25
viscosity drop with 8 oz of red iron oxide or pthalo Red Oxide
Red Oxide
‐30
blue colorant was 30–40 KU (Figure 14). With the
‐35
new thickener, the same colorants gave an increase ‐40
of 4 KU upon tinting. The absence of viscosity loss Amine‐technology Conventional HEUR Conventional HEUR
in the tinted paint results in a KU (Stormer) viscos- HEUR #1 #2
ity of 130 vs 100 for the conventionally thickened  
 
paint. This higher mid-shear viscosity is reflected in Figure 14—Viscosity loss on colorant addition in 0PVC/31VS semigloss accent base.
higher Leneta sag resistance
ratings, as shown in Table Table 4—Viscosity-Stable HEUR in Tinted 0PVC/31VS Accent Base with 8 oz/gal Colorant
4. Despite the significantly
higher Stormer viscosity and   Conventional  Conventional  Amine‐Technology 
sag resistance, the Leneta and HEUR #1  HEUR #2  HEUR 
brush flow offered by the new Blue‐tinted paint       
thickener are equivalent to KU viscosity  103  100  130 
those from the conventional
Blue sag resistance  14  10  24 
thickeners.
Blue Leneta flow (10 max)  9  10  9 
Blue brushed flow (10 max)  8  10  9 
Summary
Red‐tinted paint       
The architectural coatings KU viscosity  98  99  130 
market continues to develop Red sag resistance  12  8  20 
higher-performing paints to
Red Leneta flow (10 max)  10  10  9 
meet consumer demands of
appearance, performance, Red brushed flow (10 max)  9  9  8 

