Linux

Cnehfhstrcìäj ni
Thstiecs Bhfux
Tirvhìjs pcrc
Hftirfit
\clfir Phihrc Bij
Orufj Cbvis @clufnis
Cfnrè _cejs Dcrfihrj
C _F] — _ini Fcdhjfcb ni Ifshfj
i ]isquhsc — è qucbh`hdcnc djej
uec Jrlcfhzcìäj Tjdhcb (JT),
sifnj bhlcnc cj Ehfhstèrhj nc
Dhëfdhc, îdfjbjlhc i Hfjvcìäj
(ED^H) i rispjfsãvib pibj
]rjlrcec Hftirehfhstirhcb _F],
qui djftc dje c pcrthdhpcìäj njs

ehfhstèrhjs nc Inudcìäj (EID), nc
Tcûni (ET) i nc Dubturc (EhfD).
]hjfihrc fj cdissj í Hftirfit fj
Orcshb, c _F] pbcfikc i ecftèe c
rini Hpë, c rini ôpthdc fcdhjfcb
cdcnëehdc ni cbtj nisiepifaj.
Dje ]jftjs ni ]risifìc fcs
?< ufhncnis nc ìnircìäj, c rini
tie echs ni 1== hfsthtuhìùis
djfidtcncs. Täj cprjxhecnceifti
4,9 ehbaùis ni usuãrhjs usu`ruhfnj

ni uec hf`rcistruturc ni rinis
cvcfìcncs pcrc djeufhdcìäj,
djeputcìäj i ixpirheiftcìäj,
qui djftrhouh pcrc c hftilrcìäj
iftri j shstiec ni Dhëfdhc i
îdfjbjlhc, Inudcìäj Tupirhjr,
Tcûni i Dubturc.
Ehfhstèrhj nc
Dubturc
Ehfhstèrhj nc
Tcûni
Ehfhstèrhj nc
Inudcìäj
Ehfhstèrhj nc
Dhëfdhc, îdfjbjlhc
i Hfjvcìäj
Cnehfhstrcìäj ni
Thstiecs Bhfux;
Tirvhìjs pcrc
Hftirfit
\clfir Phihrc Bij
Cnehfhstrcìäj ni
Thstiecs Bhfux;
Tirvhìjs pcrc
Hftirfit
\clfir Phihrc Bij
_hj ni Kcfihrj
Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis
?=30
Djpyrhlat © ?=30 — _ini Fcdhjfcb ni Ifshfj i ]isquhsc — _F]
_uc Bcurj Eòbbir, 330 scbc 33=4
???8=-8=0 _hj ni Kcfihrj, _K
Nhritjr Lircb
Fibsjf Theùis
Nhritjr ni Tirvhìjs i Tjbuìùis

Kjsè Buhz _hoihrj @hbaj

Djjrnifcìäj Fcdhjfcb
Bicfnrj Ecrdjs ni Jbhvihrc Luhecräis
Inhìäj
Bhfdjbf nc Ectc
_ivhsäj ^èdfhdc
Djjrnifcìäj Cdcnëehdc ni Cnehfhstrcìäj ni Thstiecs

_ifctj Nucrti
Iquhpi IT_ (ie jrnie cb`coèthdc)

Cnrhcfc ]hirrj, Cbyffi ]irihrc, Dibhc Ecdhib, Nirbhfèc Ehrcfnc, Insjf Gjwcsg,
Ibheãrhc Ocrojsc, Ivibbyf @ihtjsc, @ibhpi Fcsdheiftj, Bjurnis Tjfdhf, Budhcfc Octhstc,
Buhz Dcrbjs Bjoctj i Xvi Ecrdhcb.
Dcpc, prjkitj vhsucb i nhclrcecìäj

îdfjnishlf
Pirsäj
4.=.=
Isti ectirhcb nhnãthdj `jh ibcojrcnj dje fs inudcdhjfchs. Tjbhdhtcejs qui qucbquir irrj ifdjf -
trcnj ju nûvhnc dje ribcìäj cj ectirhcb ju siu usj sikc ifvhcnj pcrc c iquhpi ni ibcojrcìäj ni
djftiûnj nc Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis, fj i-echb hf`jMisr.rfp.or. C _ini Fcdhjfcb ni Ifshfj i
]isquhsc i js cutjris fäj cssueie qucbquir rispjfscohbhncni pjr iviftuchs ncfjs ju pirncs, c
pissjcs ju oifs, jrhlhfcnjs nj usj nisti ectirhcb.
Cs ecrdcs rilhstrcncs eifdhjfcncs fisti ectirhcb pirtifdie cjs rispidthvjs thtubcris.
Nhstrhouhìäj
_uc Bcurj Eòbbir, 330 — scbc 33=4
???8=-8=0 _hj ni Kcfihrj, _K
attp;//isr.rfp.or
hf`jMisr.rfp.or
Ncnjs Hftirfcdhjfchs ni Dctcbjlcìäj fc ]uobhdcìäj (DH])
B<88c Bèj, \clfir Phihrc

Cnehfhstrcìäj ni shstiecs Bhfux; sirvhìjs pcrc hftirfit / \clfir Phihrc Bèj ... Wit. cb.U —
4. in. — _hj ni Kcfihrj; _F]/IT_, ?=30.
?30 p. ; hb. 7 ?<,9 de.
HTOF 8<1-19-0404=-99-3
3. Bhfux (Thstiec jpircdhjfcb ni djeputcnjr). ?. Tirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj (tidfjbjlhc ni

rinis ni djeputcnjr). H. Bèj, \clfir Phihrc. HH. ^åtubj.
DNN ==9.<
Tueãrhj
C eitjnjbjlhc nc IT_ xh
C quie si nisthfc xhh
Djfvifìùis uthbhzcncs fisti bhvrj xhhh
]irehssùis ni usj xhhh
Djeiftãrhjs i pirluftcs xhv
Tjori js cutjris xhv
3. NFT
Hftrjnuìäj 3
Njechf Fcei Tirvhdi (NFT) ?
]jr qui uthbhzcr NFT: ?
Nifhìùis >
Njeåfhj >
[jfcs ni cutjrhncni 9
Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj 3 — NFT cutajrhtcthvi cfswir 0
_ilhstrj ni ridursjs 0
Ecpiceiftj nhritj i rivirsj 8
_isjbvir (risjbvinjr); dbhifti 3=
Tirvhnjr NFT 33
^hpjs ni sirvhnjris NFT 33
Tirvhnjris rchz NFT 34
Istruturc nj NFT fj Bhfux 34
hhh
Crquhvj ni djflurcìäj ‑fcein.djf`‘ 3>
Crquhvjs ni ecpcs nc rini 3<
Ixiepbj ni crquhvj ni ecpc ni rini 31
Crquhvj ‑risjbv.djf`‘ 38
Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj ? — Tirvhnjr ni NFT Dcdai 38
Nibilcìäj ni njeåfhjs ?=
Tirvhìj ie DA_JJ^ ?3
NFT dje H]v0 ?3
NFTTID ?4
Hepbieiftcìäj nj NFTTID ?9
Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj 4 — NFTTid ?0
Njeåfhjs vhrtuchs ?0
îstcfnj j sirvhnjr NFT ?<
Ojcs prãthdcs pcrc cnehfhstrcìäj nj NFT ?<
?. F@T
Fitwjrg @hbi Tystie (F@T) ?8
Hfstcbcfnj i djflurcfnj ue sirvhnjr F@T 4=
Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj 3 — Hfstcbi j sirvhnjr F@T 4=
Hfhdhcfnj js sirvhìjs F@T 44
]rè-riquhshtjs 44
Hfhdhcfnj j pjrtecppir 44
Pirhdcfnj c ixiduìäj nj F@T 4>
Djflurcìäj ni dbhifti F@T 49
Ejftclie ni shstiecs ni crquhvjs F@T ie tiepj ni ojjt 40
F@T sjori ^D] 40
F@T såfdrjfj virsus cssåfdrjfj 4<
Tilurcfìc i F@T 41
F@T i silurcfìc; pjrtecppir 48
4. Tirvhnjr BNC]
Hftrjnuìäj >3
Tirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj >3
Tie sirvhìj ni nhritôrhjs >?
Dje sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj >?
BNC] >4
@ufdhjfceiftj nj BNC] >>
hv
Istruturc nc ocsi BNC] >9
BNH@ >8
@jrecs ni djfixäj fj BNC] 9=
>. BNC] Cvcfìcnj

Tdaiecs 94
Dbcssis ni jokitjs 9>
Ctrhoutjs 99
Lirifdhcfnj sdaiecs 90
Eônubjs 90
Ecfhpubcìäj nc ocsi 9<
Lirifdhceiftj ni Bjls 98
Dbhifti BNC] 0=
]cdjtis pcrc hfstcbcìäj dbhifti 0=
Tilurcfìc nj Tirvhnjr BNC] 0?
Drhptjlrcc ncs eifsclifs Dbhifti Tirvhnjr BNC] 0>
_ipbhdcìäj nc ocsi BNC] 00
_ipbhdcìäj Ecstir Q Tbcvi 00
_ipbhdcìäj Ecstir x Ecstir 0<
Nhritôrhjs nhstrhouånjs 0<

@irrceiftcs lrãdcs 0<
Ocdgup i _istjri 01
Ocdgup 08
_istjri 08
Cthvhncni ni @hxcìäj — Ibcojrcfnj uec sjbuìäj ni ocdgup nc ocsi nj BNC] 08
9. Tirvhnjr wio
Hftrjnuìäj <3
Djfdihtjs ùfnceiftchs <3
Tirvhnjr wio <>
Dbhifti wio <>

]rjtjdjbj A^^] <>
_iquhshìäj (riquist) <9
_ispjstcs (rispjfsi) <0
Njeåfhj vhrtucb <8
Tirvhnjris wio 1=
v
0. Tirvhnjr prjxy Tquhn
]rjxy 14
]rjxy Tquhn 19
Hfstcbcìäj 10
Djflurcìäj 10
Bhstcs ni djftrjbi ni cdissj 1<
Djflurcìäj njs fcvilcnjris 8?
]rjxy trcfspcrifti 8?
_inhridhjfcnjris 8>
_ibctôrhjs 8>
Tcrl 89
<. Tirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj (pcrti 3)

Hftrjnuìäj 8<
Djrrihj ibitrþfhdj 8<
Jrhlifs nj djrrihj ibitrþfhdj 81
]rjtjdjbj TE^] 88
]rjtjdjbj ]J]4 3=3
Djecfnjs ]J]4 3=3
Djecfnjs ni cutifthdcìäj (Cutajrhzcthjf Tt cti) 3=?

Djecfnjs ni trcfscìäj ( ^rcfscdthjf Ttcti) 3=?
Djecfnjs ni ctucbhzcìäj (Ypncti Ttcti) 3=?
_ispjstcs 3=?
]rjtjdjbj HEC] 3=4
Djfixäj i istcnjs nj HEC] 3=>
Djflurcìùis prèvhcs 3=0
]jstx 3=1
Hfstcbcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jstx 33=
Hfhdhcbhzcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jstx 333
Djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jstx 333
îsti nc iftrilc njs i-echbs 339
@hbc ni i-echb i HNs nc bc 33<
vh
1. Tirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhd j (pcrti ?)
Hftrjnuìäj 338
Eètjnjs ni iftrilc 338
eojx 3?=
echbnhr 3?=
Tirvhnjr pcrc eûbthpbjs njeåfhjs 3?3
Njeåfhjs vhrtuchs 3?3
Istcoibidir j cbhcs nj fjei ni njeåfhj vhr tucb 3??
Drhcr ue ecpc dje js nisthfctãrhjs 3??
Djflurcr j ]jstx pcrc ridioir eifsclifs njs njeåfhjs vhrtuchs 3??
_idcrrilcr djflurcìùis nj ]jstx 3??
îstcfnj j ifvhj ni eifsclie pcrc ifniriìj vhrtucb 3??
Pirhdcfnj crquhvj ni bjl 3??
Djftrjbi ni djftiûnj 3?4
Echb lctiwcy 3?>
TE^] cutifthdcnj 3?0
Tirvhnjris sidufnãrhjs 3?0
Ifniriìjs ispidhchs 3?<
Tirvhnjr ni i-echb djrpjrcthvj 3?<
Dyrus TCTB i Njvidjt TCTB 3?1
Djurhir Echbnrjp 343
Djurhir Hecp 343
_idjeifncìùis ni tufhfl 34?
Ckustis ie djfsubtcs NFT 344
Lcrlcbjs fc hfdjehfl quiui 349
Lcrlcbjs fc echbnrjp quiui 349
Lcrlcbjs fc niìrrin quiui 349
Lcrlcbjs fc cdthvi quiui 340
]rãthdcs Cfthspce 340
_idjeifncìùis nj Cfthspce.or 348
vhh
8. Tceoc
Hftrjnuìäj 3>3
Tceoc 3>3
Nciejfs 3>4
feon 3>4
seon 3>>
whfohfnn 3>>
Djfkuftj ni ìrrceiftcs 3>>
Djfdihtjs 3>9
Tceoc CNT 3>0
Hfstcbcìäj i djflurcìäj 3><
Hfstcbcìäj 3><
]rhfdhpchs pcrïeitrjs ni djflurcìäj 3>8
]crïeitrjs ni djflurcìäj pcrc cnehfhstrcìäj ni djftcs 39?
Ocdgifns ni djftcs 39>
seopcsswn 39>
tnosce 39>
bncpsce 399
Ejnibjs ni silurcfìc 399
Tilurcfìc fj fåvib nj usuãrhj 399
Ejnj ni Tilurcfìc Njechf (Tilurcfìc cj Fåvib ni Ysuãrhj) 390
Ejnj ni Tilurcfìc CNT (Tilurcfìc cj Fåvib ni Ysuãrhj) 390
Djftcs ni usuãrhjs , lrupjs i eãquhfcs 39<
Tceoc djej ]ND 398
]crïeitrjs ni djftrjbi nj njeåfhj 303
]crïeitrjs ni ceohifti 30?
Djepcrthbaceiftj FI^BJLJF 30?
Djepcrthbaceiftj ]_J@HBI 304
Tirvhìj ni Bjljf fc _ini ni Njeåfhj 304
Djflurcìùis cnhdhjfchs 304
Hftilrcìäj dje j JpifBNC] 30>
Djflurcìäj nj JpifBNC] 309
Hfhdhcbhzcìäj nc ocsi ni ncnjs BNC] — Djflurcfnj j seobncp-tjjbs 300
Djflurcfnj j Tceoc ]ND pcrc cdisscr c ocsi ni ncnjs BNC] 308
Djflurcìäj ni djepcrthbaceiftj 3<3
Cthvhncnis cnehfhstrcthvcs 3<?
vhhh
Lirifdhceiftj ni Djftc ni Ysuãrhjs 3<>
Drhcr djftc 3<>
_iejvir djftc 3<>
Bhstcr djftc 3<9
Jutrjs djecfnjs 3<9
Lirifdhceiftj ni Lrupjs 3<<
Lirifdhceiftj ni djftc ni eãquhfcs 3<1
Cbtircr cs pjbåthdcs ncs djftcs nj njeåfhj 3<8
3=. NAD], @^] i TTA

Hftrjnuìäj 313
NAD] 313
Dcepjs ie uec eifsclie NAD] 314
@ufdhjfceiftj nj prjtjdjbj NAD] 319
Inhìäj ni crquhvjs ni djflurcìäj 310
Ixiepbjs ni djflurcìäj 311
Hfhdhcfnj i pcrcfnj j sirvhnjr 318
@hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (@^]) 38=
@ufdhjfceiftj nj @^] 383
^hpjs ni sirvhnjr @^] 38?
Tirvhnjr @^] cthvj 38?
Tirvhnjr @^] pcsshvj 38?
]rjobiecs dje riwcbb 384
Tiduri Taibb (TTA) 38>
JpifTTA 389
Djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr JpifTTA 389
Djecfnj ‑ssa‘ 380
Istcoibidifnj djfixäj 38<
TD] 38<
T@^] 381
Lircìäj ni dacvis 388
Clifti TTA ?==
hx
x
C Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis (IT_) è c ufhncni nc _ini Fcdhjfcb ni Ifshfj i ]isquhsc (_F])
rispjfsãvib pibc nhssiehfcìäj nj djfaidheiftj ie îdfjbjlhcs nc Hf`jrecìäj i
Djeufhdcìäj (^HD). C IT_ fcsdi dje c prjpjstc ni sir c `jrecnjrc i nhssiehfcnjrc ni
djepitëfdhcs ie ^HD pcrc j djrpj tèdfhdj-cnehfhstrcthvj ncs ufhvirshncnis ìnirchs,
isdjbcs tèdfhdcs i ufhncnis ìnirchs ni pisquhsc. Tuc ehssäj ùfnceiftcb è ricbhzcr c
dcpcdhtcìäj tèdfhdc nj djrpj ùfdhjfcb ncs jrlcfhzcìùis usuãrhcs nc _F], pcrc j ixirdå -
dhj ni djepitëfdhcs cpbhdãvihs cj usj idcz i idhifti ncs ^HD.
C IT_ jìridi nizifcs ni dursjs nhstrhouånjs fcs ãrics tieãthdcs; Cnehfhstrcìäj i ]rjkitj
ni _inis, Cnehfhstrcìäj ni Thstiecs, T ilurcfìc, Eånhcs ni Tupjrti í Djbcojrcìäj Nhlhtcb
i Ljvirfcfìc ni ^H.
C IT_ tceoèe pcrthdhpc ni nhvirsjs prjkitjs ni hftirissi pûobhdj, djej c ibcojrcìäj

i ixiduìäj ni pbcfjs ni dcpcdhtcìäj pcrc `jrecìäj ni eubthpbhdcnjris pcrc prjkitjs
inudcdhjfchs djej; `jrecìäj fj usj nc djfìrëfdhc wio pcrc c Yfhvirshncni Coirtc nj

Orcshb (YCO), `jrecìäj nj supjrti tèdfhdj ni bcojrctôrhjs nj ]rjhf`j i drhcìäj ni ue djf -
kuftj ni dc rthbacs sjori rinis sie j pcrc j prjlrcec Ye Djeputcnjr pjr Cbufj (YDC).
C eitjnjbjlhc nc IT_
C bjsjc pinclôlhdc i c eitjnjbjlhc qui jrhiftce js dursjs nc IT_ säj ocsicncs fc
cprifnhzclie djej djfstruìäj nj djfaidheiftj pjr eihj nc risjbuìäj ni prjobiecs tåph-
djs nc ricbhncni nj prjsshjfcb ie `jrecìäj. Js risubtcnjs jothnjs fjs dursjs ni fcturizc
tiôrhdj-prãthdc säj jthehzcnjs, pjhs j hfstrutjr, cuxhbhcnj pibj ectirhcb nhnãthdj, ctuc fäj
cpifcs djej ixpjshtjr ni djfdihtjs i hf`jrecìùis, ecs prhfdhpcbeifti djej jrhiftcnjr nj
cbufj fc ixiduìäj ni cthvhncnis djftixtucbhzcncs fcs shtucìùis nj djthnhcfj prjsshjfcb.
C cprifnhzclie è iftifnhnc djej c rispjstc nj cbufj cj niscj ni shtucìùis-prjobiec

sieibacftis ís ifdjftrcncs fc prãthdc prjsshjfcb, qui säj supircncs pjr eihj ni cfãbhsi,
såftisi, kublceiftj, pifsceiftj dråthdj i djfstruìäj ni ahpôtisis pcrc c risjbuìäj nj prj-
obiec, ie cojrnclie jrhiftcnc cj nisifvjbvheiftj ni djepitëfdhcs.
Nissc `jrec, j hfstrutjr tie pcrthdhpcìäj cthvc i nhcbôlhdc djej jrhiftcnjr nj cbufj pcrc cs
cthvhncnis ie bcojrctôrhj. Ctè eisej c cprisiftcìäj nc tijrhc fj hfådhj nc sissäj ni cprif -
nhzclie fäj è djfshnircnc uec shepbis ixpjshìäj ni djfdihtjs i hf`jrecìùis. J hfstrutjr
ousdc hfdifthvcr c pcrthdhpcìäj njs cbufjs djfthfuceifti.
xh
Cs sissùis ni cprifnhzclie jfni si näj c cprisiftcìäj njs djftiûnjs i c ricbhzcìäj ncs
cthvhncnis prãthdcs tëe `jrectj prisifdhcb i issifdhcbeifti prãthdj, uthbhzcfnj tèdfhdcs ni
istunj nhrhlhnj hfnhvhnucb, trcocbaj ie iquhpi i prãthdcs jrhiftcncs pcrc j djftixtj ni ctuc-
ìäj nj ùturj ispidhcbhstc qui si pritifni `jrecr.
Cs sissùis ni cprifnhzclie nisifvjbvie-si ie trës itcpcs, dje prinjehfïfdhc ni tiepj

pcrc cs cthvhncnis prãthdcs, djf`jrei nisdrhìäj c siluhr;
]rheihrc itcpc; cprisiftcìäj nc tijrhc i isdbcridheiftj ni nûvhncs (ni 0= c 8= ehfutjs).

J hfstrutjr cprisiftc, ni ecfihrc shftèthdc, js djfdihtjs tiôrhdjs djrrispjfniftis cj tiec
nc sissäj ni cprifnhzclie, dje cuxåbhj ni sbhnis ie `jrectj ]jwir]jhft. J hfstrutjr
bivcftc quistùis sjori j djftiûnj njs sbhnis ie viz ni cpifcs cprisiftã-bjs, djfvhncfnj
c turec í riixäj i pcrthdhpcìäj. Hssj ivhtc qui cs cprisiftcìùis sikce ejfôtjfcs i qui j
cbufj si djbjqui ie pjshìäj ni pcsshvhncni, j qui rinuzhrhc c cprifnhzclie.
Tilufnc itcpc; cthvhncnis prãthdcs ni cprifnhzclie (ni 3?= c 39= ehfutjs).

Istc itcpc è c issëfdhc njs dursjs nc IT_. C echjrhc ncs cthvhncnis njs dursjs è cssåfdrjfc i
ricbhzcnc ie nupbcs ni cbufjs, qui cdjepcface j rhtej nj rjtihrj ni cthvhncnis prjpjstj
fj bhvrj ni cpjhj. Hfstrutjr i ejfhtjr dhrdubce iftri cs nupbcs pcrc sjbudhjfcr nûvhncs i
jìridir ixpbhdcìùis djepbieiftcris.
îrdihrc itcpc; nhsdussäj ncs cthvhncnis ricbhzcncs (4= ehfutjs).

J hfstrutjr djeiftc dcnc cth vhncni, cprisiftcfnj uec ncs sjbuìùis pjssåvihs pcrc
risjbvë-bc, nivifnj ctir-si íquibcs qui lirce echjr nhdubncni i pjbëehdc. Js cbufjs säj
djfvhncnjs c djeiftcr cs sjbuìùis ifdjftrcncs i j hfstrutjr ritjec tôphdjs qui tiface
lircnj nûvhncs, istheubcfnj c pcr thdhpcìäj njs cbufjs. J hfstrutjr siepri istheubc js
cbufjs c ifdjftrcrie sjbuìùis cbtirfcthvcs ís sulirhncs pjr ibi i pibjs djbilcs i, dcsj
ixhstce, c djeiftã-bcs.
Tjori j dursj
J dursj tie djej jokithvj ifshfcr c prjkitcr, hfstcbcr, djflurcr i nhspjfhohbhzcr js prhf-
dhpchs sirvhìjs pcrc Hftirfit ie uec rini ^D]/H]7 Djfaidheiftj njs djfdihtjs tiôrhdjs
cssjdhcnjs c dcnc ue njs sirvhìjs, dje c cprisiftcìäj ni difãrhjs qui `cdhbhtie c suc dje -
priifsäj7 Cutifthdcìäj fjs sirvhìjs, siepri qui pjssåvib, dje j usj ni BNC]7 Js sirvhìjs
säj hfstcbcnjs i tistcnjs dje j usj hftifshvj ni cthvhncnis prãthdcs7 Djfaidheiftj ni ojcs
prãthdcs pcrc c uthbhzcìäj oie ckustcnc njs sirvhìjs ni prjnuìäj.
C quie si nisthfc
Issi dursj nisthfc-si c `jrecìäj ni prjsshjfchs rispjfsãvihs pibc hfstcbcìäj, jpircìäj
i ecfutifìäj ni pbctc`jrec djeputcdhjfcb pcrc djfixäj dje c Hftirfit, liriftis ni ^ H i
prjlrcecnjris, nisni qui tiface js prè-riquhshtjs fidissãrhjs.
xhh
Djfvifìùis uthbhzcncs fisti bhvrj
Cs siluhftis djfvifìùis thpjlrãdcs säj uscncs fisti bhv rj;
Htãbhdj
Hfnhdc fjeis ni crquhvjs i riìrëfdhcs ohobhjlrãdcs ribcdhjfcncs cj bjflj nj tixtj.
Bcrlurc djfstcfti
Hfnhdc djecfnjs i sucs jpìùis, vcrhãvihs i ctrhoutjs, djftiûnj ni crquhvjs i risubtcnj nc

scånc ni djecfnjs. Djecfnjs qui siräj nhlhtcnjs pibj usuãrhj säj lrh`cnjs ie filrhtj
i\hfnjws
pjssuieè jD;R).
prixj nj ceohifti ie usj (fj Bhfux è fjrecbeifti # ju $, ifqucftj fj
Djftiûnj ni sbhni
Hfnhdc j djftiûnj njs sbhnis riìriftis cj dursj cprisiftcnjs ie scbc ni cubc.
Tåeojbj
Hfnhdc riìrëfdhc djepbieiftcr nhspjfåvib ie shti ju pãlhfc fc hftirfit.
Tåeojbj
Hfnhdc ue njdueiftj djej riìrëfdhc djepbieiftcr.
Tåeojbj
Hfnhdc ue vånij djej riìrëfdhc djepbieiftcr.
Tåeojbj
Hfnhdc ue crquhvj ni cûnhj djej riìrëfdhc djepbieiftcr.
Tåeojbj
Hfnhdc ue cvhsj ju pridcuìäj c sir djfshnircnc.
Tåeojbj
Hfnhdc quisthjfceiftjs qui istheubce c riixäj ju cprisiftc djftiûnj ni cpjhj cj
iftifnheiftj nj tiec ie quistäj.
Tåeojbj
Hfnhdc fjtcs i hf`jrecìùis djepbieiftcris djej nhdcs, sulistùis ni bihturc cnhdhjfcb ju
eisej uec josirvcìäj.
]irehssùis ni usj
^jnjs js nhrihtjs risirvcnjs í _F].
Clrcnidiejs siepri dhtcr istc `jfti qucfnj hfdbuhr pcrti nisti bhvrj ie jutrc jorc.
Ixiepbj ni dhtcìäj; ^J__IT, ]inrjit cb. Cnehfhst rcìäj ni Ths tiecs Bhfux; _ inis i Tilurc fìc.
_hj ni Kcfihrj; Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis, _F], ?=34.
xhhh
Djeiftãrhjs i pirluftcs
]crc ifvhcr djeiftãrhjs i pirluftcs sjori istc puobhdcìäj;
Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis _F]
Ifniriìj; Cv. Bcurj Eòbbir 330 scbc 33=4 — Ojtc`jlj
_hj ni Kcfihrj — _K — ???8=-8=0
I-echb; hf`jMisr.rfp.or
Tjori js cutjris
\clfir Phihrc Bèj tie ?9 cfjs ni ixpirhëfdhc fc ãric ni ^ H, ctucfnj djej Cfcbhstc ni
Tupjrti i ie Djeputcìäj ni Cbtj Nisiepifaj, dje `jdj ie shstiecs jpircdhjfchs
YFHQ/BH FYQ, ]jssuh lrcnucìäj ie Ectieãthdc pibc @cdubncni ni Auecfhncnis ]inrj HH,
dje ]ôs Lrcnucìäj ie Listäj nc Hfjvcìäj pibj BFDD/YD] . Ctucbeifti jdupc j dcrlj
ni Djjrnifcnjr ni îd fjbjlhc nc Hf`jrecìäj nj Bcojrctôrhj Fcdhj fcb ni Djeputcìäj
Dhiftådc i ni Djjrnifcnjr Cnehfhstrcthvj nj ]jftj ni ]risifìc nc _F] fj _hj ni Kcfihrj.
]rjìssjr nj Hfsthtutj Tupirhjr ni îdfjbjlhc nc Hf`jrecìäj ni ]itrôpjbhs, HT^ i nc Isdjbc
Tupirhjr ni _inis nc _F] fcs ãrics ni Tilurcfìc nc Hf`jrecìäj i Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs.
Orufj Cbvis @clufnis è îdfôbjlj ie îdfjbjlhc nc Hf`jrecìäj i nc Djeputcìäj pibj

Hfsthtutj Tupirhjr ni îdfjbjlhc (?==<) i ispidhcbhstc ie Tilurcfìc ni _inis pibc
Yfhvirshncni Istãdhj ni Tã (?=33). îe ixpirhëfdhc ie cnehfhstrcìäj ni sirvhnjris
Bhfux, lirifdhceiftj ni usuãrhj, hepbieiftcìäj i lirifdhc ni sirvhìjs ni rini, dje-
putcìäj ni cbtj nisiepifaj, silurcfìc ni rinis, saibb sdrhpt, ]A], ]irb, sjbuìùis ni
stjrcli i ocdgup. Ctucbeifti è tidfjbjlhstc fj Bcojrctôrhj Fcdhjfcb ni Djeputcìäj
Dhiftådc i prjìssjr fc Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis fc ãric ni Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs.
Cfnrè _cejs Dcrfihrj pjssuh lrcnucìäj ie îdfôbjlj ie îdfjbjlhc nc Hf`jrecìäj i
Djeufhdcìäj pibj Hfsthtutj Tupirhjr ni îdfjbjlhc ie Dhëfdhc nc Djeputcìäj (?==0).

^rcocbac dje supjrti í Bhfux nisni ?==9 i ctucbeifti è îdfjbjlhstc nj B cojrctôrhj
Fcdhjfcb ni Djeputcìäj Dhiftådc, jfni trcocbac dje cnehfhstrcìäj ni sirv hnjris,
lirëfdhc ni djftcs ni usuãrhjs, hepbieiftcìäj ni fjvjs sirv hìjs, supjrti c pbctc`jrecs
ni prjdissceiftj ni cbtj nisiepifaj, djephbcìäj ni cpbhdcìùis dhiftådcs, cnehfhstrc -
ìäj ni stjrcli i ocdgup. îe ixpirhëfdhc fc ãric ni Dhëfdhc nc Djeputcìäj, dje ëf`csi
ie Djeputcìäj ni Cbtj Nisiepifaj, ctucfnj pr hfdhpcbeifti fjs siluhftis tiecs; privh-
säj fueèrhdc ni tiepj, prjdissceiftj pcrcbibj, cpbhdcìùis dhiftådcs i H/J pcrcbibj.
xhv
3
NFT
s
j
v
h
t Djfaidir j shstiec Njechf Fcei Tirvhdi (NFT).
i
k
o d
j j
f
d
i
Njechf Fcei Tirvhdi — shstiec ni trcnuìäj ni ifniriìjs. ht
j
s
Hftrjnuìäj
J istunj nisti dcpåtubj cprisiftc j djfdihtj nj sirvhìj ni risjbuìäj ni fjeis (NFT),
cojrncfnj suc uthbhzcìäj i ixiduìäj ni ecfihrc prãthdc i hftuhthvc, pcsscfnj pibc hfstcbcìäj,
djflurcìäj i tistis.
Täj cprisiftcnjs js djfdihtjs i nifhìùis djeufs cj sirvhìj NFT, tchs djej;

3 Ispcìj ni Fjeis (NFT)7
3 Njeåfhj7
3 [jfcs ni cutjrhncni7
3 _ilhstrj ni ridursjs7
3 Ecpiceiftj nhritj i rivirsj.
3 Nibilcìäj ni njeåfhjs
3 Tirvhìj ie darjjt.
Ie siluhnc, siräj vhstjs js thpjs i ejftclifs tåphdcs ni ue sir vhìj NFT, qui ifvjbvie;
3 Tirvhnjr prheãrhj7
3 Tirvhnjr(is) Tidufnãrhj(s)7
3 Tirvhnjr Dcdai7
3 Tirvhnjris rchz nc hftirfit.

Fc itcpc siluhfti, säj cojrncnjs js cspidtjs nj NFT cssjdhcnjs í suc uthbhzcìäj fj Bhfux, T
F
nisni hfstcbcìäj i djflurcìäj, ctè `jrecs ni tisti i nhclfôsthdj. N
-
3
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3
]jr ûbthej vëe cs cthvhncnis prãthdcs;
3 Hfstcbcìäj nj sirvhnjr NFT7

3 Djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr NFT ]rheãrhj7
3 Djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr NFT Tidufnãrhj.
Njechf Fcei Tirvhdi (NFT)

J qui è j NFT: q
3 Tirvhìj pcrc trcnuìäj ni fjeis ie ifniriìjs H] i vhdi-virsc.
3 ^ceoèe nifjehfcnj Njechf Fcei Tystie ju Njechf Fcei Tir vir.
J Tir vhìj ni ^rcnuìäj ni Fjeis, ju shepbiseifti sirvhìj ni fjeis, è ue djepjfifti

njs sirvhìjs ie rinis qui pirehti c cpbhdcthvjs i sir vhìjs bjdcbhzcr i `czir riìrëfdhc c
hf`jrecìùis ie ue ceohifti ni rini. Js fjeis säj pcr ti dråthdc njs sir vhìjs ie rinis,
pjhs ckunce fc cnehfhstrcìäj ni tjnjs js ridursjs nhspjfåvihs fc rini.
Njechf Fcei Tirvhdi (NFT) `jrfidi sir vhìjs ni fjeis i nhritôrhjs ie rinis qui hepbi -
eiftce c phbac ni prjtjdjbjs ^rcfsehsshjf Djftrjb ]rjtjdjb/Hftirfit ]rjtjdjb (^D]/H]).
]jniejs djfshnirã-bj djej ue shstiec ni ocfdj ni ncnjs nhstrhouånj, qui trcnuz fjeis
ni istcìùis ie ifniriìjs, `jrfidifnj hf`jrecìùis sjori rjticeiftj i njeåfhjs.
J NFT è issifdhcb pcrc js shtis qui si djfidtce nhritceifti í hftirfit. ]jrèe, eisej pcrc
rinis bjdchs hsjbcncs qui uthbhzce prjtjdjbjs nc phbac ^D]/H], siepri `cz sifthnj uthbhzã-bj.
È pcrthdubcreifti hepjrtcfti pcrc j shstiec ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj, pjhs è fibi qui säj ni-
fhnjs rilhstrjs qui hnifthdce c eãquhfc qui ecfhpubc cs djrrispjfnëfdhcs ribcthvcs c ue
ncnj fjei, hnifthdcfnj, csshe, jfni nitirehfcnj usuãrhj ridioi sucs djrrispjfnëfdhcs.
]jr qui uthbhzcr NFT:

]rheihrj ejthvj; q
3 Eãquhfcs pjssuie echjr `cdhbhncni ie bhncr dje fûeirjs.
3 ]issjcs priìrie uscr fjeis.
3 Ixiepbj;
? ]ãlhfc nc _F].
t
i
f
? Echs `ãdhb uscr www.rfp.or qui attp;//?==.34=.49.?4<
r
i
t
Hf
Tilufnj ejthvj;
c
r
c
p
3 ^jrfc j cdissj cjs sirvhìjs ni rini hfnipifnifti nj ifniriìj H] nj sirvhnjr.
s
j
hì
v
3 ^rjdc nj H] nj sirvhnjr è trcfspcrifti pcrc j usuãrhj, pjhs c bjdcbhzcìäj nj H] è `jrfi -
r
i dhnc pibj sirvhìj NFT.
T
;
x
b
u
hf J isquiec ni ifniriìceiftj uthbhzcnj pibc hftirfit ocsicnj ie ifniriìjs H] v>, dje
B
s
c 4? ohts, ju H] P0, dje 3?1 ohts, fäj è ridjeifncnj pcrc usj ie fcvilcnjris i jutrjs
e
ti sirvhìjs. Nissi ejnj, ue usuãrhj nc hftirfit, cj uscr siu fcvilcnjr, pjni nhlhtcr ue Ye ejthvj cnhdhjfcb
s
h pcrc j usj ni ue
T
n
i ifniriìj qui bai è `cehbhcr, djej www.rfp.or, ie viz ni cblj djej ?==.34=.49.?4< ju shstiec ni ifniriìc-
j eiftj ocsicnj ie
ä
ì ?==3;3?`=;o=3;3=3;;in, pjsshohbhtcfnj, nissc `jrec, qui iepriscs i pissjcs pjssce drhcr
c
rt
fjeis è tjrfã-bj
sh
ifniriìjs ocsicnjs ie fjeis, cssjdhcfnj-js cj fjei nc ieprisc ju prjnutj. hfnipifnifti nj
f h
e
ifniriìj H] ie usj ie
n
C
Dcoi cj sirvhìj NFT `czir c cssjdhcìäj iftri j fjei isdjbahnj pibj usuãrhj i j ifniriìj H]. nitirehfcnj ejeiftj.
?
@riquiftieifti j cnehfhstrcnjr ni rini tie ni euncr c `chxc ni ifniriìj uthbhzcnc pibjs
vãrhjs sirvhnjris qui djftrjbc. ^cb cbtircìäj pjni sir fidissãrhc pibc euncfìc nj objdj ni
ifniriìjs nhspjfhohbhzcnj, pjnifnj jdjrrir ie ùfìäj ni uec euncfìc ni prjvinjr ni
cdissj í hftirfit, j qui prjvjdc c cbtircìäj ni ifniriìjs pcrc j fjvj objdj ni ifniriìjs
nhspjfhohbhzcnj pibj fjvj prjvinjr.
]jnie chfnc jdjrrir ejnhdcìùis ie ùfìäj nc ricbjdcìäj ni ifniriìjs nj prjvinjr ju

eisej nc prôprhc rini nj usuãrhj, pjr dcusc ni ricrrcfkjs dcuscnjs pjr cepbhcìùis ju
ejnhdcìùis fc tjpjbjlhc nc rini.
Nissi ejnj, ue usuãrhj qui cdissc j sirvhìj vhc hftirfit, ju eisej vhc hftrcfit, fäj pridhsc
si prijdupcr dje cbtircìùis fc tjpjbjlhc i/ju ifniriìceiftj nj sirvhnjr, kã qui istcrã
cdisscfnj j sirvhnjr pibj fjei, dcoifnj cj NFT ecftir issc cssjdhcìäj ctucbhzcnc.
‒―
crpc dje ljv inu ehb fit jrl or ...
rfp
@hlurc 3.3
Js njeåfhjs isr
lifèrhdjs, djej
‒fit― ju ‒jrl―,
i js lijlrãdjs,
Njeåfhjs lifèrhdjs Njeåfhjs lijlrãffidjs
djej ‒rfp―.
J NFT è ue njs djepjfiftis oãshdjs nc hftirfit. ]jniejs djfshnirã-bj djej ue shstiec

ni ocfdj ni ncnjs nhstrhouånjs ni fåvib eufnhcb, qui trcnuz ifniriìjs sheoôbhdjs ni
istcìùis ie ifniriìjs H] fueèrhdjs i vhdi-virsc. Sucfnj si usc sirvhìjs fäj trcfspcriftis,
djej îbfit, @^], TTA i T@^], j usuãrhj pjni `jrfidir djej crlueiftj ue ifniriìj
sheoôbhdj ni istcìäj (j fjei ni ue djeputcnjr ajspinihrj). @ufìùis risjbvinjrcs (risjbvir
ùfdthjfs) nj NFT trcnuzie issi ifniriìj sheoôbhdj pcrc ue ifniriìj H] fueèrhdj.
J rãphnj drisdheiftj nc hftirfit bivju í hftrjnuìäj njs djfdihtjs ni njeåfhjs i suonjeåfhjs

NFT. Js njeåfhjs djepùie c istruturc oãshdc nj NFT i pjnie sir djepcrcnjs c nhritôrhjs
ie ue shstiec ni crquhvjs, dje dcnc njeåfhj cpcridifnj djej suoãrvjris ni hf`jrecìùis
fj ispcìj ni fjeis ni njeåfhj. Ye ifniriìj sheoôbhdj ni istcìäj ie ue njeåfhj nivi sir
ûfhdj, pjrèe issi eisej ifniriìj sheoôbhdj pjni ixhsthr ie jutrjs njeåfhjs. Js njeåfhjs
säj hepbieiftcnjs djej uec ahircrquhc, qui pjni sir vhstc djej uec ãrvjri hfvirthnc,
djeiìcfnj fj njeåfhj-rchz, dukj ifniriìj sheoôbhdj ricb è ‒ ―, ju sikc, ue rôtubj (bcoib) fubj.
J njeåfhj rchz è hepbieiftcnj pjr ue lrupj ni sirvhnjris ni fjeis dacecnjs ni sirvhnjris

rchz. Js sirvhnjris rchz sô tëe hf`jrecìùis djepbitcs c rispihtj njs njeåfhjs ni tjpj, qui si
bjdcbhzce heinhctceifti c siluhr nj njeåfhj-rchz fc ãrvjri niahircrquhc ni njeåfhjs. Js njeå -

fhjs ni tjpj, pjr suc viz, tëe cpjftcnjris pcrc js sir
vhnjris ie njeåfhjs ni fåvihs hfìrhjris.
T
F
N
-
Fifaue sirvhnjr, fie eisej js sirvhnjris rchz, tie hf`jrecìùis djepbitcs sjori 3
bj
tjnjs js njeåfhjs, ecs js sius cpjftcnjris pjnie hfnhdcr qui jutrjs sirvhnjris u
åt
p
pjnie `jrfidir c hf`jrecìäj nisikcnc. Csshe, js sirvhnjris rchz pjnie ctè fäj scoir c
D
c rispjstc pcrc uec pirluftc, ecs dirtceifti scoiräj pcrc quie nhridhjfã-bc.
4
Ni`hfhìùis
3 Njeåfhj. q
3 [jfcs ni cutjrhncni.
3 _ilhstrj ni ridursjs.
3 Ecpiceiftj;
? Nhritj.
? _ivirsj.
3 Nibilcìäj ni njeåfhj.
3 Tirvhìj dje darjjt.
C silurcfìc nc hf`jrecìäj è ue pjftj drå thdj pcrc c sjorivhvëfdhc ncs jrlcfhzcìùis fc
irc nc hf`jrecìäj. Pãrhjs säj js prjobiecs ifvjbvhnjs, fj iftcftj, c sjdhincni nipifni
ncs hf`jrecìùis creczifcncs fjs shstiecs djeputcdhjfchs pcrc tjecncs ni nidhsäj ie
filôdhjs, usj ni ôrläjs nj ljvirfj, iftri jutrjs djftixtjs.
C hf`jrecìäj pjni ixhsthr ie nh virsjs `jrectjs; heprissc, creczifcnc ibitrjfhdceifti,

trcfsehthnc pibj djrrihj djfvifdhjfcb ju ibitrþfhdj itd. Tikc qucb `jr j `jrectj, eihj ni
creczifceiftj ju trcfsehssäj, ridjeifnc-si qui ibc sikc prjtilhnc cniqucnceifti.
Tifnj csshe, è ni rispjfscohbhncni nc silurcfìc nc hf`jrecìäj prjtilë-bc ni vãrhjs thpjs

ni ceicìcs, c e ni lcrcfthr c djfthfuhncni nj filôdhj, ehfhehzcr rhsdjs i ecxhehzcr j
ritjrfj sjori js hfvis theiftjs. @ibhzeifti, è drisdifti c djfsdhifthzcìäj ncs jrlcfhzcìùis
`rifti cj vcbjr i cs vubfircohbhncnis ni sius cthvjs, fj qui nhz rispihtj í silurcfìc.
Ajki, c silurcfìc nc hf`jrecìäj è nitirehfcfti pcrc cssilurcr djepiththvhncni, budrcthv h -

ncni, ctifnheiftj cjs riquhshtjs bilchs i c ojc heclie nc jrlcfhzcìäj kuftj cj eirdcnj
i ís jrlcfhzcìùis, tcftj fj sitjr pûobhdj qucftj fj sitjr prhvcnj. Ie tchs djftixtjs, c

silurcfìc nc hf`jrecìäj è ue djepjfifti qui vhcohbhzc filôdhjs djej j i-Ljv ( ljvirfj
ibitrþfhdj) ju i-djeeirdi (djeèrdhj ibitrþfhdj).
Njeåfhj
3 Tuoãrvjri nj ispcìj ni fjeis NFT. q
3 Fjei ni njeåfhj djepbitj, tceoèe nifjehfcnj @ubby Sucbhin Njechf Fcei
t
i (@SNF), djfshsti ie;
f
r
Hf
i
t ? Fjei nc eãquhfc.
c
r
c
p
? Fjei nj njeåfhj.
s
j
hì
v
? Njeåfhj ni tjpj.
r
i
;
T
x
? Ixiepbj;
u
hf
B 4 www.rfp.or .
s
c
e ww w; eãquhfc (ju ajst).
ti
s
h
T
4
4 rfp; njeåfhj.
i
n
j
ä
ì
4 or; njeåfhj ni tjpj (tjp bivib njechf).
c
rt
sh
Ti pridhsãssiejs bieorcr tjnjs js ifniriìjs H] ncs pãlhfcs nc wio qui vhsht cejs nhcrhc-
f h
e eifti, dcråcejs bjudjs. Tiris auecfjs fäj säj ojfs ie bieorcr sèrhis ni fûeirjs. Fj
n
C iftcftj, sjejs ojfs fc bieorcfìc ni pcbcvrcs, i pjr hssj uscejs js fjeis ni njeåfhjs.
Pjdë pjssuh, prjvcvibeifti, vãrhjs fjeis ni njeåfhjs lucrncnjs ie suc dcoiìc.
Ixiepbjs; rfp.or, ridihtc.`czifnc.ljv.or , l3.dje.or, eht.inu, ljjlbi.dje itd.
>
Cs pcrtis ‒dje―, ‒inu― i ‒or― nissis sirvhnjris säj dacecncs ni njeåfhjs prhfdhpchs ju njeå -
fhjs ni prheihrj fåvib. Ixhstie vãrhjs njeåfhjs prhfdhpchs, hfdbuhfnj ‒dje―, ‒inu―, ‒ljv―,
‒ehb―, ‒fit― i ‒jrl―, cbèe ncs shlbcs ni nucs bitrcs ni dcnc pcås, pcrc hnifthdcr c jrhlie, ie
hflbës. Fäj dustc bieorcr qui js njeåfhjs rilhstrcnjs fjs IYC fäj pjssuie c hnifthdcìäj
(‒us―). Ie dcnc njeåfhj prhfdhpcb ixhsti uec ifjrei bhstc ni njeåfhjs sidufnãrhjs. Fjvjs
thpjs ni njeåfhj `jrce drhcnjs pcrc jìridir eibajr hnifthdcìäj. Ixiepbjs echs djfai -
dhnjs säj; prjìssjr — ‒prj`.or―, pissjchs — ‒fje.or―, rini ni tibivhsäj — ‒tv.or― itd.
Ye njeåfhj è uec suoãrvjri nj ispcìj ni fjeis NFT. Ye njeåfhj djepbitj, tceoèe

nifjehfcnj ni @ubby Sucbhin Njechf Fcei (@SNF), djfshsti ocshdceifti ie ue fjei
ni eãquhfc, ue fjei ni njeåfhj i ue njeåfhj ni tjpj. J ifniriìj w ww.rfp.or è ue
ixiepbj ni @SNF, jfni;
3 www; fjei nc eãquhfc (ju ajst)7
3 rfp; fjei nj njeåfhj7
3 or; njeåfhj ni tjpj.
Dcnc suoãrvjri è djfshnircnc pcrti ni ue njeåfhj. Fissi dcsj, ‒rfp― `cz pcr ti nj njeåfhj
‒or―. Jutrc shtucìäj è riìrifti c suonjeåfhjs niftrj nc prôprhc rini. Djfshniri j ifni -
riìj ww w.n`.rfp.or, fj qucb ‒n`― è uec suoãrvjri ni ‒rfp― i `cz pcr ti nissi njeåfhj.
C siluhr, cblufs ixiepbjs.
Njeåfhj rfp;
3 www.rfp.or; eãquhfc www fj njeåfhj rfp.or.
3 echb.rfp.or; eãquhfc echb fj njeåfhj rfp.or.
Njeåfhjn`.rfp.or ;
www.n`.rfp.or; eãquhfc www fj njeåfhj n`.rfp.or.

3
3 ; eãquhfc echb fj njeåfhj n`.rfp.or.
echb.n`.rfp.or
[jfcs ni cutjrhncni
3 ^ceoèe nifjehfcncs Ttcrt j` Cutajrht y (TJC). q
3 Njeåfhjs i zjfcs ni cutjrhncni fäj säj siepri shfþfhejs;
? Ye fjei ni njeåfhj si riìri c ue ûfhdj pjftj fj ispcìj ni fjeis.
? Yec zjfc ni cutjrhncni riìri-si cj bjdcb fj qucb is täj creczifcnjs js ncnjs
sjori cs eãquhfcs (ajsts) nj njeåfhj.
Dcnc fjei ni njeåfhj pjssuh ue rilhstrj ni zjfc ni cutjrhncni qui cprisiftc hf`jrec -
ìùis nj njeåfhj i nc zjfc ie qui j njeåfhj istã hfsirhnj. Iftri isscs hf`jrecìùis, ist äj;
3 Fjei nj sirvhnjr ni fjeis prheãrhj7

3 Ifniriìj ibitrþfhdj (i-echb) nj rispjfsãvib pibj njeåfhj7
3 Fûeirj ni sèrhi (sirhcb fueoir) nc zjfc7

3 Hftirvcbj ni ri`risa; hfnhdc j tiepj, ie silufnjs, qui j sir vhnjr ni fjeis sidufnãrhj T
F
N
nivi virhdcr pjr ctucbhzcìùis fj sirvhnjr ni fjeis prheãrhj7 -
3
3 Hftirvcbj ni ritry ; hfnhdc j tiepj, ie silufnjs, qui j sirvhnjr ni fjeis sidufnãrhj bj

u
åt
p
clucrnc pjr uec rispjstc nj sir vhnjr ni fjeis prheãrhj, cftis ni hfnhdcr uec `cbac7 c
D
3 îepj ni ixphri ; hf`jrec j tiepj, ie silufnjs, cpôs j qucb j sir vhnjr fäj echs ris -
pjfni pjr hf`jrecìùis ncquibc zjfc7
9
3 îepj ehfheue; hf`jrec j ^hei ^j Bhvi (^ ^B) ni`cubt dcsj j njeåfhj fäj ispidhqui
ue ^^B7
3 îepj ni vhnc, ^hei ^j Bhvi (^^B); vcbjr pcsscnj pibj sirvhnjr ni fjeis hfnhdcfnj, pcrc c
eãquhfc qui jrhlhfju c pirluftc, j tiepj qui c hf`jrecìäj pjni sir ecfthnc ie dcdai.
Ixirdådhj ni `hxcìäj 3 i
NFT cutajrhtcthvi cfswir
Sucb ncs cbtirfcthvcs c siluhr riprisiftc uec rispjstc fjf-cutajrhtcthvi cfswir qucfnj
ricbhzcejs uec djfsubtc c ue sirvhnjr ni NFT:
(3) Hfnhdc qui j ti epj ni vhnc (^ ^B) ixphrju.
(?) _iprisiftc uec rispjstc jrhlhfcnc nj d cdai bjdcb.
(4) Hfnhdc ue irrj fj rilhstrj TJC.
(>) _itjrfc c hf`jrecìäj nj prôxhej sirvhnjr NFT.
(9) Hfnhdc qui j dcdai nj sirvhnjr ni NFT ist ã ifvififcnj (NFT ]jhsjfhfl).
_ilhstrj ni ridursjs
3 ^jnjs js njeåfhjs pjnie tir ue djfkuftj ni rilhst rj ni ridursjs cssjdhcnj. q
3 C virncnihrc ùfìäj nj NFT è ecpicr fjeis ni njeåfhj ie rilhstrjs ni ridursj.
Ye rilhstrj ni ridursj è djepjstj pjr dhfdj dcepjs. Ieojrc ibis sikce djnhdcnjs ie
ohfãrhj pcrc echjr idhëfdhc, c echjrhc njs rilhstrjs ni ridursj è cprisiftcnc djej tix tj
ni CTDHH , sifnj uec bhfac pjr rilhstrj ni ridur sj, djej è ejstrcnj c siluhr; njeåfhj,
îepj ni vhnc (^ ^B), Dbcssi, ^hpj i Pcbjr.
J dcepj ‒Njeåfhj― riìri-si cj njeåfhj pcrc j qucb issi rilhstrj è cpbhdcnj. Fjrecb -
eifti, ixhstie euhtjs rilhstrjs pcrc dcnc njeåfhj i dcnc dôphc nj ocfdj ni ncnjs dcrrilc
hf`jrecìäj sjori eûbthpbjs njeåfhjs. Issi dcepj è c dacvi prheãrhc ni prjdurc uscnc pcrc
scths`czir cs ousdcs. C jrnie njs rilhstrjs fj ocfdj ni ncnjs fäj è shlfhdcfti. Sucfnj
uec ousdc è ìhtc sjori ue nitirehfcnj njeåfhj, säj nivjbvhnjs tjnjs js rilhstrjs
pinhnjs, iepcribacnjs ie dbcssi.
J dcepj ‒îepj ni vhnc― (^hei ^j Bhvi) nã uec hfnhdcìäj nj fåvib ni istcohbhncni nj rilhstrj.
t
i Hf`jrecìùis euhtj istãvihs ridioie vcbjr cbtj, djej 10>== (j fûeirj ni silufnjs ie ue
f
r
i
t
Hf
nhc). Hf`jrecìùis cbtceifti vjbãtihs tëe ue vcbjr piquifj, djej 0= (ue ehfutj).
c
r
c
p J tirdihrj dcepj ni tjnj rilhstrj ni ridur sj è c ‒Dbcssi―. ]crc hf`jrecìäj ni sirvhnjr
s
j
hì
v
hftirfit, è siepri HF. ]crc hf`jrecìùis fäj ribcdhjfcncs d je c hftirfit, säj us cnjs jutrjs
r
i dônhljs, qui fc prãthdc säj vhstjs rcrceifti.
T
;
x
u
hf J dcepj ‒^ hpj― `jrfidi c hf`jrecìäj nj thpj ni rilhstrj. Js thpjs echs hepjrtcftis säj;
B
s
c
e
ti Ttcrt j` Cutajrhty Hf`jrecthjf (TJC)
; djftèe hf`jrecìùis riìriftis cj sirvhnjr ni
s
h
T
3 fjeis NFT nj njeåfhj, virsäj nj ocfdj ni ncnjs NFT, i-echb nj cnehfhstrcnjr rispjf-
i
n
j sãvib pibj njeåfhj itd7
ä
ì
c
rt
s
3 ; ecftèe c tcoibc ni ifniriìjs H] njs ajsts ecftifnj djepcthohbhncni dje
C (Ajst Cnriss)
h
f h c tcoibc cfthlc ni ajsts. ]irehti ecpicr ue fjei ni ajst pcrc ue ju dcnc ifniriìj H]7
e
n
C
3 ; ispidhdc js sirv hnjris ni fjeis rispjfsãvihs pibj
Fcei Tirvir Hnifthdcthjf (FT)
njeåfhj, zjfc ju suozjfc7
0
3 ; pirehti jotir ue fjei ni ajst, c pcrthr nj djfaidh-
Lifircb ]urpjsi ]jhftir (]^_)
eiftj nj siu ifniriìj H]. È c djftrcpcrti nj rilhstrj C7
3 ; pirehti drhcr ue cpibhnj pcrc ue ajst . Issi rilhstrj è
Dcfjfhdcb Fcei Cbhcs (DFCEI)
ûthb pcrc jdubtcr nitcbais ni hepbieiftcìäj nc suc hftrcfit, pjr ixiepbj; `tp.ecrgithfl.
djrpjrcìäj.dje pjni sir cpifcs ue cpibhnj nj virncnihrj sirvhnjr qui ixidutc ` tp
nj ecrgithfl7
3 ; pirehti hnifthdcr prjprhincnis ni acrnwcri i nj Thstiec
Ajst Hf`jrecthjf (AHF@J)
Jpircdhjfcb nj ajst qui siräj ixhohncs tjnc viz qui j usuãrhj cdisscr issi ajst.
C pcnrjfhzcìäj ni hnifthdcìäj nj thpj ni D ]Y i nj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb nivi joinidir
cjs fjeis bhstcnjs fc _@D 3<==7
3 ; ecftèe hf`jrecìùis riìriftis cjs ajsts rispjfsãvihs pibj
ECHB Ixdacfli (EQ)
i-echb nj njeåfhj.
@hfcbeifti, fôs tiejs j dcepj ‒Pcbjr―. Issi dcepj pjni sir ue fûeirj, ue f jei ni
njeåfhj, ju ue djfkuftj ni dcrcdtiris CTDHH. C sieïfthdc nipifni nj thpj ni rilhstrj.
Djfshniri qui tjnjs js njeåfhjs pjnie tir cssjdhcnj ue djfkuftj ni rilhstrj ni ridursjs.
Djf`jrei eifdhjfcnj cftirhjreifti, uec zjfc ni cutjrhncni riìri-si c ue bjdcb jfni
istäj creczifcnjs js ncnjs sjori cs eãquhfcs nj njeåfhj.
^jnjs js rilhstrjs ni ue nitirehfcnj njeåfhj istäj ie uec zjfc ni cutjrhncni rispjf-

sãvib pjr isti. Fissi dcsj pjniejs tir, djfshnircfnj js njeåfhjs n`.rfp.or i rfp.or, nucs
zjfcs ni cutjrhncni. C prheihrc rispjfsãvib pibcs hf`jrecìùis riìriftis cjs sirvhnjris
ncquibi njeåfhj, i c silufnc, rispjfsãvib pibcs hf`jrecìùis njs sirvhnjris nj jutrj
njeåfhj. Fissi dcsj, pjniejs tir;
3 Tirvhnjr 3; TJC nj njeåfhj rfp.or i rispjfsãvib pibcs hf`jrecìùis ni NFT niss c rini7
3 Tirvhnjr ?; TJC nj njeåfhj n`.rfp.or i rispjfsãvib pibcs hf`jrecìùis ni NFT nissc rini.
Issis sirvhnjris pjnie istcr hfdbushvi ie bjdcbhncnis nhìriftis, sie ribcìäj nhritc (prh -
eãrhj i sidufnãrhj) ue dje j jutrj.
Js rilhstrjs nj ocfdj ni ncnjs nj NFT pjssuie j siluhfti `jrectj;
2fjei6 2^^B6 2dbcssi6 2thpj6 2ncnjs6
3 Fjei; hnifthdc j jokitj. Ixiepbj; ue djeputcnjr7

3 ^^B ; tiepj qui j rilhstrj nivi sir ecfthnj ie dcdai7
3 Dbcssi; nifi j thpj ni sir vhnjr.
? Tirvhnjr Hftirfit (HF); pcnräj.
3 ^hpj; nifi j thpj ni rilhstrj7
3 Ncnjs; ncnjs ispidådjs pcrc j thpj ni rilhstrj ni ridursj.
? Ixiepbj; thpj C djftèe ue ifniriìj7 thpj EQ djftèe prhjrhncni i ifniriìj.
Js rilhstrjs nj ocfdj ni ncnjs nj NFT säj `jrecnjs pjr dhfdj dcepjs;
3 Fjei7
T
3 ^hei ^j Bhvi (^^B)7 F
-
N
3
3 Dbcssi7 bj
u
åt
3 ^hpj7 p
c
D
3 Ncnjs.
<
2fjei62^^B62dbcssi62thpj62ncnjs6
Ixiepbj; www 0=>1== HF C ?==.34=.<<.<9
^hpj Nisdrhìäj Pcbjr
TJC Hfådhj ni cutjrhncni Hf`jrecìùis nj njeåfhj i nc zjfc
C Ecpiceiftj ni fjei pcrc ifniriìj Ifniriìj H]v> (4? ohts)
]^_ Ecpiceiftj ni ifniriìj pcrc fjei Cbhcs pcrc ifniriìj H]
EQ Tirvhnjrni djrrihjibitrþfhdj Njeåfhj i prhjrhncni
FT Tirvhnjrnifjeis Fjeiniuesirvhnjrnifjeis
DFCEI Fjeidcfþfhdj(pcrccbhcs) Fjeifjnjeåfhj
AHF@J Hf`jrecìùis sjori j djeputcnjr _idursjs ni acrnwcri i sj`tw cri ^coibc 3.3
tcoibc ni thpjs ni
^Q ^ Hf`jrecìùistixtuchs Hf`jrecìäjniusjlircb rilhstrjs.
_ibieorcfnj; rilhstrj ni ridursj è ue djfkuftj ni dhfdj dcepjs, djnhdcnjs fjrecbeifti

ie CTDHH, dje dcnc rilhstrj jdupcfnj uec bhfac nj crquhvj. Dcnc rilhstrj è djepjstj pjr;
fcei, ^hei ^j Bhvi, typi, dbcss i vcbui. Jfni fcei è j fjei nj ridursj (qui pjni sir ue
djeputcnjr, uec heprissjrc itd. ), ^ ^B è j tiepj ni nurcìäj nc vcbhncni nc hf`jrecìäj ie
silufnjs, typi è j thpj ni rilhstrj, dbcss hfnhdc c qui dbcssi c hf`jrecìäj pirtifdi i vcbui è
j djftiûnj, qui nipifni nj pcrïeitrj typi. J pcrïeitrj typi pjni sir;
3 ; djftèe hf`jrecìùis sjori j njeåfhj i zjfc7

Ttcrt J` Cutajrhty (TJC)
3 Cnnriss (C); ifniriìj H]v> dje 4? ohts7
3 ]jhftir (]^_); cssjdhc ue ifniriìj H] c ue fjei7
3 ; hnifthdc j sir vhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj7

Echb iQdacfli (EQ)
3 ; fjei ni ue sir vhnjr ni NFT fj njeåfhj7

Fcei Tirvir (FT)
3 ; fjei nj ridursj fj njeåfhj7

Dcfjfhdcb FCEI (DFCEI)
3 ; hf`jrecìùis pirthfiftis cj acrnwcri7

Acrnwcri HF@Jrecthjf (AHF@J)
3 îQ^ (^Q^); hf`jrecìùis lirchs.
Cbèe nissis pcrïeitrjs, ixhstie jut rjs eifjs uthbhzcnjs;

t
i
f
r
i
t
3 CCCC ; ecpihc fjeis pcrc ifniriìjs H]v0 dje 3?1 ohts7
Hf
r
c
c 3 HTNF; ecpihc fjeis pcrc fûeirjs ni tibi`jfi.
p
s ^jnj njeåfhj, sifnj ue shepbis ajst ju ue njeåfhj ni fåvib echs cbtj, pjni tir ue djf-
j
hì
v kuftj ni rilhstrjs ni ridursj cssjdhcnj c ibi. ]crc ue ajst qucbquir, j rilhstrj ni ridursj
r
i
T
;
x echs djeue è sjeifti siu H] , ieojrc ixhstce euhtjs jutrjs thpjs ni rilhs trjs ni ridursj.
u
hf Sucfnj ue risjbvir ifvhc ue fjei ni njeåfhj cj NFT, j qui vjbtc è j rilhstrj ni ridursj
B
s
c cssjdhcnj dje cquibi fjei. Csshe, c virncnihrc ùfìäj ni NFT è ecpicr fjeis ni
e
ti njeåfhj sjori rilhstrjs ni ridursj.
s
h
T
i
n
j Js thpjs ni ncnjs nifie j thpj ni rilhstrj, j qui euhtcs vizis pirehti hnifth dcr j thpj
ä
ì
c
rt ni sirvhnjr.
sh
f
n
h
e 3 TJC; hnifthdc j sirvhnjr Ttcr t j` Cutajrhty nj njeåfhj7
C
3 C i ]^_; hnifthdce sirv hnjris uthbhzcnjs rispidthvceifti ie ecpiceiftj nhritj
i rivirsj7
1
3 EQ; hnifthdc ue sirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj nj njeåfhj. Nivi sir cdjepcfacnj ni ue
fûeirj ni prhjrhncni dcsj ixhstc echs ni ue sirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj fj njeåfhj7
b
3 FT; hfnhdc j sirvhnjr ni fjeis nj njeåfhj7
Issi thpj ni djfsubtc è
uscnj `riquiftieift i 3 DFCEI; hfnhdc fjei dcfþfhdj, j qui pirehti c ue nitirehfcnj sir vhnjr rispjfnir pjr
ie nhclfôsthdjs i fc echs ni ue fjei7
bjdcbhzcìäj ni ue
spceeir ju acdgir. 3 AHF@J; hfnhdc hf`jrecìäj sjori j acrnwcri i sj` twcri7 pjudj uthbhzcnj fc prãthdc7
3 ^Q ^; hfnhdc hf`jrecìùis ni usj lircb.
Ecpiceiftj nhritj i rivirsj

J ecpiceiftj nhritj è uthbhzcnj fc trcnuìäj ni fjeis ie ifniriìjs H], qui sirã uthbhzcnj
djej nisthfctãrhj nj pcdjti c sir trcfsehthnj pibc rini.
NFT
?
Sucb j ifniriìj Tirvhnjr
ni echb.rfp.or: NFT rchz
4
3 >
NFT NFT
Tirvhnjr
1 9
NFT or
_ispjstc; Tirvhnjr
0
?==.34=.41.00 NFT bjdcb
NFT
@hlurc 3.?
< Tirvhnjr
Ecpiceiftj
nhritj. NFT rfp
C djfsubtc silui ue iftri njhs prjdissjs;
3 J djeputcnjr nj usuãrhj ifdcehfac uec djfsubtc cj sirv hnjr NFT prisifti ie suc
rini bjdcb. Djej isti fäj tie c hf`jrecìäj ie siu ocfdj ni ncnjs, prjdinirã dje
vãrhcs djfsubtcs ctè c nitirehfcìäj nj ifniriìj H] cssjdhcnj cj fjei hf`jrecnj.
Ie ûbthec hfstïfdhc, quie hf`jrecrã j ifniriìj H] cssjdhcnj è j sir vhnjr NFT nc rini
ni nisthfj. ^jncvhc, pcrc bjdcbhzcìäj nj sirvhnjr NFT nc ri ni ni nisthfj, è ìhtc uec
djfsubtc c ue sirv hnjr rchz nc hftirfit pcrc c nitirehfcìäj nj njeåfhj ni tjpj. Ie
siluhnc è ìhtc uec djfsubtc sjori c eãquhfc rispjfsãvib pibj NFT nj njeåfhj prjdu -
rcnj. ]jr ûbthej è ìhtc uec djfsubtc cj sir vhnjr NFT nc rini ni nis thfj, qui pjr suc
viz hf`jrecrã j ifniriìj H] nc eãquhfc nisikcnc7
3 J sirv hnjr NFT bjdcb kã pjssuh ie dcdai j ifniriìj prjdurcnj. Fissi dcsj, c rispjst c è
ifvhcnc nhritceifti cj djeputcnjr qui ìz c djfsubtc, sie fidisshncni ni ifdcehfacr
djfsubtcs c jutrjs sirvhnjris.
J ecpiceiftj rivirsj è uthbhzcnj fc trcnuìäj ni ifniriìjs H] ie fjeis, fc djfsubtc

ifdcehfacnc cj sirvhnjr NFT nc rini bjdcb. J sirvhnjr NFT bjdcb djfsubtc ue sirvhnjr NFT
T
rchz i ie siluhnc j sirv hnjr NFT fc rini ni nis thfj. J fjei è iftäj pcsscnj cj djepu - F
N
-
tcnjr qui iìtuju c djfsubtc. 3
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
8
Sucb j fjei nc
eãquhfc dje H] @hlurc 3.4
?==.34=.<<.<9: NFT J ecpiceiftj
? rivirsj ie
Tirvhnjr ùfdhjfceiftj.
3
NFT NFT rchz
4
>
0 Tirvhnjr
_ispjstc; Tirvhnjr _isp.
www.rfp.or NFT bjdcb 9 Dbcssi D
?==.34=.<<
_isjbvir (risjbvinjr); dbhifti

3 Iìtuc c ejftclie ncs djfsubtcs. q
3 Ohobhjtidc ni rjthfcs bhfg-inhtcnc c qucbquir cpbhdcìäj qui nisikc tir ue ifniriìj
trcnuzhnj.
3 Ysc j crquhvj /itd/risjbv.djf` pcrc bjdcbhzcr j sirvhnjr NFT.
? Fcein; sirvhnjr ni fjeis.
3 Nciejf (sirvhìj) rispjfni ís djfsubtcs iìtucncs.
J sj`t wcri ni sirv hìjs ni fjeis nj NFT è nhvhnhnj djfdihtucbeifti ie njhs djepjfiftis;
3 ; eônubj ni sj`twcri rispjfsãvib pibc ejftclie ncs djfsubtcs7

‒_isjbvir― (bcnj dbhifti)
3 ; prjdissj rispjfsãvib pjr rispjfnir ís pirluftcs, `jrfi -

Fcein (sirvhnjr ni fjeis)
difnj cs rispjstcs cprjprhcncs.
C hepbieiftcìäj echs djeueifti ifdjftrcnc nj NFT, tcftj pcrc j risjbvir qucftj
pcrc j sirvhnjr ni fjeis, è dacecnc Oirgibiy Hftirfit Fcei Njechf Tirvir (OHFN) pcrc
ceohiftis Yfhx.
J risjbvir fäj ixhsti djej ue prjdissj nhsthftj ixidutcnj fj djeputcnjr. Ibi è, fc

ricbhncni, uec ohobhjtidc ni rjthfcs ni sj` twcri (dacecncs dônhlj nj risjbvir) qui è bhlcnc
(bhfg-inhtcnc) c qucbquir cpbhdcìäj qui nisikc trcnuzhr ifniriìjs. Issc ohobhjtidc scoi djej
sjbhdhtcr nj sirv hnjr ni fjeis hf`jrecìùis c rispihtj ni uec nitirehfcnc istcìäj.
Nj pjftj ni vhstc ni uec cpbhdcìäj, j cdissj cj NFT si nã pibj usj ni ue eônubj ni
t
i sj`twcri dacecnj risjbvir, qui `cz pcr ti nc prôprhc cpbhdcìäj, hstj è, ibi fäj `cz pcr ti nj
f
r
i
t
Hf
fûdbij nj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb ( kã js prjtjdjbjs ^D]/H] säj bhlcnjs cj fûdbij).
c
r
c
p Js prjtjdjbjs ^D]/H] fj fûdbij fäj djfaidie fcnc c rispihtj nj NFT. Yec cpbhdcìäj (ju ue
s
j
hì
v
sirvhìj fäj trcfspcrifti ^D]/H]) pridhsc trcnuzhr j ifniriìj sheoôbhdj ni siu djeputcnjr
r
i ajspinihrj pcrc ue ifniriìj H] cftis ni pjnir hfhdhcr uec djfixäj ni trcfspjrti (^D] ju
T
;
x
u YN]), i è j risjbvir qui `cz issc trcnuìäj. J risjbvir si djeufhdc djej js sirvhnjris ni
hf
B
s fjeis, lircbeifti, pjr eihj ni djfixùis YN]. ]crc iìtucr c trcnuìäj, j risjbvir djftctc
c
e
ti ue ju echs sirvhnjris ni fjeis fc rini, djf`jrei hfnhdcnj fj crquhvj /itd/risjbv.djf`.
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
3=
Tirvhnjr NFT
3 Sucfnj ue risjbvinjr iìtuc uec djfsubtc, istc è ifvhcnc c ue sirvhnjr ni
fjeis bjdcb.
q
3 Ti j njeåfhj djfsubtcnj isthvir sjo c kur hsnhìäj nj sirvhnjr ni f jeis, issi ritjr-
fcrã js ncnjs jdhchs.
3 Ju djfsubtcrã j dcdai, qui creczifc cs djfsubtcs iìtucncs ridiftieifti.
? Cs hf`jrecìùis fj dcdai pjnie istcr nisctucbhzcncs.
Tirvhnjris N FT `czie c trcnuìäj ni fjeis ni njeåfhj ie fûeirjs H]. Hssj pjni pcridir
ue trcocbaj shepbis, i sirhc, si fäj `jssi pjr quctrj `ctjris;
3 Ixhstie ohbaùis ni ifniriìjs H] ctucbeifti ie usj, i c echjrhc ncs eãquhfcs pjssuie

ue fjei7
3 C qucfthncni ni sjbhdhtcìùis ìhtcs cjs sirv hnjris NFT cbdcfìc c dcsc ni euhtjs ohbaùis
ie cpifcs ue nhc7
3 Fjeis ni njeåfhj i fûeirjs H] sj`rie cbtircìùis nhãrhcs7
3 Fjvjs njeåfhjs säj drhcnjs nhcrhceifti.
J shstiec NFT è ue heifsj ocfdj ni ncnjs, i fifaue jutrj ocfdj ni ncnjs ridioi tcftcs
sjbhdhtcìùis. Fifaue ocfdj ni ncnjs fj pbcfitc tie ehbaùis ni pissjcs ejnhdcfnj siu
djftiûnj, nhcrhceifti. Issis `ctjris è qui `czie j sirvhìj NFT sir täj ispidhcb.
J nciejf ie ixiduìäj fj sirvhnjr NFT ‒isdutc― fc pjrt c 94 pjr djfsubtcs ìhtcs c jutrjs
djeputcnjris. J sirv hnjr prjdurc bjdcbeifti ie suc ocsi ni ncnjs ju ifdcehfac c djf -
subtc c jutrjs sir vhnjris (rchz, njeåfhj ni tjpj i njeåfhj).
Dcsj j sirvhnjr rispjfsãvib pibj NFT fj njeåfhj sikc djfsubtcnj, ritjrfcrã js ncnjs jdhchs.
^hpjs ni sirvhnjris NFT

Ixhstie trës thpjs ni sirvhnjris NFT. q
3 Tirvhnjr prheãrhj (ecstir);
? Ecftèe cs hf`jrecìùis djepbitcs sjori js njeåfhjs qui cnehfhstrc.
? Ctucbhzcìùis nivie sir ìhtcs fj sirvhnjr prheãrhj.
3 Tirvhnjr sidufnãrhj (sbcvi);
? Ecftèe dôphcs njs ncnjs nhspjfhohbhzcnjs fj sirv hnjr prheãrhj.
? Ctuc eisej dje j sirvhnjr prheãrhj hfnhspjfåvib.
? ]jnie ixhsthr eûbthpbjs sirvhnjris sidufnãrhjs.
3 Tirvhnjr dcdai (dctdahfl);
? Fäj ecftèe hf`jrecìùis sjori js njeåfhjs, cpifcs ripcssc cs sjbhdhtcìùis ridi -
ohncs pcrc jutrjs sirvhnjris riejtjs.
? Ecftèe rispjstcs ni djfsubtcs iìtucncs cftirhjreifti.

? Js ncnjs pjssuie tiepjs ni vhnc (^^B) p crc pjsshohbhtcr j nisdcrti ni vcbjris T
F
N
nisctucbhzcnjs. -
3
? Ythbhzcnjs tceoèe pcrc cueiftj ni nhspjfhohbhncni i nisiepifaj, cbhvhcfnj c bj

u
åt
p
dcrlc sjori js sirvhnjris prheãrhj i sidufnãrhjs. c
D
33
Dje j OHFN, dcnc istcìäj usc j dônhlj nj risjbvir, pjrèe, fie tjncs cs istcìùis ixi-
dutce j prjdissj sirvhnjr ni fjeis. Yec istcìäj qui fäj ixidutc ue prjdissj sirvhnjr
ni fjeis bjdcbeifti i nipifni ni jutrcs is tcìùis pcrc djfsiluhr cs rispjstcs pcrc sius
sirvhìjs ni fjeis è dacecnc shstiec risjbvinjr (risjbvir -jfby sy stie). Cs djflurcìùis
sjeifti risjbvinjrcs säj djeufs cpifcs ie istcìùis sie nhsdj (nhsgbiss). C lrcfni
echjrhc ncs istcìùis ixidutc bjdcbeifti ue prjdissj sirvhnjr ni fjeis.
J sirv hnjr ni fjeis nj OHFN è i xidutcnj djej ue prjdissj nhsthftj dacecnj fcein
(nciejf). Js sirvhnjris ni fjeis säj dbcsshdcnjs ni nhìriftis ecfihrcs, nipifnifnj nj
ejnj djej istikce djflurcnjs. Cs trës prhfdhpchs dctiljrhcs ni sir vhnjris ni fjeis säj;
3 ; sirvhnjr c pcrthr nj qucb tjnjs js ncnjs c rispihtj ni ue

Tirvhnjr ]rheãrhj (ecstir)
njeåfhj säj jrhlhfcnjs. J sirvhnjr prheãrhj `cz c dcrlc ncs hf`jrecìùis c rispihtj nj
njeåfhj nhritceifti c pcrthr ni ue crquhvj ni ispidhdcìùis, fj `jrectj tixtj, drhcnj
pibj cnehfhstrcnjr ni shstiecs. Js sirv hnjris prheãrhjs säj cutjrhzcnjs, hstj è, tëe
hf`jrecìùis djepbitcs i ctucbhzcncs c rispihtj ni sius njeåfhjs. Tô pjni ixhsthr ue
ûfhdj sirvhnjr prheãrhj pcrc dcnc njeåfhj. Ie jutrcs pcbcvrcs, issi sirvhnjr i xidutc j
sirvhìj NFT i è c `jfti cutjrhzcnc ni hf`jrecìùis sjori ue njeåfhj, jotifnj hf`jrec -
ìùis sjori j njeåfhj ni crquhvjs bjdchs qui nivie sir ecfthnjs pibj siu cnehfhstrcnjr7
3 ; sirvhnjris pcrc js quchs uec ocsi ni ncnjs djepbitc,
Tirvhnjr Tidufnãrhj (sbcvi)
riìrifti c ue nitirehfcnj njeåfhj, è jothnc c pcrthr nj sirvhnjr prheãrhj. Yec ocsi
ni ncnjs djrrispjfnifti c ue nitirehfcnj njeåfhj, ripbhdcnc fj sirvhnjr sidufnãrhj,
è dacecnc ni crquhvj ni zjfc. Djphcr uec ocsi ni ncnjs ni ue sir vhnjr prheãrhj
pcrc ue sirv hnjr sidufnãrhj lcrcfti qui ibi siepri tirã hf`jrecìùis ctuchs sjori ue
njeåfhj pjr eihj ni trcfsìrëfdhcs pirhônhdcs ni crquhvjs ni zjfc pcrc issi njeåfhj.
Js sirv hnjris sidufnãrhjs säj cutjrhzcnjs sjeifti pcrc sius njeåfhjs. Ie jutrcs
pcbcvrcs, issi sirvhnjr ixidutc j sir vhnjr NFT, ecs jotèe hf`jrecìùis sjori j njeåfhj
qui istã sirv hfnj c pcrthr nj sirvhnjr pr heãrhj. Ctifni c djfsubtcs NFT eise j qui j
sirvhnjr prheãrhj istikc hfnhspjfåvib, ctucfnj fissi dcsj djej ue sirvhnjr ni ocdgup.
3 ; sirvhnjris ridioie cs rispjst cs pcrc tjncs cs djfsubtcs ni
Tirvhnjr dcdai (dctdahfl)
sirvhìjs ni fjeis qui viface ni jutrjs sirvhnjris ni fjeis. Sucfnj ue sir vhnjr
dcdai ridioi uec rispjstc pcrc ue c djfsubtc, ibi lucrnc issc hf`jrecìäj pcrc uthbhzã-bc
ie jutrcs djfsubtcs qui viface c jdjrrir. C echjrhc njs sirvhnjris ni fjeis creczifc
rispjstcs ie eieôrhc dcdai i cs uthbhzc niss c ecfihrc. J qui tjrfc js sir vhnjris ni
dctdahfl hepjrtcftis è qui is sc tèdfhdc è c ûfhdc uthbhzcnc fc djfstruìäj ni suc ocsi ni
t
i ncnjs pcrc j njeåfhj djrrispjfnifti.
f
r
i
t
Hf Tirvhnjris d cdai fäj säj cutjrhzcnjs, hstj è, sucs hf`jrecìùis pjnie istcr hfdjepbitcs
c
r
c
p ju nisctucbhzcncs, cpiscr ni lircbeifti istcrie djiriftis. Ctuce sjeifti pcrc creczi -
s
j
hì
v
fceiftj ni djfsubtcs prèvhcs. Tuc prhfdhpcb ùfìäj ie uec nitirehfcnc rini ju suo -rini
r
i è cueiftcr c djfcohbhncni i j nisiepifaj ni djfsubtcs NFT, cbhvhcfnj c dcrlc sjori js
T
;
x
u sirvhnjris pr heãrhj i sidufnãrhjs nc rini.
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
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T
i
n
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ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
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C
3?
Tirvhnjr NFT
NFT
prheãrhj
^rcfsìrëfdhc
^rcfsìrëfdhc
ni zjfcs
ni zjfcs
Tirvhnjr NFT Tirvhnjr NFT
NFT NFT
sidufnãrhj sidufnãrhj
Djfsubtcs
Djfsubtcs
Djfsubtcs
@hlurc 3.>
^hpjs ni
sirvhnjris NFT. Istcìùis ni usuãrhj
Tirvhnjris rchz NFT

Yec ojc prãthdc, ie
rinis ni lrcfni pjrti,
b
3 C zjfc ni rjjt è j fåvib echs cbtj fc ahircrquhc nj shstiec NFT. q
è j usj ni ue sirvhnjr 3 Issc zjfc cdjejnc c hnifthdcìäj njs 34 sirvhnjris rchz ni NFT.
prheãrhj cpjhcnj pjr
ue ju njhs sirvhnjris
3 Ecfthnc pibc Hftirfit Csshlfin Fueoirs Cutajrhty (HCFC ), vhfdubcnc í Hftirfit
sidufnãrhjs pcrc tjnc Djrpjrcthjf `jr Csshlfin Fceis cfn Fueoirs (HDCFF).
c rini, djbjdcfnj
sirvhnjris ni dcdai ie
3 ^jnj sirvhnjr NFT nivi pjssuhr uec riìrëfdhc cjs sir vhnjris rchz, uthbhzcnjs djej
nitirehfcncs pjftj hfhdhcb ni djfsubtc pibjs sirvhnjris NFT nc rini.
suo-rinis pcrc
J sirvhìj NFT è issifdhcb cj ùfdhjfceiftj njs prhfdhpchs prjtjdjbjs uthbhzcnjs fc hftirfit.
cueiftj ni nisie-
pifaj i djfcohbhncni, Djej si trctc ni ue pjftj dråthdj pcrc tjnc c rini eufnhcb ni djeputcnjris, issis trizi
djf`jrei eifdhjfcnj. sirvhnjris istäj ispcbacnjs pibj pbcfitc.
Dcnc ue nissis trizi sir vhnjris è ni rispjfscohbhncni ni ue jpircnjr, qui js crrcfkc ie

suc echjrhc ie djfkuftj ni eûbthpbjs sirvhnjris, nifjehfcnjs dbustirs, bjdcbhzcnjs euhtcs
vizis ie nhìriftis dhncnis i pcåsis.
Istruturc nj NFT fj Bhfux

3 Tirvhnjr; q
? Ixidutãvib.
? Crquhvj ni djflurcìäj fcein.djf`.
? Crquhvj ni ecpcs nc rini (zjfcs).
? Crquhvj pcrc bjdcbhzcìäj nj sirvhnjr NFT ( risjbv.djf` ).
3 Dbhifti;
? Crquhvj pcrc bjdcbhzcìäj nj sirvhnjr NFT ( risjbv.djf` ).
Fjs Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs Bhfux, c istrut urc ixhstifti ùfdhjfc dje sirvhnjris i dbhiftis.
Fjs sirvhnjris dce tjnjs js crquhvjs qui djepùie j ocfdj ni ncnjs NFT; djflurcìäj
(fcein.djf` ), ecpcs ni rini i j risjbv.djf`, qui cpjftc pcrc js sirvhnjris NFT. T
F
N
-
Fjs dbhiftis, cpifcs j crquhvj risjbv.djf` è fidissãrhj. Ye sirv hnjr ni NFT tie djej 3
bj
jokithvj `czir c djfvirsäj iftri fjeis ni djeputcnjris i sius fûeirjs H]. J prjlrcec u
åt
p
(nciejf) rispjfsãvib pibc tcri`c è j /usr/ohf/fcein, qui è pcrti nj pcdjti OHFN. ]crc j c
D
ùfdhjfceiftj djrritj nj NFT, cblufs crquhvjs säj fidissãrhjs pcrc c suc djflurcìäj.
34
Js crquhvjs pjnie tir qucbquir fjei, ecs nivie is tcr nifhnjs ie fcein.djf` (cquh
istcejs uscfnj js pcnrùis nc hftirfit).
3 ; prhfdhpcb crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr NFT7

/itd/ohfn/fcein.djf`
3 ; crquhvj qui cpjftc pcrc ajsts ixtirfjs, issifdhcb qucfnj j sirvhnjr

/itd/ohfn/no.rjjt
isthvir sifnj uthbhzcfnj fc hftirfit7
3 ; rispjfsãvib pibc risjbuìäj nhritc nj njeåfhj bjdcbajst7
itd/ohfn/no.bjdcb
3 ; rispjfsãvib pibc risjbuìäj rivirsc nj njeåfhj 3?<.=.=.=7

/itd/ohfn/no.3?<
3 ; rispjfsãvib pibc risjbuìäj nhritc nj njeåfhj

/itd/ohfn/no.ieprisc.dje.or
ieprisc.dje.or7
3 /itd/ohfn/no.Q.301.38? ; rispjfsãvib pibc risjbuìäj rivirsc nj njeåfhj
ieprisc.dje.or, supjfnj qui c rini pjssuh ifniriìj ni rini
38?.301.Q.=/?99.?99.?99.=.
C istruturc nj sirvhìj NFT fj Bhfux, csshe djej ie jutrjs shstiecs, djfshsti ie uec
crquhtiturc dbhifti/sirvhnjr. Fj sirvhnjr aã cblufs crquhvjs, djej;
3 fcein; crquhvj ixidutãvib (nciejf)7
3 fcein.djf`; crquhvj ni djflurcìäj bhnj pibj ixidutãvib fj ejeiftj ni suc

hfhdhcbhzcìäj7
3 ; crquhvjs dje cs hf`jrecìùis sjori j (s) njeåfhj(s)
Crquhvjs ni ecpcs nc rini
djftrjbcnj(s) pibj sirvhnjr7
3 risjbv.djf`; crquhvj uthbhzcnj pibj risjbvinjr, prisifti tcftj fj sirv hnjr qucftj fcs
istcìùis Bhfux.
Crquhvj ni djf`hlurcìäj ‑fcein.djf`‘

J crquhvj fcein.djf` pjssuh c siluhfti istruturc;
3 Jpìùis ni`cubt.
3 Nifhìäj ncs zjfcs.
q
? Dcdai.
? Bjjpocdg rivirsj.
? Njeåfhj nhritj.
t
i
? Njeåfhj rivirsj.
f
r
i
t
Hf
Issi è j crquhvj qui djftèe cs hf`jrecìùis riìriftis c dcnc uec ncs zjfcs cnehfhstrcncs.
c
r
c
p Crquhvj ni djflurcìäj NFT; ‑fcein.djf`‘
s
j
hì
v cdb hftirfj { 3<?.30.<?.=/?>7 38?.301.=.3/?>7 }7
r
i
T
; cdb ixtirfj { ?==.341.49.?4=7 }7
x
u
hf jpthjfs {
B
s
c nhridtjry ‒/vcr/fcein―7
e
ti `jrwcrnirs {
s
h
T
i ?==.??3.33.3==7
n
j
ä ?==.??3.33.3=37
ì
c
rt
sh
ixtirfj7
f h
e }7
n
C cbbjw-trcfsìr { fjfi7 }7
cbbjw-quiry { hftirfj7 ixtirfj7 }7
3>
cbbjw-ridurshjf { hftirfj7 }7
}7
zjfi ‒.― HF {
typi ahft7
`hbi ‒dcdahfl-ixcepbi/fcein.dc―7
}7
zjfi ‒bjdcbajst― HF {
typi ecstir7
`hbi ‒dcdahfl-ixcepbi/bjdcbajst.zjfi―7
cbbjw-upncti { fjfi7 }7
}7
zjfi ‒=.=.3?<.hf-cnnr.crpc― HF {
typi ecstir7
`hbi ‒dcdahfl-ixcepbi/fcein.bjdcb―7
cbbjw-upncti { fjfi7 }7
}7
zjfi ‒shti.bjdcb― HF {
typi ecstir7
`hbi ‒shti.bjdcb.zjfi―7
cbbjw-trcfsìr { 38?.301.=.37 ixtirfj7 }7
}7
zjfi ‒rfp.or― HF {
typi sbcvi7
`hbi sbcvi.rfp.or7
ecstirs { ?==.34=.<<.087 }7
}7
3 jpthjfs; nisdrivi cs jpìùis ni hfhdhcbhzcìäj nj OHFN7
3 nhridtjry; nhritôrhj jfni dce js crquhvjs ni ocfdj ni ncnjs nj njeåfhj7
3 `jrwcrnirs; ifniriìjs H] njs sirvhnjris uthbhzcnjs pcrc sjbhdhtcìùis NFT qucfnj j sirvhnjr
fäj sjuoir risjbvir7
3 zjfi; zjfc qui sirã djflurcnc7
3 typi; j thpj ni cpbhdcìäj nc zjfc fj siu sir vhnjr NFT7
3 ecstir; sirvhnjr prheãrhj7
3 sbcvi; sirvhnjr cbtirfcthvj7
3 bi; dcehfaj nj crquhvj ni ocfdj ni ncnjs nj njeåfhj shtucnj fc pcstc /vcr/fcein 7
cbbjw-upncti
; ispidhdc quchs njs sirvhnjris nc zjfc siräj ctucbhzcnjs. Fj dcsj, fifaue7
3
3 cbbjw-trcfsìr; sirvhnjris qui pjssuie c pirehssäj ni sirie ‒sbcvis―. Csshe, ivhtc
T
F
pbãlhj ni NFT. N
-
3
3 cbbjw-quiry; nifi cs eãquhfcs qui pjnie `czir djfsubtcs fj sirv hnjr ni NFT. bj
u
åt
p
c
D
39
J crquhvj /itd/ohfn/fcein.djf` è j prhfdhpcb crquhvj nj O HFN, i è j rispjfsãvib pibcs hf`jr -
ecìùis uscncs pcrc qui j sirv hìj sikc ricbhzcnj. J crquhvj pjssuh hf`jrecìùis riìriftis
cj nhritôrhj jfni istäj js crquhvjs ni ncnjs nj N FT, js sirv hnjris sidufnãrhjs, cs zjfcs
ctifnhncs, iftri jutrcs hf`jrecìùis pirthfiftis.
J crquhvj ni djflurcìäj fcein.djf` pjssuh uec sèrhi ni dbãusubcs qui säj bhncs pibj nciejf.
Isscs dbãusubcs säj istruturcs qui clrupce stctieifts ribcdhjfcncs, qui säj djej nhrithvcs
qui fjrtihce j djftrjbi nj djepjrtceiftj nj sirvhnjr ie ribcìäj c vãrhcs shtucìùis.
_ibcìäj ni dbãusubcs qui pjnie sir uthbhzcncs;
3 ; nifi uec ju echs bhstcs ni djftrjbi ni cdissj, lrupj

Cddiss Djftrjb Bhst (CDB) ni
ajsts i usuãrhjs7
3 Djftrjbs; nisdrivi i djftrjbc j cdissj cj dcfcb ni djftrjbi uthbhzcnj pibj cnehfhstrcnjr
dje c dacvi rfnd (_iejti Fcei Nciejf Djftrjb) 7
3 hfdbuni; fäj è prjprhceifti uec dbãusubc, ecs riìrëfdhc c jutrjs crquhvjs jfni pjnie
sir djbjdcncs dbãusubcs qui hfuifdhce fj ùfdhjfceiftj nj sirvhnjr, i qui istäj ie
sipcrcnj fjrecbeifti pjr quistùis ni silurcfìc ju `cdhbhncni ni cnehfhstrcìäj7
3 giy; nifi dacvis uthbhzcncs ie jpircìùis qui ixhlie cutifthdcìäj7
3 bjllhfl; nifi j fåvib ni bjl i c bjdcbhzcìäj njs crquhvjs ni bjl7
3 bwris; prjprhincnis nj OHFN qucfnj usc ue risjbvinjr bivi7
3 jpthjfs; stctieifts pcrc djftrjbi ni jpìùis lifèrhdcs ju lbjochs, qui p jnie sir sjori-
pjstcs pjr djflurcìùis fjs crquhvjs ni zjfc7
3 sirvir; nifi j djepjrtceiftj nj sirvhnjr cj rispjfnir ju cdisscr ue sirvhnjr riejtj7
3 trustin-giys; nifi jpìùis pcrc cdissjs qui ixhlie cutifthdcìäj7
3 vhiw; djftrjbc cs ùfdhjfcbhncnis nj OHFN ie ùfìäj nj ifniriìj nj ajst 7
3 zjfi; nifi cs zjfcs ecfthncs pibj sirvhnjr.
Cs hf`jrecìùis nhspjfhohbhzcncs pjr eihj njs stctieifts fj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj

pjnie chfnc sir djfshnircncs ie rczäj nc ùfìäj qui djftrjbce;
3 quirhis; djftrjbce j djepjrtceiftj ncs quirhis7
3 trcfsìr; djftrjbce j djepjrtceiftj ncs trcfsìrëfdhcs ni zjfcs7
3 jpircthjfs; djftrjbce j dje pjrtceiftj nj sirv hnjr7

t
i
f
r
i
3 sidurhty; djftrjbce j djepjrtceiftj nj sirv hnjr ie ribcìäj í silurcfìc7
t
Hf
r
c 3 stcthsthds; djftrjbce j djepjrtceiftj nc pcrti ni bjl nj sirvhnjr.
c
p
s Yec bhstc djepbitc njs stctieifts pjni sir ifdjftrcnc fc njdueiftcìäj nj OHFN 8.
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
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c
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sh
f h
e
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C
30
Crquhvjs ni ecpcs nc rini
3 Ixiepbj ni crquhvj ni ecpc ni rini; q
3 [jfc ni njeåfhj nhritj; rini ixiepbj.dje
7 crquhvj no.zjfi
$^^B 0=>1==
M HF TJC ecr.ixiepbj.dje. rjjt.ecr.ixiepbj.dje. (
? 7 Tirhcb
0=>1== 7 _i`risa
10>== 7 _itry
?>38?== 7 Ixphri
0=>1== ) 7 Filcthvi Dcdai ^^B
M HF FT ecr.ixiepbj.dje.
bjdcbajst HF C 3?<.=.=.3
ecr HF C ?==.34=.<<.34=
sjb HF C ?==.34=.<<.343
Issi è j crquhvj qui djftèe js fjeis njs fûeirjs H] ni dcnc eãquhfc nissi njeåfhj.
Crquhvj ni djflurcìäj NFT; ecpcs ni rini
7
7 Djf`hlurcìùis nj njeåfhj shti.bjdcb.
7
$^^B 10>==
M HF TJC fs=3.shti.bjdcb. rjjt. (
?==<=<39==7 Tirhcb
?11== 7 _i`risa
3>>== 7 _itry
40===== 7 Ixphri
10>== 7 Ehfheue
0=>1==) 7 ^^B
7
7 Ni`hfhìäj njs Tirvhnjris ni Fjei.
7
HF FT fs=3.shti.bjdcb.
HF FT fs=?.shti.bjdcb.
7
7 Ni`hfhìäj njs Echb Ixdacflir.
7
HF EQ 3= echb.shti.bjdcb.
7
7 Ni`hfhìäj njs ifniriìjs ni Ajsts.
7
bjdcbajst HF C 3?<.=.=.3 T
F
fs=3 HF C 38?.301.=.?9> N
-
3
fs=? HF C 38?.301.=.3 bj
u
echb HF C 38?.301.=.3= åt
p
c
eysqb HF C 38?.301.=.8 D
www HF C ?=3.?0.3>?.<?
3<
3 Tirhcb; fûeirj sirhcb nc zjfc nivi sir hfdrieiftcnj siepri qui `jr ìht c cbluec cbti -
rcìäj, pcrc qui js sirvhnjris sidufnãrhjs pjssce si ctucbhzcr7
3 _i`risa; fûeirj ni silufnjs iftri pinhnjs ni ctucbhzcìäj jrhufnjs njs sir vhnjris
sidufnãrhjs7
3 _itry; fûeirj ni silufnjs qui js sir vhnjris sidufnãrhjs väj ispircr pcrc ri`czir uec
djfsubtc qui `cbaju7
3 Ixphri; fûeirj ni silufnjs qui ue sir vhnjr, ecstir ju sbcvi, ispircrã pcrc djfshnircr
c hf`jrecìäj ixphrcnc, si ibi fäj djfsiluhr cbdcfìcr j sir vhnjr ni fjeis prheãrhj7
3 Ehfheue; è j ^^B ni`cubt dcsj j njeåfhj fäj ispidhqui ue ^^B 7
3 ; fûeirj ni silufnjs qui ue fjei ni njeåfhj è dcdaicnj bjdcb-

^hei tj Bhvi (^^B)
eifti cftis ni ixphrcr i ritjrfcr pcrc js sirvhnjris ni fjeis ni cutjrhncni pcrc

ctucbhzcìäj ncs hf`jrecìùis.
Djf`jrei eifdhjfcnj cftirhjreifti, j ùfdhjfceiftj nj sirvhnjr NFT è ocsicnj ie
zjfcs djftrjbcncs pjr ecpcs ni rini. Js crquhvjs ni ecpcs ni rini säj js crquhvjs qui
djftëe cs hf`jrecìùis ni dcnc uec ncs zjfcs ctifnhncs pibj sirvhnjr NFT. Täj ni njhs
thpjs; trcnuìäj nhritc i trcnuìäj rivirs c. Täj js crquhvjs jfni dcnc ue njs djeputcnjris
qui pirtifdie c uec ieprisc säj nisdrhtjs, dje fjei, ifniriìj H] i sirvhnjr ni i-echb,
iftri jutrcs hf`jrecìùis, djej ^hei ^j Bhvi (^ ^B), sirhcb pcrc djftrjbi ni cbtircìùis itd.
Ye sirv hnjr NFT fidisshtc ni pibj eifjs quctrj crquhvjs dje ecpcs ni rini;
3 rjjt.sirvirs; ecftëe uec ribcìäj njs sirvhnjris rchz nc hftirfit 7 fjrecbeifti dce
ie ue crquhvj nifjehfcnj fcein.dc 7
3 bjdcbajst; pirehti c risjbuìäj nj fjei bjdcbajst pcrc j ifniriìj ni bjjp bjdcb 3?<.=.=.37
3 nhridt-ecp; cpjhce j prjdissj ni djfvirsäj ni ue fjei ie ue ifniriìj H]7
3 rivirsi-ecp; cpjhce j prjdissj ni djfvirsäj ni ue ifniriìj H] ie ue fjei.
Ixiepbj ni crquhvj ni ecpc ni rini

[jfc ni njeåfhj rivirsj; rini ?==.34=.<<;
7 crquhvj no.<<.34=.?==
q
$^^B 0=>1==
M HF TJC ecr.ixiepbj.dje. rjjt.ecr.ixiepbj.dje. (
? 7 Tirhcb
t
i 0=>1== 7 _i`risa
f
r
i
t
Hf
10>== 7 _itry
c
r ?>38?== 7 Ixphri
c
p
s 0=>1== ) 7 Filcthvi Dcdai ^^B
j
hì
v 7
r
i
T
; M HF FT ecr.ixiepbj.dje.
x
u
hf 34= HF ]^_ ecr.ixiepbj.dje.
B
s
c 343 HF ]^_ sjb.ixiepbj.dje.
e
ti
s
h
T
i Crquhvjs dje js ecpcs ni rini;
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt 3 ; sirvhnjris rchz nc hftirfit7
rjjt.sirvirs (crquhv j no.rjjt)
sh
f h
e
3 ; hf`jrecìùis sjori j fjei bjdcbajst7
bjdcbajst (crquhvj no.bjdcb)
n
C
3 ; hf`jrecìùis sjori j njeåfhj nc rini7
nhridt-ecp (crquhvj no.zjfi)
3 ; hf`jrecìùis sjori c rini ?==.34=.<<.=.