March 2014
COATINGSTECH 65
 and easy application to obtain a smooth, uniform
finish with a minimum number of coats—whether
it is an ultra-white or deep base. The most effec-
tive way to minimize the number of coats needed
for an aesthetically pleasing finish is to maximize
the applied hiding of the coating. A new asso-
ciative rheology modifier technology based on
HEUR chemistry has been described using Acid
Suppression™ HEUR Technology. The technology
uses amine functional hydrophobic groups result-
ing in HEUR polymers with a pH-triggered viscosity
response. As a result, the associative thickening
network can be turned on and off as a function of
pH, thus facilitating product delivery in a solvent-
free, low-viscosity aqueous solution without the
need for VOC solvents or high surfactant levels.
These hydrophobic amine groups can be present
on the terminal HEUR polymer chain ends or along
the HEUR polymer backbone. New hydrophobic
amines have been designed and used to develop
unique HEUR rheology modifiers that help deliver
exceptional performance to architectural coating
formulations. Most notably, performance features
of KU builder products based on this new technol-
AUTHORS
John J. Rabasco, Tara Lyn Conley, David Fasano, and Daniel Saucy, Dow Coating Materials,
The Dow Chemical Company, Northeast Technology Center, Collegeville, PA 19426 (USA).
March 2014
66 COATINGSTECH
ogy are helping to deliver a breakthrough level of
sag/flow optimization, leading to more uniform film
thickness, smoother surfaces, and higher applied
hiding in white and pastel paints. With excellent
viscosity retention on tinting, this technology offers
breakout performance across a universal color
spectrum. CT
References
1. (a) Bobsein, B.R., et al., Thickener Composition and
Method for Thickening Aqueous Systems; U.S. Patent
No. 7,741,402, June 22, 2010; (b) Bobsein, B.R.,
et al., Thickener Composition and Method for
Thickening Aqueous Systems, U.S. Patent No.
7,985,796, July 26, 2011.
2. Rabasco, J.J. and Bobsein, B.R., Hydrophobically
Modified Alkylene Oxide Urethane Polymer, U.S. Patent
Application No. 2012/0130000, May 24, 2012.
3. Rabasco, J.J. and Bobsein, B.R., Benzylamine
Hydrophobe, U.S. Patent Application No.
2013/0281617, October 24, 2013.
4. Rabasco, J.J. and Bobsein, B.R., Dibenzylamine
Hydrophobe, U.S. Patent Application No.
2013/0281639, October 24, 2013.
™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an
affiliated company of Dow.
 New Products
Pigments
Heubach has introduced several new
pigments. The first is the HEUCODUR®
Yellow 2550. Formulated to offer chemi-
cal, temperature, and weathering resis-
tance and high tinting strength, Yellow
2550 has a high level of chromaticity.
The HEUCOPHOS® CMP is a new zinc-
free anticorrosive pigment comprising a
nonhazardous metal complex based on
phosphate. Stable in a broad range of
resins, it is designed to offer effective an-
odic inhibition in solventborne and water-
borne systems. In the VANADUR® product
range, the new 2108 introduces a new
green shade Bismuth Vanadate with high
tinting strength, hiding power, durability,
chroma, and dispersibility. Last, the new
HEUCO®FIT LR pigment preparation line
is designed to offer high-quality color
solutions for lead chromate replacement.
The HEUCO FIT LR series contains six
new products allowing direct lead chrome
replacement for the most important
shades. For more information, visit www.
heubachcolor.de.
Pocket Salt Meter
Paul N. Gardner Company has
launched the PAL-SALT PROBE digital
pocket salt meter, which has an at-
tached cabled probe. This meter provides
automatic temperature compensation
from 10–40°C/50–104°F. The 40-cm
cable allows the probe to dip directly into
samples, a feature designed to allow easy
measuring. In addition, the meter cali-
brates using only air, uses conductivity,
requires no special storage and handling
techniques, and features a handheld
refractometer. For further details on the
pocket salt meter, visit www.gardco.com.
Analytical Services
Information is now available from
CHEMIR that details the formulation sup-
port available for determining how a spe-
cialty chemical will perform in consumer
or industrial products. Services available
Carbon Black Pigment
Orion Engineered Carbons has announced its
Specialty Carbon Black COLOUR Black FW 255. This
new carbon black product replaces XPB 255 and
is the first of a new generation of specialty carbon
blacks to be released by the company. The FW 255
is designed for excellent coloristic performance, high
jetness, and compatibility with both waterborne and
solventborne polyurethane coating systems. Its spe-
cial particle design results in the high jetness and a
deep blue undertone. For more information on the
COLOUR Black FW 255, visit www.orioncarbons.com.
include producing batch-scale quanti- near-visible wavelength ranges, while atten-
ties quickly for marketing prototypes and uating reflectance in the longer wavelength
evaluation of these formulations by paint visible and IR portions of the solar spec-
chemists in CHEMIR’s coatings testing trum. Atlas created this technology to allow
laboratory. According to the company, for very high concentrations of UV energy
evaluation capabilities include viscom- without excessive heating of test samples.
etry, UV, humidity, impact, flexibility, gloss, To learn more, visit www.atlas-mts.com.
color, hardness, VOC, corrosion, compat-
ibility, and stability. Additional full analyti-
cal services offered are deformulation, Isocyanate-free Polyurethane
materials/contaminant identification, fail- A new isocyanate-free, UV-curing poly-
ure analysis, custom synthesis, method
development, and customized investiga-
urethane formulation is available from
Hybrid Coating Technologies Inc. The
tions. To learn more, visit www.chemir. formulation, reported to be the first of
com/coatings. its kind worldwide, allows the company’s
floor coating products to fully cure within
an hour, rather than in the typical seven
Portable Spectrophotometer
days. Hybrid’s technology generates poly-
The BYK-mac i spectrophotometer urethane without the use of isocyanates at
has been introduced by BYK-Gardner any point during the production process.
USA, a member of the BYK Additives & For additional information, visit www.
Instruments division of Altana. An instru- hybridcoatingtech.com.
ment to objectively detect and quantify
fluorescent light excited in the visible
range, the BYK-mac i is equipped with Phthalate-free Plasticizer
additional out-of-plane sensors that mea-
New biobased products from Oxea are
sure the fluorescent light in clearly de- the subject of new technical literature.
fined wavelength ranges. To quantify the Phthalate-free plasticizers Oxblue DOSX
light, BYK-mac i calculates a new index
known as the “intensity emission value,”
(dioctyl succinate) and Oxblue ATBC (acetyl
tributyl citrate) are designed to combine
which can be used as a preliminary indi- the advantages of conventional petrol-
cator for lightfastness. Further informa- based products with biobased ones. Oxea
tion is presented at www.byk.com. has formulated these products to address
the demand for high-quality, high-perform-
ing, and affordable plasticizers. They may
Weathering Tester
be used for applications such as food cling
Atlas Material Testing Technology has wraps, flooring, soft toys, and adhesives
announced a new outdoor testing device, and sealants. Both Oxblue plasticizers
the Ultra-Accelerated EMMA (UA-EMMA). are commercially available in Europe and
The UA-EMMA provides approximately North America. More information can be
10–12 years of radiation exposure equiva- seen at www.phthalate-free-plasticizer.com.
lent to one year of South Florida expo-
sure. It works by tracking the sun while
concentrating reflected sunlight on test
specimens mounted in a target area. The Product information included in this
section is provided by suppliers, and is
mirror system in the device is designed to for informational purposes only.
have very high reflectance in the UV and
March 2014
COATINGSTECH 67
 Calendar

2014 Meetings and Events

May, continued December
18-21 Annual Technical Meeting 3-5 CHINACOAT
Sponsored by Southern Society China Import/Export
for Coatings Technology Fair Complex
Marriott Hilton Head Resort & Spa Guangzhou, China
Hilton Head, SC www.chinacoat.net/2014exh_en.htm
www.ssct.org