rivirsi-ecp (crquhvj no.<<.34=.?==)
31
Crquhvj ‑risjbv.djf`‘
J crquhvj /itd/risjbv.djf` è uscnj pibcs eãquhfcs Bhfux pcrc bjdcbhzcr j sirvhnjr NFT. q
3 Nhrithvcs;
? fceisirvir.
4 Ifniriìj H] nj sirvhnjr NFT.
? sicrda.
4 Ispidhdc js njeåfhjs c sirie uthbhzcnjs fc ousdc pibj ajst c qui si nisikc
djfidtcr.
4 C cnhìäj ni euhtjs njeåfhjs pjni dcuscr bifthnäj fc risjbuìäj njs fjeis.
? njechf.
4 Cbtirfcthvc í nhrithvc sicrda.
Issi è j crquhvj rispjfsãvib pjr hfnhdcr quie säj js sirvhnjris ni fjei pcrc djfsubtcs ni
NFT. Ibi djftèe uec bhstc ni njeåfhjs cj qucb pirtifdi c eãquhfc i js sir vhnjris ni fjei
qui siräj djfsubtcnjs.
Crquhvj ni djflurcìäj NFT — ‑risjbv.djf`‘
sicrda shti.bjdcb
fceisirvir 38?.301.=.?9>
fceisirvir 38?.301.=.3
3 sicrda; ispidhdc js njeåfhjs cjs quchs c eãquhfc pirtifdi7
3 fceisirvir; ispidhdc j ifniriìj H] njs sirvhnjris NFT7
3 njechf; cbtirfcthvc cj sicrda .
Cnhdhjfcbeifti c isscs zjfcs, jutrcs pjnie sir hfdbuåncs. Nivie sir hfdbuåncs zjfcs pcrc
dcnc rini ju njeåfhj cnhdhjfcb sjo rispjfscohbhncni nj sirvhnjr, cbèe ni zjfc pcrc bhncr
dje sirvhnjr sidufnãrhj. J crquhvj /itd/risjbv.djf` è j crquhvj qui pjssuh c hf`jrecìäj nj
djeputcnjr qui istã rjncfnj j sir vhìj NFT i j njeåfhj c sir uthbhzcnj.
J crquhvj risjbv.djf` è uthbhzcnj pibj risjbvinjr (risjbvir) ncs eãquhfcs Bhfux pcrc bjdcbhzcr
j sirvhnjr NFT. C prhfdhpcb hf`jrecìäj nissi crquhvj è j ifniriìj H] nj sirvhnjr NFT,
hf`jrecnj pibc nhrithvc fceisirvir 2Ifniriìj H]6.
]jni chfnc sir uthbhzcnc c nhrithvc sicrda ju njechf , ûthb ie djfsubtcs NFT qucfnj è hf`jr -
ecnj sjeifti j fjei nj ajst ie viz nj ifniriìj djepbitj (@SNF).
Pãrhjs njeåfhjs pjnie sir cnhdhjfcnjs, j qui nivi sir ivhtcnj, pjhs dcuscrã uec
djfsubtc NFT ie dcnc ue nibis.
Ixirdådhj ni `hxcìäj ?
Tirvhnjr ni NFT Dcdai i T
F
N
-
Hfstcbi i djfluri j sir vhnjr ni NFT cpifcs dje c ùfìäj ni dcdai. 3
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
38
Nibilcìäj ni njeåfhjs
Djej scoiejs, j shstiec NFT ùfdhjfc ctrcvès nc nibilcìäj, jfni ue sir vhnjr cpjftc
pcrc jutrj, sudisshvceifti, ctè qui c hf`jrecìäj qui si prjdurc sikc ifdjftrcnc. Isscs
djfixùis fäj säj drhcncs pjr cdcsj, i ixhlie uec shfdrjfhzcìäj pjr pcrti njs cnehfhstrc-
njris njs nhvirsjs njeåfhjs.
Tupjfacejs iftäj qui sikc ìhtj j rilhstrj nj njeåfhj ixiepbj.d je.or. Nurcfti j
prjdissj ni rilhstrj ni njeåfhjs, sirã fidissãrhj hfnhdcr fj eåfhej njhs sirvhnjris NFT
qui istikce rispjfnifnj pibj njeåfhj ixiepbj.dje.or. Dcsj issis sir vhnjris istikce
djrritceifti djflurcnjs, i cs niechs hf`jrecìùis fidissãrhcs istikce tceoèe djrritcs,
j prjdissj è fcbhzcnj dje c hfsirìäj ni rilhstrjs FT pcrc j fjvj njeåfhj fjs sir vhnjris
rchz nj njeåfhj O_.
Tupjfnj qui js sirv hnjris NFT nj njeåfhj ixiepbj.dje.or sikce fs3.ixiepbj.dje.or i

fs?.ixiepbj.dje.or, js rilhstrjs hfsirhnjs fjs sir vhnjris nj _ILHT ^_J.O_ tiräj c `jrec;
ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs3.ixiepbj.dje.
fs3.ixiepbj.dje. HF C 38?.301.=.3
ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs?.ixiepbj.dje.
fs?.ixiepbj.dje. HF C 38?.301.=.?
Tirvhnjris N FT, iftritcftj, pjnie ctifnir c nizifcs ju diftifcs ni njeåfhjs. Ti quh -

sirejs rilhstrcr j njeåfhj jutrjixiepbj.dje.or , sjo c rispjfscohbhncni njs eisejs
sirvhnjris NFT, j sir vhnjr rchz nj njeåfhj O_, nivirã djftir cpifcs js siluhftis rilhstrjs;
jutrjixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs3.ixiepbj.dje.
jutrjixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs?.ixiepbj.dje.
Ctè cljrc vhejs nucs nibilcìùis. Js sirvhnjris nj njeåfhj rchz nibilcrce pcrc j
_ILHT^_J.O_ cutjrhncni sjori tjnjs js njeåfhjs tirehfcnjs ie O_. J _ILHT^_J.O_,
pjr suc viz, ricbhzju c nibilcìäj ni cutjrhncni sjori j njeåfhj ixiepbj.dje.or pcrc js
sirvhnjris NFT fs3.ixiepbj.dje.or i fs?.ixiepbj.dje.or. Ie jutrcs pcbcvrcs, js tirejs
nibilcìäj ni cutjrhncni shlfhdce shepbiseifti qui si cbluèe nisikcr jotir hf`jrecìùis
djrritcs sjori djeputcnjris qui tirehfce ie ixiepbj.dje.or nivie ifdcehfacr sucs
pirluftcs pcrc ue njs njhs sirvhnjris rilhstrcnjs nj njeåfhj. J _ILHT^_J.O_ fäj tirã ie
sius rilhstrjs fifauec hf`jrecìäj cbèe nj fjei njs sirvhnjris NFT i nj njeåfhj c qui
t
i
sirvie. ûnj j echs `jh nibilcnj. J cnehfhstrcnjr nj njeåfhj ixiepbj.dje.or tie tjtcb
f
r bhoirncni pcrc rilhstrcr qucftjs djeputcnjris quhsir niftrj nj njeåfhj sjori j qucb pjssuh
i
t
Hf cutjrhncni. Ibi pjni hfdbushvi djfthfucr nibilcfnj cutjrhncni pcrc jutrjs suonjeåfhjs.
c
r
c
p
s J njeåfhj ixiepbj.dje.or tie riprisiftcìùis ie tjncs cs dcphtchs nj Orcshb i dcnc ue
j
hì
v nissis suonjeåfhjs si hfhdhc pibj fjei nc dcphtcb jfni istã sinhcnj. J cnehfhstrcnjr nj
r
i
T
;
x sirvhìj NFT nj njeåfhj rchz pjnirã ricbhzcr c nibilcìäj ni cutjrhncni pcrc js njeåfhjs
u
hf rilhjfchs, hfdbuhfnj rilhstrjs nj thpj;
B
s
c
e
ti sirlhpi.ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs.crcdcku.ixiepbj.dje.
s
h
T ]irfceoudj.ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs.ridhì.ixiepbj.dje.
i
n
j dicrc.ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs.`jrtcbizc.ixiepbj.dje.
ä
ì
c
rt ecrcfacj.ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs.scjbuhs.ixiepbj.dje.
sh
f h pcrc.ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs.pcrc.ixiepbj.dje.
e
n ceczjfcs.ixiepbj.dje. HF FT fs.ceczjfcs.ixiepbj.dje.
C
?=
J cnehfhstrcnjr nc ocsi ni Crcdcku pjni nibilcr cutjrhncni pcrc js riprisiftcftis
ie nhìriftis rilhùis nj istcnj ni T irlhpi. C ristrhìäj è qui j cnehfhstrcnjr nc ocsi
ni Crcdcku tie cutjrhncni sjori j njeåfhj crcdcku.ixiepbj.dje.or i pjni drhcr cpifcs
fjeis ni djeputcnjris qui tirehfie dje issi fjei.
Tirvhìj ie DA_JJ^
Ie sirvhnjris YFHQ , è pjssåvib ixidutcr j OHFN ie ue ceohifti darjjt (uscfnj c ùfìäj
darjjt ()), ispidhdcfnj c jpìäj ‒- t― pcrc fcein. Hssj p jni ckuncr c eibajrcr c silurcfìc
nj shstiec, djbjdcfnj j OHFN ie uec ‒scfnojx―, qui vch bhehtcr js ncfjs dcuscnjs si ue
sirvhnjr `jr djeprjeithnj.
Jutrj ridursj ûthb è c dcpcdhncni ni ixidutcr j nciejf djej ue usuãrhj sie prhvhbèlhjs (-u
usuãrhj). Tulirhejs c ixiduìäj djej ue usuãrhj sie prhvhbèlhjs cj uscr j ridursj darjjt.
Cquh istã ue ixiepbj ni djecfnj pcrc dcrrilcr j OH FN ie uec ‒scfnojx― darjjt, fj

nhritôrhj /vcr/fcein, i dje jpìäj ni situhn pcrc j usuãrhj ?=?;
/usr/bjdcb/sohf/fcein -u ?=? -t /vcr/fcein
]crc qui ue ceohifti darjjt pjssc ùfdhjfcr djrritceifti ie ue nhritôrhj ispidådj (pjr
ixiepbj, /vcr/fcein ), vjdë tirã ni drhcr ue ceohifti qui hfdbuh tunj j qui j OHFN pridhsc
pcrc sir ixidutcnj. Nj pjftj ni vhst c nj OHFN, j nhritôrhj /vcr/fcein è c rchz nj shstiec
ni crquhvjs. Cj djftrãrhj ni virsùis cftirhjris nj OHFN, vjdë fjrecbeifti fäj pridhscrã
djephbcr j OHFN istcthdceifti fie hfstcbcr ohobhjtidcs djepcrthbacncs sjo c fjvc rchz. Fj
iftcftj, nipifnifnj nj siu Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb, vjdë fidisshtcrã drhcr cblufs crquhvjs,
tchs djej /niv/zirj, /niv/rcfnje, /niv/ bjl i /itd/bjdcbthei.
NFT dje H]v0
q
Dje j nisifvjbvheiftj nj H]v0, surlhu c fidisshncni ni si prjvir ue sirvhìj ni
fjeis qui supjrti issi fjvj prjtjdjbj. @jh drhcnj ue fjvj rilhstrj qui creczifc
ifniriìjs fj `jrectj nj H]v0.
3 CCCC.
Ye fjvj njeåfhj `jh drhcnj pcrc c risjbuìäj ni rivirsj, nisdrhtj fc _ @D 439?.
3 hp0.crpc.
Njhs thpjs ni djfsubtcs pjnie sir ricbhzcncs ie ue NFT;
3 _isjbuìäj ni fjeis.
3 _isjbuìäj ni ifniriìj rivirsj.
Dje j nisifvjbvheiftj nj H]v0, surli c fidisshncni ni si prjvir ue sirv hìj ni fjeis qui
supjrti issi fjvj prjtjdjbj. ]crc hssj, `jh drhcnj ue fjvj rilhstrj qui creczifc ifniriìjs
fj `jrectj nj H]v0, j CCC C. Istäj ie `csi ni nisifvjbvheiftj fjvjs thpjs ni rilhstrjs
qui `cdhbhtcräj c ecfutifìäj nissi sirv hìj. Cbèe nhssj, ue fjvj njeåfhj `jh drhcnj pcrc c
risjbuìäj ni rivirsj, j hp0.crpc, nisdr htj fc _@D 439?.

T
F
N
-
3
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
?3
Djej sirvhnjr ni fjeis, pjniejs uthbhzcr j OHFN vir säj 8, dukc hepbieiftcìäj è c echs
rjoustc. Njhs thpjs ni djfsubtcs pjnie sir ricbhzcncs ie ue NFT;
3 ; fcei tj cnnriss bjjgups (`jrwcrn bjjgups)7

_isjbuìäj ni fjeis
3 ; cnnriss tj fcei bjjgups (rivirsi bjjgups).

_isjbuìäj ni ifniriìj rivirsj
_isjbuìäj ni Fjeis
]crc _isjbuìäj ni Fj eis (`jrwcrn bjjgups), è uscnj j thpj CC CC . Js rilhstrjs CC CC säj
pcrcbibjs i sieibacftis cjs _ilhstrjs C fj H]v> . Ie ue ûfhdj ifniriìj è pjssåvib ispidh -
dcr ue ifniriìj H] v0 djepbitj. ]jr ixiepbj;
www.hpv0.or. HF C ?==.30=.>.??
www.hpv0.or. HF CCCC ?==3;3?``;=;>;;??
_isjbuìäj ni ifniriìj rivirsj

]crc risjbuìäj ni rivirsj, `jh cnhdhjfcnj j rilhstrj ]^ _ hp0.crpc, rispjfsãvib pjr trcnuzhr
ifniriìjs H]v0 ie fjeis. Ie suc riprisiftcìäj, jehthr siquëfdhc ni zirjs fäj è pireh -
thnj i j oht eifjs shlfhdcthvj è djbjdcnj echs í isquirnc.
J crquhvj ni djflurcìäj fcein.djf` nivi sir inht cnj i hfdbuånc uec fjvc zjfc, c rivirsc,
prjdinifnj nc siluhfti `jrec dje c djflurcìäj;
Crquhvj; ‑fcein.djf`‘
zjfi ‒=.=.=.=.3.?.`.`.3.=.=.?.hp0.crpc― {
typi ecstir7
`hbi ‒?==3;3?``;====.hp0.crpc―7
}7
]csscejs, csshe, c rispjfnir pibj rivirsj nj objdj qui `jh dinhnj. ^cb prixj kã nivi tir
shnj nibilcnj pibj prjvinjr ni ifniriìjs H]v0 , nc eisec `jrec djej jdjrri fc nibilcìäj
ni suonjeåfhjs.
C `jrec djej si nidbcrc j rilhstrj rivir sj è sieibacfti cj H]v>, ju sikc, djeiìcfnj pibj
ûbthej nålhtj aixcnidhecb nj ifniriìj, i è nifjehfcnj ni ‒fhoobi `jrect―.
Crquhvj; ‑?==3;3?;====.hp0.crpc‘
t
i $^^B 10>==
f
r
i
t
Hf
M HF TJC fs.hpv0.or. rjjt.hpv0..or. (
c
r ?==333??=3
c
p
s 4A 7 ri`risa
j
hì
v 39E 7 ritry
r
i
T
; 3\ 7 ixphry
x
u
hf 3N) 7 ehfheue
B
s
c HF FT fs.hpv0.or.
e
ti ?.?.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.>.=.=.= HF ]^_ www.hpv0.or.
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
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C
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NFTTID
3 Njechf Fcei Tystie TIDurhty I xtifshjfs (NFTTID) tie pjr jokithvj cnhdhjfcr echs
silurcfìc cj shstiec ni risjbuìäj ni fjeis.
q
3 ]cssju c sir ue pcnräj hftirfcdhjfcb qui istifni c tidfjbjlhc NFT, lcrcfthfnj c
cutifthdhncni i c hftilrhncni ncs hf`jrecìùis.
3 Ythbhzc j eidcfhsej ni drhptjlrcc ni dacvis pûobhdcs.
3 Drhcnj pcrc sjbudhjfcr cblufs prjobiecs ifdjftrcnjs fj ctucb shstiec ni risjbuìäj
ni fjeis.
3 J jokithvj nc ixtifsäj NFT TID è cssilurcr j djftiûnj nj NFT i hepinhr js ct cquis.
îe pjr jokithvj cnhdhjfcr echs silurcfìc cj shstiec ni risjbuìäj ni fjeis, ri nuzhfnj j
rhsdj ni ecfhpubcìäj ncs hf`jrecìùis pjr tirdihrjs. ]cssju c sir ue pcnräj hftirfcdhjfcb,
qui istifni c tidfjbjlhc NFT, lcrcfthfnj c cutifthdhncni i c hftilr hncni ncs hf`jrecìùis.
Ythbhzc j eidcfhsej ni drhptjlrcc ni dacvis pûobhdcs. @jh dr hcnj pcrc sjbudhjfcr cblufs
prjobiecs ifdjftrcnjs fj ctucb shstiec ni risjbuìäj ni fjeis, djej cs `cbscs risjbuìùis
qui drhce jpjrtufhncnis pcrc cbtircìùis ni ncnjs ie nhvirsjs thpjs ni trcfscìùis, djej
pjr ixiepbj, djeprcs ibitrþfhdcs. Fj prjtjdjbj NFT, ue ctcqui jfni c hf`jrecìäj è djr -
rjephnc è ixtrieceifti nh`ådhb ni sir nitidt cnj i, fc prãthdc, hepjssåvib ni sir privifhnj.
J jokithvj nc ixtifsäj NFTTID è cssilurcr j djftiûnj nj NFT i hepinhr issis ctcquis ,
vcbhncfnj js ncnjs i lcrcfthfnj c jr hlie ncs hf`jrecìùis.
3 ]rjvë silurcfìc pcrc c risjbuìäj ni ifniriìjs7

3 @ufdhjfc djej ue dcehfaj cbtirfcthvj pcrc c virhdcìäj ni cutifthdhncni nc hf`jrecìäj7
3 Tuc virhdcìäj jdjrri cftis ni jutrcs cpbhdcìùis ni silurcfìc, tchs djej, ssb, ssa, s`tp,
]L] itd7
3 ]irehti qui si jotifac dje pridhsäj j ifniriìj H], pjr eihj njs siluhftis sirvhìjs;
? Cutifthdcìäj nc jrhlie7
? Hftilrhncni njs ncnjs7
? ]rjvc ni hfixhstëfdhc.
J shstiec NFTTID p irehti qui si jotifac dje pridhsäj j ifniriìj H], ctrcvès njs
siluhftis sirvhìjs;
3 ; c hf`jrecìäj sjeifti pjni sir jrhlhfcnc nj sir vhnjr NFT

Cutifthdcìäj nc jrhlie
cutjrhtcthvj nj njeåfhj7
3 ; c hf`jrecìäj ridiohnc è ixctceifti c eisec `jrfidhnc pibj
Hftilrhncni njs ncnjs
sirvhnjr NFT cutjrht cthvj nj njeåfhj7
3 ; fj dcsj ni uec rispjstc filcthvc `jrfidhnc pibj sirvhnjr NFT cutj-
]rjvc ni hfixhstëfdhc
rhtcthvj nj njeåfhj, pjniejs djeprjvcr qui issc hf`jrecìäj istã djrritc. Nipifnifnj nj
thpj ni ctcqui, hssj pjni sir sudhifti pcrc qui j shstiec NFTTID j hftirrjepc7
3 ]crc qui issis sirv hìjs pjssce sir cthvcnjs, j NFTTID fidisshtc qui tjncs cs sjbhdhtc-
ìùis sikce csshfcncs nhlhtcbeifti7 T
F
3 Fjvjs _ilhstrjs ni _idursjs pcssce c sir drhcnjs nurcfti j prjdissj ni csshfcturc nhlhtcb; -
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3
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? Nibilcthf Thlfir (NT)7

? FTID.
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]crc qui issis sirv hìjs pjssce sir cthvcnjs, j NFTTID fidisshtc qui tjncs cs sjbhdhtcìùis
sikce csshfcncs nhlhtcbeifti, uscfnj uec ju echs dacvis prhvcncs i ue cbljrhtej cssh-
eètrhdj ni drhptjlrcc. Fjvjs _ilhstrjs ni _idursjs (_ _s) pcssce c sir drhcnjs nurcfti j
prjdissj ni csshfcturc nhlhtcb, uscfnj j uthbhtãrhj nfssid-shlfzjfi.
3 NFTGIX; creczifc cs dacvis pûobhdcs uthbhzcncs pcrc c csshfcturc nj njeåfhj7

3 __THL; creczifc cs dacvis prhvcncs ut hbhzcncs pcrc c csshfcturc njs _rsit7
3 Nibilcthjf Thlfir (NT); pjftihrj pcrc c prôxhec dcnihc ni djfcfìc7
3 Fixt Tiduri (FTID); pirehti cutifthdcr uec rispjstc filcthvc.
NFTGIX
È ue _isjurdi _idjrn qui creczifc c dacvi pûobhdc nc zjfc ni cutjrhncni.
ixiepbj.dje. 8== HF NFTGIX ?90 4 9 (

CwICCi[]F?yEs8q0glXk@YobIwkDf\\d]q+^LdKrN9lc
QQCo]9ECqHgl[9K>^Y3eepB3C1lE`n/wYeOgPhpQ_1@G
A_ckO[T_`liGfGcStrxF[4?Ddts?@0Xbv8\cBQthqiol
J[tuK@pSr0pfHt/@jJH+H<OYTFrQ?1P^q>kQu/q^reE/) 7 giy hn 5 0?<>9
__THL
È ue _isjudi _idjrn qui djftèe c csshfcturc ni ue __ sit (djfkuftj ni __ dje j eisej
fjei ni njeåfhj, dbcssi i thpj) ispidådj ni uec nitirehfcnc dacvi NFTG IX. ]jssuh uec
vcbhncni hfhdhcb i fcb.
ixiepbj.dje. 8== HF __THL TJC 9 4 8== ?==<=03<?==>?1 (

?==<=931?==>?1 0?<>9 ecr.ixiepbj.dje
lbIiDXyn/DDO`zA0>y=_CS`8JxXNsH>xuOFcce+1N[S[
xijTBSIItwep0wOtS<L3=wTE8fIk__ao[nF]FGKEp?]I
bBBlBH+OBwnbz=t1EypdpBJcê8rd<p]<Y_9QBzY3g1N
e0i]\3oFgHn<h=H]TlayjAE<t]PnB?L\93aDukC5)
Nibilcthjf Thlfir (NT)

È ue acsa nj rilhstrj ni ridur sj NFTGIX. Tirvi pcrc hf`jrecr c ixhstëfdhc ni uec dcnihc
ni djfcfìc iftri ue njeåfhj i sius suonjeåfhjs. Hfnhdc qui c zjfc nibilcnc istã cssh -
t
i fcnc i qucb c dacvi qui `jh uthbhzcnc.
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c J _ilhstrj ni _idur sj NT è ue pjftihrj pcrc c dcnihc ni djfcfìc, qui lcrcfti c cutifthdh -
r
c
p ncni ncs nibilcìùis ni uec zjfc ctè ue pjftj ni djfcfìc.
s
j
hì
v ixiepbj.dje. HF NT 13< 9 3 ICID?8I>O=891N>N4N@N8=DD<=D0<4=CN911=NN4
r
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njechf; rfp.or
jwfir; Cssjdhcìäj _ini Fcdhjfcb ni Ifshfj i ]isquhsc
jwfirhn; ==4.9=1.=8</===3-40
rispjfshobi; Fibsjf Theùis Thbvc
djuftry; O_
jwfir-d; _DJ?3<
cnehf-d; FIT
tida-d; @_G30
ohbbhfl-d; _DJ?3<
fsirvir; tiyr.fc-dp.rfp.or ?==.34=.?9.3< ?==3;3?`=;4`;4;;33
fsstct; ?=3?=?30 CC
fsbcstcc; ?=3?=?30
fsirvir; oibbcfc.fd-rk.rfp.or ?==.3>4.384.4 ?==3;3?`=;4i;3=?;;4
fsstct; ?=3?=?30 CC
fsbcstcc; ?=3?=?30
fsirvir; buc.fc-n`.rfp.or ?==.34=.<<.08 ?==3;3?`=;4n;3=?;;>9
fsstct; ?=3?=?30 CC
fsbcstcc; ?=3?=?30
nsridjrn; 933?> _TC/TAC-3 >IN8@D<>D04D88I9?I?@D>8?93<D<4CI@CD430@?
nsstctus; ?=3?=?30 NTJG
nsbcstjg; ?=3?=?30
drictin; oi`jri 3889=3=3
dacflin; ?=3333?9
stctus; puobhsain
Fixt Tiduri (FTID)

]irehti cutifthdcr uec rispjstc filcthvc, dje prè-csshfcturc, sie c fidisshncni ni
dacvis jf-bhfi pcrc csshfcturc, nhehfuhfnj c pjsshohbhncni ni ctcqui NJT.
ixiepbj.dje 8== HF FTID fs3.ixiepbj.dje. FT TJC __THL FTID NFTGIX
Hepbieiftcìäj nj NFTTID
3 Ythbhzcr j cpbhdcthvj nfssid-giylif pcrc c lircìäj ncs dacvis nj njeåfhj. q
3 Yscr j cpbhdcthvj nfssid-shlfzjfi pcrc csshfcr j crquhvj ni zjfc nj njeåfhj.
3 Ctucbhzcr j crquhvj fcein.djf` pcrc riìrifdhcr j fjvj crquhvj ni zjfc.
3 _ihfhdhcr j Ohfn.
3 Cnhdhjfcr j NT fj shti nj rilhstrj.or.
3 Clucrncr c fjvc puobhdcìäj fj shti nj rilhstrj.or.
3. Ythbhzcr j cpbhdcthvj nfssid -giylif pcrc c lircìä j ncs dacvis nj njeåfhj.
$ nfssid-giylif -r /niv/urcfnje -` GTG -c _TCTAC3 -o 3=?> -[JFI ixiepbj.dje
T
J djecfnj vch lircr njhs crquhvjs, dje cs ixtifsùis .giy i .prhvcti. F
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$ nfssid-shlfzjfi -T -z -j ixiepbj.dje no.ixiepbj.dje c
D
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J djecfnj vch lircr ue fjvj crquhvj ni zjfc dje c ixtifsäj .shlfin. J piråjnj ni vcbh -
ncni ncs dacvis è ni 4= nhcs i cs dacvis niviräj sir rivcbhncncs cftis ni suc ixphrcìäj.
]crc hssj, cbtiri j sirhcb fj rilhstrj TJC i riphtc j prjdissj.
4. Ctucbhzcr j crquhvj fcein.djf` pcrc riìrifdhcr j fjvj crquhvj ni zjfc.

zjfi ‒ixiepbj.dje―{
typi ecstir7
`hbi ‒no.ixiepbj.dje.or.shlfin7
}7
>. _ihfhdhcr j Ohfn.
9. Cnhdhjfcr j NT fj shti nj rilhst rj.or.

$ dct nssit-ixiepbj.dje | aicn -3
ixiepbj.dje. HF NT 13< 9 3 ICID?8I>O=891N>N4N@N8=DD<=D0<4=CN911=NN4
Djphcr js ncnjs ni Giy ^cl i Nhlist nj crquhvj nssit-ixiepbj.dje pcrc c hftir`cdi fj shti nj
rilhstrj.or
0. Clucrncr c fjvc puobhdcìäj fj shti nj rilhstrj.or.
NFTTid
Täj vcftclifs ni si hepbieiftcr j NFT TID;
( ) @jrfidi cutifthdcìäj nc jrhlie nc hf`jrecìäj.
( ) Ivhtc ctcqui nj thpj NNJT.
( ) Ivhtc ctcquis nj thpj Ecf-hf- tai-Ehnnbi i Tpjjfl.

( ) Lcrcfti c hftilrhncni njs ncnjs NFT .
( ) _inuz j djfsuej ni ifirlhc, sifnj ojc prãthdc fc ^H virni.
( ) Ivht cr c ecfhpubcìäj nc eieôrhc dcdai (]acrehfl, ]ahsahfl itd.).
( ) Lcrcfti c hftilrhncni njs ncnjs nj usuãrhj.
t
i
( ) È hfnipifnifti njs cbljrhtejs drhptjlrãdjs.
f
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Njeåfhjs vhrtuchs
q
c
r
c
p
j
s 3 Ye njeåfhj vhrtucb è uec iftrcnc NFT ie ue sirvhnjr qui rispjfni pjr eûbthpbjs
hì
v ifniriìjs H].
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;
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3 Fidissãrhj dcsj si nisiki qui ue eisej sir vhnjr NFT rispjfnc pjr vãrhjs
hf
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ifniriìjs H].
c
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ti Ixiepbj;
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T
i ]irehthr qui uec ûfhdc eãquhfc ctifnc pjr;
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt 3 www.vhrtucb?.ixiepbj.dje; 38?.301.3.3=
sh
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e
3 www.vhrtucb?.ixiepbj.dje; 38?.301.3.?=
n
C Ythbhzc ridursj ni H] cbhcshfl prisifti fj girfib nj Bhfux. Cbluecs vizis è fidissãrhj
ridjephbcr j girfib i nipjhs djflurcr fjrecbeifti crquhvjs ni ecpcs nc rini.
?0
Njeåfhjs vhrtuchs säj iftrcncs fj NFT pcrc pirehthr qui ue sirvhnjr pjssc rispjfnir pjr
echs ni ue fûeirj H]7 säj fidissãrhjs pcrc qui ue ûfhdj sir vhnjr NFT rispjfnc c sjbhdhtc-
ìùis pjr echs ni ue fûeirj H].
îstcfnj j sirvhnjr NFT

]crc tistcr j sir vhnjr NFT, pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs js siluhftis djecfnjs; q
3 fsbjjgup (ie nisusj).
3 nhl (ctucb).
Djecfnj nhl;
3 @irrceiftc ixåvib pcrc djfsubtcs NFT, qui cprisiftc hf`jrecìùis nitcbacncs
sjori j ifniriìj djfsubtcnj.
3 Ixiepbj;
? nhl — x ?==.34=.<<.<9
? nhl www.rfp.or
Ixiepbj ni uthbhzcìäj nj djecfnj nhl ;
nhl www.rfp.or
7 2266 NhL 8.?.> 2266 www.rfp.or
77 lbjocb jpthjfs; prhftden
77 Ljt cfswir;
77 -66AICNI_22- jpdjni; SYI_X, stctus; FJI__J_, hn; 94330
77 `bcls; qr rn rc7 SYI_X; 3, CFT\I_; ?, CYÂJ_H^X; =, CNNH^HJFCB; =
77 SYIT^HJF TID^HJF;
7www.rfp.or. HF C
77 CFT\I_ TID^HJF;
www.rfp.or. ?8= HF C ?==.3>4.384.9
www.rfp.or. ?8= HF C ?==.34=.<<.<9
77 Suiry thei; 38 esid
77 TI_PI_; 3<?.38.=.?#94(3<?.38.=.?)
77 \AIF; @rh Tip ?8 30;>8;?3 ?==0
77 ETL TH[I rdvn; 0=
Ojcs prãthdcs pcrc cnehfhstrcìäj nj NFT

3 Bhehtcìäj ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni zjfcs. q
3 Tipcrcìäj ni sirvhnjris.
3 Ysj ni prhvhbèlhjs eåfhejs.
3 Duhncnj dje hf`jrecìùis sifsåvihs fj NFT.
3 NFT rivirsj.
Djftctj fj NFT.
3
3 ]jbåthdc ni ocdgup.
T
F
Bhehtcìäj ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni zjfcs -
N
3
bj
Cs bhehtcìùis ni trcfsìrëfdhcs ni zjfc nivie sir cpbhdcncs c tjnjs js sir vhnjris dje u
åt
p
cutjrhncni pcrc ue njeåfhj, hfnipifnifti ni ibis sirie eistris ju isdrcvjs. Ye c
D
iquåvjdj djeue è bhehtcr cs trcfsìrëfdhcs ni zjfc fj sirvhnjr eistri i fäj `czë-bj fjs
sirvhnjris isdrcvjs.
?<
Tipcrcìäj ni sirvhnjris
Yec prãthdc ridjeifnãvib è sipcrcr c ùfìäj ni sirvhnjr dje cutjrhncni (eistri ju
isdrcvj) nc ùfìäj ni sirvhnjr ridurshvj. Hssj ehfhehzc c idãdhc ni ctcquis ni ifvififc-
eiftj ni dcdai NFT. Fc prãthdc, issc sipcrcìäj shlfhdc qui js sirvhnjris qui pjssuie
cutjrhncni pcrc uec ju echs zjfcs rispjfnie sjeifti c djfsubtcs ribcthvcs c isscs zjfcs7
pjr suc viz, js sirvhnjris ridurshvjs fäj pjssuie cutjrhncni sjori fifauec zjfc NFT.
Ysj ni prhvhbèlhjs eåfhejs

Ie ceohiftis Yfhx, euhtcs vizis è pjssåvib ixidutcr j sirvhnjr NFT ie uec kcubc darjjt().
Pirsùis echs ridiftis nj OHFN pirehtie tceoèe qui ibi sikc ixidutcnj dje pirehssùis
ni ue usuãrhj nhìrifti ni rjjt. Djfsubti c njdueiftcìäj nj siu sj` twcri.

Duhncnj dje hf`jrecìùis sifsåvihs fj NFT
Hf`jrecìùis sjori djflurcìäj ni shstiecs fc suc rini nivie sir djfshnircncs sifsåvihs,
pjhs pjnie sir uscncs pjr ue ctcdcfti pcrc `cdhbhtcr j djeprjeitheiftj nissis shstiecs
(ckuncfnj-j c hnifthdcr eãquhfcs dje shstiecs qui pjssuce vubfircohbhncnis djfaidhncs,
pjr ixiepbj). Ie vhstc nhssj, j echs prunifti è ivhtcr rilhstrcr issi thpj ni hf`jrecìäj fj NFT.
NFT rivirsj
Ye NFT rivirsj ecb djflurcnj ju hfixhstifti p jni dcuscr cblufs trcfstjrfjs. J prheihrj
nibis è qui euhtjs shtis filce j cdissj c usuãrhjs dje ifniriìjs sie NFT rivirsj ju
dje j rivirsj hfdjrritj. Ie silufnj bulcr, irrjs fc djflurcìäj nj NFT nipùie djftrc c
djepitëfdhc tèdfhdc nc iquhpi ni cnehfhstrcìäj ni rinis rispjfsãvib pibj njeåfhj, i hssj
pjni vhr c dcuscr nh dubncnis qucfnj `jr fidissãrhj hftirclhr dje iquhpis ni jutrcs rinis.
Djftctj fj NFT
Dcnc njeåfhj rilhstrcnj ie ue sir vhnjr NFT pjssuh uec sèrhi ni p crïeitrjs ni djflu -
rcìäj fj rilhstrj ni TJC (Ttcrt j` Cutajrht y). Ye nissis pcrïeitrjs è j i-echb nj ris -
pjfsãvib pibj njeåfhj, qui euhtcs vizis tceoèe è uscnj pcrc djeufhdcr prjobiecs ni
silurcfìc ifvjbvifnj issi njeåfhj.
]jbåthdc ni ocdgup
C hepjrtïfdhc njs ocdgups fc cnehfhstrcìäj ni shstiecs fufdc p jni sir ehfhehzcnc. Tie
t
i
ibis, euhtjs ncnjs säj shepbiseifti hrridupirãvihs dcsj sikce pirnhnjs nivhnj c uec
f
r `cbac cdhniftcb ju c uec hfvcsäj.
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
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c
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ti
s
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T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
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F@T
s
j
hv Djfaidir j shstiec Fitwjrg @hbi Tystie (F@T).
t
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k
o
j d
j
f
d
Fitwjrg @hbi Tystie — shstiec ni crquhvjs ie rini. i
h
t
j
s
Fitwjrg @hbi Tystie (F@T)

Nisifvjbvhnj pcrc pirehthr qui eãquhfcs ejftie pcrthìùis ni nhsdj ie
eãquhfcs riejtcs.
q
3 Djepcrthbaceiftj fc rini.
3 Jutrjs shstiecs;
? Tceoc.
? C@T.
? Iftri jutrjs.
Isti dcpåtubj cprisiftc js djfdihtjs i c uthbhzcìäj nj Fitwjrg @hbi Tystie (F@T). J F@T `jh
nisifvjbvhnj pcrc pirehthr qui eãquhfcs pjssce ejftcr uec pcrthìäj ni nhsdj ie uec
eãquhfc riejtc djej si `jssi ie ue nhsdj bjdcb, pirehthfnj j djepcrthbaceiftj ni
crquhvjs fc rini. Issi dcpåtubj cojrnc c tijrhc nissi sir vhìj, djflurcìäj, jthehzcìäj ni
nisiepifaj i ckustis, sifnj qui fj fcb siräj prcthdcncs c djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr i nj
dbhifti, i chfnc tistis ni ùfdhjfceiftj.
Aã jutrjs shstiecs qui prjviie uec ùfdhjfcbhncni shehbcr cj F@T7 j Tceoc, pjr ixiepbj,
prjvë sirvhìjs ni crquhvjs cjs dbhiftis \hfnjws7 j Cfnriw @hbi Tystie (C@T), ue prjkitj
jpif sjurdi nc HOE qui prjvë ue eidcfhsej ni djepcr thbaceiftj ni crquhvjs dje dcrcd -
tiråsthdcs ni pir`jr ecfdi i silurcfìc cnhdhjfcb. Cbluecs ncs dcrcdtiråsthdcs nj C@T `jrce
hfdbuåncs fc virsäj > nj F@T.

T
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?
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
?8
Hfstcbcfnj i djf`hlurcfnj ue sirvhnjr F@T
]cdjtis ni hfstcbcìäj; q
3 f`s-girfib-sirvir.
3 f`s-djeeje.
? pjrtecp.
Crquhvjs ni djflurcìäj;
3 /itd/ixpjrts.
3 /itd/ajsts.cbbjw.
3 /itd/ajsts.nify.
]crc djflurcr ue sirvhnjr F@T, è fidissãrhj `czir c djflurcìäj nj sirvhìj F@T, pjr eihj
ni sius crquhvjs ni djflurcìäj, i nhspcrcr c ixiduìäj nj sir vhìj.
Hfstcbi j sirvhnjr F@T
Hfstcbi j sir vhìj F@T fj sir vhnjr 38?.301.Q.3. ]crc hssj, è fidissãrhj qui is tikce hfstcbcnjs
trës pcdjtis; f`s-girfib-sirvir , f`s-djeejf i pjrtecp .
Crquhvj ‑/itd/ixpjrts‘
Bhstc iftrcncs, dje dcnc uec hfnhdcfnj ue vjbuei djepcr thbacnj. q
3 nhridtjry ecdahfi3 (jpthjf33, jpthjf3?).
3 ecdahfi? (jpthjf?3, jpthjf??).
3 Jpìùis;
? rj
? rw
? fjZrjjtZsqucsa
? fjZsuotriiZdaidg
? syfd
J crquhvj /itd/ixpjrts djftèe uec bhstc ni iftrcncs, jfni dcnc iftrcnc hfnhdc ue vjbuei
t
i
djepcrthbacnj i djej dcnc ue istã djepcrt hbacnj. Yec iftrcnc nissi crquhvj è shehbcr c;
f
r
i
t
Hf
nhridtjry ecdahfi3(jpthjf33,jpthjf3?) ecdahfi?(jpthjf?3,jpthjf??)
c
r
c
p Jfni;
s
j
hì
v
r
i
3 nhridtjry;hfnhdc j nhritôrhj qui si nisikc djepcrthbacr i pjni sir ue vjbuei hftihrj.
T
;
x Cj djepcrthbacr ue nhritôrhj, tjnjs js nhritôrhjs c siluhr nibi fj eisej shstiec ni
u
hf crquhvjs tceoèe siräj djepcrthbacnjs7
B
s
c
e
ti ecdahfi3 i ecdahfi?;
eãquhfcs dbhiftis qui tiräj cdissj cj nhritôrhj ispidhdcnj ie
s
h
T
3 nhridtjry. Cs eãquhfcs pjnie sir bhstcncs uscfnj ifniriìjs H] ju fjeis (pjr i xiepbj,
i
n ecdahfi.djepcfy.dje ju 38?.301.=.1). Yscr ifniriìjs H] è echs djfãvib i echs silurj7
j
ä
ì
c
rt 3 jpthjfQQ;bhstc ni jpìùis pcrc dcnc eãquhfc, qui nisdrivirã j thpj ni cdissj qui c
sh
f h eãquhfc tirã. Cbluecs jpìùis hepjr tcftis siräj ixcehfcncs c siluhr.
e
n
C
4=
Jpìùis nj crquhvj /itd/ixpjrts ;
3 rj; nhritôrhj djepcrthbacnj cpifcs pcrc bihturc7 c eãquhfc dbhifti fäj sirã dcpcz ni
isdrivir. Issc è c jpìäj ni`cubt7
3 rw ; c eãquhfc dbhifti tirã cdissj ni bihturc i isdrhtc cj nhritôrhj7
3 fjZrjjtZsqucsa; pjr ni`cubt, qucbquir pinhnj ìhtj pibj supir usuãrhj fc eãquhfc
dbhifti è trctcnj djej si `jssi ìhtj pibj usuãrhj fjojny fj sirvhnjr. Ti fjZrjjtZ squcsa
`jr sibidhjfcnj, iftäj j supirusuãrhj fc eãquhfc dbhifti tirã j eisej fåvib ni cdissj
cjs crquhvjs fj shstiec djej supirusuãrhj fj sirvhnjr, j qui pjni tir sèr hcs hepbhdc-
ìùis ni silurcfìc, ecs pjni sir fidissãrhj si quhsirejs ixidutcr trcocbajs cnehfhs-
trcthvjs fc eãquhfc dbhifti qui ifvjbvce nhritôrhjs ixpjrt cnjs7
fjZsuotriiZdaidg; si cpifcs uec pcrti nj vjbuei è ixpjrtcnc, uec rjthfc dacecnc

3 suotrii daidghfl virhdc si ue ncnj crquhvj riquhshtcnj nj dbhifti istã fc pcrti cni -
qucnc nj vjbuei. Ti j vjbuei hftihrj `jr ixpjrt cnj, niscohbhtcr issc jpìäj cueiftcrã c
vibjdhncni ni trcfsìrëfdhcs7
3 syfd; pjr ni`cubt, js djecfnjs ixpjrt`s usce j djepjrtceiftj csyfd, hfnhdcfnj
pcrc c eãquhfc dbhifti qui ue prjdissj ni isdrhtc ie ue ncnj crquhvj istã djepbitj
qucfnj j F@T fcbhzcr c isdrhtc fj shstiec ni crquhvjs. Issi djepjrtceiftj pjni
dcuscr djrrupìäj fjs ncnjs, ie dcsj ni rihfhdhcbhzcìäj nj sirvhnjr, j qui pjni sir
privifhnj pibc jpìäj ‒syfd―.
Ye ixiepbj; q
3 /usr/bjdcb 38?.301.=.3 (rj) 38?.301.=.? (rj)
3 /ajei 38?.301.=.3 (rw) 38?.301.=.? (rw)
Jutrj ixiepbj;
3 /usr/bjdcb 38?.301.=.=/?99.?99.?99.= (rj)
3 /ajei 38?.301.=.=/?99.?99.?99.= (rw)

]crc uscr fitlrjups FHT, ocstc cfixcr j fjei nj fit lrjup dje ue dcrcdtiri ‒M―.
Tupjfac qui tiejs nucs eãquhfcs dbhiftis, sbcvi3 i sbcvi?, qui tëe ifniriìjs H]
38?.301.=.3 i 38?.301.=.?, rispidthvceifti, i qui quiriejs djepcrthbacr ohfãrhjs i cblufs
nhritôrhjs dje isscs eãquhfcs. Yec djflurcìäj tåphdc pcrc /itd/ixpjrts pjni sir;
/usr/bjdcb 38?.301.=.3 (rj) 38?.301.=.? (rj)

/ajei 38?.301.=.3 (rw) 38?.301.=.? (rw)
Tifnj csshe, aã ue djepcrthbaceiftj ricn-jfby p crc sbcvi3 i sbcvi?, pjrqui ibis nivie
prjvcvibeifti djftir js ohfãrhjs. ]jr jutrj bcnj, cblufs nhritôrhjs fidisshtce sir ixpjr -
tcnjs ricn-wrhti, si js usuãrhjs quhsirie iìtucr isdrhtcs sjori ibis.
Cj si trctcr dje uec rini ni lr cfni pjrti, prheihrj pjniejs cdisscr uec lrcfni `chxc ni
eãquhfcs ispidhdcfnj uec rini i uec eãsdcrc. ]jr ixiepbj, si quhsir pirehthr j cdissj
pcrc tjncs cs eãquhfcs dje ifniriìjs H] iftri 38?.301.=.= i 38?.301.=.?99, iftäj pjniejs
tir cs siluhftis iftrcncs;

/usr/bjdcb 38?.301.=.=/?99.?99.?99.= (rj) T
@
/ajei 38?.301.=.=/?99.?99.?99.= (rw) F
-
?
bj
]crc ispidhdcr ue fitlrjup FHT fj siu crquhvj ixpjrts , shepbiseifti cfixi j fjei nj u
åt
p
fitlrjup dje ue dcrcdtiri ‒M―. c
D
43
Jutrj `jrectj qui pjni sir uthbhzcnj, ie viz ni ajstfceis,è cblj nj thpj *.`jj.dje ju 38?.301.
Cbluecs pridcuìùis nivie sir tjecncs ie ribcìäj cj qui pjni i j qui fäj pjni sir
ixpjrtcnj. ]rheihrj, si ue nhritôrhj è ixpjrtcnj, sius nhritôrhjs pch i baj fäj pjnie sir
ixpjrtcnjs si ibis isthvirie fj eisej shstiec ni crquhvjs. ]jrèe, c ixpjrtcìäj ni ceojs
js nhritôrhjs pjni fäj sir fidissãrhc, uec viz qui bhstcr j nhritôrhj pch fj crquhvj /itd/ixpjrts
`crã dje qui tjnjs js nhritôrhjs sikce ixpjrtcnjs, niftrj nj shstiec ni crquhvj.
Crquhvjs ‑/itd/ajsts.cbbjw‘ i ‑/itd/ajsts.nify‘

3 Ispidhdce js ajsts qui pjnie us cr sirvhìjs ie uec ncnc eãquhfc. q
3 ajsts.cbbjw è cfcbhscnj cftis nj sirv hnjr rispjfnir c ue pinhnj.
3 Ti c eãquhfc fäj si cssjdhc c uec iftrcnc ie ajsts.cbbjw , j sirvhnjr iftäj virhdc

ajsts.nify.
Issis njhs crquhvjs säj uthbhzcnjs pcrc djftrjbcr j cdissj cjs sirvhìjs ^D] nj siu djepu-
tcnjr, ispidhdcfnj cs eãquhfcs qui, fc rini, pjnie ju fäj uscr issis sir vhìjs. Dcnc
bhfac njs crquhvjs è djepjstc pibj fjei nj sir vhìj i ni uec bhstc ni eãquhfcs, qui
pjnie (cbbjw) ju fäj pjnie (nify) uscr j sir vhìj. Cj ridioir uec sjbhdhtcìäj ni uec
eãquhfc qucbquir , j sirv hnjr `cz j siluhfti;
3 ]rheihrj, virhdc fj crquhvj ajsts.cbbjw si c eãquhfc istã hfdbuånc fibi. Ti isthvir, siu
cdissj istcrã pirehthnj7
3 Dcsj djftrãrhj, j sirvhnjr virhdc fj crquhvj ajsts.nify si c eãquhfc istã hfdbuånc fibi7
si isthvir, j cdissj è filcnj7
3 Ti c eãquhfc fäj isthvir ie fifaue njs njhs crquhvjs, j cdissj tceoèe è pirehthnj.
Cbèe ni djftrjbcr js sir vhìjs hfitn, tchs djej tibfit i @^ ], issis crquhvjs tceoèe pjnie
sir uthbhzcnjs pcrc ristrhflhr c djfixäj cjs nciejfs ifvjbvhnjs fj sirvhìj F@T. J prheihrj
nciejf c tir siu cdissj ristrhflhnj è j pjrtecppir, qui tie djej ùfìäj hf`jrecr c pjrt c
ie qui dcnc sir vhìj rispjfni. _istrhflhr j cdissj cj pjr tecppir è c eibajr niìsc djftrc
qucbquir ue qui quihrc hfvcnhr j siu shstiec c pcr thr nj F@T, pjrqui usuãrhjs fäj cutjrh-
zcnjs fäj pjniräj ifdjftrcr js nciejfs F@T. ^jncvhc, aã njhs pjftjs c djfshnircr;
3 _istrhflhr j cdissj cj pjr tecppir fäj è sudhifti si cblue hftrusj kã sjuoir, pjr
cbluec rczäj, djej ifdjftrcr tjnjs js nciejfs7
t
3 Ti j Fitwjrg Hf`jrecthjf Tirvhdi (FHT) istã sifnj ixidutcnj, ristrhflhr pjrtecppir
i
f
r tceoèe ristrhflhrã pinhnjs cj FHT. Ie lircb, è tceoèe cdjfsibaãvib filcr cdissj c
i
t
Hf ifniriìjs H] cjs quchs fäj sikc pridhsj pirehthr cdissj ixpbhdhtceifti. J prheihrj pcssj
c
r
c
p
pcrc `czir hssj è cnhdhjfcr c siluhfti iftrcnc cj crquhvj /itd/ajsts .nify ;
s
j
hì
v pjrtecp;CBB
r
i
T
;
x
u Cnhdhjfi iftrcncs pcrc dcnc ue njs nciejfs F@T;
hf
B
s
c
e
3 bjdgn;CBB
ti
s
h
T
3 ejuftn;CBB
i
n
j
ä
3 rqujtcn;CBB
ì
c
rt
s
3 stctn;CBB
h
f h
e
n
C
4?
_istrhflhr cdissj c pjrtecppir è c eibajr niìsc djftrc ctcquis c F@T.
3 ajsts.nify;
? pjrtecp;CBB, bjdgn;CBB, ejuftn;CBB, rqujtcn;CBB, stctn;CBB
3 ajsts.cbbjw.
? sirvhdi; ajst Wju fitwjrg/fitecsgU, ajst Wju fitwjrg/fitecsgU
Cblufs cnehfhstrcnjris ni shstiecs priìrie djbjdcr c iftrcnc CBB ;CBB fj crquhvj
/itd/ajsts .nify, `czifnj dje qui j cdissj sikc filcnj c tjnjs js ajsts, c eifjs qui sikc
ixpbhdhtceifti pirehthnj. Nipjhs, è fidissãrhj cnhdhjfcr uec iftrcnc cj ajsts.cbbjw pcrc
qui j cdissj cjs ajsts sikc acohbhtcnj. Cs ift rcncs ie ajsts.cbbjw siluie j `jrectj;
sirvhdi; ajst Wju fitwjrg/fitecsgU, ajst Wju fitwjrg/fitecsgU

Jfni ajst è j ifniriìj H] ni ue dbhifti i pjni sir pjssåvib, ie cbluecs virsùis, uscr j
fjei NFT nj ajst, ieojrc fäj sikc cdjfsibaãvib. Tupjfac qui nisikcejs pirehthr cdissj
c sbcvi3.`jj.dje i sbcvi?.`jj.dje i qui js ifniriìjs H] nisscs eãquhfcs sikce 38?.301.=.3 i
38?.301.=.?, rispidthvceifti. îråcejs, pjrtcftj, cs siluhftis iftrcncs pcrc /itd/ajsts .cbbjw;
pjrtecp; 38?.301.=.3, 38?.301.=.?
]crc virsùis ridiftis nj f`s-uthbs, pjniejs cnhdhjfcr;
bjdgn; 38?.301.=.3, 38?.301.=.?

rqujtcn; 38?.301.=.3, 38?.301.=.?
ejuftn; 38?.301.=.3, 38?.301.=.?
stctn; 38?.301.=.3, 38?.301.=.?
Hfhdhcfnj js sirvhìjs F@T
]rè-riquhshtjs;
3 Pirsäj nj girfib qui supjrti F@T i virsäj cniqucnc ni f`s-uthbs.
Hfhdhcfnj j pjrt ecppir.
q
3 Bjdcbhzcnj ie /sohf i, cbluecs vizis, ie /usr/sohf.
]rè-riquhshtjs
J sirvhnjr F@T nivi sir djflurcnj. ]rheihrj, è pridhsj tir js pcdjtis cprjprhcnjs hfstc -
bcnjs. Hssj djfshsti prhfdhpcbeifti ie uec virsäj ni girfib qui supjrti F@T i uec virsäj
cniqucnc nj pcdjti f`s-uthbs.
Ie siluhnc, cftis ni hfhdhcr j F@T, virhqui si c rini ^D]/H] istã ` ufdhjfcfnj djrritc -
eifti fc suc eãquhfc. @ihtj hssj, kã è pjssåvib hfhdhcr j F@T i ixidutã- bj cpôs riojjt nc
eãquhfc, pjhs js sdrhpts ni hfhdhcbhzcìäj kã nitidtce qui j crquhvj /itd/ixpjr ts `jh djflu -
rcnj i hfhdhcbhzcrã j F@T. Ti fäj ùfdhjfcr djrritceifti, cblufs nciejfs pridhscräj sir
hfhdhcbhzcnjs pcrc ixidutcr js sirvhìjs F@T.
Hfhdhcfnj j pjrtecppir
T
@
F@T nipifni nj nciejf pjrt ecppir, tceoèe dacecnj pjrtecp ju rpd.pjrtecp. Ibi F
-
?
nivi istcr bjdcbhzcnj ie /sohf i, cbluecs vizis, ie /usr/sohf. Nhstrhouhìùis echs ridiftis bj
u
nj Bhfux hfhdhcbhzce issi nciejf fj prjdissj ni ojjt7 ni qucbquir ejnj, è hepjr tcfti tir åt
p
c
dirtizc ni qui ibi is tã ixidutcfnj cftis ni trcocbacr dje j F@T. N hlhti; D
ps cux | lrip pjrtecp
44
Nciejfs nj pcdjti f`s-uthbs.
3 rpd.f`sn;nciejf nj F@T qui `cz c echjr pcrti nj trcocbaj.
3 djftrjbce js cdissjs ni bihturc i lrcvcìäj ni crquhvjs.

rpd.bjdgn i rpd.stctn;
3 rpd.ejuftn;ecfhpubc js pinhnjs hfhdhchs ni ejftclie ni bi systies.
3 rpd.rqujtcn;lirëfdhc cs qujtcs ni nhsdj njs usuãrhjs ie vjbueis ixpjrtcnjs.
Bjdgn è dacecnj pibj f`sn sjo niecfnc, pjr tcftj fäj si prijdupi ie hfhdhã-bj. Ttctn
pridhsc sir hfhdhcnj sipcrcnceifti. Nhstrhouhìùis Bhfux echs ridiftis tëe sdrhpts ni hfhdhcbh -
zcìäj pcrc issis nciejfs.
Js nciejfs dhtcnjs säj pcrti nj pcdjti f`s-uthbs i pjnie istcr fjs nhritôrhjs /sohf ju
/usr/sohf . Ti c nhstrhouhìäj ie usj fäj hfdbuå-bjs fjs sdrhpts ni hfhdhcbhzcìäj, iftäj

niviejs cnhdhjfã-bjs i ixidutcr djflurcìäj pcrc qui hfhdhie fc siluhfti jrnie;
3. rpd.pjrtecp
?. rpd.ejuftn
4. rpd.f`sn, rpd.stctn
>. rpd.bjdgn (si fidissãrhj)
9. rpd.rqujtcn
Pirh`hdcfnj c ixiduìäj nj F@T

3 Djfsubti j pjrtecppir dje j djecfnj rpdhf`j -p . q
3 Ti pjrt cecppir, f`s i ejuftn fäj isthvirie bhstcnjs, ritjrfi i tifti fjvceifti
hfhdhcbhzcr js nciejfs.
3 C scånc è cblj djej;
prjlrce virs prjtj pjrt
3===== ? tdp 333 pjrtecppir
3===== ? unp 333 pjrtecppir
...
]crc `czir hssj, djfsubti j pjr tecppir dje j djecfnj rpdhf`j -p pcrc virhdcr js sirvhìjs
qui istäj ixidutcfnj. C scånc è cblj djej;
t
i
f
r prjlrce vir prjtj pjrt prjlrce vir prjtj pjrt
i
t
Hf
c 3===== ? tdp 333 pjrtecppir 3====4 4 unp ?=>8 f`s
r
c
p 3===== ? unp 333 pjrtecppir 3===?> 3 unp 8>> stctus
s
j
hì 3===33 3 unp <>8 rqujtcn 3===?> 3 tdp 8>0 stctus
v
r
i 3===33 ? unp <>8 rqujtcn 4===38 3 tdp 14= cen
T
;
x
u 3====9 3 unp <98 ejuftn 4===38 3 unp 143 cen
hf
B
s 3====9 3 tdp <03 ejuftn 3===?3 3 unp 3=>? fbjdgelr
c
e
ti 3====9 4 tdp <<3 ejuftn 3===?3 4 unp 3=>? fbjdgelr
s
h
T 3====9 ? tdp <00 ejuftn 3===?3 > unp 3=>? fbjdgelr
i
n
j 3====9 4 unp <08 ejuftn 3===?3 3 tdp 30?8 fbjdgelr
ä
ì
c
rt 3====9 4 tdp <<3 ejuftn 3===?3 4 tdp 30?8 fbjdgelr
sh
f h 3====4 ? unp ?=>8 f`s 3===?3 > tdp 30?8 fbjdgelr
e
n
C
4>
Issc scånc hfnhdc qui cs virsùis ? i 4 nj F@T, c virsäj 3 nj rpd.stctn i cs virsùi s 3, 4 i
> nj rpd.bjdgn istäj ùfdhjfcfnj. Aã tceoèe jutrjs sirvhìjs bhstcnjs, nipifnifnj nj
F@T istcr sjori ^D] ju YN]. J Bhfux usc YN] pjr ni`cubt, c eifjs qui ^D] sikc ixpbhdhtc -
eifti riquhshtcnj.
Ti fäj isthvirie bhstcnjs js sirvhìjs pjrtecppir, f`s i ejuftn, iftäj è fidissãrhj

ritjrfcr i hfhdhcbhzcr fjvceifti js nciejfs.
Djf`hlurcìäj ni dbhifti F@T

Ejftclie ni nhritôrhjs riejtjs; q
3 Dbhifti F@T nivi ixidutcr j p jrtecppir.
3 Fj dbhifti i fj sirv hnjr säj fidissãrhjs js nciejfs;

? rpd.stctn.
? rpd.bjdgn.
Ixiepbj;
# ejuft ecstir.`jj.dje;/ajei /eft/ajei
Cftis ni djeiìcr, nivi-si tir dirtizc ni qui j dbhifti tie supjrti pcrc ejftclie F@T.
Ti isthvir sifnj uscnj j girfib dje j shstiec ni crquhvjs /prjd, è pjssåvib virhdcr j
crquhvj/prjd /bi sys ties i tir dirtizc ni qui aã uec bhfac djftifnj F@T. Ti fäj, nhlhti
‒hfsejn f`s― pcrc tir dirtizc ni qui j F@T `jh djephbcnj djej ue eônubj7 dcsj djf -
trãrhj, è fidissãrhj djfstruhr ju `czir njwfbjcn ni ue girfib dje supjrti pcrc F@T.
]crc uscr uec eãquhfc djej dbhifti F@T è fidissãrhj qui j pjrt ecppir istikc rjncfnj
fibc. ]crc uscr j djftrjbi ni cdissj ni crquhvjs F@T, sirã fidissãrhj tceoèe qui rpd.stctn
i rpd.bjdgn istikce rjncfnj fj dbhifti i fj sir vhnjr. Nhstrhouhìùis echs ridiftis hfhdhce
issis sirvhìjs pjr ni`cubt, ie tiepj ni ojjt.
Dje pjrt ecp, bjdgn i stctn ixidutcfnj, j cnehfhstrcnjr nivi sir dcpcz ni ejftcr j
nhritôrhj riejtj ni siu sirvhnjr nc eisec `jrec qui è ejftcnj ue nhsdj bjdcb, dje j
djecfnj ejuft . Tupjfac qui ue ncnj sir vhnjr è dacecnj ecstir.`jj.dje i qui quiriejs
ejftcr j nhritôrhj /ajei ie sbcvi3.`jj.dje. Ocstc nhlhtcr;
# ejuft ecstir.`jj.dje;/ajei /eft/ajei
J nhritôrhj /ajei ie ecstir cpcridirã djej nhritôrhj/eft/ajei ie sbcvi 3 (nj ûbthej ixiepbj).
Ejftclie ie tiepj ni ojjt; j thpj ni shstiec ni crquhvjs tëe ni sir F@T, i nuep i `sdg
nivie tir vcbjr zirj.
Ejnjs ni `cbac;
3 Tj`t;
? Ti ue crquhvj `cbac, j dbhifti F@T ripjrtcrã irrj7
? ]jni dcuscr djrrupìäj ni crquhvjs i pirnc ni ncnjs7
? Fäj si ridjeifnc issi thpj ni djflurcìäj. T
@
F
3 Acrn;
-
?
bj
? Sucfnj j sirvhnjr F@T vjbtcr cj is tcnj jf-bhfi, j prjlrcec djfthfucrã nj pjftj ie u
åt
p
c
qui pcrju7 D
? _idjeifnc-si issi thpj ni djflurcìäj.
49
Ejftclie ni shstiecs ni crquhvjs F@T ie tiepj ni ojjt
Thstiecs ni crquhvjs F@T pjnie sir cnhdhjfcnjs fj crquhvj /itd/` stco nc eisec ecfihrc
qui js shstiecs ni crquhvjs bjdchs. C ûfhdc nhìrifìc è qui j thpj ni shstiec ni crquhvjs
sirã djflurcnj pcrc F@T, i nuep i `sdg tiräj ni sir ckustcnjs p crc zirj. Iftäj, pcrc j
ixiepbj, c iftrcnc fj /itd/` stco sirhc;
# nivhdi ejuftpjhft `s-typi jpthjfs nuep `sdg

...
ecstir.`jj.dje;/ajei /eft f`s rw = =
...
Ti isthvir sifnj uscnj ue cutjejuftir djej cen ju cutj`s, cs jpìùis fjs dcepjs djr -
rispjfniftis ncs bhstclifs nj ejuft sirhce shehbcris, si fäj hnëfthdcs.
Jpìùis ni ejftclie
Aã vãrhcs jpìùis c djfshnircr ie ribcìäj í `jrec pibc qucb j dbhifti F@T ecfhpubc uec
`cbac (drcsa) fj sirvhnjr ju quinc nc rini. Ixhstie njhs ejnjs ni `cbac nhsthftjs;
3 Tj`t; si ue crquhvj `cbac, j dbhifti F@T ripjr tcrã ue irrj pcrc j pr jdissj fc eãquhfc
dbhifti riquhshtcfnj j cdissj cj crquhvj. Fäj si ridjeifnc issi thpj ni djflurcìäj,
pjrqui pjni dcuscr djrrupìäj ni crquhvjs i pirnc ni ncnjs7
3 Acrn; j prjdissj fäj pjni sir hftirrjephnj ju ifdirrcnj, c eifjs qui hssj sikc ispi -
dhdcnj, cpôs uec quinc fj sirvhnjr. Sucfnj j sirvhnjr F@T vjbtcr cj istcnj jf-bhfi, j
prjlrcec djfthfucrã nj pjftj ie qui pcrju. _idjeifnc-si j usj nissc djflurcìäj.
Djfshnircfnj j ixiepbj cftirhjr, c iftrcnc `stco sirhc;
# nivhdi ejuftpjhft `s-typi jpthjfs nuep `sdg
...
ecstir.`jj.dje;/ajei /eft/ajei f`s rw,acrn,hftr = =
...
^cecfaj nj objdj; ‒rshzi― i ‒wshzi― ispidhdce j tcecfaj.
3 Fäj aã ue tcecfaj qui ùfdhjfi oie ie tjnjs ju fc echjrhc njs situps.

3 Isdjbair ue tcecfaj ni objdj djrritj è ue `ctjr hepjrt cfti pcrc j nisiepifaj.
t
i
f F@T sjori ^D]
q
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i
t
Hf
c Pcftclifs;
r
c
j
p
s 3 @ufdhjfc eibajr qui YN] ie nitirehfcncs rinis.
hì
v
r
i
3 Eibajr nisiepifaj.
T
;
x
u
3 Ecfhpubc eibajr cs nhìrifìcs ni vibjdhncni ni rini.
hf
B
s Nisvcftclie;
c
e
ti Fäj è ue prjtjdjbj stctibiss djej j YN].
s
h
T
3
n
i J jviraicn lircnj pibj prjtjdjbj ^D] risubtcrã ie eifjr pir `jrecfdi nj qui YN]
j
ä
ì sjori djfnhìùis hnichs ni rini.
c
rt
sh
f h J usj ni ^D] tie uec vcftclie i uec nisvcftclie ie ribcìäj í uthbhzcìäj ni ^D] sjori YN].
e
n
C
40
3 Pcftclie; ^D] ùfdhjfc eibajr nj qui YN] ie nitirehfcncs rinis. Sucfnj si usc
^D], ue pcdjti nisdcrtcnj pjni sir ritrcfsehthnj sie c ritrcfsehssäj nj pinhnj _]D
hftihrj, risubtcfnj ie eibajr nisiepifaj. Ie cnhìäj, ^D] ecfhpubcrã nhìrifìcs ni
vibjdhncni ni rini eibajr nj qui YN], nivhnj cj uxj ni djftrjbi oãshdj fj fåvib ni
rini7
3 Nisvcftclie; ^D] fäj è ue prjtjdjbj stctibiss djej j YN]. Ti j sirvhnjr pcrcrfj
eihj ni uec trcfsehssäj ni pcdjtis, js djepcrthbaceiftjs siräj nisejftcnjs i
riejftcnjs. J jviraicn lircnj pibj prjtjdjbj ^D] risubtcrã ie eifjr pir `jrecfdi nj
qui YN] sjo djfnhìùis hnichs ni rini, ecs j dustj fäj è dr åthdj.
Nucs jpìùis nj djecfnj ejuft theij i ritrcfs djftrjbce j djepjrtceiftj ni pinhnjs
YN] qucfnj j dbhifti sj`ri theijuts nivhnj cjs p cdjtis nisdcrtcnjs, djflisthjfceiftj ni
rini i csshe pjr nhcfti.
3 ; pirehti c nishlfcìäj nj tiepj, ie nèdhejs ni silufnj, qui bivcrã

Jpìäj ‒-j theij―
ctè qui j dbhifti nidhnc qui fäj vch ispircr uec rispjstc nj sirvhnjr i tiftcrã ifvhcr j
pinhnj fjvceifti. J vcbjr ni`cubt è ni < nèdhejs ni siluf nj7
3 ; nifi j fûeirj ni theijuts p irehthnjs cftis ni j dbhifti nishsthr i
Jpìäj ‒-j ritrcfs―
ixhohr c eifsclie ni qui j sir vhnjr fäj rispjfni. J vcbjr ni`cubt è ni trës tiftcthvcs.
Yec viz qui j dbhifti ejstrc issc eifsclie, ibi djfthfucrã c tiftcr ifvhcr j pinhnj,
ecs cpifcs uec viz cftis ni ejstrcr c eifsclie ni ir rj si jutrj theijut jdjrrir.
Sucfnj j dbhifti ristcoibidi djftctj, ibi istcrã us cfnj js vcbjris djrritjs ni ritrcfs i
ejstrcrã uec eifsclie ‒JG― fj sirvhnjr.
C drhtèrhj nj cnehfhstrcnjr nc rini, issis v cbjris pjnie sir ckustcnjs, dcsj istikc acvifnj
qucfthncni ixdisshvc ni ritrcfsehssùis ju si nisiki cueiftcr j tcecfaj nj objdj ni
trcfsìrëfdhc sie djftcr theijuts i ritrcfsehssùis.
3 ^heijut i vcbjris ni ritrcfsehssäj.

3 theij i ritrcfs djftrjbce j djepjrtceiftj ni pinhnjs YN] qucfnj j dbhifti sj`ri
theijuts.
3 Fûeirj ni hfstïfdhcs ni f`sn.
3 C echjrhc njs sdrhpts ni hfhdhcbhzcìäj nhspcrce jhtj hfstïfdhcs nissi nciejf.
3 ]jni sir ejnhdcnj, vhc crlueiftj, pcrc /itd/rd.n /hfht.n/f`s (fj _in Act).
C echjrhc njs sdrhpts ni hfhdhcbhzcìäj hfhdhce jhtj hfstïfdhcs ni f`sn. Fäj aã ue fûeirj
ôthej ni hfstïfdhcs7 tjncvhc, ue sirvhnjr echs piscnj pjni riquirir echs hfstïfdhcs. ]jni
sir uthbhzcnj pibj eifjs ue nciejf pjr prjdisscnjr, ecs ni quctrj c jhtj pjr prjdis-
scnjr pjni sir eibajr.
F@T såfdrjfj virsus cs såfdrjfj

Djepjrtceiftj cssåfdrjfj ni F@Tv4. q
3 csyfd.
3 Tirvhnjr rispjfni c pinhnj njs dbhiftis csshe qui prjdisscnj i ecfhpubcnj pibj
shstiec ni crquhvjs bjdcb. T
@
F
3 Fäj ispirc pibj creczifceiftj njs ncnjs ie eihj istãvib. -
?
bj
J djepjrtceiftj ni F@Tv4 uscnj pibj ixpjr t`s è cssåfdrjfj. Issi vcbjr ni`cubt pir ehti u
åt
p
qui j sirvhnjr rispjfnc cjs pinhnjs dbhiftis täj orivieifti qucftj säj prjdisscnjs i c
D
ecfhpubcnjs js pinhnjs pibj shstiec ni crquhvjs bjdcb, sie ispircr qui js ncnjs sikce
isdrhtjs ie eihjs ni creczifceiftj ist ãvib.
4<
C jpìäj ‒csyfd― nc bhstc ni ixpjr tcìäj nj sirvhnjr pini cj sir vhnjr qui hf`jrei cj dbhifti
qui tjnjs js ncnjs `jrce isdrhtjs pcrc creczifceiftj istãvib, hfnipifniftieifti nj
prjtjdjbj uscnj. ]crc siluhr ue djepjrtceiftj såfdrjfj, j shstiec ni crquhvjs nj sir -
vhnjr Bhfux nivi sir ixpjrt cnj dje c jpìäj ‒syfd―.
Fjti qui ispidhdcr uec ixpjrt cìäj såfdrjfc risubtcrã fc shtucìäj ie qui fifauec
jpìäj sirã vhstc fc bhstc ni ixpjrt cìäj nj sirvhnjr. ]crc ixpjrtcr shstiecs ni crquhvjs,
pjnie sir uscncs nhìriftis jpìùis;
# /usr/sohf/ixpjrt`s -j rw,syfd *;/usr/bjdcb

# /usr/sohf/ixpjrt`s -j rw *;/tep
]crïeitrjs nj shstiec ni crquhvjs ixpjrtcnj;
# /usr/sohf/ixpjrt`s —v
/usr/bjdcb *(rw)
/tep *(rw,csyfd)
Ixpjrtcìäj cssåfdrjfc;
3 /prjd/`s/f`s/ixpjrts .
? Ejstrc c bhstc ni jpìùis ni ixpjrtcìäj.

3 Dbhiftis pjnie ixpbhdhtceifti hfshsthr ie djepjrtceiftj såfdrjfj tjtcb, hfnipifnifti
ni prjtjdjbj, uscfnj c jpìäj ‒J —TXFD ― cj corhr crquhvjs.
Ti j girfib `jr djephbcnj dje j shstiec ni crquhvjs /prjd, j crquhvj /prjd/`s/f`s /ixpjrt s
tceoèe ejstrcrã c bhstc djepbitc ni jpìùis ni ixpjrtcìäj.
Sucfnj j djepjrtceiftj såfdrjfj è ispidhdcnj, j sirvhnjr fäj djfdbuhrã ue pinhnj

F@Tv? ctè qui j shstiec ni crquhvjs bjdcb tifac isdrhtj tjnjs js ncnjs fj nhsdj. J sir -
vhnjr djfdbuhrã ue pinhnj cssåfdrjfj F@T sie issi nibcy i ritjrfcrã j stctus njs ncnjs
pcrc hf`jrecr cj dbhifti js ncnjs qui nivie sir ecfthnjs ie dcdai i js ncnjs qui
pjnie sir nisdcrtcnjs ni ecfihrc silurc. Aã trës vcbjris pjssåvihs ni stctus, nifhnjs
ie hfdbuni/Bhfux/f`s.a ;
3 F@TZYFT^COBI; js ncnjs fäj `jrce creczifcnjs i djfrecnjs ie creczifceiftj

istãvib fj sirvhnjr, i nivie sir djbjdcnjs ie dcdai fj dbhifti ctè qui ue pinhnj ni djf-
recìäj nj dbhifti lcrcftc qui j sirvhnjr ifvhju js ncnjs pcrc creczifceiftj istãvib7
t
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f
3 F@TZNC^CZTXFD; js eitcncnjs fäj `jrce ifvhcnjs pcrc creczifceiftj istãvib, i
r
i
t nivie sir djbjdcnjs ie dcdai fj dbhifti. Yec djfrecìäj suosiquifti è fidissãrhc7
Hf
r
c
c
p
3 F@TZ@HBIZTXFD; ncnjs i eitc ncnjs fäj pjnie sir djbjdcnjs ie dcdai, i uec djfr -
s ecìäj suosiquifti fäj pridhsc sir ifvhcnc pcrc c `chxc djoirt c pjr issi pinhnj.
j
hì
v
r
i Ie cnhìäj cj djepjrtceiftj såfdrjfj, j dbhifti pjni ixpbhdhtceifti hfshsthr ie djepjr-
T
;
x
u tceiftj såfdrjfj tjtcb, hfnipifnifti nj prjtjdjbj, corhfnj tjnjs js crquhvjs dje c jpìäj
hf
B
s J-TXFD. Fissi dcsj, tjncs cs rispjstcs cjs pinhnjs njs dbhiftis väj ispircr ctè qui js
c
e
ti ncnjs cthfkce j nhsdj nj sir vhnjr.
s
h
T
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j Tilurcfìc i F@T
q
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
]cssjs pcrc qui ue dbhifti pjssc cdisscr ue crquhvj ie ue nhritôrhj riejtj;
f h
n
e 3 Ejftclie; silurcfìc prjvhnc pjr /itd/ixpjrts .
C
3 Cdissj cjs crquhvjs; fäj è ispidådj nj F@T, ecs pcr ti nj djftrjbi ni cdissj nj
shstiec ni crquhvjs fj dbhifti.
41
Dje F@T, aã njhs pcssjs riquirhnjs pcrc qui ue dbhifti lcfai cdissj c ue crquhvj djfthnj
ie ue nhritôrhj riejtj fj sir vhnjr.
J prheihrj pcssj è j ni ejftclie. J cdissj í ejft clie è djfsiluhnj ctrcvès nc eãquhfc

dbhifti tiftcfnj cthflhr j sirvhnjr. ]crc tcb, c silurcfìc è prjv hnc pibj crquhvj /itd/ixpjrts ,
qui bhstc js fjeis ju ifniriìjs H] pcrc eãquhfcs qui pjssce cdisscr j pjftj ni dje-
pcrthbaceiftj. Ti cbluèe `jr dcpcz ni iìtucr spjjfl, pjr ixiepbj, pjnirã cdisscr
js pjftjs ni ejftclie. Yec viz qui c eãquhfc `jh ejftcnc ie ue ncnj vjbuei, siu
Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb tirã cdissj c tjnjs js crquhvjs fcquibi vjbuei, i tceoèe cdissj ni
isdrhtc si j vjbuei thvir shnj ixpjrtcnj dje c jpìäj ‒rw ―.
J silufnj pcssj è j cdissj cjs crquhvjs, uec ùfìäj ni djftrjbi ni cdissj nj shstiec
ni crquhvjs fj dbhifti, i fäj uec ùfìäj ispidhcbhzcnc nj F@T. Yec viz qui ue nrhvi è
ejftcnj, cs pirehssùis nj usuãrhj i nj lrupj fjs crquhvjs nitirehfce djftrjbi ni cdissj.
F@T i silurcfìc; pjrtecppir

J pjrtecppir ecftèe uec bhstc njs sirvhìjs ie ixiduìäj ie nitirehfcncs pjrtcs. q
3 Cbluecs nhstrhouhìùis nj Bhfux fäj si prijdupce dje c silurcfìc nj pjrtecppir.
Djej tjrfcr echs silurj:
3 Inhtcr /itd/ajsts. nify i hfdbuhr c bhfac;
? pjrtecp;CBB
J pjrtecppir ecftèe uec bhstc njs sirvhìjs ie ixiduìäj ie nitirehfcncs pjrtcs. Issc
bhstc è uscnc pjr uec eãquhfc djfidt cnc pcrc vir cs pjrtcs qui ibc nisikc cdisscr pcrc
jotir nitirehfcnjs sirvhìjs.
Cbluecs nhstrhouhìùis nj Bhfux fäj si prijdupce dje c silurcfìc nj pjrtecppir7 dje
hssj, c ecfihrc echs `ãdhb ni `czir issc virhdcìäj è ixidutcfnj st rhfls i virhdcfnj si
`jrce bhnjs crquhvjs ribivcftis, djej /itd/ajsts .nify i /itd/ajsts.c bbjw. Tupjfnj qui j pjrt -
ecppir sikc /sohf/pjr tecp, pjniejs `czir c vir hdcìäj dje j djecfnj;
# strhfls /sohf/pjrtecp | lrip ajsts
Ie uec eãquhfc silurc, c scånc sirhc cblj djej;
/itd/ajsts.cbbjw
/itd/ajsts.nify
M(#) ajstsZdtb.d 3.> 8>/3?/?1 3<;>?;?<
M(#) ajstsZcddiss.d 3.?3 8</=?/3? =?;34;??
]rheihrj, inhtcejs /itd/ajsts.nify, qui nivi djftir c bhfac pjrtecp; cBB, qui filcrã j cdissj
c tjnjs. Cpôs hssj, ixiduti rpdhf`j -p cpifcs pcrc virhdcr si j pjrtecppir ricbeifti istã
bifnj j crquhvj /itd/ajsts .nify. Js crquhvjs /itd/ajsts.cbbjw i /itd/ajsts.nify prjnuzie iìhtj
heinhctceifti cpôs scbvjs. Fäj aã fidisshncni ni hfhdhcbhzcr nciejfs.
@idacr pjrtecppir pcrc tjnj eufnj è uec einhnc nrãsthdc, iftäj pjniejs corh-bj fjvceifti
inhtcfnj /itd/ajsts.cbbjw, bhstcfnj tjncs cs eãquhfcs qui nivie cdisscr sirvhìjs fc eãquhfc.
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Tirvhnjr BNC]
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Iftifnir j ùfdhjfceiftj nj sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj, nj prjtjdjbj BNC] i nc sjbuìäj
h
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JpifBNC]7 djepriifnir j ùfdhjfceiftj, jokitjs i ctrhoutjs7 Hfstcbcìäj nj
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j JpifBNC]7 Ixiduìäj nj sirvhnjr7 Drhcìäj i ecfutifìäj nc ocsi ni ncnjs.
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Tirvhnjr B NC], ãrvjri ni hf`jrecìäj nj nhritôrhj (NH^), nitcbais nc ãrvjri ni i
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djflurcìäj i ìrrceiftcs pcrc ehlrcìäj nc ocsi. j
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Hftrjnuìäj
Tirvhìjs ni Nhritôrhj q
3 ]rjtjdjbj BNC];
? @ufdhjfceiftj
? Istruturc nc Ocsi
? @jrectj BNH@
? @jrecs ni djfixäj
Fisti dcpåtubj, vcejs djfaidirejs js djfdihtjs ni sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj i j prjtjdjbj
Bhlatwihlat Nhrid tjry Cddiss ]rjtjdjb (BNC]), cbèe nc sjbuìäj JpifBNC], ie cspidtjs
ribcdhjfcnjs í hfstcbcìäj, djflurcìäj i tistis.
Fc prheihrc pcr ti, cojrncriejs j ùfdhjfceiftj, jokitjs i ctrhoutjs nj prjtjdjbj BNC],

ie siluhnc viriejs djej istã jrlcfhzcnc c ãr vjri ni djflurcìäj fj `jrectj df5djfl i
pjr e cprisiftcriejs uec `jrec ni hepjr tcr cs djftcs nj shstiec pcrc c ocsi nj BNC ].
C ixiduìäj nj sirv hnjr, oie djej c drhcìäj nc ocsi, siräj js jokitjs fchs nisti dcpåtubj,
jfni siräj djbjdcnjs ie prãthdc js djfdihtjs cnquhrhnjs.
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Tirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj
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J qui è ue sir vhìj ni nhritôrhj: i
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Tirvhìj ni nhritôrhj Q TLONs trcnhdhjfchs 4
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È uec ocsi ni ncnjs ispidhcbeifti nisifvjbvhnc pcrc creczifcr hf`jrecìùis qui fidis -
shtce ni ue lrcfni vjbuei ni djfsubtcs, ju sikc, jpircìùis ni bihturc i isdrhtc fäj säj
prhjrhncni fissi thpj ni ocsi.
Nhìriftieifti njs sirvhìjs ni o cfdjs ni ncnjs trcnhdhjfchs qui creczifce sucs hf`jrec -
ìùis ie tcoibcs, ue sir vhìj ni nhritôrhj creczifc sucs hf`jrecìùis ni `jrec ahirãrquhdc.
Issc jrlcfhzcìäj è dacecnc ni Nhridtjry Hf`jrecthjf ^rii (NH^) ju Ãr vjri ni Hf`jrecìäj
nj Nhritôrhj. Cprisiftcriejs echs nitcbais sjori uec NH^ fj nidjrrir nisti dcpåtubj.
Lircbeifti uthbhzcejs ue sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj pcrc creczifcr hf`jrecìùis sjori js

ridursjs i js usuãrhjs ni uec rini ni djeputcnjris. Tuc prhfdhpcb vcftclie è diftrcbhzcr
tjncs cs hf`jrecìùis ie ue ûfhdj bulcr, `cdhbhtcfnj csshe j tr cocbaj njs cnehfhstrcnjris
ni shstiecs.
Tie sirvhìj ni nhritôrhjs

Nhìriftis cpbhdcìùis uthbhzce ocsis ni ncnjs nhsthftcs q
Sucfnj fäj pjssuåejs ue sirvhìj ni nhritôrhjs nhspjfåvib fc rini, dcnc cpbhdcìäj nivi
ecftir suc prôprhc ocsi ni ncnjs pcrc cutifthdcìäj njs dbhiftis. Djfsiquiftieifti, dcnc
ocsi tirã suc prôprhc pjbåthdc ni silurcfìc, pjsshohbhtcfnj qui j usuãrhj tifac uec sifac
nhìrifti ie dcnc sirvhìj.
Issi difãrhj è tirråvib pcrc js cnehfhstrcnjris ni shstiecs, pjhs c dcnc hfdbusäj, cbtircìäj
ju ixdbusäj ni ue usuãrhj, sirã fidissãrhc c ripithìäj njs prjdinheiftjs ie tjncs cs
ocsis ni ncnjs ni tjnjs js shstiecs nhspjfåvihs. Hssj rinuzhrã c prjnuthvhncni nc iquhpi,
cbèe ni pjsshohbhtcr oridacs ni silurcfìc cj ecftir usuãrhjs dje cdissj c nitirehfcnjs
sirvhìjs ctè qui j p rjdissj tifac shnj ricbhzcnj ie tjncs cs ocsis ni ncnjs.
Cpbhdcìäj 3 _ilhstrj ni usuãrhj
Dbhifti nc cpbhdcìäj 3
Cpbhdcìäj ? _ilhstrj ni usuãrhj
t
Dbhifti nc cpbhdcìäj ?
i
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Hf Cpbhdcìäj 4 _ilhstrj ni usuãrhj
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j Cpbhdcìùis
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v Dbhifti nc cpbhdcìäj 4 cdisscfnj ocsis
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B Dje sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj
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ti Nhìriftis cpbhdcìùis uthbhzce c eisec ocsi ni ncnjs
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i Ye sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj è ùfnceiftcb pcrc istruturcs ni shstiecs nhstrhouånjs. C diftrcbh -
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ì zcìäj ncs djftcs njs usuãrhjs ie ue ûfhdj bjdcb `cdhbhtc euhtj c vhncs njs cnehfhstrcnjris
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ni shstiecs i pirehti qui js usuãrhjs cdissie js sir vhìjs ni ecfihrc echs trcfspcrifti.
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C
Sucbquir jpircìäj ie ue jokitj nj sirvhìj ni nhritôrhjs sirã ixidutcnc uec ûfhdc viz ie ue
ûfhdj bulcr, i tjnjs js shstiecs tiräj cdissj js ncnjs heinhctceifti. Issis ncnjs pjnie sir
cdisscnjs pjr qucbquir cpbhdcìäj ju shstiec qui supjrtie djeufhdcìäj pcnräj BNC].
>?
Cpbhdcìäj 3
BNC]
Dbhifti nc cpbhdcìäj 3
_ilhstrj ni usuãrhj
Cpbhdcìäj ? BNC]
Dbhifti nc cpbhdcìäj ?
@hlurc 4.?
Cpbhdcìäj 4 BNC]
Cpbhdcìùis
cdisscfnj c
eisec ocsi ni
usuãrhjs. Dbhifti nc cpbhdcìäj 4
BNC]
3 ]rjtjdjbj ocsicnj fj cdissj c sirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj Q.9== q
3 Ixidutc sjori prjtjdjbjs ni trcfspjrti jrhiftcnjs c djfixäj
3 Nitirehfc j djfkuftj ni rilrcs qui djftrjbce j ùfdhjfceiftj nj sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj
È ue prjtjdjbj dbhifti/sirvhnjr uthbhzcnj pcrc cdisscr sirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj ocsicnjs ie Q.9==.
J BNC] `jh nisifvjbvhnj fc Yfhvirshncni nj Ehdahlcf djej uec cbtirfcthvc cj prjtjdjbj NC].
J prjtjdjbj NC] irc ocsicnj fj pcnräj JTH ni siti dcecncs, j qui j tjrfcvc ue prjtjdjbj
‒piscnj―7 kã j prjtjdjbj BNC] `jh nisifvjbvhnj sjori j shstiec ^D]/H], qui cj sir djepcrcnj
dje j NC] irc djfshnircnj echs bivi, ncå j tirej ‒Bhlat\ihlat― fc shlbc nj prjtjdjbj.
C _@D >93= djftèe c ribcìäj ni tjncs cs _@Ds qui nisdrivie j prjtjdjbj;
3 BNC]; âi ]rjtjdjb W_@D>933U7
3 BNC]; Nhridtjr y Hf`jrecthjf Ejnibs W_@D>93?U7
3 BNC]; Cutaifthdcthjf Eitajns cfn Tidurhty Eidacfhses W_@D>93 4U7
3 BNC]; Ttrhfl _iprisiftcthjf j` Nhsthfluhsain Fceis W_@D>93> U7
3 BNC]; Ttrhfl _iprisiftcthjf j` Ticrda @hbtirs W_@D>939U7
3 BNC]; Yfh`jre _isjurdi Bjdctjr W_@D>930U7
3 BNC]; Tyftcxis cfn Ectdahfl _ubis W_@ D>93<U7
3 BNC]; Hftirfcthjfcbhzin Ttrhfl ]rip crcthjf W_@D>931U7
3 BNC]; Tdaiec `jr Ysir Cppbhdcthjfs W_ @D>938U.
Csshe djej qucbquir prjtjdjbj, j BNC] nitirehfc j djfkuftj ni rilrcs qui djftrjbce
j ùfdhjfceiftj ni ue sirvhìj ni nhritôrhjs, ju sikc, ibi ispidhdc djej sirã ricbhzcnc
c djfixäj, djeufhdcìäj i c trcfsìrëfdhc njs ncnjs. Cs `jrecs ni creczifceiftj, j ]
C
N
Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb i j lirifdhcnjr ni ocfdj ni ncnjs fäj `czie pcrti nj prjtjdjbj — rB
isscs säj dcrcdtiråsthdcs ispidådcs ni dcnc hepbieiftcìäj nj B NC]. j
hn
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Iepriscs i hfsthtuhìùis njs echs vcrhcnjs t hpjs i tcecfajs pjssuie uec hffhncni ni T
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sirvhìjs qui fidisshtce nc cutifthdcìäj njs usuãrhjs. ^cri`cs djej ricbhzcr j bjlhf ie bj
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istcìùis ni trcocbaj, cdisscr djftcs ni i-echb, cdisscr shstiecs ni list äj, shstiecs ni åt
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djftrjbi ni istjqui itd. s äj ricbhzcncs j tiepj tjnj. D
>4
@ufdhjfceiftj nj BNC]
3 Ocsicnj fj ejnibj dbhifti/sirvhnjr q
3 Dbhifti ricbhzc uec riquhshìäj cj sirvhnjr
3 Tirvhnjr rispjfni ju ifdcehfac c riquhshìäj pcrc jutrj sirvhnjr BNC]
3 ^jnjs js sirvhnjris cprisiftce c eisec vhsäj nj nhritôrhj
J BNC] è uec cpbhdcìäj dbhifti/sirvhnjr. Fjrecbeifti j sirvhnjr uthbhzc c pjrt c 418 ^D]
pcrc djfixùis sie drhptjlrcc, i c pjrtc 040 pcrc djfixùis dje TTB.
Ye dbhifti BNC] djfidtc-si c ue sir vhnjr BNC] i iìtuc riquhshìùis, j sirvhnjr rispjfni
ju iftäj cpjftc pcrc jfni j dbhifti pjni djbitcr echs hf`jrecìùis, pjr ixiepbj, jutrj
sirvhnjr BNC].
Hfnipifnifti ni qucb sirv hnjr j dbhifti si djfidti, tjnjs nivie cprisiftcr c

eisec vhsäj nj nhritôrhj.
C uthbhzcìäj nj BNC] è ridjeifncnc pcrc cpbhdcìùis qui fidisshtce ricbhzcr euhtcs djf-
subtcs í ocsi, pjhs ibi `jh prjkitcnj pcrc ctifnir c lrcfnis vjbueis ni djfsubtcs ie ue
durtj ispcìj ni tiepj, cpbhdcìùis qui fidisshtce ricbhzcr euhtcs jpircìùis ni isdrhtc
prjvcvibeifti fäj tiräj ue nisiepifaj scths`ctôrhj.
Jpircìùis; q
3 Djfsubtc (sicrda i djepcri)
3 Ctucbhzcìäj (cnn, nibiti, ejnh`y i ejnh`yNF)
3 Jpircìäj i djftrjbi (ohfn, ufohfn, cocfnjf)
J prjtjdjbj BNC] djfshsti ie fjvi jpircìùis nhstrhouåncs ie trës dctiljrhcs; djfsubtc7
ctucbhzcìäj i cutifthdcìäj i djftrjbi.
Djfsubtc;
3 sicrda;jpircìäj ni ousdc pjr ue (@hlurc 4.4) ju eûbthpbjs (@hlurc 4.> ) risubtcnjs7
3 djepcri;jpircìäj ni djepcrcìäj dje nitirehfcnc iftrcnc.
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Ticrda jpircthjf
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Hf
_iturfin iftry
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p @hlurc 4.4
s _isubt djni
j Jpircìäj shepbis
hì Dbhifti
BNC] Tirvhnjr
BNC]
v ni ousdc.
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hf Ticrda jpircthjf
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ti @hrst iftry riturfin
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ì
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rt @hlurc 4.>
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Fta iftry riturfin
h Jpircìäj ni ousdc
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e Dbhifti
BNC] Tirvhnjr
BNC] dje eûbthpbjs
n _isubt djni
C risubtcnjs.
>>
Ctucbhzcìäj;
3 cnn; jpircìäj ni cnhìäj ni ue ju echs iftrcncs fc ocsi7
3 nibiti;jpircìäj ni riejìäj ni ncnjs nc ocsi7
3 ejnh`y; jpircìäj ni ejnhdcìäj ni ncnjs nc ocsi7
3 ejnh`y NF;jpircìäj ni ejnhdcìäj nc pjshìäj ju rifjeicr ncnjs fc ocsi7
Cutifthdcìäj i djftrjbi;
3 ohfn; jpircìäj ni cutifthdcìäj7
3 ufohfn;ifdirrc uec djfixäj BNC]7
3 cocfnjf;jpircìäj ni dcfdibceiftj ufhbctircb ni uec jpircìäj.
Jpif djffidthjf cfn ohfn

Ohfn risubt
Ticrda jpircthjf
@hrst iftry riturfin
Tidjfn iftry riturfin
_isubt j` sicrda jpircthjf

@hlurc 4.9 Dbhifti
BNC] Tirvhnjr
BNC]
Jpircìäj tåphdc Yfohfn jpircthjf
ni cdissj c ocsi
Dbjsi djffidthjf
nj BNC].
Istruturc nc ocsi BNC]

NH^ (Nhridtjr y Hf`jrecthjf ^rii ) q
3 Jokitjs
? Djrrispjfni c ue djfkuftj ni ctrhoutjs (pcris dacvi/vcbjr) qui creczifce
hf`jrecìùis
? Ctrhoutjs fjrechs
? Ctrhoutjs jpircdhjfchs
3 BNC] JokidtDbcss
3 BNC] Tdaiec
Yec ocsi BNC] ju nhritôrhj BNC ] è jfni cs hf`jrecìùis istäj creczifcncs. Issc ocsi
nivi siluhr j ejnibj Q.9= =, djf`jrei eifdhjfcejs cftirhjreifti.
Js jokitjs ni uec ocsi BNC] s äj jrlcfhzcnjs ahircrquhdceifti, `jrecfnj uec istruturc

ni ãrvjri djfaidhnc djej NH^ (N hridtjry Hf`jr ecthjf ^rii). Dcnc vèrthdi nc NH ^ è ue jokitj
i sucs cristcs nifie c ribcìäj iftri ibis.
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>9
nd5 rfp,nd5or
ju5Tcbvcnjr ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj ju5Oibèe
ju5jpircdjis ju5nhritjrhc
ju5liriftis ju5ùfdhjfãrhjs
@hlurc 4.0
df5Kjäj nc Thbvc df5]inrj Tjuzc Ixiepbj ni uec
ãrvjri ni nhritôrhj.
Fc lurc 4.0 tiejs ue ixiepbj ni uec NH^. J vèrthdi echs cj tjpj (dje j fjei rfp.or) è
dacecnj ni rchz i è c ocsi nc fjssc ãrvjri. Yec NH^ nivi tir uec ûfhdc rchz i tjnjs js jutrjs
jokitjs istcräj ribcdhjfcnjs c ibc, sifnj csshe nhziejs qui c NH^ è uec ãrvjri ifrchzcnc.
Cs cristcs qui bhlce js vèrthdis fjs pirehtie pirdioir c ribcìäj ni ahircrquhc iftri js
jokitjs. ]jr ixiepbj; vcejs djfshnircr qui j fjssj jokithvj è jotir cs hf`jrecìùis riì -
riftis cj vèrthdi ‒]inrj Tjuzc―. Cfcbhscfnj fjssc ãrvjri pirdioiejs qui ibi ist ã cochxj
njs vèrthdis ‒` ufdhjfãrhjs―, ‒jpircìùis― , ‒_hj ni Kcfihrj― i ‒rfp.or―, pjrtcftj, pcrc djfsi -
luhrejs dailcr ctè j fjssj cbvj pridhscriejs pcsscr pjr tjnc c ahircrquhc nc fjssc ãrvjri
djeiìcfnj pibc rchz siluhfnj js vèrthdis ctè dailcr cj jokitj qui djftèe js vcbjris qui
nisikcejs ridupircr.
Jutrc `jrec ni hbustrcr issc jrlcfhzcìäj è `czir uec djepcrcìäj dje j shstiec ni crquhvjs
nj Bhfux, jfni tjncs cs hf`jrecìùis istäj jrlcfhzcncs niochxj ni uec ûfhdc rchz. Jrlcfh -
zcfnj fjssc NH^ djej uec ãrvjri ni nhritôrhjs ibc dcrc sieibacfti í heclie c siluhr;
rfp.or
|ZZ Tcbvcnjr
|ZZ _hj ni Kcfihrj
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| |ZZ jpircdjis
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Hf
| |ZZ liriftis
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p | |ZZ ùfdhjfcrhjs
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hì
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ì Yec NH^ pjni riithr c jrlcfhzcìäj pjbåthdc, lijlrãdc i/ju jrlcfhzcdhjfcb nc ieprisc ju
c
rt
sh
hfsthtuhìäj, sifnj uec pr ãthdc euhtj djeue ocsicr-si ie fjeis kã ixhstiftis, djej js
f h
e njeåfhjs ni NFT, p crc nifhìäj njs fåvihs echs oãshdjs nc ahircrquhc.
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>0
Dcnc vèrthdi nc fjssc ãrvjri pjni riprisiftcr uec pissjc, ufhncni jrlcfhzcdhjfcb, hepris-
sjrc, njdueiftj, lrupj ni pissjcs ju qucbquir jutrc djhsc. Issc riprisiftcìäj lircbeifti è
dacecnc ni rilhstrj ju jokitj i djrrispjfni c ue djfkuftj ni ctrhoutjs (pcris dacvi/vcbjr)
qui creczifce hf`jrecìùis qui pirehtie dcrcdtirhzcr issc riprisiftcìäj.
Ixhstie njhs thpjs ni ctrhoutjs;
3 Ctrhoutjs fjrechs; ctrhoutjs qui d crcdtirhzce j jokitj, djej pjr ixiepbj;

nhspbcyFcei, echb itd.7
3 ; säj uthbhzcnjs pibj sirv hnjr pcrc ùfdhjfcbhncnis jpircdhjfchs
Ctrhoutjs jpircdhjfchs
i/ju cnehfhstrcthvcs, djej pjr ixiepbj; creczifcr c nctc ni drhcìäj ni ue jokitj.
Issis ctrhoutjs fjrecbeifti fäj säj ixhohnjs fjs risubtcnjs ncs djfsubtcs.
BNC] JokidtDbcss
Nitirehfc cs dcrcdtiråsthdcs ni ue jokitj, ju sikc, djrrispjfni cj djfkuftj ni ctrh-
outjs qui ibi pjni tir. ^jnj jokitj è drhcnj c pcrthr ni uec ju echs jokidtDbcssis. Yec
jokidtDbcss pjni sir nirhvcnc ni jutrc jokidt Dbcss, qui pjr suc viz tceoèe pjni sir
nirhvcnc ni jutrc jokid tDbcss. Nissc `jrec, pjniejs tir uec ahircrquhc ni dbcssis dje
supirdbcssis i suodbcssis qui `cdhbhtce j fåvib ni costrcìäj pcrc c drhcìäj njs sdaiecs.
BNC] Tdaiec
Djftèe tjncs cs nifhìùis ni jokitjs i ctrhoutjs qui pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs pibj sir vhnjr
BNC]. È cquh qui säj nifhnjs quchs ctrhoutjs säj jorhlctôrhjs i quchs säj jpdhjfchs ie
uec nitirehfcnc dbcssi, si ue ctrhoutj nivi ridioir uec str hfl ju ue fûeirj hftihrj,
quchs js drhtèrhjs ni pisquhsc pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs pcrc ue nitirehfcnj ctrhou tj itd.
_ibcthvi Nhsthfluhsain Fcei (_NF)
_NF è j ctrhoutj qui djftèe ue fjei ûfhdj niftrj ni ue nitirehfcnj fåvib nc NH^
^jnj jokitj nivi pjssuhr ue ctrhoutj _N F
_idjeifnc-si uthbhzcr ctrhoutjs jorhlctôrhjs njs sdaiecs nisikcnjs
q
È pjssåvib uthbhzcr echs ni ue ctrhoutj pcrc nifhr ue _NF
Csshe djej fj shstiec ni crquhvjs nj Bhfux fäj pjniejs tir njhs crquhvjs dje j eisej
fjei niftrj ni ue nhritôrhj, fj BNC] fôs fäj pjniejs tir njhs jokitjs dje j eisej
_NF niftrj nj eisej fåvib nc fjssc ãrvjri, i j ejthvj è euhtj shepbis; j fjssj sirvhìj
ni nhritôrhj uthbhzc j _NF pcrc hnifthdcr j fjssj jokitj, pjrtcftj, j _NF nivi pjssuhr ue
vcbjr ûfhdj niftrj ncquibi fåvib nc fjssc ãrvjri.
J _NF è j ctr houtj qui creczifc j fjei ûfhdj ribcdhjfcnj cj jokitj heinhctceifti
supirhjr, ju sikc, pjnie ixhsthr vãrhjs jokitjs dje j eisej _NF, nisni qui fäj istikce
fj eisej fåvib nc fjssc ãrvjri.
Ixiepbjs ni _NFs;
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df5]inrj Tjuzc rB
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3 ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj hn
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3 ju5ùfdhjfãrhjs -
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Nhsthfluhsain Fcei (NF)
@jrec ni hnifthdcìäj ni ue jokitj ie ribcìäj c tjnc c ocsi nj BNC] q
@jrecnj pibc djfdctifcìäj nj ctrhoutj _NF nj jokitj nisikcnj echs js ctrhoutjs _NF
ni tjnjs js jokitjs heinhctceifti cftirhjris ctè c rchz nc ocsi
3 Cfcbjlhc dje j shstiec ni crquhvjs nj Bhfux;
? _NF 5 dcehfaj ribcthvj ni ue crquhvj
? NF 5 dcehfaj cosjbutj ni ue crquhvj
J Nhsthfluhsain Fcei ju NF è c `jrec ni hnifthdcìäj ni ue jokitj ie ribcìäj c tjnc
ocsi nj BNC]. Ibi fäj è ue ctrhoutj nj jokitj, ecs è `jrecnj c pcrthr nc djfdctifcìäj nj
siu prôprhj ctrhoutj _NF siluhnj pjr tjnjs js ctrhoutjs _NF njs jokitjs supirhjris ctè
c rchz nc ãrvjri. ]jr ixiepbj; vcejs vjbtcr í lurc 4.0 jfni isdjbaiejs j vèr thdi ‒]inrj
Tjuzc―, j _NF nissi jokitj è df5]inrj T juzc, j jokitj heinhctceifti supirhjr pjssuh j
_NF ju5ùfdhjfcrhjs, j jokitj heinhctceifti supirhjr í ju5 ùfdhjfcrhjs pjssuh j _NF
ju5jpircdjis, j jokitj heinhctceifti supirhjr pjssuh j _NF ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj i pjr e j
jokitj heinhctceifti supirhjr è c rchz nc fjssc ãr vjri. Ti kuftcrejs tjnjs issis ctrhoutjs
_NF tiriejs j NF fj fjssj jokitj; df5]inrj Tjuzc,ju5ùfdhjfcrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,
ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or .
Ixiepbjs ni NFs;
3 ju5Tcbvcnjr,nd5rfp,nd5or
3 df5ùfdhjfcrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
]jniejs fjtcr qui j NF è riprisift cnj ni ochxj pcrc dhec fc fjssc ãrvjri, ju sikc, cpôs
bjdcbhzcrejs j jokitj qui nisikcejs hnifthdcr niviejs siluhr cs cristcs qui j bhlce ctè c
rchz nc fjssc NH^ nissc `jrec djfsiluhejs ejftcr j dcehfaj pcrc dailcr ibi.
]crc `cdhbhtcr j iftifnheiftj pjniejs `czir uec cfcbjlhc cj shstiec ni crquhvjs nj Bhfux, jfni;
3 _NF; dcehfaj ribcthvj ni ue crquhvj, ixiepbj; risjbv.djf`7
3 NF; dcehfaj cosjbutj ni ue crquhvj, ixiepbj; /itd/risjbv.dj f`.
nd5 rfp,nd5or
_NF; nd5rfp,nd5or @hlurc 4.<
NF; nd5rfp,nd5or Ixiepbjs ni NF
t
i i _NF.
f
r ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj
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Hf _NF; ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj
c
r NF; ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
c
p
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j ju5jpircdjis
hì
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r _NF; ju5jpircdjis
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T NF; ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
;
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hf
B
s ju5ùfdhjfãrhjs
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ti _NF; ju5jpircdjis
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T NF; ju5ùfdhjfãrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
i
n
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ä df5]inrj Tjuzc
ì
c
rt _NF; ju5jpircdjis
sh
f h NF; df5]inrj Tjuzc,ju5ùfdhjfãrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
e
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ju5liriftis
_NF; ju5jpircdjis
NF; ju5liriftis,ju5ùfdhjfãrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
>1
]jniejs uthbhzcr qucbquir ctrhoutj pcrc nitirehfcr j _NF ni ue jokitj, dcfnj c dcrlj
nj cnehfhstrcnjr nifhr qucb sirã j echs hfnhdcnj pcrc dcnc dcsj. È euhtj hepjrtcfti qui
j _NF sikc ue ctrhoutj dje vcbjr ûfhdj pcrc cquibi rcej nc ãr vjri. Ie dcsj ni nûvhnc
sjori qucb ctrhoutj uscr, è ridjeifncnj uthbhzcr cblue ctrhoutj nifhnj djej jorhlctôrhj
fj sdaiec. Ixhstie dcsjs ie qui è pjssåvib djeohfcr njhs ju echs ctrhoutjs, `jrecfnj ue
eubth-vcbuin _NF.
Ixiepbj NF;
nf; df5]inrj Tjuzc+uhn5psjuzc,ju5ùfdhjfcrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni

Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
BNH@
@jrectj uthbhzcnj pcrc djeufhdcìäj dje j nhritôrhj BNC] q
Djepctåvib dje c lrcfni echjrhc njs sirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj
Crquhvj ni tixtj shepbis dje shftcxi ispidådc;
2ctrhoutj6; 2vcbjr6
CÎFÌÄJ; Ispcìjs fj fcb nc bhfac `czie pcrti nj vcbjr ni ue ctrhoutj
BNH@ (BNC] Nct c Hftirdacfli @jrect) è j `jrectj uthbhzcnj pcrc djeufhdcìäj dje j nhri -
tôrhj BNC]. Ctrcvès nibi pjniejs hepjrtcr ju ixpjrtcr hf`jrecìùis nj nhritôrhj, cnhdhjfcr,
ixdbuhr ju ejnhdcr jokitjs, ejnhdcr djflurcìùis nj nhritôrhj itd.
C echjrhc njs sirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj supjr tce issi `jrectj, lcrcfthfnj csshe lrcfni
hftirjpircohbhncni iftri ibis. Ye crquhvj BNH@ è ue crquhvj ni tixtj shepbis dje c shftcxi
djf`jrei ixiepbj c siluhr;
# hssj è ue djeiftãrhj
nf; 2nhsthfluhsain fcei6
2ctrhoutj6 ; 2vcbjr6
2ctrhoutj6 ; 2vcbjr6
Crquhvj BNH@ shepbis dje nucs iftrcncs, jfni dcnc fjvc iftrcnc nivi sir sipcrcnc nc
iftrcnc cftirhjr pjr uec bhfac ie orcfdj.
nf; ju5Tcbvcnjr,nd5rfp,nd5or
jokidtdbcss; tjp
jokidtdbcss; jrlcfhzcthjfcbYfht
ju; Tcbvcnjr
nf; df5]inrj ni Tjuzc,ju5ùfdhjfcrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni
Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or
jokidtdbcss; tjp
jokidtdbcss; pirsjf ]
C
N
jokidtdbcss; jrlcfhzcthjfcb]irsjf rB
df; ]inrj ni Tjuzc j
hn
v
r
sf; Tjuzc i
T
-
uhn; psjuzc 4
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
>8
Sucfnj ue vcbjr pjssuhr cblue dcrcdtiri ispidhcb, j fjei nj ctrhoutj nivirã pjssuhr echs
ue dcrcdtiri ‒;―, siluhnj nj vcbjr nj ctrhou tj djnhdcnj ie ocsi0>.
Ixiepbj;
nf; uhn5kshbvc,ju5ùfdhjfcrhjs,ju5jpircdjis,ju5_hj ni Kcfihrj,nd5rfp,nd5or

jokidtDbcss; tjp
jokidtDbcss; cddjuft
jokidtDbcss; pjshxCddjuft
uhn; kshbvc
df; Te/Nj?1l[LIlY?bsneIG
#df; Kjäj nc Thbvc
usir]csswjrn; {drypt}Q9/NOr\]JSScH
bjlhfTaibb; /ohf/ocsa
uhnFueoir; 3=3=
lhnFueoir; 3=3=
ajeiNhridtjry; /ajei/kshbvc
Cj cfcbhscr issis ixiepbjs, djeiìcejs c hnifthdcr js ctrhoutjs qui siräj uthbhzcnjs pibj
fjssj sirv hnjr BNC]. Pcejs djeiftcr dje echs nitcbais j ûbthej ixiepbj.
3 Bhfac 3;Cprisiftc j Nhsthfluhsain Fcei. È ctrcvès nibi qui djfsiluhejs hnifthdcr ni

ecfihrc ûfhdc j jokitj ie fjssc ãrvjri. J ctrhoutj isdjbahnj pcrc j _NF `jh j uhn7
3 Bhfacs ?, 4 i >;Nisdrivie quchs säj cs jokidtDbcssis nj fjssj jokitj, ju sikc, säj ibcs
qui väj nitirehfcr quchs siräj js ctrhoutjs qui pjniriejs uthbhzcr pcrc d crcdtirhzcr
fjssj jokitj7
3 Bhfac 9;Hnifthdcnjr nj usuãrhj YHN7
3 Bhfac 0;Djeejf Fcei, istã djnhdcnj ie ocsi0>, pjhs pjssuh dcrcdtiris ispidhchs7
3 Bhfac <;^jnc bhfac qui djeiìc dje j dcrcd tiri # sirã hlfjrcnc7
3 Bhfac 1;Djftèe j acsa nc sifac nj usuãrhj7
3 Bhfac 8; Nifi j saibb nj usuãrhj7
3 Bhfac 3=;Nivi pjssuhr ue vcbjr hftihrj pcrc hnifth dcìäj nj usuãrhj, iquhvcbifti cj YHN
nj Bhfux7
3 Bhfac 33;Nivi pjssuhr ue vcbjr hftihrj pcrc hnifthdcìäj nj lrupj prheãrhj nj usuãrhj,
t
i iquhvcbifti cj LHN nj Bhfux7
f
r
i
t
Hf
c
3 Bhfac 3?;Dcehfaj cosjbutj pcrc j nhritôrhj ajei nj usuãrhj.
r
c
p ]crc drhcr j crquhvj BNH@, vjdë pridhscrã scoir quchs js ctrhoutjs pjnie sir u thbhzcnjs i j
s
j
hì
v
qui dcnc ue riprisiftc. Djf`jrei eifdhjfcejs cftirhjreifti, isscs nifhìùis pjnie
r
i sir ifdjftrcncs fjs sdaiecs qui istäj dcrrilcnjs fj nhritôrhj. Echs í `rifti viriejs
T
;
x
u djej djfsubtcr isscs hf`jrecìùis.
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
@jrecs ni djfixäj fj BNC]
q
s
h
T
i Djfixäj sie drhptjlrcc — pjrtc 418 ^D]
n
j
ä
ì
c
Djfixäj dje drhptjlrcc — pjrtc 040 ^D]
rt
sh
f h Djfixäj ctrcvès ni sjdgit — crquhvj ni sjdgit fj sirv hnjr
e
n
C
9=
]jniejs fjs djfidtcr cj sirvhnjr BNC] ni trës `jrecs nhìriftis;
Y_B ]rjtjdjbj ^rcfspjrti
bncp;/// BNC] ^D] pjrtc 418
bncps;/// BNC]sjoriTTB ^D] pjrtc 040
bncph;/// BNC] H]D(Yfhx-njechfsjdgit)
Djf`jrei eifdhjfcejs cftirhjreifti j s irvhnjr BNC ] uthbhzc c pjrtc 418 ^D] pcrc
djfixùis sie drhptjlrcc i c pjrtc 040 pcrc djfixùis dje TTB, iftritcftj dcsj j sirv hnjr
tifac shnj djflurcnj ie uec pjrtc nhìrifti nc pcnräj niviejs cnhdhjfcr j dcrcdtiri
‒;― cpôs j fjei/H] nj sirvhnjr siluhnj nj fûe irj nc pjrtc qui nivirã sir uthbhzcnc pcrc c
djfixäj, ixiepbj; bncp;//38?.301.=.3;3?4 ju bncps;//38?.301.=.3;4?3.
]crc djfixùis ctrcvès ni sjdgit (H]D) j pcta djepbitj nj crquhvj nivi sir djnhdcnj i
hf`jrecnj fc Y_B. Pcejs supjr qui j sjdgit djrrispjfnc cj crquhvj /vcr/ruf/sbcpn/bncph,
fissi ixiepbj c Y_B ni djfixäj sirã djf`jrei ixhohnc cochxj;
bncph;//%?vcr%?ruf%?sbcpn%?bncph
Ixhstie vãrhcs `jrecr ni djfvirtir ue ]CÂ ie uec Y_B vãbhnc, vcejs dhtcr ue ixiepbj
uthbhzcfnj j pirb;
pirb -EY_H;;Isdcpi -i ‑prhft urhZisdcpi(‒/vcr/ruf/sbcpn/bncph―)7‘
Cljrc ocstc uthbhzcr j dcehfaj djnhdcnj fc ajrc ni ricbhzcr c djfixäj dje j sirvhnjr;
bncpcnn -A bncph;//%?vcr%?ruf%?sbcpn%?bncph -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― …
]
C
N
rB
j
hn
v
r
i
T
-
4
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
93
t
i
f
r
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
9?
>
BNC] Cvcfìcnj
s
j
Iftifnir eibajr j ùfdhjfceiftj njs sdaiecs i ncs dbcssis ni jokitjs, cthvcr
v
h
t eônubjs, acohbhtcr j usj ni drhptjlrcc fc djeufhdcìäj iftri j dbhifti i j sir vhnjr,
i
k
o djfaidir js djecfnjs pcrc ecfhpubcìäj i djflurcìäj nc ocsi i djfaidir cblufs
j
dbhiftis lrãdjs.
d
j
f
Tdaiecs i dbcssis ni jokitjs, djflurcìäj ni dbhifti, usj ni drhptjlrcc fc d
i
djeufhdcìäj iftri j dbhifti i j sirvhnjr, `jrecs ni ecfhpubcìäj, djflurcìäj, h
t
j
s
ocdgup i ristjri nc ocsi.
Tdaiecs
q
Jotifnj hf`jrecìùis sjori js sdaiecs dcrrilcnjs f j sirvhnjr.
3 ]rheihrj pcssj
# sbcpdct -o df5djfl| lrip ‒Vnf―
3 Tilufnj pcssj
# sbcpdct -o df5djfl -c df5{=}djri
]crc cnhdhjfcr hf`jrecìùis í ocsi pridhscejs scoir quchs säj js ctrhoutjs qui pjnie sir
uthbhzcnjs pcrc dcrcdtirhzcr fjssjs jokitjs, djf`jrei eifdhjfcejs fj dcpåtubj cftirhjr, js
sdaiecs säj rispjfsãvihs pjr nifhr djej cs hf`jrecìùis pjniräj sir creczifcncs fc
fjssc ocsi. ]crc scoirejs quchs ctr houtjs pjniejs uthbhzcr niviejs djfsubtcr js sdaiecs
qui istäj dcrrilcnjs fj fjssj sir vhnjr.
J prheihrj pcssj è uthbhzcr j djecfnj sbcpdct pcrc bhstcr j NF ni tjnjs js sdaiecs dcrrilcnjs.
# sbcpdct -o df5djf`hl| lrip ‒Vnf―

j
n
J silufnj pcssj è uthbhzcr fjvceifti j djecfnj sbcpdct pcrc ricbhzcr j nuep ni ue c
ì
sdaiec nisikcnj. Ixiepbj; cf
v
C
]
C
# sbcpdct -o df5djf`hl-c df5{=}djri N
B
-
>
Jutrc `jrec ni djfsubtcr js crquhvjs ni sdaiecs i cdissã-bjs niftrj nj shstiec ni crquhvjs. bj
u
Sucfnj ricbhzcejs c hfstcbcìäj nj jpifBNC] ctrcvès njs ripjshtôrhjs js crquhvjs ni sdaiecs åt
p
c
echs djeufs dce creczifcnjs fj nhritôrhj /itd/bncp/sdaiec ju /itd/jpifbncp/sdaiec. D
^cftj js crquhvjs qucftj c scånc nj djecfnj sbcpdct istäj fj `jrectj BNH@.
94
Dbcssis ni jokitjs
3 Drhcncs pibc nhrithvc jbdJokidtDbcssis q
3 Ibieiftjs nc drhcìäj ni uec JokidtDbcss;
? JHN
? FCEI
? TY]
? T^_YD^Y_CB | COT^_CD^ | CYQHBC_X
? EYT^
? ECX
Cs nhrithvcs jbdJokidt Dbcssis drhce cs jokidtDbcssis qui istcräj nhspjfåvihs fj sir vhnjr.
Yec jokidtDbcss riûfi ue djfkuftj ni ctrhoutjs i nitir ehfc djej js jokitjs niviräj sir
drhcnjs fc ocsi nj sirv hnjr. ]crc ue ctrhoutj sir uthbhzcnj ie ue jokitj, ibi pridhsc pir -
tifdir c uec dbcssi ni jokitjs.
jbdJokidtDbcssis; ( ?.9.0.0 FCEI ‑pirsjf‘ NITD ‑_@D??90; c pirsjf‘ TY] tjp

T^_YD^Y_CB EYT^ ( sf $ df ) ECX ( usir]csswjrn $ tibipajfiFueoir $ siiCbsj $
nisdrhpthjf ) )
3 ; hfhdhc c nifhìäj ni uec dbcssi ni jokitjs7

jbdJokidtDbcssis
3 ?.9.0.0; è j Jokidt Hnifthir (JHN), fûeirj `jrfidhnj i lirifdhcnj pibc HCFC, i nivi sir
ûfhdj pcrc dcnc ctrhoutj nc ocsi7
3 FCEI; fjei nc dbcssi ni jokitjs7
3 TY]; nifi qucb è c jokidtD bcss heinhctceifti supirhjr , `jrecfnj csshe uec ahircr -
quhc ni dbcssis ni jokitjs7
3 T^_YD^Y_CB; hfnhdc qui issc dbcssi pjni creczifcr vcbjris fc istru turc nc ocsi7
3 EYT^; ispidhdc quchs säj js ctrhoutjs qui nivie sir jor hlctôrhjs7
3 ECX; bhstc ni ctrhoutjs jpdhjfchs.
Ixhstie trës thpjs ni dbcssis ni jokitjs;
3 T^_YD^Y_CB; pjnie creczifcr vcbjris fc ocsi7
t
3 COT^_CD^; dbcssis qui fäj ixhstie ni virncni, ecs säj fidissãrhcs pjr quis tùis
i
f
r ni jrlcfhzcìäj7
i
t
Hf
r
c 3 CYQHBC_X; nifi cs dbcssis ni jokitjs qui `cz ie pcrti ni jutrcs dbcssis, pirehthfnj
c
p eibajrcr j fåvib ni costrcìäj pcrc nifhìäj njs jokitjs.
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
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ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
9>
Ctrhoutjs
3 Drhcnjs pibc nhrithvc jbdCt trhouti^ypis q
3 ]rhfdhpchs ibieiftjs nc drhcìäj ni ue ctrhoutj;
? JHN
? FCEI
? ISYCBH^X
? TYOT^_
? TXF^CQ
? NITD
? TY]
3 Pcftclifs i nisvcftclifs ni drhcr ctrhoutjs i jokid tDbcssis
Cs nhrithvcs jbdC ttrhouti^ypis nisdrivie dcnc ue njs ctrhoutjs qui `czie pcrti nj
sdaiec. Pcejs cfcbhscr j ixiepbj nj ctrhoutj fcei;
jbdCttrhouti^ypis; ( ?.9.>.>3 FCEI ‑fcei‘

ISYCBH^X dcsiHlfjriEctda
TYOT^_ dcsiHlfjriTuostrhflEctda
TXF^CQ 3.4.0.3.>.3.3>00.339.3?3.3.39{4?<01})
3 ; hfnhdc qui sirã hfhdhcnc c nifhìäj nj ctrhoutjs7

jbdCttrhouti^ypis
3 ?.9.>.>3; è j JHN `jrfidhnj, lirifdhcnj pibc HC FC i nivi sir ûfhdj pcrc dcnc ctr houtj nc
ocsi7
3 FCEI; fjei nj ctrhoutj7
ISYCBH^X; hfnhdc j djepjrtceiftj nj ctrhoutj i sius suojrnhfcnjs, qucfnj `jr uthbh -

3 zcfnj ie btrjs ni pisquhsc7
3 TYOT^_; hfnhdc j djepjrtceiftj nj ctrhoutj i sius suojrnhfcnjs, qucfnj `jr uthbhzcnj
ie btrjs ni pisquhsc pcrdhcb uscfnj dcrcdtiris durhflc, djej pjr ixiepbj, j dcrcdtiri *7
3 TXF^CQ; hfnhdc qucb è j JHN nj thpj ni ncnj qui sirã creczifcnj fissi ctrhoutj.
J fûeirj iftri dacvis riprisiftc c qucfthncni ni dcrcdtiris nj ctrhoutj. J vcbjr
3.4.0.3.>.3.3>00.339.3?3.3.39 djrrispjfni cj thpj ‒Nhridtjr y strhfl s yftcx―.
Ixhsti tceoèe c nhrithvc THFLBI-PCBYI, qui nitirehfc qui j ctrhoutj cdihtc cpifcs ue
vcbjr, qucfnj issc fäj è ispidhdcnc j ctrhoutj pjni ridioir vãrhjs vcbjris. Dcnc vcbjr è
sipcrcnj pjr ue dcrcdtiri ni ispcìj.C ljrc viriejs ue ixiepbj ni ctrhoutj qui airnc cs
dcrcdtiråsthdcs ni jutrj.
jbdCttrhouti^ypis; ( ?.9.>.33 FCEI ‑ju‘ ‑jrlcfhzcthjfYfhtFcei‘ )

NITD ‑_@D??90; jrlcfhzcthjfcb ufht tahs jokitdt oibjfls tj‘
TY] fcei) j
n
c
ì
cf
v
3 jbdCttrhouti^ypis;hfnhdc qui sirã hfhdhcnc c nifhìäj nj ctrhoutjs7 C
]
C
3 ?.9.>.33;è j JHN `jrfidhnj i lirifdhcnj pibc HCFC i ni vi sir ûfhdj pcrc dcnc ctrhoutj N
-
B
nc ocsi7 >
bj
u
3 FCEI; fjei nj ctrhoutj7 åt
p
c
D
3 NITD; nisdrhìäj nitcbacnc sjori j ctrhoutj7
99
3 TY]; hfnhdc qucb è j ctrhoutj heinhctceifti supirhjr. Issc jpìäj pirehti drhcr uec ahi -
rcrquhc ni ctrhoutjs. Nissc `jrec, j ctrhoutj airnc cs dcrcdtiråsthdcs nj ctr houtj fcei.
]jniejs drhcr fjssjs prôprhjs sdaiecs pcrc uec ocsi BNC]. Iftritcftj, issc
isdjbac nivi sir ìhtc dje euhtj drhtèrhj, pjhs ìrrceiftcs qui fäj djfaidie js
sdaiecs qui drhcejs fäj väj djfsiluhr ecfhpubcr js jokitjs djrritceifti.
Lirifdhcfnj sdaiecs
3 Hfstcbcr fjvjs sdaiecs; q
? ]jssuh j crquhvj bnh`
? Cnhdhjfã-bj c ocsi bncp dje j djecfnj bncpcnn
J ejnj ni djflurcìäj df5djfl fäj pjssuh supjrti pcrc nishfstcbcr ue sdaiec sie
pcrcr j sirv hnjr.
]crc hfstcbcr ue fjvj sdaiec fj sir vhnjr, è fidissãrhj tir j crquhvj fj `jrectj bnh` i
cnhdhjfã-bj c ocsi dje j djecfnj c siluhr.
# bncpcnn -a 38?.301.=.3 -w sifacsidritc -x -N ‒df5cnehf,df5djf`hl― -` /dcehfaj/

pcrc/crquhvj/fjvj-sdaiec.bnh`
J ejnibj ni djflurcìäj df5djfl chfnc fäj pjssuh supjrti c ixdbusäj njs sdaiecs dcrri -
lcnjs sie hftirrjepir j sirvhìj. ]crc riejvir ue sdaiec, sirã fidissãrhj pcrcr j sirvhnjr i
ixdbuhr js crquhvjs djrrispjfniftis cj sdaiec. J nhritôrhj qui djftèe js crquhvjs riìriftis
cjs sdaiecs dcrrilcnjs lircbeifti/nhritjrhjZniZhfstcbcdcj/bncp.n/df5djfl/df5sdaiec
è .
Niohcf/Youftu
# dn /itd/bncp/bncp.n/dfR5djf`hl/dfR5sdaiec
_inAct/DiftJT
# dn /itd/jpifbncp/bncp.n/dfR5djf`hl/dfR5sdaiec
Ixdbuc j cquhvj bnh` djrrispjfnifti cj eônubj qui nisikc riejvir i ie siluhnc hfhdhi j
sirvhnjr.
# re df5{hnx}fjvj-sdaiec.bnh`
t
i
f
r
i Eônubjs
q
t
Hf
c
r
c @ufdhjfcbhncnis cnhdhjfchs pjnie sir dcrrilcncs ie eônubjs
p
s
j
hì
J ctrhoutj jbdEjnubi]cta djftèe c bjdcbhzcìäj njs eônubjs fj nhsdj
v
r
i Dcrrilcnjs ctrcvès nj ctrhoutj jbdEjnubiBjcn
T
;
x
u
hf J JpifBNC] è ue sirvhnjr qui pjssuh nhvirscs ùfdhjfcbhncni jrlcfhzcncs ie eônubjs
B
s
c qui pjnie sir dcrrilcncs djf`jrei c fidisshncni nj cnehfhstrcnjr. Fc ãrvjri nj nhri -
e
ti tôrhj js eônubjs dce jrlcfhzcnjs ie df5djfl,df5ejnubis. J ctrhoutj jbdEjnubi]cta
s
h
T
n
i nifi c bjdcbhzcìäj njs eônubjs fj nhsdj, lircbeifti ie /usr/bho/bncp, i js eônubjs säj
j
ä
ì cnhdhjfcnjs c pcrthr ni crquhvjs BNH@ djf`jrei j ixiepbj c siluhr;
c
rt
sh
f h nf; df5ejnubi{=},df5djf`hl
e
n dacflitypi; ejnh`y
C
cnn; jbdEjnubiBjcn
jbdEjnubiBjcn; fjei-nj-ejnubj
90
Ecfhpubcìäj nc ocsi
Djecfnjs pcrc ecfhpubcìäj nc ocsi q
3 sbcptist
3 sbcpdct
3 sbcpcnn
3 sbcppcsswn
3 sbcphfnix
3 bncpsicrda
3 bncpcnn
3 bncpejnh`y
3 bncpnibiti
3 bncpejnrnf
Tcoir ecfhpubcr cs hf`jrecìùis nc ocsi BNC] è uec tcri`c euhtj hepjr tcfti pcrc ue
cnehfhstrcnjr ni shstiecs i fie siepri tiejs ìrrceiftcs lrãdcs pcrc fjs cuxhbhcr
fissc tcri`c. Ihs js prhfdhpchs djecfnjs nhspjfåvihs fj Bhfux pcrc ecfhpubcìäj ncs hf`jr -
ecìùis nc ocsi BNC];
sbcptist; uthbhzcnj pcrc virhdcr c djflurcìäj nj sir vhnjr jpifbncp. Pirhdc tcftj ue
crquhvj (`jrectj cfthlj) qucftj j nhritôrhj df5djfl(`jrectj fjvj). Issi djecfnj è euhtj
ûthb qucfnj tiejs ni `czir ejnhdcìùis nhritceifti fc ocsi nj sir vhnjr ju pcrc ricbhzcr c
ehlrcìäj nj ejnj ni djflurcìäj sbcpn.djf` pcrc j ejnj df5djfl.
îstcfnj c djflurcìäj ni ue crquhvj;
# sbcptist -` /itd/bncp/bncp.djf`
îstcfnj c djflurcìäj fj `jrectj df5djfl
# sbcptist -@ /itd/bncp/sbcpn.n/
sbcpdct; lirc ue nuep nc ocsi nj sir vhnjr fj `jrectj BNH@. J pcrïeitrj -o pirehti i sdj -
bair j suxj nc ocsi qui sirã uthbhzcnj, i j pcrïeitrj - c pirehti j usj ni btrjs.
# sbcpdct -o df5djf`hl
# sbcpdct -c ‑(uhn5cbufj)‘
sbcpcnn; cnhdhjfc fjvjs jokitjs nhritceifti fc ocsi nj BNC], fäj pridhscfnj qui j sir-
vhnjr istikc fj cr. ]jni ridioir ue crquhvj BNH@ djej iftrcnc ju bir c p crthr nc iftrcnc
pcnräj. Issi djecfnj lircbeifti sô istã nhspjfåvib fj sir vhnjr.
sbcpppcsswn; uthbhtãrhj pcrc lircr sifacs pcrc sirie uthbhzcncs ie crquhvjs B NH@. C jpìäj
-a pirehti nifhr qucb sirã j cbljrhtej ni drhptjlrcc nc sifac — vcbjris vãbhnjs pcrc j
j
n
pcrïeitrj -a; {D_X]^}, {EN9}, {TEN9}, {TTAC} i {TAC}. c
ì
cf
v
Ixiepbjs; C
]
C
N
# sbcppcsswn -a {TAC} -s ehfacsifac B
-
>
bj
sbcphfnix; ctucbhzc js åfnhdis nc ocsi. J nciejf nj sirvhnjr fäj nivi istcr rjncfnj u
åt
p
nurcfti issc jpircìäj. È pjssåvib ctucbhzcr tjnjs js åfnhdis ju cpifcs js åfnhdis nisikcnjs; c
D
9<
Ixiepbjs;
# sbcphfnix
# sbcphfnix uhn
bncpsicrda; ìrrceiftc pcrc ricbhzcr pisquhscs fc ocsi nj sir vhnjr BNC]. ]jni ritjrfcr
ue ju echs jokitjs i pjssuh uec sèrhi ni jpìùis pcrc drhcìäj njs btrjs ni pisquhsc, jrni -
fcìäj, nifhìäj ni isdjpj, virsäj nj prjtjdjbj itd.
Ixiepbjs;
Bhstcfnj tjnjs js jokitjs c siluhr ni ju5usucrhjs, nd5ieprisc, nd5dje, nd5or
# bncpsicrda -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -o ‒ju5usucrhjs,nd5ieprisc,nd5d

je,nd5or― -\
Ixhohfnj sjeifti js ctrhoutjs uhn i df nc djfsubtc cftirhjr;
# bncpsicrda -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -o ‒ju5usucrhjs,nd5ieprisc,nd5dj

e,nd5or― -\ uhn df
bncpcnn; djfidtc fj sir vhnjr pcrc cnhdhjfcr ue fjvj jokitj í ocsi.
Ixiepbj; djfshnircfnj qui j crquhvj /tep/fjvjusucrhj.bnh` pjssuc j djftiûnj c siluhr;
nf; uhn5pinrj,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or
jokidtDbcss; pirsjf
df; pinrj Thbvc
sf; shbvc
thtbi; jpircnjr
echb; pinrjshbvcMieprisc.dje.or
uhn; pinrj
# bncpcnn -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -\-` /tep/fjvjusucrhj.bnh`
bncpejnh`y; pirehti ricbhzcr ejnhdcìùis fjs jokitjs n c ocsi. _idioi ue crquhvj BNH@
djej pcrïeitrj ju bë c pcrthr nc iftrcnc pcnräj. Ti `jr uscfnj dje j pcrïeitrj -c tie c
eisec ùfìäj nj djecfnj bncpcnn .
nf; uhn5cbufj,ju5usucrhjs,nd5ieprisc,nd5or
dacflitypi; ejnh`y
t ripbcdi; echb
i
f
r echb; fjvjiechbMnjehfhj.dje.or
i
t
Hf
c
r
c Cnhdhjfcfnj ue fjvj ctrhouhtj c ue jokitj.
p
s
j
hì nf; uhn5pinrj,ju5usucrhjs,nd5ieprisc,nd5or
v
r
i dacflitypi; ejnh`y
T
;
x
u cnn; tibipajfiFueoir
hf
B
s tibipajfiFueoir; 3? 4>90-<18=
c
e
ti Ixdbuhfnj ue ctrhoutj ni ue jokitj.
s
h
T
i
n
j nf; uhn5prjìssjr,ju5usucrhjs,nd5ieprisc,nd5or
ä
ì
c
rt dacflitypi; ejnh`y
sh
f h nibiti; echb
e
n # bncpejnh`y -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5or― -w sifacsidritc -` /tep/crquhvj.bnh`
C
91
Dcsj j crquhvj BNH@ tifac echs ni uec ejnhdcìäj, ibcs nivie sir sipcrcncs pjr
uec bhfac ie orcfdj.
bncpnibiti; ixdbuh ue jokitj nc ocsi nj BNC].
# bncpnibiti ‒uhn5cbufj,ju5usucrhjs,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or―
bncpejnrnf; ejnhdc j _NF nj jokitj.
uhn5cbufj,ju5usucrhjs,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or
uhn5cbufj-fjvj
# bncpejnrnf -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -w sifac -r -` /tep/crquhvj.bnh`
Lirifdhceiftj ni Bjls
3 _ilhstrc js bjls vhc sysbjln uthbhzcfnj c `cdhbhncni BJDCB> q
3 Cs ejnhdcìùis nivie sir ìhtcs vhc crquhvj BNH@
? jbdBjl@hbi
? jbdBjlBivib
J Jpifbncp rilhstrc sius bjls vhc sysbjln uscfnj c `cdhbhncni BJDC B> pjr pcnräj. ]crc ric -
bhzcr qucbquir ejnhdcìäj nj shstiec ni creczifceiftj ni bjls è pridhsj drhcr ue crquhvj
BNH@ dje cs nhrithvcs cniqucncs.
3 jbdBjl@hbi;hfnhdc j dcehfaj nj crquhvj ni bjls7
3 jbdBjlBivib;djflurc c sifshohbhncni nj shstiec ni bjls.
nf; df5djf`hl
dacflitypi; ejnh`y
ripbcdi; jbdBjlBivib
jbdBjlBivib; stcts
# bncpejnh`y -X IQÎ_FCB -A bncph;/// -` djf`hlurcdcj-bjl.bnh`
C tcoibc c siluhr cprisiftc js få vihs ni bjl qui pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs;
Fûeirj Aixc Bjlfcei Nisdrhìäj
-3 =x@@@@ cfy Acohbhtctjnjsjsthpjsnibjl
= =x==== - Niscohbhtcjrilhstrjnibjls
3 =x3 trcdi trcdi ùfdthjf dcbbs
? =x? pcdgits Acohbhtcjrilhstrjnipcdjtisninioul
> =x> crls ]cdjtis ni nioul dje echs hf`jrecìùis

j
1 =x1 djffs Lirifdhceiftj nc djfixäj n
c
ì
cf
30 =x3= OI_ ]cdjtisifvhcnjsiridiohnjs v
C
]
C
_ilhstrc cpifcs hf`jrecìùis riìriftis c `hbtrjs ni N
4? =x?= `hbtir B
-
ousdc >
bj
u
0> =x>= djf`hl Bjls riìriftis cs djf`hlurcìùis nj sirvhnjr åt
p
c
D
3?1 =x1= CDB Bjls riìriftis cj prjdissceiftj ncs CDBs
98
Fûeirj Aixc Bjlfcei Nisdrhìäj
_ilhstrc js bjls ni jpircìùis/djfixùis/risubtcnjs

?90 =x3== stcts
ni ousdcs (ni`cubt)
93? =x?== stcts? Bjls riìrifti cjs jokitjs ifvhcnjs
3=?> =x>== saibb Djeufhdcìäjiftriocdgifnssaibb
?=>1 =x1== pcrsi _ilhstrc nioul riìrifti cjs jokitjs cdisscnjs
>=80 =x3=== dcdai dcdahfl (fäj uthbhzcnj)
138? =x?=== hfnix hfnixhfl (fäj uthbhzcnj)
3041> =x>=== syfd Bjls ni ripbhdcìäj (syfdripb)

_ilhstrc cpifcs eifsclifs dråthdcs qui fäj istäj
4?<01 =x1=== fjfi
dctiljrhzcncs
Dbhifti BNC]
]crc cdisscr js sirvhìjs BNC], j dbhifti pjni uthbhzcr js trës thpjs ni cutifthdcìäj; q
3 Cfþfhec
3 Thepbis
3 TCTB
]crc cdisscr js sir vhìjs BNC], j dbhifti nivi si cutifthdcr hf`jrecfnj sucs drinifdhchs.
Cpôs istc it cpc c cpbhdcìäj nhridhjfc j dbhifti ni cdjrnj dje j qui ibi pjni vir i `czir.
Fj BNC], c cutifthdcìäj pjni sir ni trës thpjs; cfþfhec, shepbis i TCTB .
3 Cfþfhec;qucfnj j dbhifti qui ifvhc ue pinhnj ni cutifthdcìäj sie `czir ue ohfn.
Tirã trctcnj djej ue dbhifti cfþfhej7

3 Thepbis;djfshsti ie ifvhcr cj sir vhnjr BNC] j NF nj dbhifti i suc sifac (fäj drhptjlrc-
`cnc)7
3 ispidhdc ue prjtjdjbj dukjs ncnjs
TCTB (Thepbi Cutaifthdcthjf cfn Tidurhty Bcyir);
siräj trcfsìrhnjs iftri j dbhifti i j sir vhnjr uthbhzcfnj dcfchs ifdrhptcnjs, djej TTB,
pjr ixiepbj, nhehfuhfnj csshe c ixpjshìäj nc sifac.
t ]cdjtis pcrc hfstcbcìäj dbhifti

q
i
f
r
Hf
i
t 3 ]CE — ]bullcobi Cutaifthdcthjf Ejnubis
c
r
c
p
? Hfstcbcìäj
s
j
hì
v
? Djflurcìäj
r
i
;
T
x
3 FTT — Fcei Tirvhdi Twhtda
u
hf
B ? Hfstcbcìäj
s
c
e Djflurcìäj
ti
s
h
T
? (]bullcobi Cuta ifthdcthjf Ejnubis) è ue djfkuftj ni ohobhjtidcs qui säj uthbhzcncs
J ]CE
i
n
j pibcs cpbhdcìùis pcrc cutifthdcr js usuãrhjs fj Bhfux, i j FTT (Fcei Tirv hdi Twhtda) è uec
ä
ì
c
rt hftir`cdi qui nitirehfc jfni cs ocsis ni ncnjs pcrc cutifthdcìäj siräj jothncs. ]ridhsc -
sh
f h riejs hfstcbcr i djflurcr js issis pcdjtis dje supjrti cj BNC].
e
n
C
0=
Niohcf/Youftu
# cpt-lit hfstcbb bhopce-bncp bhofss-bncp
Ye csshstifti sirã ixidutcnj bjlj cpôs c hfstcbcìäj njs pcdjtis. _ispjfnc cs pirluftcs
ni cdjrnj dje c djflurcìäj nj siu ceohifti.
Ixiepbj;
3 BNC] Y_H; bncp;//38?.301.=.3
3 NF nc ocsi;nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or
3 Pirsäj nj prjtjdjbj supjrtcnc; 4

3 C ocsi nj BNC] fidisshtc ni bjlhf; fäj
3 df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or
Djftc ni cnehfhstrcnjr nj BNC];
3 Tifac; sifacsidritc
_inAct/DiftJT
# yue hfstcbb jpifbncp jpifbncp-dbhifts fss-pce-bncpn
Cpôs c hfstcbcìäj, niviejs ixidutcr j djecfnj cutadjfl-tuh , qui vch hfhdhcr uec hftir`cdi
pcrc cuxhbhcr c djflurcìäj nj dbhifti.
# cutadjf`hl-tuh
Ie Hf`jrecìùis nj Ysuãrhj, ecrqui ‒Ythbhzcr BNC]― i ie Cutifthdcìäj ecrqui c jpìäj ‒Ythbhzcr

cutifthdcìäj BNC]―. Fc prôxhec tibc, hf`jrei j ifniriìj nj sirvhnjr BNC] i j NF nc ocsi.
Ixiepbj;
3 Tirvhnjr; bncp;//38?.301.=.3=
3 NF nc ocsi;nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or
]bullcobi Cutaifthdcthjf Ejnubis

Cpôs issis prjdinheiftjs, js csshstiftis tiräj djflurcnj js crquhvjs nj ]CE pcrc
pirehthr j cdissj ni usuãrhjs nc ocsi nj BNC]. ^ceoèe pjniejs ricbhzcr cs euncfìcs
ecfucbeifti inhtcfnj js crquhvjs riìriftis c dcnc eônubj nj ]CE.
Niohcf/Youftu
cuta Wsuddiss53 ni`cubt5hlfjriUpceZbncp.sj usiZ`hrstZpcss

cddjuft Wsuddiss53 ni`cubt5hlfjriUpceZbncp.sj
pcsswjrn Wsuddiss53 usirZufgfjwf5hlfjri ni`cubt5nhiU pceZbncp.sj usiZcutatjg
tryZ`hrstZpcss
sisshjf jpthjfcb pceZbncp.sj
_inAct/DiftJT j
n
c
ì
cuta su``hdhift pceZbncp.sj usiZ`hrstZpcss cf
v
C
cddjuft Wni`cubt5ocn suddiss5jg usirZufgfjwf5hlfjriU pceZbncp.sj ]
C
N
pcsswjrn su``hdhift pceZbncp.sj usiZcutatjg B
-
>
sisshjf jpthjfcb pceZbncp.sj bj
u
åt
p
c
D
03
Yec ùfdhjfcbhncni hftirisscfti qui pjniejs ixpbjrcr fj ]CE è c pjsshohbhncni ni j
shstiec drhcr j ajeinhr njs usuãrhjs cutjecthdceifti qucfnj j bjlhf `jr ricbhzcnj. ]crc
uthbhzcr issi ridursj, è fidissãrhj djflurcr c ùfdhjfcbhncni inhtcfnj j crquhvj djrris -
pjfnifti cj eônubj sisshjf nj ]CE i cnhdhjfcr c bhfac.
sisshjf riquhrin pceZegajeinhr.sj sgib5/itd/sgib uecsg5==??
Niohcf/Youftu
/itd/pce.n/djeejf-sisshjf
_inAct/DiftJT
/itd/pce.n/systie-cuta
Fcei Tirvhdi Twhtda

Cljrc pridhscejs hf`jrecr pcrc j shstiec ni jfni cs hf`jrecìùis riìriftis cjs bjlhfs i
sifacs siräj jothncs. ]crc hssj pridhscejs inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/fs swhtda.djf`. J crquhvj è
jrlcfhzcnj ie nucs djbufcs; c prheihrc hfnhdc j fjei nc ocsi ni ncnjs i c silufnc djbufc
hfnhdc ni jfni j shstiec vch jotir cs hf`jrecìùis riìriftis í ocsi. ]jniejs djbjdcr
vãrhjs vcbjris pcrc c silufnc djbufc, i j shstiec vch bhstcr js ncnjs fc jrnie ie qui cpc-
ridie fj crquhvj.
]ridhscejs cbtircr c djflurcìäj pcrc hfnhdcr qui cs ocsis ni pcsswjrn, lrjup i sacnjw
sikce djfsubtcncs c pcrthr nj sir vhnjr BNC].
pcsswjrn; bncp `hbis

lrjup; bncp `hbis
sacnjw; bncp `hbis
Nissc `jrec, j shstiec vch djfsubtcr prheihrj cs hf`jrecìùis nj sir vhnjr BNC]. Dcsj fäj
ifdjftri, ricbhzcrã c ousdc fj shstiec ni crquhvjs nj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb.
Ythbhzi j djecfnj litift pcrc virhdcr si cs djflurcìùis ùfdhjfcrce djrritceifti.

Djej risubtcnj nivi cpcridir uec ribcìäj dje tjnjs js usuãrhjs dcncstrcnjs fj BNC]
echs js usuãrhjs bjdchs. ]crc qui c djfsubtc sikc sjeifti cjs usuãrhjs nj BNC] ocstc
riejvir j pcrïeitrjbis, iftritcftj si j sirvhnjr nj BNC] isthvir `jrc nj cr fäj sirã
pjssåvib cdisscr c eãquhfc dje uec djftc bjdcb.
t
i
f
r
i
t
Hf
Cj uthbhzcr c cutifthdcìäj nj BNC], è ridjeifncnj niscthvcr j nciejf nj fsdn pcrc
c
r
c ivhtcr j dcdai ni hf`jrecìùis nisctucbhzcnc.
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
;
T
x Tilurcfìc nj Tirvhnjr BNC]
u
hf
B
s
c
e
3 Sucb j vcbjr nc hf`jrecìäj creczifcnc fc ocsi nj sir vhnjr: q
ti Sucb prjobiec j cdissj hfnivhnj pjni dcuscr c ieprisc ju hfsthtuhìäj:
s
h
T
3
n
i 3 _idursj CDB (Cddiss Djftrjb Bhst)
j
ä
ì
c
rt
? Thftcxi;
sh
f h cddiss tj 2 j qui6 W oy 2 quie6 W 2cdissj6 U W 2 djftrjbi6 U U+
e
n
C Ye sirv hìj ni nhritôrhj pjni sir uthbhzcnj pcrc nhvirscs fcbhncnis, i qucftj echs hf`jr -
ecìäj creczifcnc fibi, echs duhncnj niviejs tir dje c suc silurcfìc. Ye nhritôrhj
0?
pjni djftir ncnjs djfnifdhchs qui fäj pjnie sir cdisscnjs pjr jutrjs usuãrhjs ju sir
uthbhzcnj pcrc djftrjbcr j cdissj c ue nitirehfcnj sirvhìj. J cdissj hfnivhnj c isscs hf`jr -
ecìùis pjni dcuscr lrcfnis prjobiecs pcrc uec ieprisc ju hfsthtuhìäj.
Ye ridursj qui pjni sir hepbcftcnj pcrc eibajrcr c silurcfìc nj shstiec è j usj ni uec
bhstc ni djftrjbi ni cdissj; CDBs fj sir vhnjr BNC], qui pirehti djftrjbcr j qui, quie i
djej js ncnjs pjnie sir cdisscnjs.
Thftcxi;
cddiss tj 2j qui6 W oy 2quie6 W 2cdissj6 U W 2djftrjbi6 U U+
3 j qui; ctrhoutj pcrc j qucb j djftrjbi sirã cpbhdcnj7
quie; usuãrhj ju ibieiftj nc ocsi7

3
3 cdissj; nitirehfc j fåvib ni cdissj nj pcrïeitrj ‒quie―7
3 djftrjbi; pirehti djflurcr djej sirã j djepjrtceiftj nc CDB.
Ixiepbj 3;
jbdCddiss; {=}tj cttrs5usir]csswjrn,sacnjw]csswjrn,sacnjwBcstDacfli

oy sib` wrhti
oy cffjfyejus cuta
oy nf5―df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or―wrhti
oy * fjfi
3 j qui; ctrhoutjs usir]csswjrn, sacnjw]csswjrn i sacnjwBcstDacfli
3 quie; sib`, cffjfyjus, df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or i *
3 cdissj; wrhti, cuta, wrhti i fjfi
3 djftrjbi; fäj nifhnj, istã uscfnj j v cbjr pcnräj (stjp)
Issc CDB è rispjfsãvib pibj cdissj cjs ctrhoutjs usir]csswjrn, sacnjw]csswjrn i

sacnjwBcstDacfli, i djftrjbc quctrj fåvihs ni cdissj;
3 3»; usuãrhj njfj nj ctrhoutj (sib`) tie pirehssäj pcrc cbtirã-bj (wrhti)7
3 ?»; `jrìc c cutifthdcìäj, pjhs è ixhlhnc c cutifthdcìäj pcrc usuãrhjs fäj cutifthdcnjs
(cffjfyejus)7
3 4»; usuãrhj df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or tie pirehssäj pcrc cbtircr js ctrhoutjs7
3 >»; tjnjs js jutrjs usuãrhjs qui fäj si ifqucnrce ie fifaue njs djftrjbis cftirhjris
fäj tiräj pirehssäj (fjfi) pcrc cbtircr issis ctrhoutjs.
Ixiepbj ?;
jbdCddiss; {3}tj nf.ocsi5―― oy * ricn

j qui; nf.ocsi5――
quie; *
cdissj; ricn j
n
c
ì
f
b
Issc CDB nitirehfc qui tjnjs js usuãrhjs tiräj cdissj cpifcs ni bihturc cjs jokitjs nc c
C
v
]
Nivhnj í jrnie ni ocsi. Yec sjbuìäj oie hftirisscfti p crc djfsubtcs lifèrhdcs ricbhzcncs cj sir vhnjr. C
hftirpritcìäj ncs CDBs, N
B
-
drhi sucs rilrcs echs Josirvi qui cs CDB s pjssuie ue fûeirj iftri js dcrcdtiris ni dacvis {F}. Issi fûeirj è >
ristrhthvcs prheihrj i bj
ue åfnhdi qui nitirehfc c jrnie ie qui cs CDBs siräj hftirpritcncs pibj sirv hnjr. Nissc u
nipjhs shlc dje cs åt
p
eifjs ristrhthvcs. `jrec, fj fjssj ixiepbj, prheihrj sirã hftirpritcnc c CDB dje j åfnhdi = i, d csj c djfixäj c
D
fäj ctifnc c fifaue njs drhtèrhjs, sirã hftirpritcnc c CDB dje åfnhdi 3.
04
Drhptjlrc`hc ncs eifsclifs Dbhifti Tirvhnjr BNC]
3 Tupjrti cjs eètjnjs drhptjlrãdjs; q
? TTB (Tiduri Tjdgits Bcyir)
? ^BT (^rcfspjrt Bcyir Tidurhty)
Js sirvhnjris BNC] tie supjrti cjs eètjnjs drhptjlrãdjs Tiduri Tjdg its Bcyir (TTB) i
j ^rcfspjrt Bcyir Tidurhty ( ^BT), p crc istcoibidir djfixùis silurcs iftri js dbh iftis i j
sirvhnjr. C silurcfìc ni ceojs istã lcrcfthnc pibc ohobhjtidc nj JpifTTB i ibis nhìrie
cpifcs fc `jrec ni ùfdhjfceiftj. Ifqucftj j ejnj TTB pridhsc qui js dbhiftis si
djfidtie c uec pjrtc ispidådc (lircbeifti c 040), j ejnj ^BT uthbhzc c pjr tc pcnräj nj
BNC], ecs pridhsc qui j dbhifti tifac ue dirthdcnj vãbhnj nj sirv hnjr dje c dacvi pcrc
c drhptjlrcc ncs eifsclifs. C uthbhzcìäj nc drhptjlrcc hepini qui js pcdjtis trjdcnjs
iftri js dbhiftis i j sir vhnjr sikce bhnjs pjr jutrjs usuãrhjs nc rini.
Drhcfnj c Cutjrhncni Dirth`hdcnjrc

]crc uthbhzcr cs vcftclifs è fidissãrhj; q
3 Drhcr uec Cutjrhncni Dirthdcnjrc (CD)
3 Drhcr Dirthdcnjs
3 Csshfcr dirthdcnjs
]crc usu`ruhr ncs vcftclifs nc drhptjlrcc, sirã fidissãrhc c drhcìäj ni uec Cutjrhncni
Dirthdcnjrc (CD) pcrc iehssäj i csshfcturc njs dirthdcnjs ni tjnjs js ajsts ifvjbvhnjs
fc djeufhdcìäj. J JpifTTB pjssuh ue sdrhpt DC.sa, qui drhc c Cutjrhncni Dirthdcnjrc — CD
niftrj njs pcnrùis nj shstiec.
È fidissãrhj drhcr j nhritôrhj jfni js dirt hdcnjs siräj creczifcnjs.
# egnhr /itd/bncp/ssb
Ixiduti j sdrhpt DC.sa i rispjfnc cs pirluftcs qui siräj ìhtcs.
# /usr/bho/ssb/ehsd/DC.sa -fiwdc
Drhcfnj js dirth`hdcnjs
Dje c Cutjrhncni Dirthdcnjrc dr hcnc, pjniejs djeiìcr c iehthr js fjssjs dirthdcnjs.
t
i Pcejs uthbhzcr j djecfnj jpifssb pcrc c drhcìäj nj crquhvj. Ctifìäj cj priifdaheiftj nj
f
r
i
t
Hf
dcepj ‒Djeejf Fcei―. Issi dcepj nivi sir priifdahnj dje j @SNF nj fjssj sir vhnjr.
c
r
c
p # jpifssb riq -fiw -fjnis -giyjut fiwriq.pie -jut fiwriq.pie
s
j
hì
v
r
;
T
i Csshfcfnj j dirth`hdcnj
x
u
hf C Cutjrhncni Dirthdcnjrc sirã c rispjfsãvib pibc csshfcturc njs dirthdcnjs njs sirvhnjris.
B
s
c
e
ti # /usr/bho/ssb/ehsd/DC.sa -shlf
s
h
T
i È ridjeifncnj rifjeicr j crquhvj pcrc `cdhbhtcr suc hnifthdcìäj.
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt Dirthdcnj nc CD
sh
f h
e # dp niejDC/dcdirt.pie dcdirt.pie
n
C
0>
Dirthdcnj nj sirvhnjr
# ev fiwdirt.pie sirvhnjr.pie
Dacvi nj sirvhnjr
# ev fiwriq.pie sirvhnjrgiy.pie
Djf`hlurcfnj j ^rcfspjrt Bcyir Tidurhty fj sirvhnjr

Cbtircfnj c djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr BNC] q
C djflurcìäj nj ^BT fidisshtc ni ue crquhvj BNH@, djftifnj cs hf`jrecìùis cpjftcfnj j
dcehfaj pcrc js dirthdcnjs.