June
2-5  Core-Shell Latex Particles—
Fundamental Aspects of
Morphology Control
April Emulsion Polymers Consulting
and Education, LLC
University of New Hampshire
7-10 American Coatings Show and Durham, NW
American Coatings Conference www.epced.com
Sponsored by ACA
and Vincentz Network Virtual Learning
Atlanta, GA
3-4  Sink or Swim 2014
www.american-coatings-show.com
Annual Technical Symposium Conferences
Sponsored by the Cleveland
Coatings Society
1:oo pm  – 2:00 pm
8-11 PaintExpo Airport Marriott Hotel
Messe Karlsruhe Cleveland, OH May 15
Karlsruhe, Germany www.ClevelandCoatingsSociety.org
www.paintexpo.com Architectural Powder Coatings
4-5 UTECH North America Special Joint Webinar with the
28-29 Hybrid Latex Conference and Exhibition Powder Coatings Institute
Systems Course Charlotte Convention Center Bob Cregg, Sherwin Williams
Sponsored by Emulsion Polymers Charlotte, NC
Consulting and Education, LLC www.utech-north-america.com
University of New Hampshire June 5
Durham, NH The LEED Rating System and
www.epced.com Green Building Update
Tim Serie,
American Coatings Association
May
http://paint.org/events/
1  39th Annual FOCUS Seminar
Sponsored by the Detroit Society September virtual-learning-conferences/

for Coatings Technology

MSU Education Center 16-17  Marine & Offshore
Troy, MI Coatings Conference
http://dsctfocus.org Sponsored by ACA
Sheraton Inner Harbor
Baltimore, MD
12-14 RadTech 2014
www.american-coatings-show.com
Sponsored by RadTech International
North America
Hyatt Regency O’Hare 17-18  Metal Protection Through
Rosemont, IL Coatings Technology Conference
www.radtech.org Sponsored by ACA
Sheraton Inner Harbor
Baltimore, MD
www.american-coatings-show.com

March 2014
68 COATINGSTECH
The NEW American Coatings Book Shop.

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Classified Ad Index

equipment Birla Carbon..................................................9

Voice: 770.792.9400
www.birlacarbon.com

Dow Coating Materials............................. 14

Voice: 800.447.4369
www.dow.com/acs

Burgess Pigment..........................................2
Voice: 800.841.8999
www.burgesspigment.com
Emerald Performance
Materials, LLC............................................ 19
Voice: 800.296.0040; 856.533.3000
Voice: 800.477.1022
www.emeraldmaterials.com

BYK Additives & Instruments................... 17

Voice: 49 (0)281/670-0
www.byk.com

Ad Index Engineered Polymer Solutions....................7

Voice: 800.654.4242
www.eps-materials.com

Celanese........................................................5
Voice: 972.443.4518
www.EcoVae.com
www.celanese.com/emulsion-polymers
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.......... 1, 10
Voice: 800.345.3148
www.airproducts.com/dispersants Fitz Chem Corporation.............................. 41
www.airproducts.com/surfactants Voice: 630.467.8383
www.fitzchem.com

CHEMIR...................................................... 18
Voice: 800.659.7659
www.chemir.com
American Coatings Association............ 39, 69
Voice: 202.462.6272; www.paint.org Fortune....................................................... 43
www.american-coatings.com/shop Voice: 847.429.9791
www.fortuneintltech.com
American Coatings Show
and Conference....................................................8
www.american-coatings-show.com

Chromaflo Technologies Corporation....... 20

Voice: 440.997.5137
www.chromaflo.com
Paul N. Gardner Company, Inc................. 26
Voice: 800.762.2478
www.gardco.com

BASF...................................... Covers 2 and 4 Conn and Co., LLC..................................... 12

Voice: 800.962.7829 Voice: 814.723.7980
www.basf.us/dpsolutions www.connblade.com
www.basf.us/industrialcoatings
Heubach..................................................... 25
Voice: 800.HEUBACH
www.heubachcolor.com

March 2014
70 COATINGSTECH
King Industries........................................... 27 Patcham USA LLC...................................... 37
Voice: 203.866.5551 Voice: 201.293.4282 Siltech Corporation................................... 30
www.kingindustries.com www.patchamusa.com Voice: 416.424.4567
www.siltech.com

KODA Distribution Group.......................... 13 PCCR USA, Inc........................................... 32

Voice: 800.322.8103 Texene Technical Textiles......................... 11
Voice: 203.274.8691
www.pccrusa.com Voice: 843.875.8150
www.kodadistribution.com
www.crohmiq.com

Reichhold, Inc.............................................31
Voice: 800.431.1920
Lintech International LLC......................... 29 www.reichhold.com
Voice: 877.LINTECH; 877.546.8324 Troy Corporation........................................ 21
www.lintechinternational.com Voice: 973.443.4200
www.troycorp.com