# vh /tep/ssb.bnh`
nf; df5djf`hl
cnn; jbd^BTDhpairTuhti
jbd^BTDhpairTuhti; FJ_ECB
-
cnn; jbd^BTDCDirth`hdcti@hbi
jbd^BTDCDirth`hdcti@hbi; /itd/bncp/ssb/dcdirt.pie
-
cnn; jbd^BTDirth`hdcti@hbi
jbd^BTDirth`hdcti@hbi; /itd/bncp/ssb/sirvhnjr.pie
-
cnn; jbd^BTDirth`hdctiGiy@hbi
jbd^BTDirth`hdctiGiy@hbi; /itd/bncp/ssb/sirvhnjrgiy.pie
Dje js dirthdcnjs drhcnjs i j sir vhnjr JpifBNC] djflurcnj, pjniejs `jrìcr qui tjncs
cs djfixùis sikce drhptjlrc`cncs pcrc lcrcfthr qui fhfluèe djfsiluhrã cdisscr c ocsi pjr
ue eihj hfsilurj. J ctrhoutj jbdTidurhty pirehti issc djflurcìäj. Issc djflurcìäj nivi
sir ricbhzcnc fj crquhvj sidurhty.bnh` , i djftir cs djflurcìùis nc ocsi nj sirv hnjr.
# vh /tep/sidurhty.bnh`
nf; df5djf`hl
dacflitypi; ejnh`y
cnn; jbdTiduthry
jbdTidurhty; ss`53 upnctiZss`533? shepbiZohfn50>
# bncpejnh`y -X IQÎ_FCB -A bncph;/// -` /tep/sidurhty.bnh`
]crc tistcr j ùfdhjfceiftj, cnhdhjfi j pcrïeitrj -[[ i `cìc riìrëfdhc cj @SNF nj sir -
vhnjr fcs djfsubtcs.
# bncpsicrda -[[ -A bncp;//sirvhnjr.ieprisc.dje.or —N df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd

5or -w sifacsidritc -o nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or
j
n
c
ì
f
Djf`hlurcfnj Tiduri Tjdgits Bcyir fj sirvhnjr c
v
q
C
]
C
]crc acohbhtcr j BNC] è fidissãrhj; N
B
-
3 Cthvcr c pjrtc 040 nj sirvhìj bncps >
bj
u
3 Djflurcr j dbhifti pcrc uscr TTB åt
p
c
D
09
C djflurcìäj nj TTB fidisshtc qui j sirvhìj sikc acohbhtcnj pcrc c pjr tc nj bncps. ]crc
hssj, è pridhsj inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/ni`cubt/sbc pn.
TBC]NZTI_PHDIT5―bncp;/// bncph;///―
]jr
TBC]NZTI_PHDIT5―bncp;/// bncph;/// bncps;///―
_ihfhdhi j sirvhnjr nj JpifBNC] i tisti c djfixäj hf`jrecfnj j prjtjdjbj bncps.
# bncpsicrda -A bncps;//sirvhnjr.ieprisc.dje.or -Ndf5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or

-w sifacsidritc -o nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or
Djf`hlurcfnj j dbhifti TTB

]crc qui js dbhiftis pjssce si djfidtcr cj sirvhnjr uthbhzcfnj j TTB, sirã fidissãrhj ejnh-
dcr c djflurcìäj nj crquhvj bncp.djf` i hf`jrecr c Y_H pcrc j prjtjdjbj bncps.
Y_H bncps;//sirvhnjr.ieprisc.dje.or
J dirthdcnj nc CD nivi sir ifvhcnj i hfdbuånj fj nhritôrhj ni tjnjs js dbhiftis, hf`jrecnj

fj pcrïeitrj ^BTZDCDI_ ^NH_. È pjssåvib niscohbhtcr c virhdcìäj nj d irthdcnj djeif -
tcfnj c bhfac ^BTZD CDI_^NH_ i cnhdhjfcfnj c bhfac ^BTZ_ISDI_^ fivir .
_ipbhdcìäj nc ocsi BNC]

3 _ipbhdcìäj Ecstir Q Tbcvi q
3 _ipbhdcìäj Ecstir x Ecstir
3 Nhritôrhjs nhstrhouånjs
C uthbhzcìäj ni sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj pjsshohbhtc lcfajs ie vãrhjs cspidtjs fj ceohifti ni rini,
ecs tjrfc j ceohifti nipifnifti nj sirvhìj, uec viz qui suc hfnhspjfhohbhncni hepini qui
usuãrhjs iìtuie bjlhf ie sucs eãquhfcs ju cdissie suc bhstc ni djftctjs. Iftri jutrjs, `cz
dje qui c hepjrtïfdhc ni nhspjfhohbhncni sikc prhjrhncni fc hf`rcistruturc. Ie vhrtuni nhssj,
djflurcr ue ceohifti qui lcrcftc cbtc nhspjfhohbhncni njs sirvhìjs è dcnc nhc echs djeue
ie lrcfnis iepriscs. Fj shstiec JpifBNC] ixhstie nucs tèdfhdcs ni ripbhdcìäj nc ocsi,
qui säj j sburpn i j syfdripb. J sbuprn `jh nisdjfthfucnj c pcrthr nc virsäj ?.> pjr cpri-
siftcr uec sèrhi ni bhehtcìùis qui `jrce hepbieiftcncs fj syfdripb.
t
i
f
r J syfdripb è ue eônubj nj JpifBNC] qui pirehti ripbhdcìäj nj ceohifti, jfni j sirvhnjr
i
t
Hf pjni cssuehr nucs ùfìùis nhsthftcs; Ecstir (prjvinjr) ju Tbcvi (djfsuehnjr).
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
_ipbhdcìäj Ecstir Q Tbcvi
r
i
T
;
x Fissi ejnj ni ripbhdcìäj, tiejs cpifcs ue sirv hnjr eãstir, qui è j rispjfsãvib pjr ixi-
u
hf dutcr tjncs cs ejnhdcìùis fc ocsi nj BNC], ifqucftj js sirvhnjris Tbcvi cpifcs ricbhzce
B
s
c djfsubtcs i ritjrfce cs rispjstcs pcrc js dbhiftis.
e
ti
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
00
Ejnhffidcìùis ni dbhifti
Ctucbhzcìùis
Tirvhnjr 3 Tirvhnjr ?
ecstir sbcvi
bihturc bihturc
Dbhifti i isdrhtc
@hlurc >.3
_ipbhdcìäj Djfsubtcs
Ecstir x Tbcvi.
_ipbhdcìäj Ecstir x Ecstir

Ie ue ceohifti ni ripbhdcìäj Ecstir x Ecstir, tiejs njhs ju echs sirvhnjris dcpczis ni
ctucbhzcr cs hf`jrecìùis nc ocsi nj BNC]. Ie cblufs dcsjs, issc sjbuìäj pjni sir hftiris -
scfti, pjhs lcrcfthejs qui cbèe nc djfsubtc cs ctucbhzcìùis tceoèe dcräj nhspjfåvihs
dcsj ue sirvhnjr Ecstir `cbai.
]rjvinjr O
_ipbhdc
]rjvinjr C
_ipbhdc
Bë Isdrivi
]rjvinjr D
_ipbhdc
@hlurc >.? Dbhifti

Bë i isdrivi
_ipbhdcìäj
Ecstir x Ecstir.
Nhritôrhjs nhstrhouånjs
Issi ejnibj ni ripbhdcìäj pir ehti echjr ixhohbhncni cj cnehfhstrcnjr. Cbèe ni drhcr uec
dôphc nc ocsi ie jutrjs sirvhnjris, pjniejs nitirehfcr quchs hf`jrecìùis nivie sir
ripbhdcncs pcrc dcnc ue. ]crc djflurcr issi ejnibj ni ripbhdcìäj, è fidissãrhj uthbhzcr j
eônubj riìrrcb nj JpifBNC ].
j
n
c
ì
f
@irrceiftcs lrã`hdcs
q
c
v
C
@irrceiftcs lrãdcs cuxhbhce c cnehfhstrcìäj nc ocsi nj B NC]. ]
C
N
B
3 Cpcdai Nhridtjry Ttunhj -
>
3 ]apbncpcnehf bj
u
åt
p
3 BNC] Cnehf c
D
0<
Djej vhejs ctè cljrc, c cnehfhstrcìäj nc ocsi nj BNC] è ue pjudj trcocbajsc, pjhs pri-
dhscejs drhcr crquhvjs BNH@ pcrc ricbhzcr qucbquir thpj ni ejnhdcìäj. Fissi cspid tj, cs
ìrrceiftcs lrãdcs säj ue ridursj euhtj hftirisscfti, pjhs cuxhbhce js cnehfhstrcnjris
eifjs ixpirhiftis c lirifdhcr c ocsi nj sir vhnjr.
3 ; ecfthnj pibc Cpcdai Tj`twcri @jufncthjf, è uec ìrrceiftc

Cpcdai Nhridtjry Ttunhj
euhtj djepbitc qui pirehti fcvilcr pibc ocsi ni ncnjs, p jssuh ue inhtjr ni crquhvjs
BNH@, inhtjr ni sdaiecs i è eubthpbctc`jrec, dje virsùis ie hflbës, `rcfdës i cbieäj7
3 ]apbncpcnehf; cpbhdcìäj wio ocsicnc ie pap, qui pirehti fcvilcr i lirifdhcr j sir-
vhnjr BNC]. Iftri cs sucs ùfdhjfcbhncnis pjniejs nistcdcr; pirehti c drhcìäj i inhìäj
njs jokitjs ocsicnj ie tiepbctis, dôphcs ridurshvcs, supjrti c hepjrt cìäj i ixpjr- b
tcìäj nc ocsi fj `jrectj BNH@, fcvilcìäj ie `jrec ni ãr vjri, hfdrieiftj cutjeãthdj ]crc echs nitcbais
sjori cs nhrithvcs ni
ni fûeirjs YHN itd.7 djflurcìùis nj
3 BNC] Cnehf; dbhifti BNC] pcrc lirifdhceiftj nc ocsi ni ncnjs, pirehti fcvilcr, JpifBNC], cdissi c
njdueiftcìäj jdhcb
pisquhscr, ejnhdcr , drhcr, riejvir, djphcr jokitjs iftri sirvhnjris, hepjrtcr i ixpjrtcr ie www.jpifbncp.jrl/
jokitjs ie `jrectj BNH@, supjrti c TTB i j usj ni tiepbctis. njd ju bihc cs pãlhfcs
ni ecfucb nj Bhfux.
Ythbhzi j djecfnj cprjpjs pcrc pisquhscr ie tjnjs cs pãlhfcs ni ecfucb pibc pcbcvrc sbcpn.
# cprjpjs sbcpn
Ocdgup i _istjri
3 Ocdgup q
sbcpdct
# sbcpdct 6 /tep/ocdgup.bnh`
bncpsicrda
# bncpsicrda -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -w sifacsidritc -o

‒nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -BBB 6 /tep/ocdgup.bnh`
3 _istjri
? Hfnhdcfnj j crquhvj qui djftèe j ocdgup nc ocsi
# sbcpcnn -` /tep/ocdgup.bnh`
? Ythbhzi j djecfnj sbcphfnix pcrc ridrhcr tjnjs js åfnhdis

t # sbcphfnix -v
i
f
r
Hf
i
t ? Hfhdhi j sirvhnjr nj jpifBNC].
c
r
c # sirvhdi sbcpn stcrt
p
s
j
hì
v
^äj hepjrtcfti qucftj ecftir ue sir vhìj oie djflurcnj i ùfdhjfcfnj è tir c lcrcfthc
r
i ni ridupircìäj djftrc pjssåvihs niscstris. Lirifdhcr i ejfhtjrcr c ricbhzcìäj nj ocdgup è
T
;
x
u uec tcri`c euhtj hepjrtcfti ni ue cnehfhstrcnjr ni shstiecs. ]crc `czir j ocdgup ni uec
hf
B
s ocsi BNC], pjniejs uthbhzcr js djecfnjs sbcpdct ju bncpsicrda . C scånc nissis djecfnjs
c
e
ti sirã ue crquhvj BNH@ djftifnj tjnjs js jokitjs nc ocsi qui pjniräj sir ristcurcnjs
s
h
T qucfnj fidissãrhj.
i
n
j
ä
ì Ixhstie nucs ìrrceiftcs qui pjniejs uthbhzcr pcrc ricbhzcr j ocdgup nc ocsi ni ncnjs nj
c
rt
sh
BNC], js djecfnjs sbcpdct i bncpsicrda .
f h
e
n
C
01
Ocdgup
sbcpdct
# sbcpdct 6 /tep/ocdgup.bnh`
bncpsicrda
# bncpsicrda -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -w sifacsidritc -o

‒nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -BBB 6 /tep/ocdgup.bnh`
C prhfdhpcb nhìrifìc è qui fj djecfnj sbcpdct fäj pridhscejs hf`jrecr j NF nj cnehfhs -

trcnjr nc ocsi. Fj djecfnj bncpsicrda , uscejs c jpìäj -BBB pcrc lcrcfthr qui c scånc fäj
pjssuhrã fifaue thpj ni djeiftãrhj ju hf`jrecìäj riìrifti í virsäj nj BNH@ lircnj.
_istjri
Cpôs dirthdcr-si ni qui c ocsi nj BNC] istã vczhc i qui j sirvhnjr fäj ist ã rjncfnj,
ixiduti j djecfnj sbcpcnn hfnhdcfnj j crquhvj qui djftèe j ocdgup nc ocsi.
# sbcpcnn -` /tep/ocdgup.bnh`
Ythbhzi j djecfnj sbcphfnix pcrc ridrhcr tjnjs js åfnhdis
# sbcphfnix -v
Hfhdhi j sirvhnjr nj jpifBNC ].
# sirvhdi sbcpn stcrt
Cthvhncni ni @hxcìäj i
Ibcojrcfnj uec sjbuìäj ni ocdgup nc ocsi nj BNC]
3. Drhi ue sdrhpt qui ricbhzc j nuep nc ocsi ni ncnjs, creczifc j risubtcnj ie ue
nhritôrhj ispidådj, djepcdtc j crquhvj BNH@ lircnj i ifv hc j ribctôrhj pcrc j i-echb nj
cnehfhstrcnjr.
?. Djfluri j drjf pcrc qui issi sdrhpt sikc ix idutcnj tjnjs js nhcs ís ?4;==a.
j
n
c
ì
cf
v
C
]
C
N
B
-
>
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
08
t
i
f
r
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
<=
9
Tirvhnjr wio
s
j
v
Cprifnir c hfstcbcr i djflurcr j sirvhnjr wio Cp cdai, djflurcr sirvhnjris vhrtuchs
h
t
i
k
i j sirvhnjr wio silurj, uscfnj dirthdcnjs nhlhtchs, u thbhzcìäj nj crquhvj.atcddis
o
j i lirifdhceiftj ni eônubjs fj sirvhnjr wio C pcdai.
d
j
f
d
@ufnceiftjs ni sirvhnjris wio; crquhtiturc, isquiec ni ùfdhjfceiftj, prjtjdjbj i
ht
A^^ ], sirvhnjr Cpcdai, ridur sjs djeufs c sirvhnjris wio, njeåfhj vhrtucb i sirvhnjr j
s
silurj (TTB).
Hftrjnuìäj
Isti dcpåtubj cojrnc js djfdihtjs ùfnceiftchs ni sirvhnjris wio, djej crquhtiturc,
isquiec ni ùfdhjfceiftj, prjtjdjbj A^^], sirvhnjris wio, sir vhnjr Cpcdai i c hfst cbcìäj
i tistis dje j sirv hnjr Cpcdai. Fc prheihrc pcrti säj cprisiftcnjs js djfdihtjs hfhdhchs,
crquhtiturc i prjtjdjbj. Ie siluhnc säj cojrncnjs js ridursjs djeufs cjs nhvirsjs sirvh -
njris wio ctucbeifti nhspjfåvihs i, pjr ûbthej, säj cprisiftcnjs js ridursjs nj sir vhnjr
wio Cpcdai, hfdbushvi suc hfstcbcìäj, djflurcìäj i tistis.
Djfdihtjs ùfnceiftchs
\jrbn \hni \io (\\\ ( \jrbn \hni \io); q
3 Nisifvjbvhnc pcrc pirehthr j cdissj c hf`jrecìùis jrlcfhzcncs ie `jrec ni ahpirtixtj.
3 ]irehti c ridupircìäj ni hf`jrecìäj;
? îxtj.
? Heclifs (istãthdcs i cfhecncs).
? Ãunhj , itd.
o
i
Ocsicnc fc crquhtiturc dbhifti / sirv hnjr. rw
3 j
3 J sirv hnjr creczifc ue djfkuftj ni crquhvjs ni ncnjs qui säj trcfsìrhnjs pcrc j hn
v
r
i
dbhifti. T
-
9
3 Hnifthdcìäj ni sirvhnjris, sir vhìjs i crquhvjs ni ejnj ufh`jrei. bj
u
åt
3 Yfh`jre _isjurdi Bjdctjr (Y_B) p
c
D
<3
C hftirfit, euhtcs vizis nifjehfcnc \jrbn \hni \io (\\\ ), pirehti ue lrcfni i vcrhcnj
trïfshtj ni hf`jrecìùis, tchs djej tixtjs, njdueiftjs, djftiûnjs eubtheånhc, eifsclifs
itd. Yecs ncs ìrrceiftcs echs uthbhzcncs pcrc j ifvhj i c ridupircìäj ni hf`jrecìùis
säj js sirv hnjris wio, qui pirehtie j ifvhj ni tixtjs, eifsclifs, heclifs i ãunhj.
]crc hssj, ue nitirehfcnj sirvhnjr w io pjni uscr pãlhfcs istãthdcs, qui säj fcnc echs
nj qui crquhvjs prisiftis fj shstiec ni crquhvjs nj sir vhnjr, ju pãlhfcs nhfïehdcs, qui
säj djftiûnjs lircnjs nhfcehdceifti i sjo niecfnc pcrc j dbhifti qui cs sjbhdhtc. Istc
ûbthec `jrec è euhtj uthbhzcnc ie trcfscìùis pibc hftirfit. Fissi d csj, j djftiûnj pjni
sir lircnj pibj prôprhj sir vhnjr wio qui ctifni cj pinhnj njs dbhiftis, ju iftäj pjr jutrj
sirvhnjr cdjpbcnj qui prjdissc i rip cssc j djftiûnj.
C djeufhdcìäj wio bhnc dje ue prjdissj nj thpj dbhifti/sirv hnjr. Fissi dcsj, ue dbhifti
(fcvilcnjr wio) ifvhc uec sjbhdhtcìäj cj sirvhnjr wio, qui prjdissc c sjbhdhtcìäj i ifvhc
c rispjstc cj dbhifti. C sjbhdhtcìäj ifvhcnc pibj dbhifti djfshsti ie uec Y_B (Yfh `jre
_isjurdi Bjdctjr), pjr ixiepbj; attp;//ww w.rfp.or. Issc sjbhdhtcìäj è ifvhcnc pcrc j sir -
vhnjr wio, qui ifdcehfac j djftiûnj cssjdhcnj c issi ifniriìj, qui pjni djftir tix tjs,
heclifs i ãunhj.C Y_B pjssuh uec istr uturc djf`jrei hbustrcnc fc lurc 9.3 .
3 Yfh`jre _isjurdi Bjdctjr (Y_B) q

]rjtjdjbj;// sirvhnjr W;pjrtcU
/ dcehfaj
/ crquhvj
3 ]rjtjdjbj; hfnhdc j sirv hìj nisikcnj, ixiepbjsAypir îxt ^ rcsfìr ]rjtjdjb (A^^]), @hbi @hlurc 9.3
^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (@^]), @hbi (pcrc ue crquhvj bjdcb) itd.7 @jrectj oãshdj
nc Y_B.
3 TirvhnjrW;pjrtcU; riprisiftc j ifniriìj nj sir vhnjr nisikcnj, pjni sir ue fûeirj H]
ju ue @ubby Sucbhin Njechf Fcei (@S NF) siluhnj nj fûeirj nc pjr tc. Ti fûeirj nc
pjrtc `jr jehthnj sirã djfshnircnc c pjrtc ni`cubt pcrc j prjtjdjbj uthbhzcnj7
3 Dcehfaj; hfnhdc j dcehfaj fj shstiec crquhvjs nj sir vhnjr7
3 Crquhvj; djrrispjfni cj crquhvj nisikcnj.
3 ]rjtjdjbj; q
3 Hfnhdc j sirv hìj nisikcnj;
3 Aypir îxt ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (A^^] (Aypir îxt ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb).
t
3 @hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (@^] (@hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb).
i
f
r
i
t
3 ECHB^J (pcrc djrrihj ibitrþfhdj).
Hf
r
c
c 3 îrehfcb Fitwjrg (îbfit (îrehfcb Fitwjrg).
p
j
s 3 @hbi (pcrc crquhvj bjdcb).
hì
v
r
i C sjbhdhtcìäj ifvhcnc pibj dbhifti djfshsti ie uec Y_B, qui pjssuh djepjfiftis djej;
T
;
x
u prjtjdjbj, sirvhnjr, pjrtc, dcehfaj i crquhvj. Isscs hf`jrecìùis sir vie pcrc nishlfcr j
hf
B
s sirvhìj, prjtjdjbj i pjrtc qui nivie sir cdisscnjs i uthbhzcnjs fc jotifìäj njs ncnjs.
c
e
ti Nissi ejnj, eisej qucfnj vãrhjs sirvhìjs nhìriftis is täj nhspjfåvihs fj sirvhnjr ie
s
h
T quistäj, dcnc ue pjni trcocbacr ni ejnj hfnipifnifti nj jutrj. Bjlj pjniriejs tir ie
i
n
j uec eisec eãquhfc nhvirsjs sirvhìjs, djej sirvhnjr wio, sirv hnjr @^], sirvhnjr NFT itd.
ä
ì
c
rt Ye sirvhnjr w io pjni pjssuhr lrcfni qucfthncni ni hf`jrecìäj, nhspirsc pjr uec lrcfni
sh
f h qucfthncni ni crquhvjs i pcstcs.
e
n
C
<?
3 Tirvhnjr W;pjrtcU q
3 Hfnhdc j ifniriìj nj sirvhnjr nisikcnj.
3 ]jni sir ue @ubby Sucbhin N jechf Fcei (@SNF (@ubby Sucbhin Njechf Fcei);
fjei nc eãquhfc, njeåfhj i njeåfhj ni tjpj.
3 Ju sjeifti j fjei nc eãquhfc pcrc cdissjs c pcr thr nc eisec rini.
3 Dcehfaj;
3 Hfnhdc j dcehfaj fj shstiec ni crquhvjs nj sir vhnjr wio.
3 Crquhvj;
3 Hfnhdc j crquhvj nisikcnj.
]jr hssj, è fidissãrhj qui j dbhifti, cj ousdcr pjr nitirehfcnj ncnj, hf`jrei j dcehfaj dje -
pbitj ctè ibi, j qui usucbeifti è ìhtj pjr eihj nc nhlhtcìäj nc Y_B fj fcvilcnjr, ju ni ue
dbhqui ie nitirehfcnj bhfg nhspjfåvib ie nitirehfcnc pãlhfc nc hftirfit.J dcehfaj hfnhdc
ie qucb pcstc ju crquhvj c pcrthr ni uec pcstc rchz istã j ncnj prjdurcnj. Issc pcstc rchz
fjrecbeifti fäj djhfdhni dje c rchz nj shstiec fj qucb j sirvhnjr wio istã hfstcbcnj.
Iftri cs vãrhcs hf`jrecìùis ni uec Y_B, uscejs; prjtjdjbj, sirvhnjr, pjrtc, dcehfaj i
crquhvj. Cblufs nissis ncnjs pjnie sir jehthnjs qucfnj nhlhtcejs c Y_B fj fcvilcnjr ju
ie ue bhfg nc pãlhfc wio. Bjlj, j cdissj c nitirehfcnc pãlhfc wio pjni sir ìhtj nhlh -
tcfnj, pjr ixiepbj; attp;//www.rfp.or;1=/hfnix.ateb ju www.rfp.or.
Fj ixiepbj cprisiftcnj, fäj `jh fidissãrhj, cj hf`jrecr uec Y_B fj fcvilcnjr, pcsscr
j prjtjdjbj, pjrtc i crquhvj. Hssj è p jssåvib pjrqui js fcvilcnjris wio ifdcehface pjr
pcnräj uec djfsubtc uthbhzcfnj j prjtjd jbj A^^] i c pjr tc pcnräj 1=. J sirvhnjr wio, pjr
suc viz, ifvhc djej rispjstc c pãlhfc p cnräj ispidhdcnc ie siu crquhvj ni djflurcìäj,
fissi dcsj, hfnix.ateb.
Y_B / A^^]
AÊB / EHEI
\io
Orjwsir \io
Tirvir
Hftirfit
@hlurc 9.?
^rcfsìrëfdhc ni
ncnjs iftri dbhifti \io
Orjwsir \io
Tirvir Nhspjshthvj
i sirvhnjr. ni crquhvjs
o
i
Tirvhnjr \io rw
3
3
3
Ythbhzce c pjrtc ^D] 1= pjr pcnräj
Cpôs istcoibidhnc uec djfixäj j dbhifti ifvhc uec sjbhdhtcìäj i j sir vhnjr ifvhc
q hn
-
j
v
r
i
T
9
uec rispjstc. bj
u
åt
3 J prjtjdjbj uthbhzcnj pcrc djeufhdcìäj è j Aypir îxt ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (A^^]) p
c
D
<4
3 Dbhifti \io q
? J fcvilcnjr, tceoèe dacecnj ni orjwsir, ousdc c pãlhfc sjbhdhtcnc, hftirpritc j
djftiûnj i cprisiftc cs hf`jrecìùis.
? Iftri js fcvilcnjris echs djfaidhnjs pjniejs dhtcr; Ljjlbi Darjei, @hri`jx,
Tc`cry i Hftirfi t Ixpbjrir.
Tirvhnjr wio
Js sirvhnjris wio, pjr pcnräj, dce clucrncfnj djfixùis fc pjrtc 1= ^D]. Cpôs istcoibidhnc
c djfixäj j dbhifti ifvhc uec sjbhdhtcìäj i j sirvhnjr ifvhc uec rispjstc. J prjtjdjbj qui
nifi cs sjbhdhtcìùis i rispjstcs vãbhncs è dacecnj ni Aypir îxt ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (A^^]).
Dbhifti wio
Nhspjfhohbhzc ue eidcfhsej ni ousdc, trcfsìrëfdhc i cprisiftcìäj ni ncnjs djfthnjs
ie sirvhnjris w io. J fcvilcnjr, tceoèe nifjehfcnj orjwsir , ousdc c pãlhfc sjbhdhtcnc,
hftirpritc siu tixtj, sius djecfnjs ni `jrectcìäj i cprisiftc js ncnjs fc tibc.Iftri js
fcvilcnjris echs djfaidhnjs ajki istäj; Ljjlbi Darjei, @hri`jx, Hftirfit Ixpbjrir i T c`crh.
Ixhsti tceoèe j Byfx, ue fcvilcnjr ni bhfac ni djecfnj euhtj uthbhzcnj ie tistis i/ju
ie djeputcnjris sie c hftir`cdi lrãdc hfstcbcnc.
]rjtjdjbj A^ ^]
Aypir îxt ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (A^^]). q
]rjtjdjbj uthbhzcnj pcrc c trcfsìrëfdhc ni hf`jrecìùis fc wio, uthbhzcfnj ^D].
3 A^^]/=.8
3 A^^]/3.=
3 A^^]/3.3
3 A^^]/?.=
J prjtjdjbj A^^] è ue prjtjdjbj ni dcecnc ni cpbhdcìäj uthbhzcnj ie shstiecs nhstrhou-
ånjs, djbcojrcthvjs i ni ahpireånhc. Tuc prheihrc virsäj A^ ^]/=.8 istã ie usj nisni 388=,
sifnj ctè iftäj ue prjtjdjbj shepbis pcrc trcfsìrëfdhc ni ncnjs orutjs pibc hftirfit.
C virsäj A^ ^]/3.= eibajrju j prjtjdjbj cj pirehthr c trcfsìrëfdhc ni eifsclifs fj
`jrectj Eubthpurpjsi Hftirfit Echb Ixtifshjfs(EHEI), djftifnj eitcncnjs i ejnhdc -
t
i njris fcs sjbhdhtcìùis i rispjstcs. Fj iftcftj, fäj supjrt cvc dcdahfl, prjxhis ahirãrquhdjs,
f
r
i
t
Hf
djfixùis pirshstiftis ju ajsts vhr tuchs. C virsäj A^ ^]/3.3 `jh nisifvjbvhnc pcrc ctifnir c
c
r
c isscs fidisshncnis, i chfnc ís fidisshncnis cnhdhjfchs ni ousdcs, ctucbhzcìùis ni `rjft -
p
s -ifn, hfdbuhfnj ue cepbj djfkuftj ni eètjnjs i dcoiìcbajs qui hfnhdce c fcbhncni nc
j
hì
v sjbhdhtcìäj. Cs eifsclifs säj pcsscncs ie ue `jrectj sieibacfti cj ncs eifsclifs ni
r
i
T
;
x i-echb, uthbhzcfnj j `jrectj EHEI.
u
hf
B
s J A^ ^] è chfnc ue prjtjdjbj lifèrhdj pcrc jutrjs shstiecs hftirfit, djej TE^], FF^]
c
e
ti i @^ ], pirehthfnj qui nhvir scs cpbhdcìùis pjssce cdisscr djftiûnj ahpireånhc. C virsäj
s
h
T A^^ ]/?.= `jh bcfìcnc ie 3 1 ni ìvirihrj ni ?=39, i riprisiftc uec euncfìc shlfhdcthvc
i
n
j ie ribcìäj í virsäj cftirhjr. C prhfdhpcb vcftclie nc fjvc virsäj è pireht hr qui cs pãlhfcs
ä
ì
c
rt pjssce sir dcrrilcncs dje echjr vibjdhncni. ]crc hssj j prjtjdjbj vch trcocbacr dje eubth -
sh
f h pbixcìäj, pirehthfnj qui uec ûfhdc djfixäj ochxi eûbthpbjs crquhvjs sheubtcficeifti i j
e
n
C
ritjrfj nissis crquhvjs sirã ìhtj ni `jrec cssåfdrjfc i pcrcbibc.
<>
b
Cs virsùis echs ridiftis njs prhfdhpchs fcvilcnjris pjssuie supjrti pcrc c virsäj ? nj
Echs hf`jrecìùis sjori
c virsäj ? nj prjtjdjbj prjtjdjbj kã js sirvhnjris chfnc istäj ie `csi ixpir heiftcb ni hepbieiftcìäj, ecs kã
A^^] pjnie sir pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs ie ceohiftis ni tistis.
ifdjftrcncs fcs _@Ds
<9>= i _@D<9>3. J A^^ ] è ue prjtjdjbj nj thpj riquhshìäj/rispjstc, i tjnc djeufhdcìäj è ìhtc ctrcvès ni
eifsclifs fj `jrectj CTDHH (tixtj purj). Ie uec djeufhdcìäj tåphdc, j dbhifti sjbhdhtc ue
njdueiftj cj sirvhnjr i j sirvhnjr ifvhc ju fäj j njdueiftj pcrc j dbhifti. J sirvhnjr
fäj creczifc fifauec hf`jrecìäj ni istcnj iftri cs riquhshìùis. Hssj pjrqui dcnc riquh -
shìäj è djepbitceifti hfnipifnifti nc jutrc.
Yec eifsclie A^^] è `jrecnc pjr uec bhfac hfhdhcb qui nitirehfc si c eifsclie è uec
riquhshìäj ju uec rispjstc, siluhnc pjr ue djfkuftj ni bhfacs qui djepùie js dcoi-
ìcbajs, uec bhfac ie orcfdj (nibhehtcnjr nj dcoiìcbaj) i pjr e j djrpj nc eifsclie

(qucfnj ajuvir).
Eifsclifs A^^] q
3 @jrectj nc eifsclie;
W bhfac nj thpj nc eifsclie U
W bhfacs ni dcoiìcbaj U
bhfac ie orcfdj
W djrpj nc eifsclie U
Cs eifsclifs nj prjtjdjbj A^^] pjnie sir ni njhs thpjs; riquhshìäj i rispjstc
_iquhshìäj (riquist)
Eifsclie ifvhcnc pibj dbhifti (orjwsir) pcrc j sirvhnjr wio. q
@jrectj;
W_iquist ^ypiU ispcìj WY_HU ispcìj WA^^] vir shjfU
Dcoiìcbajs
Eètjnjs (_iquist ^ypis);
3 LI^
3 AICN
3 ]Y^
3 ]JT^
3 NIBIÎ
3 BHFG/YFBHFG
Yec eifsclie ni riquhshìäj ifvhcnc pjr ue dbhifti tie js siluhftis dcepjs; thpj ni
riquhshìäj (eètjnj ), uec Yfhvirscb _isjurdi Hnifthirs (Y_H), virsäj nj prjtjdjbj, uec
eifsclie ie `jrectj thpj EHEI djftifnj js dcoiìcbajs nc riquhshìäj i hf`jrecìùis nj
dbhifti i djftiûnj (qucfnj ajuvir). i
o
rw
@jrectj ni uec riquhshìäj ìhtc pibj prjtjdjbj A^^] ; j
hn
v
W_iquist ^ypiU ispcìj WY_HU ispcìj WA^^] virshjfU r
i
T
-
9
Ixiepbj; bj
u
åt
p
LI^ /nhritjrhj/pclhfc.ateb A^^]/3.3 c
D
Ajst; www.rfp.or
Ysir-clift; Ejzhbbc/>.=
<9
Js eètjnjs säj uthbhzcnjs tcftj pcrc sjbhdhtcìùis ni pãlhfcs wio qucftj pcrc j ifv hj ni
hf`jrecìùis hfsirhncs pibjs usuãrhjs fisscs pãlhfcs. È ctrcvès nibis qui hf`jrecejs cj
sirvhnjr j thpj ni riquhshìäj qui istcejs ricbhzcfnj. Js prhfdhpchs eètjnjs säj;
3 LI^; ridupirc qucbquir ridursj hnifthdcnj pjr uec Y_H nhspjfhohbhzcnc nj sirvhnjr. È j
eètjnj pcnräj pcrc riquhshìùis ni djftiûnj ctrcvès ni uec Y_B7
3 AICN; hnëfthdj cj eètjnj LI^, iftritcftj fäj pjssuh j djrpj nc eifsclie fc rispjstc7
3 ]Y^; sjbhdhtc qui j djftiûnj nc eifsclie sikc creczifcnj fc Y_B ispidhdcnc

fj sirvhnjr7
3 ]JT^; uthbhzcnj pcrc ifvhcr cblue ridursj pcrc j sirvhnjr. Lircbeifti è uthbhzcnj ie
`jreubãrhjs ni pãlhfcs wio7
3 NIBIÎ; sjbhdhtc qui j sirv hnjr riejvc j ridursj hnifthdcnj fc riquhshìäj7
3 BHFG / YFBHFG; djfidtc/fcbhzc c djfixäj ixhstifti iftri njhs ridursjs.
Dcoiìcbaj (aicnir)
Ythbhzcnjs pcrc ifvhcr hf`jrecìùis cnhdhjfchs q
Fäj `czie pcrti nj djftiûnj nc eifsclie
Ixhstie quctrj thpjs ni dcoiìcbajs A^^];
3 Lifircb-aicnir
3 _iquist-aicnir
3 _ispjfsi-aicnir
3 Ifthty-aicnir
Js dcoiìcbajs säj uthbhzcnjs pcrc ifvhcr hf`jrecìùis cnhdhjfchs qui fäj `czie pcrti nj
djftiûnj nc eifsclie. Dcnc dcepj nj dcoiìcbaj è djbjdcnj ie uec bhfac i j dcrcdtiri
‒;― sipcrc j fjei nj vcbjr nj dcepj. Ixhstie quctrj thpjs ni dcoiìcbajs A^^ ].
3 Lifircb-aicnir; hf`jrecìùis cnhdhjfchs sjori c eifsclie trcfsehthnc7
3 _iquist-aicnir; pirehti cj dbhifti ifv hcr hf`jrecìùis riìriftis cjs `jrectjs njs
njdueiftjs ispircnjs djej rispjstc7
3 _ispjfsi-aicnir; pirehti cj sirv hnjr ifvhcr hf`jrecìùis cnhdhjfchs qui fäj istäj
prisiftis fcs hf`jrecìùis ni stctus7
t
i
f
3 Ifthty-aicnir; uthbhzcnj pcrc nifhr eitc hf`jrecìùis sjori j djrpj nc eifsclie.
r
i
t
Hf
c
r
c C _@D?030 nisdrivi tjnjs js dcepjs njs dcoiìcbajs A^ ^].
p
s
j
hì
v
r
T
i _ispjstcs (rispjfsi)
q
;
x
u
hf Sucfnj ue sirv hnjr ridioi ue pinhnj ibi siepri ifvhc uec rispjst c pcrc j dbhifti.
B
s
c
e
ti ^jnc rispjstc pjssuh ue dônhlj ni stctus
s
h
T
i
3 @jrectj ncs rispjstcs;
n
j WA^^ ] virshjfU WTtctus djniU WTtctus EisscliU
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
Dcoiìcbajs
f h
n
e --bhfac ie orcfdj„
C
_ispjstc
<0
Sucfnj ue sirvhnjr ridioi ue pinhnj, ibi siepri vch ritjrfcr uec rispjstc cj dbhifti. Cs
rispjstcs säj ifvhcncs dje uec bhfac ni stctus qui hfdbuh c virsäj nj prjtjdjbj, ue dônhlj
ni sudissj ju irrj siluhnj ni uec eifsclie nj thpj EHEI qui djftèe js dcoiìcbajs i j
djrpj nc eifsclie.
Ixiepbj;
A^^]/3.3 ?== JG
Ncti; @rh, 3> Cul ?=39 =?;?8;=< LE^
Djftift-^ypi; tixt/ateb
W Jutrjs dcoiìcbajs... U
2ateb6... — Hfhdhj nj djftiûnj nc rispjstc
Dônhljs ni stctus
^jnc rispjstc è shfcbhzcnc dje ue dônhlj ni st ctus. Issi dônhlj è uthbhzcnj pcrc hf`jrecr
si c riquhshìäj `jh ctifnhnc ju fäj. Js dônhljs säj `jrecnjs pjr trës nålhtjs i nhvhnhnjs ie
dhfdj dbcsshdcìùis. J prheihrj nålhtj riprisiftc c dbcsshdcìäj i js jutrjs njhs hnifthdce
j stctus niftrj nc dbcsshdcìäj. C tcoibc c siluhr cprisiftc js prhfdhpchs dônhljs ni stctus
nj prjtjdjbj A^^].
3xx-Hf`jrecìäj 4xx-_inhridhjfceiftj
3== Djfthfui 4== EubthpbiDajhdis
3=3 Twhtdahfl ]rjtjdjbs 4=3 Ejvin]irecfiftby
?xx - Tudissj 4=? @jufn
?== JG 4=4 Tii

Jtair
?=3 Drictin 4=> Fjt Ejnh`hin
?=? Cddiptin 4=9 Ysi]rjxy
?=4 Fjf-Cutajrhtcthvi Hf`jrecthjf 4=0
?=> FjDjftift 4=< îepjrcry_inhridt
?=9 _isit Djftift
?=0 ]crthcb Djftift
>xx-Irrjfjdbhifti 9xx-IrrjfjTirvhnjr
>== Ocn_iquist 9== HftirfcbTirvirIrrjr
>=3 Yfcutajrhzin 9=3 FjtHepbieiftin
>=? ]cyeift_iquhrin 9=? OcnLctiwcy
>=4 @jrohnnif 9=4 TirvhdiYfcvchbcobi o

i
rw
j
>=> Fjt@jufn 9=> Lctiwcy^hei-jut hn
v
r
i
>=9 Eitajn Fjt Cbbjwin 9=9 A^^] Pirshjf Fjt Tuppjrtin T
-
9
>=0 Fjt Cddiptcobi bj

u
åt
p
c
>=< ]rjxy Cutaifthdcthjf _iquhrin D
<<
>xx-Irrjfjdbhifti 9xx-IrrjfjTirvhnjr
>=1 _iquist ^heijut
>=8 Djf`bhdt
>3= Ljfi
>33 Biflta _iquhrin
>3? ]ridjfnhthjf @chbin
>34 _iquist Ifthty ^jj Bcrli
>3> _iquis t-Y_H ^jj Bjfl
>39 Yfsuppjrtin Einhc ^ypi

^coibc 9.3
>30 _iquistin _cfli Fjt Tcths `hcobi
]rhfdhpchs dônhljs
>3< Ixpidtcthjf @chbin ni stctus nj
prjtjdjbj A^^].
îstcfnj c djeufhdcìäj A^ ^]
J fitdct è uec ìrrceiftc euhtj uthbhzcnc pcrc tistcr c djeufhdcìäj A^ ^]. q
Drhcfnj uec riquhshìäj;
3 $ fd attp;//www.rfp.or 1=
3 LI^ / A^^]/3.3
3 Ajst; www.rfp.or
3 - - bhfac ie orcfdj - -
]crc js cnehfhstrcnjris ni sirvhìjs, è ùfnceiftcb uthbhzcr ìrrceiftcs qui pirehtce
tistcr suc nhspjfhohbhncni i qui pirehtc hnifthdcr ni `jrec rãphnc cs pjssåvihs dcuscs
nj prjobiec. Yec ìrrceiftc euhtj uthbhzcnc fjs tistis ni djeufhdcìäj iftri dbhifti/
sirvhnjr A^ ^] è j Fitdct, qui pirehti sheubcr c djeufhdcìäj pirehthfnj vhsucbhzcr cs ris-
pjstcs ifvhcncs pibj sir vhnjr.
J Fitdct è uec ìrrceiftc u thbhzcnc pcrc isdrivir ncnjs ie djfixùis ni rini

uscfnj j prjtjdjbj ^D]/H].
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Njeåfhj vhrtucb
Nhìriftis shtis säj ajspincnjs ie ue eisej sirv hnjr wio. q
Ixiepbjs; www.ixiepbj.dje i ww w.ixiepbj.jrl
Ythbhzcnj pjr lrcfnis iepriscs i/ju prjvinjris ni hftirfit.
Ibhehfc c fidisshncni ni eûbthpbjs sirvhnjris.
@cdhbhtcfnj c cnehfhstrcìäj nj sirvhnjr wio.
Idjfjehc ni ridursjs.
Acrnwcri, sj`twcri i hf`rcistruturc.
Njeåfhj Phrtucb (Phr tucb Ajsthfl) è uec tèdfhdc qui pirehti c ajspinclie ni eûbthpbjs
shtis fj eisej sirvhnjr, jfni dcnc ue nibis djftèe pãlhfcs i djftiûnjs nhvirsjs. Issi
ridursj è cepbceifti uthbhzcnj pjr lrcfnis iepriscs, prjvinjris ni hftirfit, nctcdiftirs
itd. Tuc lrcfni vcftclie è c ibhehfcìäj nc fidisshncni ni sirv hnjris ninhdcnjs c dcnc ue
njs shtis qui ajspinc, pirehthfnj qui uec lrcfni ieprisc qui pjssuc shtis nhìriftis
cssjdhcnjs í dcnc nhvhsäj i/ju prjnutj pjssc clrupã-bjs ie ue ûfhdj sir vhnjr, j eisej
vcbifnj pcrc prjvinjris ni hftirfit i nctcdiftirs, qui pjnie riufhr ie uec ûfhdc
eãquhfc js nhvirsjs dbhiftis qui pjssuh.
Pcftclifs
3 @cdhbhncni ni cnehfhstrcìäj ie vhrtuni nc rinuìäj nc qucfthncni ni sirvhnjris. _iquir

eifjr qucfthncni ni acrnwcri i sj`twcri7
3 Eifjr niecfnc ni ridursjs ni hf`rcist ruturc, djej ispcìj `åshdj, djfsuej ni ifirlhc,
i ni ri`rhlircìäj.
Sucfnj è uthbhzcnj Njeåfhj Phrtucb, nivi-si dcr ctiftj í fidisshncni ni j sirvhnjr

NFT risjbvir dcnc ue njs ifniriìjs uthbhzcnjs, pcrc hssj nivifnj pjssuhr ue cbhcs
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Tirvhnjris wio
Ixhstie vãrhjs shstiecs nisifvjbvhnjs pcrc prjvir j sir vhìj wio, pjniejs dbcsshdcr
ie njhs lrcfnis lrupjs;
q
Dônhlj bhvri i bhdifìc L ]B (ju shehbcr);
3 Cpcdai A^^] Tirvir,
3 Flhfx,
3 Bhlattpn,
3 A^^] Ixpbjrir,
3 A@T A^^] @hbi Tirvir.
Dônhlj ìdacnj i bhdifìc prjprhitãrhc;
3 HOE A^^] Tirvir,
3 Hftirfit Hf`jrecthjf Tirvhdis,
3 BhtiTpiin \io Tir vir,
3 Jrcdbi A^^] Tirvir.
Ixhstie lrcfnis qucfthncnis ni shstiecs nisifvjbvhnjs pcrc prjvir j sirvhìj wio, nisni
bhdifdhceiftj bhvri i prjprhitãrhj.
Dônhlj bhvri i bhdifìc L ]B (ju shehbcr);
3 Cpcdai A^^] Tirvir7

3 Flhfx, Bhlattpn7
3 A^^] Ixpbjrir7
3 A@T A^^] @hbi Tirvir.
Dônhlj ìdacnj i bhdifìc prjprhitãrhc;
3 HOE A^^] Tirvir7

3 Hftirfit Hf`jrecthjf Tirvhdis7
3 BhtiTpiin \io Tirvir7
3 Jrcdbi A^^] Tirvir.
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Cspidtjs ribivcftis pcrc isdjbac nj sirvhnjr wio; q
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3 Drhptjlrcc
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3 Njeåfhj Phrtucb
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3 @cdhbhncni ni cnhdhjfcr ùfdhjfcbhncnis
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3 Djepcdtcìäj ni djftiûnj
ti
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3 _istrhìùis c usuãrhjs i djftrjbi ni ocfnc
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ì
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Cj cvcbhcr cs sjbuìùis nhspjfåvihs, nivi-si bivcr ie djfshnircìäj cblufs ridursjs qui
nivie sir djfshnircnjs ùfnceiftchs ie ue sirvhnjr wio, i ncräj pisj fc tjecnc ni
nidhsäj i isdjbac nc sjbuìäj. Cbluecs nibcs s äj;
3 Cutifthdcìäj;cutifthdc ue usuãrhj pjr eihj ni ue bjlhf i sifac, dje tixtj pbcfj ju

drhptjlrc`cnj (AECD)7
3 ; supjrti í djfixäj ifdrhptcnc7
Drhptjlrcc (TTB i ^BT — ^rcfspjrt Bcyir Tidurhty)
3 Njeåfhj vhrtucb;supjrti c eûbthpbjs shtis dje ue ûfhdj ifniriìj H]7
3 ; supjrti í lircìäj ni pãlhfcs

Djftiûnj nhfï ehdj (dlh-ohf, Tirvbit, TT H, ]A] i CT])
hftircthvceifti7
3 dcpcdhncni
Eônubjs (dcrrilcnjs nhfcehdceifti ); ni dcrrilcr eônubjs sjo niecfnc7
3 dcpcdhncni ni djeprhehr djftiûnj ifvhcnj cj usuãrhj pcrc
Djeprissäj ni djftiûnj;
idjfjehzcr bcrlurc ni ocfnc7
3 dcpcdhncni ni bhehtcr bcrlurc ni ocfnc
Bhehtcìäj ni usuãrhjs i/ju bcrlurc ni ocfnc;
i/ju fûeirj ni djfixùis hfdbushvi pjr usuãrhj, ivhtcfnj scturcr j sir vhnjr ju c rini7
3 `jrec ni cdissj cjs
Ejnj ni ixiduìäj (ispcìj ni usuãrhj ju fûdbij nj shstiec);
ridursjs nj shstiec, ispidhcbeifti eieôrhc i prjdisscnjr.
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Tirvhnjr prjxy Tquhn
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Iftifnir j qui è sirvhnjr prjxy, `czir c hfstcbcìäj i djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr Tquhn
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fc virsäj djephbcnc, djflurcr rilrcs ni cdissj CDB, iehthr ribctôrhj ni cdissj í
o
j hftirfit uscfnj TC_L i cthvcr j sir vhìj ni prjxy trcfspcrifti.
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]rjxy, sjbuìäj Tquhn, djflurcìùis fj sirvhnjr i fj dbhifti, ristrhìäj ni cdissj c i
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t
djftiûnj, rinhridhjfceiftj, cutifthdcìäj, prjxy trcfspcrifti. j
s
]rjxy
îe pjr ùfìäj bhehtcr j thpj ni trãìlj. q
Ctuc fc dcecnc ni cpbhdcìäj (<), cfcbhscfnj j djftiûnj njs pcdjtis.
]jni ocrrcr pcdjtis qui djftiface, pjr ixiepbj, pcbcvrcs hfcprjprhcncs.
Nhìriftieifti ni ue btrj ni djftiûnj qui cfcbhsc trãìlj ocsicnj ie dcecnc ni
rini (4) ju ni trcfspjrti (>).
Ye sirvhnjr prjxy ctuc djej ue hftireinhãrhj ie uec rini, qui ridioi cs riquhshìùis
ncs eãquhfcs dbhifti i cs ifdcehfac pcrc cjs rispidthvjs sirvhnjris ni nisthfjs. Sucfnj
ue dbhifti si djfidtc c ue sirvhnjr prjxy pcrc sjbhdhtcr uec pãlhfc wio ju ue crquhvj, j
sirvhnjr cvcbhc c riquhshìäj nj dbhifti i nidhni si ifdcehfac j pinhnj pcrc j sirvhnjr ni
nisthfj. Sucfnj c riquhshìäj `jr rispjfnhnc, j prjxy ifdcehfac c rispjstc pcrc j dbhifti i
pjni creczifcr uec dôphc bjdcbeifti pcrc ctifnir uec fjvc riquhshìäj hnëfthdc fj ùturj.
Ixhstie vãrhcs cpbhdcìùis ni prjxy nhspjfåvihs fj eirdcnj, djej; Cpcdai (uthbhzcfnj j

eônubj ejnZprjxy), AC]rjx y, Ehdrjsj`t HTC Tirvir, Flhfx, ]rhvjxy, Tquhn, Pcrfhsa, \hfLcti,
\hfdjffidthjf, ^hfyprjxy itd. hn
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J sirvhìj prjxy tie pjr ùfìäj bhehtcr j thpj ni trãìlj qui pcssc pjr ibi. Hfst cbcnj fc y
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jr
ojrnc ni uec rini, iìtuc j ejfhtjrceiftj njs pcdjtis i, si `jr j dcsj, ocrrc j trïfshtj. rp
j
hn
Ni ejnj cfãbjlj cj btrj ni pcdjtis qui, ocsicnj fc `chxc ni ifniriìjs H] (dcecnc 4) ju v
r
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pjrtc (dcecnc >), hepini j trãìlj ni nitir ehfcncs hf`jrecìùis, j prjxy ctuc ie dcecncs T
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echs cbtcs, pjnifnj bhehtcr nitirehfcnjs thpjs ni prjtjdjbjs, pjr ixiepbj, j HDE] (phfl). bj
u
]jr ùfdhjfcr cfcbhscfnj j trãìlj, pjni ixcehfcr j djftiûnj nj pcdjti fc dcecnc < åt
p
c
(cpbhdcìäj). Ye ixiepbj dbãsshdj è prjdurcr fjs pcdjtis pjr pcbcvrcs qui djfstie ie uec D
bhstc prjhohthvc, tcb djej ‒sixj―. ^jnj pcdjt i qui djfthvir issc pcbcvrc sirã nisdcrtcnj,
14
hepinhfnj j cdissj c pãlhfcs qui djftiface djftiûnj heprôprhj ju istrcfaj ís fidissh-
ncnis nc rini, sikc uec rini rishnifdhcb, ni ieprisc ju ni isdjbc.
\io prjxy dcdai; q

3 Ctuc djej dcdai.
3 _isirvc uec ãric ie eieôrhc p crc creczifcr js djftiûnjs cdisscnjs dje echj r
`riquëfdhc.
3 Cj ousdcr uec hf`jrecìäj qui tifac shnj cdisscnc privhceifti, j sir vhnjr prjxy
dcdai c iftrilc nhritceifti sie ousdã-bc fc hftirfit.
Jutrc fcbhncni nj prjxy è ctucr djej dcdai. Fissi dcsj, j sirvhnjr risir vc uec ãric ie
eieôrhc pcrc creczifcr js djftiûnjs ist ãthdjs cdisscnjs dje echjr `riquëfdhc pibjs
usuãrhjs ni rini hftirfc. Sucfnj j usuãrhj ousdc pjr nitirehfcnc hf`jrecìäj, j sirvhnjr
prjxy dcdai j iftrilc nhritceifti sie cdissã- bj fc hftirfit. Djfshniri pjr ixiepbj
ue lrcfni pjrt cb ni fjtådhcs nc hftirfit. C prheihrc pissjc c cdissã- bj `crã dje qui j
b Istunjs prèvhjs
ricbhzcnjs pibc _ini
Fcdhjfcb ni Ifshfj i
djftiûnj nissc pãlhfc qui creczifcnj fj dcdai nj sirv hnjr. Cs prôxhecs pissjcs qui ]isquhsc (_F]) hfnhdce
cdisscrie issc eisec pãlhfc, niftrj nj tiepj ni ixphrcìäj prjlrcecnj, väj jotirj idjfjehc ni ctè 49%
fj trãìlj fj bhfg
djftiûnj nj sirvhnjr, ie viz nj djftiûnj nc hftirfit.
ixtirfj. Jutrj istunj
hfnhdc qui 3<% nj
]jrtcftj, isscs nucs sjbuìùis cprisiftce, pjr ejthvjs nhìriftis, eibajrhc fj trãìlj
trãìlj nc hftirfit kã è
nc rini. J prjxy objquihc j trãìlj djfshnircnj hfcniqucnj pibc pjbåthdc ni uthbhzcìäj nc cdisscnj c pcrthr ni
rini nc ieprisc, ifqucftj j dcdai djftrhouh pcrc rinuzhr j ejftcfti ni trãìlj fj bhfg wio prjxy dcdai.
ixtirfj nc rini.
Cdissj í hftirfit iìtucnj ctrcvès ni ue prjxy. q

Lircbeifti j prjxy istã cssjdhcnj c ue riwcbb.
@ufdhjfc djej btrj ni djftiûnj i djej wio prjxy dcdai.
@hlurc 0.3
@ufdhjfceiftj ni
Tirvhnjr]rjxy \io ue prjxy dcdai.
Hftirfit
C uthbhzcìäj ni ue wio prjx y dcdai pjsshohbhtc lrcfni idjfjehc ni ridursjs, dje hepcdtj
tcftj fc vibjdhncni qucftj fj djftrjbi ni cdissj.
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c cdisscr cs pãlhfcs echs rãphnj, uec viz qui ibcs säj dcrrilcncs c pcrthr nj dcdai, qui istã
r
c
p echs prôxhej nj usuãrhj. C silufnc ecfihrc è hfnhritc i si cpbhdc c tjnjs js usuãrhjs qui
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hì
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cdissce ncnjs fc hftirfit, qui pjr is tcr dje dcrlc eifjr nj qui is tcrhc sie j dcdai
r
i cprisiftc nisiepifaj echs ibivcnj.
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B
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c echjr pifitrcìäj jothnc pibc hftirfit, js oifi`ådhjs prjpjrdhjfcnjs säj ivhniftis, djej;
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e 3 Nhstrhouhìäj i djepcrthbaceiftj ni djftiûnj itd.
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Cbhcnj c issis `ctjris, aã c cepbhcìäj djfstcfti nc bcrlurc ni ocfnc p jr pcrti ni iepriscs
i usuãrhjs njeèsthdjs, hfdifthvcfnj-js c uthbhzcr sir vhìjs cftis hfvhãvihs. Issi difãrhj lirc
niecfnc siepri drisdifti ni bcrlurc ni ocfnc.
Nissi ejnj, è ixtrieceifti fidissãrhj, ie ispidhcb pjr pcr ti ni iepriscs, c nifhìäj

ni uec pjbåthdc ni uthbhzcìäj ni rini ie qui tjnjs js ifvjbvhnjs tiface pbifc djfsdhëfdhc
nj ejnj djej nivie uthbhzcr js ridursjs nhspjfhohbhzcnjs. @cz-si fidissãrhj j djftrjbi nj
rilhstrj ni tjnjs js cdissjs, objquicfnj cquibis djfshnircnjs hfnivhnjs, rinuzhfnj j usj
ni bcrlurc ni ocfnc ie cìùis istrcfacs ís cthv hncnis nc ieprisc, ecftifnj-c nhspjfåvib i
eibajr pripcrcnc pcrc c prãthdc ni cthvhncnis bilåthecs.
Issc pjbåthdc tceoèe nhehfuh c dhrdubcìäj ni vårus, wjres, prjlrcecs phrctcs i

jutrjs ecbis qui cprisiftce rhsdjs ís iepriscs.
]rjxy Tquhn
J Tquhn è ue njs prjxhis echs uthbhzcnjs fc hftirfit. q
Djfshnircnj shepbis i djfãvib.
]rcthdceifti jorhlctôrhj ie qucbquir thpj ni jrlcfhzcìäj dje sirvhìjs ni hftirfit .
Ni piquifcs iepriscs cjs lrcfnis prjvinjris ni cdissj.
@ufdhjfc tcftj djej ue sirvhnjr prjxy qucftj djej ue wio dcdai.
Pcftclifs ni ue prjxy (iftri ibis j Tquhn);
3 Dcpcdhncni ni creczifcr njdueiftjs nc hftirfit.
3 Objquicr j cdissj c nitirehfcncs pãlhfcs.
Tquhn è ue njs prjxhis echs uthbhzcnjs fc hftirfit. Djfshnircnj shepbis i djfãvib, è ue
ridursj prcthdceifti jorhlctôrhj ie qucbquir thpj ni jrlcfhzcìäj qui uthbhzi sir vhìjs ni
hftirfit, nisni piquifcs iepriscs cjs lrcfnis prjvinjris ni cdissj.
@jh jrhlhfcnj ni ue prjkitj nc C_]C, dukj eiftjr `jh Nucfi\issibs, nj FcthjfcbBcojrctjry

`jr Cppbhin Fitwjrg _isicrda, tifnj pjstirhjreifti jothnj c nifjehfcìäj ni Tquhn.
È tcftj ue sirvhnjr prjxy qucftj ue wio dcdai. Djej prjxy pjssuh dcrcdtiråsthdcs ispi -
dhchs pcrc c btrclie ni pcdjtis, supjrtcfnj vãrhjs prjtjdjbjs, djej A^^ ] i @ ^]. ]jni
chfnc ctucr djej ue prjxy rivirsj, ùfdhjfcfnj fissi dcsj djej ue cdibircnjr pcrc ue
sirvhnjr wio.
w
C lrcfni vcftclie ni ue prjxy (djej j Tquhn) è c dcpcdhncni ni creczifcr njdueiftjs
Echs hf`jrecìùis nc hftirfit. ]jssuh tceoèe j ridursj ni drhcìäj ni rilrcs ni cdissj, qui pirehtie ju
pjnie sir jothncs fc objquihce j cdissj c nitirehfcncs pãlhfcs. Dje hssj, p jniejs vitcr c fcvilcìäj ie shtis
pãlhfc jdhcb nj Tquhn;
attp;//www.squhn - pjrfjlrãdjs, scbcs ni octi-pcpj, sirvhìjs ni eifsclifs hfstcftïfics ju ni djepcrthbac -
hn
-dcdai.jrl/. eiftj ni crquhvjs. @riquiftieifti è cssjdhcnj c ue riwcbb, istcfnj hfdbushvi hfst cbcnj u
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fc eisec eãquhfc. y
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Hfstcbcìäj
Niohcf/Youftu q
# cpt-lit hfstcbb squhn4
_inAct/DiftJT
# yue hfstcbb squhn
J Tquhn pjr sir hfstcbcnj c pcrthr nj siu dônhlj-`jfti ju ctrcvès ni pcdjtis djephbcnjs
nhspjfåvihs fjs ripjshtôrhjs jdhchs nc echjrhc ncs nhstrhouhìùis.
Niohcf/Youftu
# cpt-lit hfstcbb squhn4

_inAct/DiftJT
# yue hfstcbb squhn
Djf`hlurcìäj
J crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nj squhn.djf` pjssuh lrcfni fûeirj ni pcrïeitrjs qui pjnie
sir uthbhzcnjs. Cj djbjdcr j Tquhn ie ùfdhjfceiftj pibc prheihrc viz, è ridjeifnãvib
hfdbuhr js pcrïeitrjs cjs pjudjs, ispidhcbeifti cs CDBs, kustceifti pcrc qui si pjssc
pirdioir c iìthvhncni ni dcnc ue.
Fcs nhstrhouhìùis Niohcf/Youftu, j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj dc bjdcbhzcnj fj

nhritôrhj /itd/squhn4 , i fcs nhstrhouhìùis ocsicncs ie _inAct/DiftJT, j crquhvj istã
bjdcbhzcnj fj nhritôrhj /itd/squhn .
q
]rhfdhpchs pcrïeitrjs ni djflurcìäj;
3 attpZpjrt
3 cutaZpcrce
3 dcdaiZeie
3 dcdaiZnhr
3 cddissZbjl
t
i
f
r
3 vhshobiZajstfcei
i
t
Hf
c
3 cdb
r
c
p
s
3 attpZcddiss
j
hì
v ]rhfdhpchs pcrïeitrjs ni djflurcìäj;
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
3 attpZpjrt; fûeirj nc pjrtc u thbhzcnc pibj sirvhnjr, ie lircb 43? 17
B
s
c 3 cutaZpcrce;nifi qucb sirã j eètjnj ni cutifthdcìäj qui j squhn vch uthbhzcr.
e
ti
s
h
T
3 ; qucfthncni ni eieôrhc _CE uthbhzcnc pibj prjxy wio (ie EO), ni`cubt ?90 EO7
dcdaiZeie
n
i
j
3 dcdaiZnhr; nifi vãrhjs pcrïeitrjs ni dcdai, djej thpj ni creczifceiftj, nhritôrhj
ä
ì
c
ni dcdai, qucfthncni ie EO, fûeirj ni nhritôrhjs ni prheihrj fåvib, fûeirj ni nhritô-
rt
sh rhjs ni silufnj fåvib. Ixiepbj; dcdaiZnhru`s /usr/bjdcb/squhn/vcr/ dcdai 9== 30 ?907
f h
e
n
C
10
3 cddissZbjl; bjdcbhzcìäj nj crquhvj dje bjls ni cdissj cj djftiûnj wio7
3 dcdaiZbjl; crquhvj dje hf`jrecìùis ni bjl7
3 dcdaiZstjriZbjl; crquhvj dje nitcbais sjori jokitjs creczifcnjs7 rilhstrc jokitjs qui
iftrcrce i scårce, i j tiepj ni pir ecfëfdhc7
3 phnZbifcei; crquhvj qui creczifcrã j ]HN nj prjdissj nj Tquhn7
3 vhshobiZajstfcei; fjei nj ajst cprisiftcnj ie eifsclifs ni ir rj7
3 ; usuãrhj njfj njs prjdissjs drhcnjs pibj Tquhn7

dcdaiZiidthviZusir
3 ; lrupj nj njfj njs prjdissjs drhcnjs pibj Tquhn7

dcdaiZiidthviZlrjup
3 cdb; drhc ue ibieiftj ni CDB7
attpZcddiss; djftrjbi ni cdissj pcrc prjtjdjbj attp.

3
Bhstcs ni djftrjbi ni cdissj
Cddiss Djftrjb Bhsts (CDBs) säj rilrcs ni cdissj uthbhzcncs pibj shstiec pcrc djftrjbcr
quie pjni cdisscr j qui i qucfnj.
q
3 Cs nhrithvcs nj crquhvj squhn.djf` säj bhncs ni dhec pcrc ochxj
3 C ûbthec rilrc nivi siepri objquicr tjncs cs sjbhdhtcìùis ni cdissj
3 Fäj drhcr rilrcs rinufncftis, nisfidissãrhcs ju qui ixhkce risjbuìäj NFT
Cs bhstcs ni djftrjbi ni cdissj ju Cddiss Djftrjb Bhs ts (CDBs) säj rilrcs ni cdissj uthbhzcncs
pibj shstiec pcrc djftrjbcr quie pjni cdisscr j qui i qucfnj. ]jr eihj ni ue djfkuftj
ni rilrcs ifdcnicncs, pirehti objquicr ju bhoircr nitirehfcnjs thpjs ni cdissj, cbèe ni
bhehtcr j djfsuej ni ocfnc ie nitirehfcncs shtucìùis.
]crc ue oje iftifnheiftj nj ùfdhjfceiftj ncs CDBs, è fidissãrhj djfshnircr;
3 Cs nhrithvcs nj crquhvj squhn.djf` säj bhncs ni dhec pcrc ochxj. Dcnc sjbhdhtcìäj ni cdissj
è djepcrcnc dje dcnc rilrc ctè qui sikc ifdjftrcnc uec qui djeohfi ju ctè qui sikc
cthflhnj j fcb nj crquhvj7
3 C ûbthec rilrc nivi siepri objquicr tjncs cs sjbhdhtcìùis ni cdissj. Nissi ejnj, dcsj
fifauec rilrc prèvhc djrrispjfnc í sjbhdhtcìäj iìtucnc, acvirã uec ûbthec qui obj -
quihc j cdissj7
3 Fäj drhcr rilrcs rinufncftis, nisfidissãrhcs ju qui ixhkce risjbuìäj NFT, pjhs hssj
pjni cdcocr rinuzhfnj j nisiepifaj nj prjxy7
3 ]crc ue lrcfni fûeirj ni nhrithvcs ju pcrc echjr ixhohbhncni, uthbhzi j Tquhn cssjdhcnj
c jutrjs prjlrcecs, djej j Tquhre, TquhnLucrn ju NcfsLucrnhcf.
Cs CDBs nj Tquhn säj djepjstcs pjr njhs ibieiftjs nhsthftjs; ibieiftj ni CDB (CDB ibieift)
i bhstc ni cdissj (cddissbhst). Ye ibieiftj ni CDB è j qui dcrcdtirhzc ue nitirehfcnj pcdjti,
hn
pjr ixiepbj, js pcdjtis jrhlhfcnjs fc rini 38?.301.=.=/?>, ifqucftj uec bhstc ni cdissj u
q
T
djrrispjfni c pirehthr ju rikihtcr c pcssclie ni ue pcdjti pibj sirvhnjr. y
x
jr
cdb rini srd 38?.301.=.=/?> --- ibieiftj ni CDB rp
j
hn
attpZcddiss nify rini --- bhstc ni cdissj v
r
i
T
-
]rhfdhpchs thpjs ni ibieiftjs ni CDB; 0
bj
u
3 srd; ifniriìj H] ni jrhlie (dbhifti)7 åt
p
c
D
3 nst; ifniriìj H] ni nisthfj (sirvhnjr)7
1<
3 eyhp; ûthb qucfnj j sirv hnjr pjssuhr echs ni ue ifniriìj fc eisec rini, sir vi pcrc
nitirehfcr ctrcvès ni qucb ifniriìj H] j sir vhnjr ridioiu j pcdjti7
3 crp; Itairfit (ECD) cnnriss7
3 srdnjechf; fjei ni njeåfhj nj dbhifti7
3 nstnjechf; fjei ni njeåfhj nj sirvhnjr7
3 srdnjeZrilix; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc fjei ni njeåfhj nj dbhifti7
3 nstnjeZrilix; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc fjei ni njeåfhj nj sirvhnjr7
3 srdZcs; fûeirj nj Thstiec C utþfjej nc jrhlie (dbhifti)7
3 nstZcs; fûeirj nj Thstiec Cutþfjej nj nisthfj (sirv hnjr)7
thei; nctc i ajrc7

3
3 urbZrilix; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc Y_B7
3 ; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc Y_B-pcta, fäj djfshnircfnj prjtjdjbjs i ajstfceis7

urbpctaZrilix
3 pjrt; pjrtc ni nisthfj nj sirvhnjr7
3 eypjrt; fûeirj nc pjrtc bjdcb fc qucb j dbhifti si djfidtju7
3 eypjrtfcei; fjei nc pjrtc bjdcb fc qucb j dbhifti si djfidtju7
3 prjtj; prjtjdjbj ni trcfsìrëfdhc (attp, `tpitd.)7
3 eitajn; eètjnj A^^] (lit, pjst itd.)7
3 attpZstctus; dônhlj ni stctus nj prjtjdjbj A^^ ] (?== 4=? >=> itd.)7
3 orjwsir; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc j dcoiìcbaj usir-clift ncs riquhshìùis A^^]7
3 riìrirZrilix; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc j dcoiìcbaj attp-riìrir ncs riquhshìùis A^^]7
3 hnift; fjei nj usuãrhj7
3 hniftZrilix; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc fjei nj usuãrhj7
3 prjxyZcuta; cutifthdcìäj ni usuãrhjs pjr ue clifti ixtirfj7
3 ; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc cutifthdcìäj ni usuãrhjs pjr ue clifti ixtirfj7

prjxyZcutaZrilix
3 sfepZdjeeufhty; strhfl qui hfnhdc j fjei nc djeufhncni TFE]7
3 ecxdjff; bhehti eãxhej ni djfixùis ìhtcs pjr ue ûfhdj ifniriìj H] (dbhifti)7
3 ecxZusirZhp; bhehti eãxhej ni ifniriìjs H] qui ue usuãrhj pjni si cutifthdcr cj prjxy7
3 riqZeheiZtypi; ixprissäj rilubcr pcrc j dcoiìcbaj djftift-typi ncs riquhshìùis A^^].

t
i
f
r ]rhfdhpchs thpjs ni bhstcs ni cdissj;
i
t
Hf
r
c
c
p
3 attpZcddiss; djftrjbc j cdissj í pjrtc attp7
j
s
hì
3 hdpZcddiss; pirehti qui dcdais ‒v hzhfajs― `cìce riquhshìùis cj siu dcdai ctrcvès nj
v
r prjtjdjbj HD]7
i
T
;
x
u
hf
3 ehssZcddiss; pirehti j ifdcehfaceiftj (`jrwcrn) ctrcvès nj dcdai nj sirvhnjr7
B
s
c 3 fjZdcdai; nifi rispjstcs qui fäj niviräj sir creczifcncs fj dcdai7
e
ti
3
w
s
h cbwcysZnhridt; riquhshìùis qui siräj siepri ifdcehfacncs nhritceifti cjs sirvhnjris
T
n
i ni jrhlie7 C bhstc djepbitc ni
j ibieiftjs ni CDB i
ä
ì
c
rt
3 fivirZnhridt; riquhshìùis qui fufdc siräj ifdcehfacncs nhritceifti cjs sirvhnjris bhstcs ni cdissj pjnie
f
sh ni jrhlie7 sir ifdjftrcnjs ie
h
attp;//whgh.squhn-dcdai.
n
C
e
3 sfepZcddiss; djftrjbc cdissj cj clifti TFE] nj squhn7 jrl/Tquhn@cq/TquhnCdb
3 ; nifi quchs riquhshìùis siräj ifdcehfacncs c ue sirvhnjr dcdai
dcdaiZpiirZcddiss
‒vhzhfaj―.
11
Ocsicnc fc Y_B
@czifnj j usj ni ixprissùis rilubcris, pjniejs drhcr uec CDB qui ris trhfkc j cdissj c
Y_Bs qui dcsce dje ue nitirehfcnj pcnräj. Fj ixiepbj c siluhr drhcriejs uec CDB qui
vch filcr j cdissj c qucbquir Y_B qui tirehfi dje js dcrcd tiris ‒.ep4―. Hssj pjni sir ûthb
pcrc hepinhr j njwfbjcn ni eûshdcs.
cdb ep4 urbZrilix -h .*R.ep4$

attpZcddiss nify cbb ep4
Nctc i ajrc
CDB dje djftrjbi ni nctc i ajrc, pirehthfnj qui nitirehfcnjs ifniriìjs H] cdissie c hftirfit
ie ue hftirvcbj ni tiepj nitirehfcnj. ]crc issi ixiepbj pridhscriejs drhcr njhs CDB
ibieifts, j prheihrj dacecnj ‒usuãrhjs― pcrc nitirehfcr c jrhlie ncs riquhshìùis, ifqucftj
j silufnj, dacecnj ‒cbejìj―, nifhrã j ajrãrhj i js nhcs nc siecfc ie qui j cdissj sirã bhoi -
rcnj. Sucfnj j Tquhn cvcbhcr rilrcs, js pcdjtis ridiohnjs nc rini 38?.301.=.=/?>, ni silufnc
c sixtc iftri 3?a== i 34a99 siräj bhoircnjs. Ti js drhtèrhjs njs ibieiftjs ni CDB ‒usuãrhjs― i
‒cbejìj― fäj `jrie scthsìhtjs, issc rilrc fäj sirã ixidutcnc, i j Tquhn vch cvcbhcr c prôxhec
rilrc qui filc j trãìlj attp njs pcdjtis nc rini 38?.301.=.=/?>.
cdb usucrhjs srd 38?.301.=.=/?>

cdb cbejdj thei E^\A@ 3?;==-34;99
attpZcddiss cbbjw usucrhjs cbejdj
attpZcddiss nify usucrhjs
Ythbhzcfnj crquhvjs ixtirfjs

]jniejs uthbhzcr crquhvjs ixtirfjs pcrc djepbieiftcr c djflurcìäj ni fjsscs CDBs.
Fj ixiepbj c siluhr vcejs drhcr j crquhvj /itd/squhn/hps-objquicnjs.djf` dje uec bhstc ni
ifniriìjs H] qui siräj uthbhzcnjs fc drhcìäj nj fjssj ibieiftj ni CDB. Dacecriejs issi
ibieiftj ni CDB ni objquicnjs i, ie siluhnc, uthbhzcriejs j djftrjbi ni cdissj attpZcddiss
pcrc filcr j cdissj. J crquhvj nivi djftir cpifcs ue ifniriìj H] pjr bhfac.
# vh /itd/squhn/hps-objqucnjs.txt
38?.301.=.?=
38?.301.=.9>
38?.301.=.01
cdb objquicnjs srd ‒/itd/squhn/hps-objqucnjs.djf`―
attpZcddiss nify objquicnjs
Cutifthdcìäj
hn
Fj squhn c nhrithvc cutaZpcrce è rispjfsãvib pibc djflurcìäj nj isquiec ni cutifthdcìäj u
q
T
nj sirvhnjr i dje ibc pjniejs nifhr nhvirsjs eètjnjs ni cutifthdcìäj. J dbhifti uthbhzcrã y
x
jr
j isquiec qui `jr echs djfvifhifti ni cdjrnj dje c jrnie ncs nhrithvcs cutaZpcrce fj rp
crquhvj ni djflurcìäj. j
hn
v
r
i
Thftcxi; T
-
0
bj
cutaZpcrce isquiec pcrïeitrjs Wdjf`hlurcìùisU u
åt
p
c
D
18
Isquiecs
C nhrithvc cutaZ pcrce è rispjfsãvib pibc djflurcìäj nj isquiec ni cutifthdcìäj, js
trës prhdhpchs isquiecs säj;
q
3 Ocshd
3 Nhlist
3 Ftbe
b
Ocshd
È j isquiec echs shepbis i trcfsehti j bjlhf i c sifac nj usuãrhj ie tix tj purj ju djej
ue djfkuftj ni dcrcdtiris djnhdcnjs ie ocsi0>. Ixhstie vãrhjs prjlrcecs qui pjnie Fäj è pjssåvib uthbhzcr c
cutifthdcìäj ie ue
sir uthbhzcnjs pibj squhn pcrc ixpbjrcr issi isquiec ni cutifthdcìäj. Issis prjlrcecs ceohifti djflurcnj
lircbeifti säj cthvcnjs uscfnj c nhrithvc -- ifcobi-ocshd-cuta. Djej ixiepb j pjniejs dje prjxy trcfspc-
dhtcr js aibpirs FDTC , FHT, BNC], ]CE, TCTB, ETF^-eubth-njechf, litpwfce itd. ]crïeitrjs rifti. ]crc usu`ruhr
nissc ùfdhjfcbhncni
ispidådjs nj isquiec ocshd;
sirã fidissãrhj qui j
3 nifi pjr qucftj tiepj c cutifthdcìäj sirã vãbhnc7
drinifthcbsttb theitjbhvi;
ifniriìj nj sirvhnjr
prjxy i pjrtc istikce
3 ispidhdc si fjeis ni usuãrhjs siräj dcsi sifshthvi.
dcsisifthvhvi jf|j; ixpbhdhtceifti
djflurcnjs fcs
eãquhfcs dbhifti.
Nhlist
Echs silurj qui j shstiec ocshd, uthbhzc ùfìùis ni acsa pcrc drhptjlrc`cr cs eifsclifs
ifvhncs pibjs cliftis ni usuãrhj. Js prjlrcecs aibpirs säj cthvcnjs dje c nhrithvc
--ifcobi-cuta -nhlist. J isquiec nhlist cnhdhjfc j djfdihtj ni ‑fjfdi‘ (fûeirj uthbhzcnj
uec viz). J fjfdi è ue fûeirj cbictôrhj lircnj pibj squhn i uthbhzcnj pcrc eibajrcr c
silurcfìc fc trjdc ni eifsclifs.
]crïeitrjs ispidådjs nj isquiec nhlist;
3 hftirvcbj ni tiepj ie qui j squhn vch bhepcr j dcdai fjfdi7

fjfdiZlcrocliZhftirvcb thei;
3 tiepj qui ue fjfdi sirã vãbhnj7

fjfdiZecxZnurcthjf thei;
3 fûeirj eãxhej ni vizis qui ue fjfdi pjni sir uthbhzcnj.

fjfdiZecxZdjuft fûeirj;
Ftbe
Hftir`cdi ni djeufhdcìäj iftri j squhn i j prjtjdjbj F^ BcfEcf, nc Ehdrjsj`t, p irehti qui

j fcvilcnjr nj dbhifti trjqui pcdjtis F^BETT] dje j prjlrcec cutifthdcnjr ctè qui c
t
i cutifthdcìäj sikc djfdbuånc. Js prjlrcecs aibpirs säj cthvcnjs ctrcvès nc nhrithvc - -ifcobi-
f
r
i
t
Hf
cuta-ftbe. ]crïeitrjs ispidådjs nj isquiec ftbe;
c
r
c
p
s
3 `cz dje qui j squhn `jrdi j ìdaceiftj ncs djfixùis hfhdhchs
giipZcbhvi jf|j;
j
hì
v
nurcfti c filjdhcìäj nj isquiec ni cutifthdcìäj dje j orjwsir.
r
i
T
;
x ]crïeitrjs djeufs pcrc tjnjs js isquiecs
u
hf
B
s
c
e
3 ‑prjlrce‘ denbhfi q
ti ‑ricbe‘ strhfl
s
h
T
3
i
n
j ‑prjlrce‘ denbhfi
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
Nitirehfc j dcehfaj djepbitj nj prjlrcec qui sirã uthbhzcnj pcrc ricbhzcr c cutifthdcìäj.
f h
e
n ‑ricbe‘ strhfl
C
îxtj qui sirã cprisiftcnj cjs usuãrhjs nurcfti c sjbhdhtcìäj ni cutifthdcìäj.
8=
‑dahbnrif‘ fueoir j` dahbnrif Wstcrtup5FU Whnbi5FU Wdjfdurrifdy5FU Wquiui-shzi5FU
Ispidhdc j fûeirj ni prjdissjs qui siräj uthbhzcnjs pcrc lirifdhcr js pinhnjs ni

cutifthdcìäj nj squhn. Dcsj tjnjs js prjdissjs istikce jdupcnjs, cs fjvcs riquhshìùis ni
cutifthdcìäj dcräj ie uec bc clucrncfnj pcrc sirie ctifnhncs.
3 stcrtup; pirehti nifhr j fûeirj hfhdhcb ni prjdissjs ni cutifthdcìäj7
3 hnbi; ispidhdc j fûeirj ni prjdissjs qui nivie dcr nhspjfåvihs pcrc ctifnir cs
riquhshìùis ni cutifthdcìäj ctè j bhehti nitirehfcnj ie fueoirj`dahbnrif7
3 djfdurrifdy;fûeirj ni riquhshìùis djfdjrriftis qui dcnc prjdissj pjnirã rispjfnir.
J vcbjr ni`cubt è =, lcrcfthfnj qui dcnc prjdissj trcti cpifcs uec riquhshìäj pjr viz7
3 quiui-shzi;fûeirj eãxhej ni riquhshìùis qui pjnie dcr fc bc. Cs riquhshìùis qui
dcrie pjr echs ni trësehfutjs cdhec nj bhehti nc bc siräj cojrtcncs pibj squhn. J
vcbjr ni`cubt è ?*fueoirj`dahbnrif.
Ixiepbjs ni djflurcìäj
Cutifthdcìäj F^BE dje djftrjbcnjr ni njeåfhj TCEOC.
cutaZpcrce ftbe /usr/ohf/ftbeZcuta --aibpir-prjtjdjb5squhn-?.9-ftbessp

cutaZpcrce ftbe ricbe ]rjxy Tquhn
cutaZpcrce nhlist dahbnrif ?= stctup5= hnbi53
cutaZpcrce ftbe giipZcbhvi jf
Cutifthdcìäj Nhlist uscfnj crquhvj dje bjlhf i sifac.
cutaZpcrce nhlist prjlrce /usr/bho/squhn4/nhlistZ`hbiZcuta -d /itd/squhn4/

pcsswjrn-`hbi
cutaZpcrce nhlist ricbe ]rjxy Tquhn
cutaZpcrce nhlist dahbnrif 3= stctup5= hnbi53

cutaZpcrce nhlist fjfdiZlcrocliZhftirvcb 9 ehfutis
cutaZpcrce nhlist fjfdiZecxZnurcthjf 4= ehfutis
cutaZpcrce nhlist fjfdiZecxZdjuft 9=
Cutifthdcìäj oãshdc uscfnj crquhvj dje bjlhf i sifac.
cutaZpcrce ocshd prjlrce /usr/bho/squhn4/ocshdZfdscZcuta /usr/itd/pcsswn

cutaZpcrce ocshd ricbe ]rjxy Tquhn
cutaZpcrce ocshd dahbnrif 3= stctup5= hnbi53
Cutifthdcìäj oãshdc uscfnj BNC].
cutaZpcrce ocshd prjlrce /usr/bho/squhn4/ocshdZbncpZcuta -v 4 -_ -o

‒nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -N ‒df5cnehf,nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or― -w ‒sifac-sidritc―
-` ‒uhn5%s― -A bncp;//38?.301.=.3 hn
u
cutaZpcrce ocshd ricbe ]rjxy Tquhn q
T
y
cutaZpcrce ocshd dahbnrif 3= stctup5= hnbi53 x
jr
rp
C nhrithvc cutaZ pcrce cpifcs nitirehfc djej j squhn vch prjdisscr c cutifthdcìäj. ]crc j
hn
v
r
qui pjssc sir sjbhdhtcnc c cutifthdcìäj nj usuãrhj, sirã fidissãrhj uthbhzcr CDB s ocsicncs i
T
-
ie bjlhf djej prjxyZcuta, prjxyZcutaZrilix itd. 0
bj
u
cdb cutifthdcnjs prjxyZcuta _ISYH_IN åt
p
c
attpZcddiss cbbjw cutifthdcnjs D
83
Djf`hlurcìäj njs fcvilcnjris
C echjrhc njs fcvilcnjris nj eirdcnj tie supjrti c djflurcìäj ni ]rjx y. q
3 @hri`jx
3 Hftirfit Ixpbjrir
3 Ljjlbi Darjei
C echjrhc njs fcvilcnjris nhspjfåvihs fj eirdcnj pjnie sir djflurcnjs pcrc cdisscr c
hftirfit ctrcvès ni ue sir vhnjr prjxy. Ni ejnj lircb, pjr eihj ni uec hftir `cdi ni djf -
lurcìäj, è pjssåvib hf`jrecr js ncnjs nj sir vhnjr, djej ifniriìj H] i pjrtc.
3 Ejzhbbc @hri`jx; cdissi j eifu ‒Inhtcr―6 ‒]riìrëfdhcs―6 ‒Cvcfìcnj―6‒_ini―, nitirehfi

djej j @hri`jx djfidtc-si í hftirfit, `cìc c djflurcìäj ecfucb nj prjxy i, fcbeifti,
hf`jrei j ifniriìj H] i pjrtc uthbhzcnjs7
3 ; iftri fj eifu ‒@irrceiftcs―6 ‒J pìùis nc Hftirfit―. Tibidhjfi c coc
Hftirfit Ixpbjrir
‒Djfixùis― i dbhqui fj ojtäj ‒Djflurcìùis nc B CF―. Fc kcfibc ‒Djflurcìùis nc _ini
Bjdcb (BCF) ―, fc sissäj ‒Tir vhnjr prjxy―, ecrqui c jpìäj pcrc uscr ue sirvhnjr prjxy i
hf`jrei j ifniriìj H] i c pjrtc uthbhzcnc pibj sirvhnjr prjxy 7
3 ; cdissi cs djflurcìùis nj fcvilcnjr ctrcvès nc Y_B darjei;//sitthfls.
Ljjlbi Darjei
Fc jpìäj ‒_ini―, dbhqui sjori j ojtäj ‒Cbtircr djflurcìùis ni prjxy...―. J Ljjlbi Darjei
uthbhzc cs djflurcìùis ni prjxy nj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb, pjrtcftj c kcfibc ni djflu-
rcìäj pcnräj nj shstiec uthbhzcnj sirã coirtc pcrc c djflurcìäj.
]rjxy trcfspcrifti
_isjbvi njhs prjobiecs; q
3 Fidisshncni ni djflurcìäj ni dcnc fcvilcnjr hfstcbcnj fc rini.
3 Djftrjbi ni usuãrhjs echs ixpirhiftis qui riejvie cs djflurcìùis nj prjxy,

ivhtcfnj csshe j djftrjbi ni trãìlj.
C uthbhzcìäj ni prjxy tr cfspcrifti risjbvi njhs prjobiecs. J prheihrj è c fidisshncni ni

djflurcìäj ni dcnc fcvilcnjr hfstcbcnj fc rini. J silufnj jdjrri qucfnj ue usuãrhj
dje ue pjudj echs ni ixpirhëfdhc riejvi cs djflurcìùis nj prjxy, ivhtcfnj j djftrjbi
ni trãìlj.
t
i
Nissi ejnj, j usj ni prjxy dc jdubtj, i js usuãrhjs usce-fj eisej qui fäj quihrce.
f
r @cdhbhtc chfnc c hepbieiftcìäj nc pjbåthdc ni silurcfìc, pjhs thrc nj fcvilcnjr c djflu -
i
t
Hf rcìäj pcrc cdissj cj prjx y. ^jncs cs sjbhdhtcìùis ìhtcs fc pjrtc 1= säj rinhridhjfcncs pcrc
c
r
c
p j Tquhn, qui pjni ift äj djftrjbcr j trãìlj pjr eihj ncs CDBs.
q
s
j
hì
v ]crc djflurcìäj nj prjxy trcfspcrifti, säj fidissãrhcs trës itcpcs;
r
i
T
;
x
u
3 Dirthdcr-si ni qui j sir vhnjr Bhfux istã dje j ifdcehfaceiftj ni pcdjtis cthvcnj
hf
B
s
(hpZ`jrwcrn)
c
e
ti Dirthdcr-si ni qui j Tquhn `jh djephbcnj/hfstcbcnj dje supjrti cj ]rjxy trcfspcrifti
s
h 3
n
T
i 3 Hfdbuhr cs rilrcs fj Hptcobis
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
8?
]crc djflurcìäj nj prjxy trcfspcrifti, säj fidissãrhcs trës itcpcs;
3. Dirthdcr-si ni qui j Bhfux istã dje cj ifdcehfaceiftj ni pcdjtis cthvcnj (hpZ`jrwcrn)

Issc ùfdhjfcbhncni pirehti qui j Bhfux `cìc j ifd cehfaceiftj ni pcdjtis iftri cs
hftir`cdis ni rini. ]crc virhdcr qucb è c djflurcìäj ctucb nj siu shstiec, ixiduti j
djecfnj c siluhr;
# dct /prjd/sys/fit/hpv>/hpZ`jrwcrn
J vcbjr = hfnhdc qui c ùfdhjfcbhncni istã niscth vcnc i j vcbjr 3 hfnhdc qui ibc ist ã cthvcnc.
]crc cthvcr nurcfti c ixiduìäj nj shstiec, `cìc;
# idaj 3 6 /prjd/sys/fit/hpv>/hpZ`jrwcrn
Ju;
# sysdtb -w fit.hpv>.hpZ`jrwcrn53
]crc cthvcr pirecfiftieifti, inhti j crquhvj /itd/sy sdtb.djfì cbtiri j vcbjr nc jpìäj
hpZ`jrwcrn pcrc 3.
# vh /itd/sysdtb.djf`
fit.hpv>.hpZ`jrwcrn53
]crc cpbhdcr c ejnhdcìäj sie pridhscr rihfhdhcr c eãquhfc.
# sysdtb -p /itd/sysdtb.djf`
?. Dirthdcr-si ni qui j Tquhn `jh djephbcnji djflurcnj djesupjrti cj prjxy trcfspcrifti;

Ti j squhn `jh djephbcnj, è hepjrtcfti dirthdcr-si ni qui c jpìäj --ifcobi-Bhfux-fitbtir `jh
uthbhzcnc7 dcsj djftrãrhj, sirã fidissãrhj ridjephbcr j sj`twcri cnhdhjfcfnj issc jpìäj. ]crc cs
virsùis hfstcbcncs c pcrthr nj ripjshtôrhj, issc ùfdhjfcbhncni kã vie acohbhtcnc pjr pcnräj.
Ythbhzi j djecfnj squhn -v pcrc virhdcr tjncs cs jpìùis qui `jrce u thbhzcncs fc djephbcìäj
nj squhn.
Niohcf/Youftu
# squhn4 -v
_inAct/DiftJT
# squhn -v
]crc djflurcr j squhn ie ejnj trcfspcrifti, niviejs inhtcr j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj i

cnhdhjfcr c jpìäj trcfspcrift fc nh rithvc attpZp jrt.
attpZpjrt 43?1 trcfspcrift

hn
u
Tcbvi j crquhvj i rihfhdhi j squhn. q
T
y
x
jr
4. Hfdbuhr uec rilrc fj riwcbb hptcobis; rp
j
hn
Hfdbuhr uec rilrc fj riwcbb hptcobis pcrc rinhridhjfcr j trãìlj nc pjr tc 1= pcrc j Tquhn v
r
i
(pjrtc 43?1); T
-
0
bj
# _inhridhjfcr js pcdjtis nc pjrtc 1= pcrc pjrtc 43?1 u
åt
p
c
hptcobis -t fct -C ]_I_JY^HFL -s 38?.301.=.=/?99.?99.?99.= -p tdp --npjrt 1= -k D
_INH_ID^ --tj-pjrt 43?1
84
#Cthvcr j sirv hìj ni FC^
hptcobis -t fct -H ]JT^_JY^HFL -s 38?.301.=.=/?99.?99.?99.= -k ECTSYI_CNI
_inhridhjfcnjris
@irrceiftcs qui pirehtie cj cnehfhstrcnjr nc rini rinhridhjfcr nitirehfcncs
pãlhfcs cdisscncs pibjs usuãrhjs.
q
Fjrecbeifti ie njhs dcsjs;
3 Nisvhj ni njwfbjcns.
3 Cnvirtëfdhc ni usuãrhjs.
Js rinhridhjfcnjris ni Y_B säj ìrrceiftcs qui pirehtie cj cnehfhstrcnjr nc rini
rinhridhjfcr nitirehfcncs pãlhfcs cdisscncs pibjs usuãrhjs, j qui fjrecbeifti è ìhtj ie
njhs dcsjs;
3 Nisvhj ni njwfbjcns7
3 Cnvirtëfdhc ni usuãrhjs.
Issis rinhridhjfcnjris cnhdhjfce ridursjs cj Tquhn, qui kã tie iftri sucs ùfdhjfcbhncnis
j objquihj c pcbcvrcs i pãlhfcs prjhohncs.
Fj prheihrj dcsj j cnehfhstrcnjr, cpôs josirvcr lrcfni vjbuei ni njwfbjcns ni ue ju

echs crquhvjs c pcrthr nc hftirfit , pjni jptcr pjr nhspjfhohbhzcr issi crquhvj bjdcbeifti i
rinhridhjfcr tjnjs js pinhnjs, idjfjehzcfnj vjbuei ni trãìlj fj bhfg ni hftirfit.
Ye silufnj ixiepbj jdjrri qucfnj j usuãrhj cdissc pãlhfcs dje djftiûnj prjhohnj.
Fissi dcsj, j cdissj è rinhridhjfcnj pcrc uec pãlhfc dje cnvirtëfdhcs.
Iftri js rinhridhjfcnjris, pjniejs dhtcr;
3 Tquhre; ocsicnj ie ixprissùis rilubcris, rãphnj i dje ochxj djfsuej ni eieôrhc7
3 Kisri n;nirhvcnj nj squhre 3.= oitcO, dailc c sir ni nucs c trës vizis echs rãphnj qui c
virsäj jrhlhfcb7
3 TquhnLucrn;ocsicnj ie obcdgbhsts i pir ehti cutifthdcìäj ie uec ocsi ncnjs EyTSB
ju BNC]7
3 NcfsLucrnhcf;suc prhfdhpcb nhìrifìc ist ã fc uthbhzcìäj ni ue btrj cncptcthvj qui
t cvcbhc j djftiûnj ncs pãlhfcs cdisscncs i, ocsicnj ie ue djfkuftj ni rilrcs, nidhni si
i
f
r
i
t c pãlhfc sirã cdissåvib ju fäj.
Hf
c
r
c
p _ibctôrhjs
q
s
j
hì
v @irrceiftc ùfnceiftcb pcrc j cnehfhstrcnjr ni shstiecs
r
i
T
;
x
u
Cuxhbhc fj ejfhtjrceiftj nj oje usj nc rini
hf
B
s Crlueiftj pcrc sjbhdhtcìäj ni fjvjs ridursjs pcrc hf`rcistruturc
c
e
ti Hepbieiftcr ristrhìùis fj cdissj íHftirfit è uec ôthec cbtirfcthvc pcrc hepinhr qui js
s
h
T
n
i usuãrhjs uthbhzie c rini pcrc fs qui istäj ie niscdjrnj dje cs pjbåthdcs nc ieprisc,
j
ä
ì iftritcftj, scoiejs qui è prcthdceifti hepjssåvib ecpicr tjnjs js ifniriìjs qui nivie
c
rt
sh
sir objquicnjs. Jrc sjejs ristrhthvjs niechs i cdcocejs prjhohfnj j cdissj c shtis cutëf -
f h
e thdjs, jrc sjejs pirehsshvjs niechs, pirehthfnj qui euhtjs usuãrhjs cdissie pãlhfcs qui
n
C prjvcvibeifti istcrhce objquicncs.
8>
Ye cnehfhstrcnjr ni shstiecs nivi istcr prijdupcnj dje c qucbhncni nj cdissj í hftirfit
b
fc suc rini. Ibi nivi lcrcfthr qui js ridursjs ist äj sifnj uthbhzcnjs nc ecfihrc echs
Ie ue ceohifti dje j
squhn djflurcnj cniqucnc cjs jokithvjs nc ieprisc. Yec ojc ìrrceiftc pcrc hssj è c iehssäj ni ribctô -
djej sirvhnjr prjxy, j rhjs pirhônhdjs qui pirehtie hnifthdcr js ajrãrhjs ni phdj ni uthbhzcìäj, Y_B s suspihtcs,
Tcrl è c prhfdhpcb
usuãrhjs qui istäj `czifnj ecb usj njs ridursjs djeputcdhjfchs, iftri jutrcs.
ìrrceiftc pcrc
lircìäj ni ribctôrhjs.
Tcrl
Lirc js ribctôrhjs ocsicnj fjs bjls nj sirv hnjr squhn. q
@ufdhjfceiftj è shepbis; j scrl bë j crquhvj ni bjl nj squhn i lirc ue crquhvj AÊB
dje ribctôrhj.
Hf`jrecìùis clrupcncs pibj H] ju bjlhf nj usuãrhj nj squhn.

J Tcrl (Tquhn Cfcbyshs _ipjrt L ifirctjr) è uec ìrrceiftc qui pirehti cj cnehfhstrcnjr
lircr ribctôrhjs ocsicnjs fcs hf`jrecìùis creczifcncs fjs bjls nj siv hnjr prjxy squhn.
Dje issis ribctôrhjs, pjniejs hnifthdcr quchs pãlhfcs `jrce echs cdisscncs pibjs usuã -
rhjs, tjtcb ni djfsuej ni ocfnc, nctc i ajrc nj cdissj, iftri jutrcs hf`jrecìùis.
J ùfdhjfceiftj è shepbis; j Tcrl bë j crquhvj ni bjl lircnj pibj squhn (lircbeifti j

crquhvj /vcr/bjl /squhn/cddiss .bjl) i drhc ue djfkuftj ni pãlhfcs AÊB djftifnj cs hf`jrec -
ìùis ni ribctôrhj. Cs hf`jrecìùis säj clrupcncs pibj ifniriìj H] ncs eãquhfcs i, dcsj j
squhn istikc djflurcnj pcrc ixhlhr cutifthdcìäj, j bjlhf njs usuãrhjs sirã ixhohnj cj hfvès
nj ifniriìj H].
Hfstcbcìäj
C hfstcbcìäj pjni sir ìhtc ctrcvès nj pcdjti nhspjfåvib fjs ripjshtôrhjs nc nhstrhouhìäj ju
ctrcvès nc djephbcìäj nj dônhlj-`jfti. Djej ixhstie nhstrhouhìùis qui fäj pjssuie j pcdjti
nj scrl ie sius ripjshtôrhjs jdhchs, vcejs cojrncr c hfstcbcìäj c pcrthr nj dônhlj-`jfti.
]crc hfstcbcìäj c pcrthr nj dônhlj-`jfti, sirã fidissãrhj s cths`czir cbluecs nipifnëfdhcs

pcrc prjssiluhr dje c hfst cbcìäj. C eãquhfc pridhscrã tirjs pcdjtis;
3 Djephbcnjr ldd7
3 Ohbhjtidc LN i crquhvjs ni nisifvjbvheiftj (ln i ln-nivib)7
3 ecgi7
3 cutjdjf`7
3 pirb-LN7
3 Tirvhnjr wio.
Jotifac c virsäj echs ridifti nj scrl fj shti jdhcb; attp;//sjurdi`jrli. fit/prjkidts/scrl /.
Nisdjepcdti j crquhvj i cdissi j nhritôrhj qui djftèe j dônhlj-`jfti;

hn
u
# tcr zxv` scrl-virscj.tcr.lz q
T
y
# dn scrl-virscj x
jr
rp
Djfluri j ceohifti i hfhdhi c djephbcìäj. j
hn
v
r
i
#./djf`hluri T
-
0
# ecgi bj
u
# ecgi hfstcbb åt
p
c
D
89
Djf`hlurcìäj
J crquhvj scrl.djf` djftèe cs nhrithvcs ni djflurcìäj nj Tcrl. Js prhfdhpchs pcrïeitrjs säj;
BCFLYCLI
]irehti nifhr qucb sirã c bhfluclie njs ribctôrhjs lircnjs
jutputZnhr
Hfnhdc j dcehfaj jfni js crquhvjs AÊB siräj lircnjs. ]crc qui js ribctôrhjs quie nhs -
pjfåvihs ctrcvès nj fcvilcnjr, issi nhritôrhj nivi sir cdissåvib pibj sirvhnjr wio.
cddissZbjl
Ispidhdc j dcehfaj pcrc j crquhvj ni bjl nj squhn qui sirã uthbhzcnj pcrc lircr j ribctôrhj.
Lircfnj js ribctôrhjs
J djecfnj scrl lirc js ribctôrhjs ni cdissj ni cdjrnj dje j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj.