Lonza Microbial Control....................Cover 3

Voice: 800.523.7391 Reitech Corporation...................................36 Unimin........................................................ 33
www.lonza.com/densilzod Voice: 610.929.9451 Voice: 203.966.8880
www.reitechcorporation.com www.BrilliantAdditions.com

WACKER Chemical Corp........................... 23

Voice: 888.922.5374
www.wacker.com

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March 2014
COATINGSTECH 71
 Coatings Clinic By Clifford K. Schoff, Schoff Associates

Precision in Coatings Tests I:

    Use, Meaning, and Developments
When we test coatings, it is useful to know how reli- measurement—within the same laboratory (repeatability) and
able the methods are and how well we are performing between laboratories (reproducibility). Results outside these
them. There are ways of finding this out. Accuracy is how limits indicate the need for a review of the method to make
close a result is to the true value. Ideally, we would test certain that it was run correctly each time, that conditions
the method against standard materials of which the prop- had not changed, that the test sample had not changed, etc.
erties are known and calculate the accuracy or the con- Additional measurements probably are necessary.
verse, the uncertainty, of the measurement. Data for precision statements are acquired by inter-
One test area where this is done is the measurement laboratory testing:
of film thickness. A film thickness gauge can be checked • Number of laboratories—minimum is six, but the
or verified by using it to measure shims/foils of known more the better.
thickness or coated/plated reference standards. If the • Number of samples—minimum is three, preferably
measurements are not accurate, some gauges can be more, ideally covering the complete range of the
adjusted by the user; others must be sent back to the method.
manufacturer. Details on verifying accuracy and adjusting
• Number of replicates—usually two for coatings,
gauges may be found in ASTM Standard Practice D7091.
although that may be two results, each the average
Unfortunately, with most other paint and coatings of two measurements. Occasionally more results
tests, we do not have a standard or true value for refer- are required.
ence. Viscosity methods provide a good set of examples.
Volunteer cooperators are sent the samples at the
Although we can determine the accuracy of measurements
same time, along with a protocol outlining the planned
of the viscosity of a Newtonian standard oil by a viscom-
testing. Preferably, all the measurements are done the
eter (at a carefully controlled temperature), we cannot
same week, but that does not always happen. Most in-
do the same thing with paints. Almost no paints have the
terlaboratory testing in which I have participated called
same viscosity characteristics as standard oils, and there
for two sets of measurements on a given day, but a few
are no standard paints. Measurements with standard oils
others allowed measurements on each of two consecutive
enable us to find out whether the viscometer is working
days. Results used to be analyzed within the cooperator
properly. If it is not, and it is an inexpensive device such as
group by hand or using a relatively simple computer pro-
a flow cup, it should be discarded. If it is a proper viscom-
gram, then turned into a precision statement. Now, they
eter, then it should be sent back to the manufacturer for
are sent in to the ILS group at ASTM headquarters for pro-
adjustment and calibration.
cessing. ISO methods also include precision information,
If we do not know the accuracy (or uncertainty) of a test but it is estimated rather than measured.
method, how can we get a sense of the dependability of
What do the precision numbers mean? Consider the
the method and the
Ford cup, which is an efflux viscometer used for automo-
usefulness of the re-
tive paints. Its repeatability is 8%. Let us say that the first
sults, especially for
measurement gives a viscosity (flow time) of 30 sec. In
making comparisons
order to be acceptable, the next result must be within 8%
between batches or
(2.4 sec) of the first value, i.e., between 27.6 and 32.4
formulations? Here
sec. Reproducibility of 20% means a second reading (in
is where we turn to
a different lab) must be between 24 and 36 sec. Both of
another measure of
these may seem like large acceptable variations, especially
method effective-
the reproducibility, but they came from interlaboratory test-
ness—precision.
ing involving a considerable number of labs and reflect a
Precision does not
real-world situation. That does not mean that skilled opera-
deal with accuracy
tors who often make Ford cup (or other) measurements
or uncertainty, but
under carefully controlled conditions may not show better
Figure 1—The difference between precision rather is the degree
repeatability than the test method states. Reproducibility
and accuracy. to which repeated
is a different story, however. Different labs usually are very
measurements un-
different in terms of temperature, skills, ways of doing
der unchanged conditions show the same results. Figure 1
things, etc., and reproducibility is poor for many tests.
shows how accuracy and precision compare.
Next month, I will discuss more aspects of precision,
Nearly all ASTM test methods include precision state-
including reasons for poor precision and strategies for im-
ments that indicate the acceptable variation (at a 95% con-
proving precision in a given laboratory. CT
fidence limit) between one result and the result of the next

March 2014
72 COATINGSTECH
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