J pcrïeitrj -n è uthbhzcnj pcrc nifhr ue hftirv cbj ni nctcs pcrc c lircìäj njs crquhvjs
b
@hqui ctiftj cj
ni ribctôrhj. Ixiepbj; rjtcdhjfceiftj njs
bjls! ]crc ribctôrhjs
Lirc j ribctôrhj ni cdissj nj nhc ?9 ni jutuorj ni ?=39. nhãrhjs, djfluri j
rjtcdhjfceiftj ni bjls
# scrl -n ?9/3=/?=39-?9/3=/?=39 nj squhn pcrc nchby i
nihxi c ûbthec virsäj
^jnjs js pcrïeitrjs ni ixiduìäj nj scrl pjnie sir vhsucbhzcnjs dje j djecfnj scrl -a . sie djepcdtcìäj. Fj
Dcsj fäj sikc ispidhdcnj ue hftirvcbj ni nctc, j scrl vch lircr j ribctôrhj clrup cfnj tjnj scrl djfluri j
pcrïeitrj cddissZbjl
j piråjnj ni cdissj rilhstrcnj fj crquhvj ni bjl.
pcrc bir j crquhvj ni
bjl rjtcdhjfcnj. I x; /
]crc vhsucbhzcr js ribctôrhjs cdissi, vhc orjwsir, j nhritôrhj djflurcnj fj pcrïeitrj vcr/bjl/squhn/cddiss.
jutputZnhr fj sirvhnjr wio.Ixiepbj; bjl.3 i djfluri j
drjftco pcrc ixidutcr
attp;//38?.301.=.3/squhn-ripjrts j djecfnj scrl.
t
i
f
r
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
80
<
Tirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj
(pcrti 3)
s
j
v
]rjkitcr, hfstcbcr i djflurcr ue sirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj ]jst x7 Iftifnir j
h
t
i
k
ùfdhjfceiftj nj djrrihj ibitrþfhdj i njs prjtjdjbjs TE^], ]J] i HEC]7
o
j Djfaidir js ridursjs nc ìrrceiftc ]jstx.
d
j
f
d
i
Tirvhnjr ]jst x7 îsti nj sirvhìj ctrcvès nj Taibb ni djecfnj. h
t
j
s
Hftrjnuìäj
J istunj nisti dcpåtubj tie djej jokithvj dcpcdhtcr j cbufj c prjkitcr, hfstcbcr i djflurcr
ue sirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj ]jstx. Tiräj cprisiftcnjs djfdihtjs tiôrhdjs, j ùfdhj -
fceiftj nj djrrihj ibitrþfhdj i js prjtjdjbjs TE^], ]J] i HEC]. Ie siluhnc, cspidtjs i
ridursjs nc ìrrceiftc ]jstx. ]jr ûbthej, viriejs c pcrti prãthdc ifvjbvifnj hfstcbcìäj,
djflurcìäj i tistis dje j sirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj ]jstx, fj qucb säj hfdifthvcncs
ojcs prãthdcs ni djflurcìäj i cnehfhstrcìäj.
Djrrihj ibitrþfhdj
^ceoèe nifjehfcnj i- echb (ibitrjfhd echb). q )
3
Nisifvjbvhnj pcrc pirehthr c trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri usuãrhjs pjr eihj ibitrþfhdj. i
t
r
c
]irehti j ifvhj ni crquhvjs cfixcnjs ís eifsclifs. (p
j
hd
Njdueiftjs, pbcfhbacs, heclifs, vånijs itd. f
rþ
t
i b
J djrrihj ibitrþfhdj è ue njs sirvhìjs echs uscnjs fc hftirfit , pirehthfnj qui usuãrhjs i
j h
djfidtcnjs ie qucbquir pjftj nc rini trjquie eifsclifs. Ctrcvès nisscs eifsclifs ri
r
j
pjnie sir ifvhcnjs tixtjs i crquhvjs cfixcnjs, djej njdueiftjs, pbcfhbacs, heclifs, d
i
vånijs i jutrjs. È uec ìrrceiftc ixtrieceifti hepjrtcfti fj hfdrieiftj nc prjnuthvh - rn
j
hn
ncni, pjhs hftilrc i cprjxhec js usuãrhjs dje c `cdhbhtcìäj nc trjdc ni hf`jrecìùis. v
r
i
T
-
<
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
8<
@hlurc <.3
^rjdc ni
eifsclie.
J prjtjdjbj HEC]>, nifjehfcnj HEC] vir säj > rivhsäj 3, è jrhiftcnj í djfixäj i
uthbhzc c pjrtc ^D] 3>4.
Jrhlifs nj djrrihj ibitrþfhdj

Drhcnj jrhlhfcbeifti ie 3809 pcrc c trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri usuãrhjs ni echf`rceis.
Ie 3800, kã pirehthc c trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri nhìriftis djeputcnjris. q
Ie 38<3 surlhu j såeojbj M.
Dje j surlheiftj nc hftirfit, siu usj `jh eubthpbhdcnj.
J djrrihj ibitrþfhdj `jh drhcnj ie 3809, jrhlhfcbeifti pcrc trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri usuã -
rhjs ni djeputcnjris ni lrcfni pjrti. Bjlj `jh cncptcnj pcrc trjdc ni eifsclifs pjr eihj
ni tirehfchs riejtjs. Ie 3808, kã dje c C_]CFI^, surlhu j usj nj såeojbj M djej sipcrcnjr
iftri fjei ni usuãrhj i njeåfhj. Dje c hftirfit, c uthbhzcìäj nj i-echb `jh eubthpbhdcnc,
tjrfcfnj-si, ie djfkuftj dje j cdissj ís pãlhfcs wio, ue njs sirvhìjs echs uthbhzcnjs.
@ufdhjfceiftj nj djrrihj ibitrþfhdj

Ocsicnj ie njhs suoshstiecs; q
3 Clifti ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni eifsclifs — Echb ^rcfspjrt C lift (E^C).
3 Clifti ni usuãrhj — Echb Ysir Clift (EYC).
E^C3 E^C?
@hlurc <.?
@ufdhjfceiftj nj
EYC3 EYC?
djrrihj ibitrþfhdj.
t
i
f
r Nurcfti j prjdissj ni ifvhj ni eifsclifs säj uthbhzcnjs njhs thpjs ni prjlrcecs; ni trcfs-
i
t
Hf pjrti i ni usuãrhj (tceoèe nifjehfcnjs rispidthvceifti ni cliftis ni trcfsìrëfdhc
c
r
c
p ni eifsclifs i cliftis ni usuãrhj). J prheihrj thpj duhnc nj ifvhj nc eifsclie iftri c
s
j
hì
v
jrhlie i j nisthfj. J silufnj pir ehti cj usuãrhj bir i isdrivir sucs eifsclifs.
r
i
T
;
x Cliftis ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni eifsclifs ju Echb ^rcfsìr Clift (E ^C);
u
hf
B
s
c
3 ]irehtie j nisbjdceiftj ncs eifsclifs nc jrhlie cj nisthfj7
e
ti Täj js prjlrcecs (nciejfs) qui ixidutce fj HT] (prjvinjr ni hftirfit)7
s
h
T
3
n
i 3 Ixiepbj Tifnechb, ]jstx, Sechb i Ixbe.
j
ä
ì
c
rt Cliftis ni usuãrhj ju Echb Ysir Clift (EYC);
sh
f
n
h
e 3 ]irehtie cjs usuãrhjs bir i isdrivir sucs eifsclifs7
C
3 Täj js prjlrcecs ni i-echb fj djeputcnjr nj usuãrhj; Iunjrc, Ivjbuthjf, GEchb, Jutbjjg
i Ejzhbbc âufnirohrn.
81
TE^] TE^]
@hlurc <.4
]rjtjdjbjs
uthbhzcnjs. ]J]4/HEC] ]J]4/HEC]
Cj bjflj nj prjdissj ni ifvhj ni uec eifsclie, säj uthbhzcnjs cblufs prjtjdjbjs, tchs djej
Thepbi Echb ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (TE^]), ]jst Jdi ]rjtjdjb (]J]4) i Hftirfit Eisscli Cddiss
]rjtjdjb (HEC]). J prheihrj è uthbhzcnj fc trcfsìrëfdhc ni eifsclifs iftri js E^Cs, ifqucftj
js jutrjs njhs pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs fj ifvhj ni eifsclifs nj EYC pcrc j E^C i vhdi-virsc.
J usuãrhj, cj isdrivir suc eifsclie, pjni `czë-bj nisdjfidt cnj nc rini (j-bhfi). ]crc
ifvhcr sucs eifsclifs, nivi istcr djfidt cnj í rini. Ni ecfihrc shepbhdcnc, pjniejs
crecr qui cs eifsclifs säj djbjdcncs ie uec ispèdhi ni dchxc ni iftrcnc nj sir vhnjr
ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj.
J sirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj dc djfstcftieifti virhdcfnj si ixhstie eifsclifs c

sirie ifvhcncs. Dcsj c eifsclie sikc nisthfcnc c usuãrhjs fj eisej sirv hnjr, è ifdceh -
facnc c uec dchxc ni iftrcnc pcrc qui sikce nhstrhouåncs pcrc js usuãrhjs. Ti c eifsclie
`jr nisthfcnc c jutrj sir vhnjr ni djrrihj, è sjbhdhtcnc uec djfixäj dje issi sirv hnjr,
sifnj iftäj ifdcehfacnc c eifsclie c ibi, qui cfcbjlceifti djbjdc c eifsclie ie
uec dchxc ni iftrcnc pcrc pjstirhjr nhstrhouhìäj cjs sius usuãrhjs.
]rjtjdjbj TE^]
^rcfsìri eifsclifs ni ecfihrc djfãvib i idhifti. q
Fäj nipifni nj suoshstiec ni trcfsehssäj.
_iquir sjeifti ue eihj ni trcfsehssäj djfãvib.
Jrhiftcnj c djfixäj i uthbhzc j ^D].
J prjtjdjbj TE^] jokithvc trcfsìrhr eifsclifs ni ecfihrc djfãvib i idhifti, sifnj
hfnipifnifti nj suoshstiec ni trcfsehssäj, riquirifnj sjeifti ue eihj ni t rcfsehssäj
djfãvib. È jrhiftcnj í djfixäj i uthbhzc j prjtjdjbj ^rcfsehsshjf Djftrjb ]rjtjdjb (^D]).
J TE^] ùfdhjfc nj siluhfti ejnj; djej risubtcnj nc riquhshìäj nj usuãrhj, j TE^] -

-jrhlie istcoibidi uec djfixäj dje j TE^]-nisthfj. J TE^]-nisthfj pjni tcftj sir j
nisthfj fcb, qucftj ue hftireinhãrhj. Js djecfnjs säj lircnjs pibj TE^]-jrhlie i )
3
ifvhcnjs cj TE^]-nisthfj. Cs rispjstcs `czie j dcehfaj hfvirsj. i
t
r
c
(p
j
Djecfnjs / _ispjstcs TE^] hd
f
@hlurc <.> TE^]
jrhlie
- TE^]
nisthfj
- rþ
i eifsclifs (echb) t
]rjtjdjbj TE^]. i b
i
j h
Dje c djfixäj istcoibidhnc, j TE^]-jrhlie ifv hc ue djecfnj ECHB hfnhdcfnj c jrhlie ri
r
j
nc eifsclie. Dcsj j TE^]-nisthfj cdihti, è ritjrfcnc uec eifsclie ‒JG― (dônhlj ?9=). d
i
J TE^]-jrhlie ifv hc iftäj j nisthfctãrhj nc eifsclie. Nucs shtucìùis pjnie jdjrrir; fc rn
j
hn
prheihrc, si j nisthfctãrhj fäj ixhsthr fj TE^]-nisthfj, è ifvhcnc uec eifsclie ni I__J v
r
i
(dônhlj 99=) hf`jrecfnj qui j usuãrhj fäj ixhsti. Fc silufnc, si j usuãrhj ixhsti, è T
-
<
ifvhcnc uec eifsclie ‒JG― (dônhlj ?9=). Eûbthpbjs nisthfctãrhjs pjnie sir cdihtjs. Ie bj
u
siluhnc j TE^]-jrhlie ifvhc j djecfnj NC^C. J TE^]- jrhlie hf`jrec j dônhlj 49> (hfhdhcr åt
p
c
eifsclie) i hf`jrec qui c eifsclie ni vi tirehfcr dje uec bhfac djfstcfnj sjeifti D
ue pjftj (2D_B@6. 2D_@B6). Cpôs j ifvhj njs ncnjs, j TE^] -nisthfj djfrec dje ‒ JG―.
88
]crc j istcoibidheiftj nc djfixäj, j TE^]-jrhlie ifv hc uec eifsclie fj siluhfti
`jrectj;
TE^]-nisthfj (_); ??= 2hnifth`hdcìäj TE^]-nisthfj6 Tirvhdi ricny

TE^]-jrhlie (T); AIBJ 2hnifth`hdcìäj TE^]-jrhlie6
TE^]-nisthfj (_); ?9= 2hnifth`hdcìäj TE^]-nisthfj6
]crc j ifdirrceiftj;
T; SYH^
_; ??3 ‑2hnifth`hdcìäj TE^]-nisthfj6 Tirvhdi dbjshfl trcfsehsshjf dacffib
Ixiepbj ni uec trcfscìäj TE^];

TE^]-jrhlie (T); E CHB @_JE;2Tehta.Cbpac.C_]C6
TE^]-ni sthfj (_); ?9= JG
q
T; _D]^ ^J;KjfisMOitc.C_]C
_; ?9= Jg
T; NC^C
_; 49> Ttcrt echb hfput7 ifn whta 2D_B@6.2D_B@6
T; ...itd. itd. itd.
T; 2D_B@6.2D_B@6
_; ?9= Jg
C siluhr säj cprisiftcnjs cblufs dônhljs ni ripby nj prjtjdjbj TE^];
3 ?33 Tystie stctus, jr systie aibp ripby

3 ??= 2njechf6 Tirvhdi ricny
3 ??3 2njechf6 Tirvhdi dbjshfl trcfsehsshjf dacffib
3 ?9= _iquistin echb cdthjf jgcy, djepbitin

3 ?93 Ysir fjt bjdcb 7 whbb `jrwcrn tj 2`jrwcrn- pcta6
3 49> Ttcrt echb hfput7 ifn whta 2D_ B@6.2D_B@6
3 >?3 2njechf6 Tirvhdi fjt cvchbcobi, dbjshfl trcfsehsshjf dacffib
3 >9= _iquistin echb cd thjf fjt tcgif; echbojx ufcvchbcobi Wechbojx ousyU
3 >93 _iquistin cdthjf cojrtin; bjdcb irrjr hf prjdisshfl
t
i
f
3 >9? _iquistin cdthjf fjt tcgif; hfsudhift sys tie stjrcli
r
Hf
i
t 3 9== Tyftcx irrjr, djeecfn ufridjlfhzin
c
r
c
p
3 9=3 Tyftcx irrjr hf pcrceitirs jr crlueifts
s
j
hì
v
3 9=? Djeecfn fjt hepbieiftin
r
i
;
T
x
3 9=4 Ocn siquifdi j` djeecfns
u
hf
B 3 9=> Djeecfn pcrceitir fjt hepbieiftin
s
c
e 99= _iquistin cd thjf fjt tcgif; echbojx ufcvchbcobi Wechboj x fjt `jufn, fj cddissU
ti
s
h
T
3
3 993 Ysir fjt bjdcb7 pbicsi try 2`jrwcrn -pcta6
i
n
j
ä
ì
3 99? _iquistin echb cdthjf cojrtin; ixdiinin stjrcli cbbjdcthjf
c
rt
sh
3 994 _iquistin cdthjf fjt tcgif; echbojx fcei fjt cbbjwin Wechbojx syftcx hfdjrridtU
f h
n
e 3 99> ^rcfscdthjf `chbin
C
3==
]rjtjdjbj ]J]4
]irehti ue dbhifti cdisscr cs eifsclifs fj sirvhnjr ni ejnj shepbis. q
3 Cs eifsclifs cdisscncs pirhjnhdceifti s äj, lircbeifti, ochxcncs
(ìhtj j njwfbjcn pcrc c eãquhfc dbhifti) i ie siluhnc riejvhncs nj sirvhnjr
Tirvhnjr djfidt cnj í hftirfit creczifc cs eifsclif s.
Fäj pirehti euhtcs jpìùis pcrc c ecfhpubcìäj ni eifsclif
Jpircìùis echs djepbixcs säj ìhtcs pibj prjtjdjbj HEC ]>.
J prjtjdjbj ]jst Jdi ]rjtjdjb Pirshjf 4 (]J]4) surlhu pcrc risjbvir ue prjobiec;
istcìùis qui fäj istäj pirecfiftieifti djfidt cncs c uec rini H] fidisshtce ridioir i
trctcr sucs eifsclifs. J prjtjdjbj ]J]4 è uthbhzcnj pjr ist cìùis pcrc ousdcr sucs eifsc -
lifs ie sirvhnjris qui cs is täj creczifcfnj tiepjrcrhceifti.
Fj sirvhìj ]J]4 ixhstie nucs ifthncnis;
3 Dbhifti;quie `cz usj nj sirvhìj ]J]47
3 Tirvhnjr; nhspjfhohbhzc j sirvhìj ]J]4.
Nissi ejnj, qucfnj ue clifti ni usuãrhj ie ue dbhifti nisikc ifvhcr uec eifsclie
c ue E^C, uec djfixäj TE^] è istcoibidhnc i tjncs cs eifsclifs säj iftriluis c issi
E^C, rispjfsãvib pibj ifv hj. J ùfdhjfceiftj nj prjtjdjbj jdjrri nj siluhfti ejnj;
3 J sirv hnjr (]J]4) ie ixiduìäj isdutc c pjr tc ^D] 33=7

3 Sucfnj ue dbhifti nisikc uthbhzcr j sir vhìj, uec djfixäj è istcoibidhnc dje j sirvhnjr 7
3 Fj istcoibidheiftj nc djfixäj, j sirv hnjr ifvhc uec scuncìäj7
3 Ie siluhnc säj trjdcnjs pinhnjs (djecfnjs ) i rispjst cs ctè j ìdaceiftj nc djfixäj.
Js djecfnjs uthbhzcnjs säj pcbcvrcs-dacvi dje trës ju quctrj dcrcdtiris ni djeprheiftj,

siluhnjs ni ue ju echs crlueiftjs, jfni dcnc crlueiftj pjssuh ctè qucriftc dcrcdtiris
ni djeprheiftj.
Cs rispjstcs djfshstie ie ue hfnhdcnjr ni s tctus, ni uec pcbcvrc- dacvi i ni hf`jrecìùis

cnhdhjfchs. ^jncs cs rispjstcs tirehfce dje ue pcr ni 2D_B@6. Cs eifsclifs ni stctus
säj; ‒+JG―, qucfnj pjshthvcs, i ‒-I__―, qucfnj filcthvcs. C s rispjstcs pjnie djftir eûb -
thpbcs bhfacs. Dcnc bhfac tirehfc dje 2D_B@6. C ûbthec bhfac djfshsti ni ue dônhlj nidhecb
=>0, qui iquhvcbi cj d crcdtiri ‒.― siluhnj ni ue pcr ni 2D_B@6.
)
3
Djecfnjs ]J]4 i
t
q
r
c
(p
Cutifthdcìäj; j
hd
f
3 YTI_ fcei7 ]CTT strhfl i SYH^.
i
rþ
t
b
i
^rcfscìäj; j h
ri
r
3 T^C^7 BHT^ WeslU7 _I^ _ esl7 NIBI esl7 FJJ]7 _TI^ i S YH^. j
d
i
Djecfnjs ]J]4 (jpdhjfchs); rn
j
hn
3 Cutifthdcìäj; C]J] fcei nhlist. v
r
i
T
3 ^rcfscìäj; ^J] esl f i YHNB WeslU.
-
<
bj
_ispjstcs ]J]4; u
åt
p
c
3 +JG i -I__. D
3=3
Js djecfnjs uthbhzcnjs fj prjtjdjbj ]J]4 pjnie sir nhvhnhnjs ie;
Djecfnjs ni cutifthdcìäj (Cutajrhzcthjf Ttcti)

J dbhifti si hnifthdc kuftj cj sirvhnjr;
3 YTI_ fcei;hnifthdc j usuãrhj7
3 ]CTT strhfl;sifac nj usuãrhj7
3 SYH^;fcbhzc c sissäj7
3 C]J]; hnifthdc c echbojx i c strhfl EN9 ni cutjrhzcìäj.
Djecfnjs ni trcfscìäj (^rcfscdthjf Ttcti)

J dbhifti sjbhdhtc cìùis pjr pcrti nj sirvhnjr;
3 T^C^;bhstc j tcecfaj ncs eifsclifs7
3 _I^_ esl;sjbhdhtc ifvhj ni eifsclie7
3 _TI^; nisecrdc eifsclie7
3 FJJ]; tistc j sirvhnjr7
3 ^J] esl f;bhstc dcoiìcbaj i djrpj nc eifsclie7
3 NIBI esl;ecrdc eifsclie pcrc riejìäj7
3 BHT^ WeslU;bhstc cs eifsclifs7
3 YHNB WeslU;hf`jrec j hnifthdcnjr nc eifsclie7
3 SYH^;nhridhjfc pcrc Ypncti Ttcti.
Djecfnjs ni ctucbhzcìäj (Ypncti Ttcti)

3 SYH^; riejvi eifsclifs i fcbhzc.
_ispjstcs
3 ‒+JG―; rispjstc pjshthvc c djecfnjs7
3 ‒-I__―; rispjstc filcthvc c djecfnjs.
Ixiepbj ni uec sissäj ]J]4;

t
i Tirvhnjr (T); 2wcht `jr djffidthjf jf ^D] pjrt 33=6
f
r
i
t
Hf
Dbhifti (D); 2jpif djffidthjf6
c
r T; +JG ]J]4 sirvir ricny
c
p
s 23180.08<3<=89?Mnod.etvhiw.dc.us6
j
hì
v D; C]J] erjsi
r
i
T
; d>d844>ocd90=idd8<8i91==3o4i??ò
x
u
hf T; +JG erjsi‘s echbnrjp acs ? eissclis (4?= jdtits)
B
s
c D; T^C^
e
ti D; BHT^
s
h
T
i T; +JG ? eissclis (4?= jdtits)
n
j
ä T; 3 3?=
ì
c
rt
sh
T; ? ?==
f h
e T; .
n
C D; _I^_ 3
T; +JG 3?= jdtits
3=?
T; 2tai ]J]4 sirvir sifns eisscli 36
T; .
D; NIBI 3
T; +JG eisscli 3 nibitin
D; _I^_ ?
T; +JG ?== jdtits
T; 2tai ]J]4 sirvir sifns eisscli ?6
T; .
D; NIBI ?
T; +JG eisscli ? nibitin
D; SYH^
T; +JG niwiy ]J]4 sirvir shlfhfl j``
T; +JG ? 4?= (echbnrjp iepty)
D; 2dbjsi djffidthjf6
]rjtjdjbj HEC]
]irehti c ue dbhifti cdisscr i ecfhpubcr eifsclifs fj sirvhnjr. q
Ctuc ni ecfihrc c pirehthr uec ecfhpubcìäj nc dchxc pjstcb (pcs tcs riejtcs) djej
si `jssie pcstcs bjdchs.
]irehti;
3 drhcr7 riejvir7 rifjeicr7 virhdcr pjr fjvcs eifsclifs7
3 hfdbuhr i riejvir cls7
3 ricbhzcr ousdcs ie eifsclifs, dcoiìcbaj, djrpj nj i-echb i jut rcs pcrtis.
Eifsclifs säj hnifthdcncs pjr fûeirjs (hnifthdcnjr ûfhdj).
J prjtjdjbj HEC], csshe djej j ]J]4, è rispjfsãvib pibc ecfhpubcìäj ni eifsclifs iftri
j sirvhnjr ni i-echb i j dbhifti. J HEC] è echs ridifti i pjssuh echs ùfìùis qui j ]J]4.
J ]J]4 `jh prjkitcnj pcrc ecfhpubcr eifsclifs j-bhfi c pcr thr ni ue ûfhdj dbhifti7 nissi
ejnj, iìtuc j njwfbjcn nc eifsclie, qui ie siluhnc è riejvhnc nj sirvhnjr.
Kã j prjtjdjbj HE C] `jrfidi c jpìäj ni bihturc ncs eifsclifs sie fidisscrhceifti

riejvë-bcs nj sirvhnjr, j qui pirehti, iftri jutrjs ridursjs; c bihturc ncs eifsclifs c
pcrthr ni eûbthpbjs dbhiftis hfstcbcnjs, pjr ixiepbj, ie ue djeputcnjr ni isdrhtôrhj i ie
)
ue djeputcnjr pjrtãthb7 uthbhzcìäj ni wioechb i cdissj í djftc ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj pjr 3
i
t
r
eihj ni pãlhfc wio. c
(p
j
@jrfidi chfnc uec sèrhi ni ridursjs pcrc ecfhpubcìäj ni eifsclifs fj sir vhnjr, tchs hd
f
rþ
t
djej; pjsshohbhnc ni ni drhcr, riejvir i rifjeicr pcstcs7 cthvcr ju riejvir ecrdcnjris i b
i
(cls)7 Eubthpurpjsi Hftirfit Echb Ixtifshjfs (EHEI) pcrshfl 7 ousdc i sibiìäj ni eifsclifs j h
ri
pjr ncnjs nj dcoiìcbaj, djrpj ju cfixjs. ]irehti chfnc supjrti c cdissj djfdjrrifti c r
j
d
i
dchxcs ni eifsclifs djepcrthbacncs. J dbhifti fäj pridhsc djfaidir j `jrectj uthbhzcnj rn
pcrc j creczifceiftj ncs eifsclifs. j
hn
Ixiepbj ni uec trcfscìäj HEC]; q -

<
v
r
i
T
3 Yec djfixäj HEC] djfshsti ie uec scuncìäj hfhdhcb siluhnc pjr htircìùis ìhtcs bj
u
åt
iftri ue dbhifti i ue sir vhnjr. p
c
D
3 Isscs htircìùis pjssuie uec sjbhdhtcìäj ifvhcnc pibj dbhifti i uec rispjstc ifvhcnc
pibj sirvhnjr.
3=4
3 Dcnc rispjstc hfdbuh js ncnjs sjbhdhtcnjs i j risubtcnj nc djfsubtc. q
3 Isscs htircìùis säj bhfacs ni tixtj fcbhzcncs dje ue 2D_B@6.
Djfixäj i istcnjs nj HEC]

3. Djfixäj sie prè-cutifthdcìäj; JG.
?. Djfixäj prè-cutifthdcnc; ]_ICYÂ.
4. Djfixäj rikihtcnc; OXI.
>. BJLHF ju CYÂIF^HDCÎ oie-sudinhnj.
9. Djecfnj TIBID^ ju IQCEHFI oie-sudinhnj.

0. Djecfnj DBJTI ju `cbac fj djecfnj TIBID^ ju IQCEHFI .
<. Djecfnj BJLJY^ ju nisbhlceiftj nj sirvhnjr ju djfixäj ifdirrcnc.
Djfixäj istcoibidhnc
TI_PI_ L_II^HFL
3 ? 4
FJ^ CYÂIF^HDCÎN
>
<
CYÂIF^HDCÎN
9 0
<
TIBIDÎN
<
BJLJY^
t
i @hlurc <.9
f
r
i
t ]rjtjdjbj HEC ].
@he nc djfixäj
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
Fissi crquhvj, nivi sir uthbhzcnj ‒2tco6― ie viz ni ispcìj.
r
i
T
;
x
u ]crc ridupircr uec eifsclie ju pcrc iìtucr uec iftri cs vãr hcs jpìùis pjssåvihs, è
hf
B
s hfhdhcbeifti istcoibidhnc uec djfixäj ^D]. Cpôs istcoibidhnc uec djfixäj, jdjrri uec
c
e
ti jpircìäj ni scuncìäj (sirvir lriit hfl), i ie siluhnc c djfixäj eunc ni is tcnj, pjnifnj
s
h
T istcr ie;
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
3 sirvir lriithfl;scuncìäj hfhdhcb nj sirvhnjr7
rt
f
s
h
h 3 j dbhifti nivi `jrfidir drinifdhchs (bjlhf i sifac)
fjt cutaifthdctin (fäj cutifthdcnj);
n
e cftis ni ifdcehfacr qucbquir djecfnj. Djfixùis prè-cutifthdcncs pcssce nhritc -
C
eifti cj istcnj siluhfti7
3=>
3 j dbhifti nivi sibidhjfcr uec dchxc ni eifsclifs cftis
cutaifthdctin (cutifthdcn j);
ni iehthr djecfnjs ribcdhjfcnjs ís eifsclifs7
3 sibidtin (sibidhjfcnj) istcnj cbdcfìcnj cpôs uec dchxc ni eifsclifs sir sibidhj -
fcnc7 bjljut;istcnj cbdcfìcnj cpôs uec jpircìäj ni BJLJ Y^ nj dbhifti ju pjr cìùis
ufhbctirchs nj dbhifti ju nj sir vhnjr.
Djecfnjs;
3 DC]COHBH^X; sjbhdhtc bhstc ni ridursjs supjrtcnjs pibj sirvhnjr7
3 FJJ]; uthbhzcnj pcrc zircr cblue djftcnjr ni hfcthvhncni (theijut)7 fäj sjbhdhtc fcnc7
3 BJLJY^; j dbhifti hf`jrec cj sirvhnjr qui tirehfju sucs cthvhncnis i nisikc ifdirrcr7
3 CYÂIF^HDCÎ; djecfnj pcrc hfhdhc r cutifthdcìäj (TCTB) dje j sirvhnjr 7
3 BJLHF; uthbhzcnj pcrc hnifthdcr j dbhifti, sifnj hf`jrecnjs usuãrhj i sifac ie tix tj
pbcfj7
3 T^C_^^BT; djecfnj pcrc hfhdhcr cutifthdcìäj ^BT.
Djecfnjs;
3 TIBID^; sibidhjfc uec dchxc ni eifsclifs pcrc cdissã-bcs7
3 IQCEHFI; djecfnj cfãbjlj cj TIBID^, pjrèe cdissc eifsclie ie ejnj ni bihturc

(ricn-jfby)7
3 D_ICÎ; drhc uec dchxc ni eifsclifs7
3 NIBIÎ; riejvi uec dchxc ni eifsclifs i tjncs cs eifsclifs ie siu hftirhjr.

Fäj riejvi dchxc ni iftrcnc (HFOJQ), sjeifti siu djftiûnj7
3 _IFCEI; rifjeihc uec dchxc ni eifsclifs ixhstifti7
3 TYOTD_HOI; cnhdhjfc uec dchxc ni eifsclifs c ue sirvhnjr ni fjtådhcs7
YFTYOTD_HOI; riejvi uec dchxc ni eifsclifs ni ue sir vhnjr ni fjtådhcs7

3
3 BHT^; iìtuc ousdc ocsicnc ie pcrïeitrjs, hfdbushvi dcrcdtiri dur hflc7
3 BTYO; shehbcr cj BHT^, pjrèe uthbhzc js sirv hnjris ni fjtådhc7
3 T^C^YT; sjbhdhtc j stctus ni uec nitirehfcnc dchxc ni eifsclifs7
3 C]]IFN; djecfnj pcrc cnhdhjfcr hf`jrecìäj ni eifsclifs c uec nitirehfcnc dchxc

ni iftrcnc7
3 DAIDG; sjbhdhtc uec ctucbhzcìäj (daidgpjhft) nc dchxc ni eifsclifs ctucb7
3 DBJTI; riejvi cs eifsclifs ecrdcncs pcrc ixdbusäj7 )

3
3 IQ]YFLI; riejvi cs eifsclifs ecrdcncs pcrc ixdbusäj, djfrecfnj siquifdhcbeifti7 r
c
i
t
(p
3 TIC_DA; ousdc pjr eifsclifs ni cdjrnj dje j drhtèrhj ispidhdcnj7 j
hd
f
3 @I^DA; ousdc ncnjs cssjdhcnjs dje c eifsclie sibidhjfcnc7
i
rþ
t
b
i
3 T^J_I; creczifc fc dchxc ni eifsclifs cs ejnhdcìùis iìtucncs fcs eifsclifs7 j h
ri
3 DJ]X; djphc uec nitirehfcnc eifsclie pcrc j fcb nc dchxc ni eifsclifs ni nisthfj7
r
j
d
i
rn
3 YHN; ùfdhjfc ni njhs ejnjs.
hn
j
v
r
Fj prheihrj ie djfkuftj dje DJ]X, @I^DA ju T^J_I , iìtuc c jpircìäj ispidådc sjori c i
T
-
eifsclie. Fj silufnj, ie djfkuftj dje TIC_DA , ritjrfc cs eifsclifs sjbhdhtcncs. <
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3=9
Djf`hlurcìùis prèvhcs
]crc ùfdhjfcr djrritceifti, j sirv hìj ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj nipifni ni djflurcìäj
cniqucnc ni;
q
3 Ajstfcei;
3 Djfidthvhncni;
3 Thfdrjfhzcìäj ni ribôlhj nj shstiec;
3 Bjl; _ilhstrj ni cthvhncnis nj sirvhnjr
3 NFT.
]crc j ùfdhjfceiftj djrritj nj sirvhìj ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj, cblufs htifs nj sir vhnjr
nivie istcr cniqucnceifti djflurcnjs. Fäj ckustcr issis htifs pjni dcuscr irrjs fäj
ispircnjs nurcfti c jpircìäj nj shstiec, djej j ixtrcvhj ju nisd crti hfnivhnj ni eifsc-
lifs pibj E^C ni jrhlie, hftireinhãrhj ju eisej ni nisthfj.
Iftri js htifs echs hepjrtcftis ist äj;
3 Ajstfcei7
3 Djfidthvhncni7
3 Tystie ^hei7
3 ^heistceps7
3 Bjl7
3 NFT.
Ajstfcei
J sirvhnjr nivi pjssuhr ue ifniriìj @ubby Sucbhin Njechf Fcei (@SNF).

È uscnj pcrc c scuncìäj c jutrj sir vhnjr.
J sirvhnjr pjni ricbhzcr uec djfsubtc rivirsc cj NFT pcrc djfrecr c jrhlie
q
Ye sirvhnjr nivi pjssuhr ue ifniriìj @ubby Sucbhin Njechf Fcei (@SNF), pjr ixiepbj,
echb.ieprisc.dje .or. J ajstfcei è uthbhzcnj pcrc scuncìäj c jutrj sir vhnjr. J sirvhnjr
pjni istcr ripcsscfnj eifsclifs pcrc jutrjs sirvhnjris, qui virhdce j ajstfcei iìtu -
cfnj uec djfsubtc rivirsc cj NFT, nisdcrtcfnj c eifsclie dukc jrhlie fäj `jh cniquc -
t
i nceifti djfrecnc.
f
r
i
t
Hf
Djfidthvhncni
q
c
r
c
p
s J riwcbb nivi pirehthr trãìlj fcs pjrtcs uthbhzcncs pibj sirvhnjr;
j
hì
v
T
r
i 3 ?9 (TE^]) i >09 (TE^]T — si uthbhzcnj)
;
x
u
hf
3 3>4 (HEC] — si uthbhzcnj) i 884 (HEC ]T — si uthbhzcnj)
B
s
c 3 33= (]J] — si uthbhzcnj) i 889 (]J]T — si uthbhzcnj)7
e
ti J riwcbb nivi pirehthr djfixùis ni iftrcnc i scånc fc pjrtc ?9 uthbhzcnc pibj prjtjdjbj TE^].
s
h
T
i
n
j Tystie ^hei i ^heistceps
q
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
Tystie ^hei i ^heistceps;
f h
n
e 3 ribôlhj nj shstiec nivi istcr shfdrjfhzcnj ctrcvès nj F^ ]
C
3 @cdhbhtc c cfãbhsi njs dcoiìcbajs i virhdcìäj ni bjls
3=0
È hepjrtcfti qui j ribôlhj nj shstiec istikc shfdrjfhzcnj uthbhzcfnj, pjr ixiepbj, j
Fitwjrg ^hei ]rjtjdjb (F^]). C uthbhzcìäj nissi thpj ni ridursj `cdhbhtc j prjdissj ni
hepbcftcìäj i ckustis, prhfdhpcbeifti cj djftctcr jutrjs pjstecstirs. ]irehti chfnc uec
eibajr cfãbhsi njs dcoiìcbajs i eifsclifs ni bjl.
rsysbjl
Bjl; djflurcr c ìrrceiftc pcrc cfãbhsi i nhclfôsthdj ni prjobiecs. q
@irrceiftc nj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb uthbhzcnc fc cfãbhsi i nhclfôsthdj ni prjobiecs.
J sirvhnjr ]jst x uthbhzc bjl pcnräj nj Bhfux. Bjlj, j sirvhìj r sysbjl nivi istcr ie ixi-
duìäj, i fj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nivie djfstcr iftrcncs cssjdhcncs cj sir vhnjr ni
eifsclifs. ]jr ixiepbj;
_in Act / DiftJT
Crquhvj; /itd/rs ysbjl.djf`
echb.fjfi7 cutaprhv.fjfi7 drjf.fjfi -/vcr/bjl/eissclis

echb.* -/vcr/bjl/echbbjl
Niohcf / Youftu Tirvir
Crquhvj;/itd/rs ysbjl.n/9=- ni`cubt .djf`
echb.* -/vcr/bjl/echb.bjl
echb.irr /vcr/bjl/echb.irr
NFT
Tirvhnjr ni i- echb nivi istcr rilhstrcnj fj NFT nj njeåfhj. q
3 Hssj pjsshohbhtc qui qucbquir sirv hnjr fc hftirfit pjssc ifvhcr eifsclifs c issi
sirvhnjr.
^rës thpjs ni iftrcncs qui nivie istcr prisiftis fj NFT;
3 C; cssjdhc ue @SNF c ue ifniriìj H].
3 ]^_; cssjdhc H] cj @SNF7 uthbhzcnj pcrc cutifthdcr eifsclifs.
3 EQ; hf`jrec j sir vhnjr rispjfsãvib pibcs eifsclifs fissi njeåfhj
È ixtrieceifti hepjrtcfti istcr dje j sirv hìj NFT nj njeåfhj ùfdhjfcfnj d jrritc -
eifti cftis ni cthvcr j sirvhnjr ]jstx . Cj ifvhcr eifsclifs, j E^C pridhsc risjbvir j
)
ifniriìj nj sirvhnjr ni nisthfj, csshe djej j sirvhnjr ni nisthfj nivi iìtucr uec djfr - 3
i
t
r
ecìäj nc jrhlie pjr eihj ni uec djfsubtc rivirsc cj NFT. c
(p
j
J sirvhnjr NFT nj njeåfhj nivi pjssuhr iftrcncs cssjdhcncs cj sirvhnjr ni i -echb nj hd
f
rþ
t
njeåfhj. Hssj è fidissãrhj pjrqui, fc echjr pcrti njs dcsjs, j E^C nj nisthfj iìtucrã i b
i
uec cutifthdcìäj nc jrhlie virhdcfnj c cutifthdhncni nj @SNF hf`jrecnj. Bjlj, j NFT j h
ri
nivi sir dcpcz ni hf`jrecr js sir vhnjris rispjfsãvihs pjr eifsclifs fj njeåfhj. r
j
d
i
Euhtjs shstiecs fäj hfdbuie c iftrcnc ]^_ (uthbhzcnc pibj ifniriìceiftj rivirsj), j qui rn
j
hn
cdcoc dcuscfnj uec rikihìäj ni eifsclifs, pjhs j E^C nj nisthfj, cj fäj jotir j @S NF v
r
i
cssjdhcnj, nisdcrtc c eifsclie supjfnj qui ibc sikc spce. T
-
<
bj
Jutrj duhncnj c sir tjecnj è fäj hfdbuhr iftrcncs DFCEI cj sirvhnjr ni i -echb. J prjtj - u
åt
p
djbj TE^] ixhli qui j sirvhnjr ni i-echb sikc C ju EQ. c
D
3=<
Acvifnj echs ni ue sirvhnjr rispjfsãvib pjr eifsclifs fj eisej njeåfhj, nivi sir
ctrhouånc prhjrhncni ís iftrcncs EQ.
Ythbhzi siepri j djecfnj nhl pcrc tistcr j ùfdhjfceiftj nj sirvhnjr NFT, vir hdcfnj cs
rispjstcs pjr ibi nivjbvhncs.
Ixiepbj;
# nhl echb.ieprisc.dje.or EQ
7 2266 NhL 8.?.? 2266 echb.ieprisc.dje.or EQ
77 lbjocb jpthjfs; prhftden
77 -66AICNI_22- jpdjni; SYI_X, stctus;FJI__J_, hn; ?48?8
77 `bcls; qr rn rc7 SYI_X; 3, CFT\I_; 3, CYÂJ_H^X; ?, CNNH^HJFCB; ?
77 SYIT^HJF TID^HJF
7 echb.ieprisc.dje.or. HF EQ
77 CFT\I_ TID^HJF
7 echb.ieprisc.dje.or. 10>== HF EQ 3= echb.ieprisc.dje.
or.
7 echb.ieprisc.dje.or. 10>== HF EQ ?= echb?.ieprisc.dje.
or.
77 CYÂJ_H^X TID^HJF
7 ecr.ieprisc.dje.or.10>== HF FT ecr.ieprisc.dje.or.
77 Suiry thei; 3= esid
77 Tirvir; 3<?.?9.=.34=#94
]jst`hx
J sirvhnjr ni i-echb ]jstx; q
Djfshsti ie uec Echb ^rcfspjrt Clift (E^C).
3 Dcpcz ni cdihtcr eifsclifs ni jutrjs E^Cs i usuãrhjs.
]jssuh chfnc jutrjs suoprjlrcecs (nhstrhouhìäj i trctceiftj ni eifsclifs bjdcbeifti).
Djfsjbhnc-si djej prhfdhpcb suosthtutj nj Tifnechb.
îe `jdj ie vibjdhncni, `cdhbhncni ni cnehfhstrcìäj i silurcfìc.
J ]jstx è ue E^C qui ifvhc eifsclifs ni ue EYC, ju dbhifti ni i-echb, pcrc ue sirvhnjr
t
i
riejtj uthbhzcfnj j prjtjdjbj TE^]. ]jni chfnc ridioir eifsclifs ni jutrjs E^C i
f
r ifdcehfaã-bcs (ribcy) pcrc jutrjs E^Cs. C rispjfscohbhncni nj ]jstx si risuei c ridioir
i
t
Hf ju ifvhcr eifsclifs pcrc jutrjs E^Cs. C nhstrhouhìäj ni eifsclifs cj usuãrhj fcb, uthbh -
c
r
c
p zcfnj j prjtjdjbj ]J]4 ju HEC], è ni rispjfscohbhncni ni jutrjs sirv hnjris.
s
j
hì
v Ixhstie ctucbeifti euhtjs E^Cs qui pjnie sir ut hbhzcnjs nipifnifnj njs riquhshtjs
r
i
T
;
x fidissãrhjs, hfdbuhfnj; ùfdhjfcbhncnis7 `cdhbhncni ni hfstcbcìäj, djflurcìäj i ecfu -
u
hf tifìäj7 rjoustiz7 iftri jutrjs.
B
s
c
e
ti C hfstcbcìäj i djflurcìäj nj ]jst x pjnie sir ìhtcs ni ecfihrc hftuhthvc. C hfstcbcìäj
s
h
T pcnräj è ribcthvceifti silurc i shepbis. ^jncvhc, è fidissãrhj djfaidir js pcrïeitrjs p crc
i
n
j ckustã-bjs. _idjeifnc-si qui cblufs ckustis sikce ìhtjs cftis ni djbjdcr j sir vhnjr ie prj -
ä
ì
c
rt nuìäj. Jutrjs pjniräj sir ìhtjs dje j sir vhnjr ie prjnuìäj, ispidhcbeifti ckustis ie btrjs
sh
f h ni djftiûnj i djftrjbi ni spce.
e
n
C
3=1
Tilurcfìc i istcohbhncni säj jutrcs dcrcd tiråsthdcs pjshthvcs nj sirv hnjr, nivhnj cj siu
crrcfkj ejnubcr, i cj `ctj ni qui d cnc djepjfifti ixidutc dje j eåfhej ni prhvhbèlhj
fj shstiec. ]jssuh chfnc cepbc djfidthvhncni dje jutrcs cpbhdcìùis, tchs djej; ocfdj ni
ncnjs7 sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj BNC] itd.
J ùfdhjfceiftj nj ]jst x è sieibacfti cj ni ue rjticnjr qucfnj cvcbhc pcdjtis H]. Cj

ridioir c eifsclie, j ]jstx cvcbhc j nis thfj (nisthfctãrhj) i c jrhlie (rieitifti) pcrc
nidhnhr pcrc cjfni ifdcehfacr c eifsclie.
@hlurc <.0
Eifsclie(Jrhlie) ]jstffix Eifsclie(Nisthfctãrhj)
@ufdhjfceiftj
nj ]jstx
@hlurc <.< TE^] TE^]

Djfixùis i ecpcs.
YYD] BE^]
]jstffix
SES] bjdcb
sifnechb phpi
trcfspjrt vhrtucb cbhcsis
Ni ejnj cfãbjlj c ue rjticnjr, j ]jstx tceoèe ridioi eifsclifs pjr eûbthpbcs jrhlifs
i pjni ifdcehfaã-bcs tceoèe c eûbthpbjs nisthfjs. Yec eifsclie pjni dailcr pjr eihj
nj sifnechb bjdcb, pjr uec djfixäj TE^], Yfhx tj Yfhx Djpy (YYD]), ju eisej Suhdg Echb
Suiuhfl ]rjtjdjb (SES]). J nisthfj nissc eifsclie pjni sir uec dchxc bjdcb, jutrj sirvhnjr
TE^], uec djfixäj Bjdcb Echb ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (BE^]), ju chfnc ue phpi pcrc ue prjlrcec.
]crc nitirehfcr si cs eifsclifs qui dailce siräj cdihtcs, ju eisej pcrc nitirehfcr
j eètjnj qui sirã uthbhzcnj pcrc ifdcehfacr c eifsclie, j ]jst x `cz usj njs ‒ecpcs―,
qui hepùie pirehssùis ju ristrhìùis ocsicncs fc jrhlie, nisthfj, i eisej fj djftiûnj
@hlurc <.1 ncs eifsclifs.
Crquhtiturc
nj ]jstx.
trcfspjrt cbhcsis .`jrwcrn

)
3
i
t
r
bjdcb c
(p
echbojx j
riwrhti risjbvi bjdcb hd
f
rþ
t
‒sifnechb― echbnrjp phdgup i b
i
j h
ri
dbicfup hfdjehfl cdthvi qelr setp Hftirfit r
j
d
i
rn
Hftirfit setpn j
hn
v
r
dcfjfhdcb vhrtucb niìrrin ribjdctin phpi YYD] itd. i
T
-
<
_OB cddiss bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3=8
@czie pcrti nc crquhtiturc nj ]jst x js siluhftis djepjfiftis;
3 sifnechb;djecfnj ]jstx pcrc ieubcr j Tifnechb. Ecftèe djepcthohbhncni dje

prjlrcecs qui dacece pjr /usr/sohf/sifnechb . Eibajr uthbhzcr TE^] ie viz nj Tifnechb,
pjr rczäj ni nisiepifaj7
3 echbnrjp;sifnechb ifvhc eifsclie pcrc echbnrjp quiui i fjthdc phdgup 7
3 phdgup;djbitc c eifsclie fj echbnrjp quiui , iìtuc j nifjehfcnj scfhty daidg i pcssc

c eifsclie cj dbicfup 7
3 setpn; duhnc nc djeufhdcìäj dje jutrjs prjlrcecs ni i -echb7 prjtili j ristcfti nj
shstiec7
3 riwrhti;cli sjo niecfnc nj dbicfup, riisdrivifnj ifniriìjs pcrc j pcnräj usirM`qnf 7
3 dbicfup;virhdc `jrectcìäj nc eifsclie i c ifvhc p crc hfdjehfl quiui 7
3 hfdjehfl;iftrcnc ni eifsclie7 eifsclifs fäj prjftcs pjssuie dônhlj =0==. Eifsc -

lifs prjftcs pjssuie dônhlj =<== i säj djbitcncs pibj qelr 7
3 cdthvi;eifsclifs prjftcs pcrc ifvhj, ecs fäj fidisscrhceifti ie prjdissj ni ifvhj7
3 niìrrin;eifsclifs dukj ifvhj `cbaju pcrc, pibj eifjs, ue njs nist hfctãrhjs7
3 risjbvi;risjbvi j ifniriìj djfshnircfnj trcfspjrt , fixtajp , nisthfctãrhj icls 7
3 qelr; pcrti prhfdhpcb nj ]jstx, ifvhc tcri`cs pcrc TE^], bjdc b, BE^] i phpi 7
3 bjdcb; rispjfsãvib pibc iftrilc ncs eifsclifs, uthbhzc j `jrectj eojx ju echbnhr 7
3 setp; dbhifti ]jstx pcrc ifvhcr eifsclifs c nist hfctãrhjs riejtjs7
3 phpi;hftir`cdi ni scånc pcrc jutrjs eidcfhsejs ni trcfspjr ti ni eifsclifs.
Hfstcbcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jst`hx

]rè-riquhshtjs; q
3 Tirvhnjr Bhfux hfstcbcnj i djfidtcnj í Hftirfit.
3 Djflurcìùis prèvhcs.
_iejvir E^C prè-hfstcbcnj pibj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb
3 Ti fidissãrhj
Hfstcbcìäj;
3 _in Act/DiftJT; yue hfstcbb
t
i
f
r
i
3 Niohcf/Youftu Tirvir; cpt-lit hfstcbb
t
Hf ]crc c hfstcbcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jstx , è fidissãrhj ue sirvhnjr dje j Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb
c
r
c
p Bhfux i cdissj í hftirfit. ^jncs cs nhstrhouhìùis Bhfux kã vëe dje ue E^C hfstcbcnj, qui
s
j
hì
v
c prhfdåphj trctc cpifcs bjdcbeifti cs eifsclifs. J E^C qui fjrecbeifti cdjepcfac
r
i cs nhstrhouhìùis è j Tifnechb, ]jst x ju Ixhe. J cnehfhstrcnjr nj shstiec pjni jptcr pjr
T
;
x
u ecftir j prjlrcec hfstcbcnj, i fissi dcsj ejnhdc cs djflurcìùis qui pirehtie cj
hf
B
s sirvhnjr i xidutcr cs tcri`cs ni ifvhj, ridioheiftj ju ifdcehfaceiftj ni eifsclifs
c
e
ti jrhufncs ju nisthfcncs c jutrcs istcìùis ju njeåfhjs.
s
h
T
n
i Cftis ni hfstcbcr j pjstx , ridjeifnc-si nishfstcbcr j sirvhnjr cftirhjr, dcsj ixhstc.
j
ä
ì Ie risuej;
c
rt
sh
f h _in Act / DiftJT
e
n
C
yue ircsi TI_PHNJ_ZCFÎ_HJ_
yue hfstcbb pjst`hx
33=
Niohcf/Youftu Tirvir
cpt-lit purli TI_PHNJ_ZCFÎ_HJ_

cpt-lit hfstcbb pjst`hx
Hfhdhcbhzcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jst`hx

Hfhdhcbhzcìäj; q
3 _in Act/DiftJT
? rjjt# systiedbt 2pcrïeitrj6 pjstx
3 Niohcf/Youftu Tirvir
? rjjt# sirvhdi pjstx 2pcrïeitrj6

J pcrïeitrj pjni sir; stcrt, stjp, ristcrt ju ribjcn.
Cj sir hfhdhcnj, j sirvhnjr ]jstx bë cs djflurcìùis nj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj echf.d` .
Jpdhjfcbeifti, pjniejs hfdbuhr djflurcìùis cnhdhjfchs ie jutrjs crquhvjs ni djflu -
rcìäj, riìrifdhcfnj-js ie echf.d` . ]crc hfhdhcr j sirvhnjr;
_in Act/DiftJT
rjjt# systiedbt 2pcrïeitrj6 pjst`hx
rjjt# sirvhdi pjst`hx 2pcrïeitrj6
J pcrïeitrj pjni sir; stcrt , stjp, ristcrt ju ribjcn.
J crquhvj ni djflurcìäj echf.d` pjssuh ue djfkuftj ni nhrithvcs qui fjr tihce j dje-
pjrtceiftj nj sirv hnjr ni i-echb ]jstx. Fissi crquhvj è hf`jrecnj si j sirvhnjr duhncrã
sjeifti ni eifsclifs bjdchs nj shstiec ju ni nitirehfcnc rini ju njeåfhj7 js nisthfjs
pirehthnjs pcrc j ifvhj ni eifsclifs7 cs rinis c pcr thr ncs quchs säj cdihtcs eifsclifs7
si issi sirv hnjr ifdcehfac eifsclifs jrhufncs ni jutrjs sirvhnjris (ribcy) itd.
J crquhvj ni djflurcìäj pjni sir inht cnj uthbhzcfnj ue inhtjr ni tixtj ju ctrcvès nj
djecfnj pjstdjf` - i pcrïeitrj 5vcbjr.
Djf`hlurcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jst`hx

Crquhvjs ni djflurcìäj echf.d` i ecstir.d` q )
3
i
t
Thftcxi; r
c
(p
3 nhrithvc 5 vcbjr j
hd
f
]rhfdhpchs nhrithvcs ni djflurcìäj; rþ
t
i b
i
eyajstfcei j h
ri
r
eynjechf j
d
i
eyjrhlhf rn
j
hn
v
eynisthfcthjf r
i
T
-
eyfitwjrgs <
bj
hfitZhftir`cdis u
åt
p
c
D
333
Ûfhdj njeåfhj
J sirvhnjr ni i -echb ]jstx pjssuh diftifcs ni nhrithvcs (pcrïeitrjs) qui pjnie sir
hfsirhncs ie siu crquhvj ni djflurcìäj. Fäj è fidissãrhj djflurcr dcnc uec nibcs, pjhs
tjncs pjssuie ue vcbjr pcnräj (ni`cubt) cssuehnj qucfnj c nhrithvc è jehthnc fj crquhvj
ni djflurcìäj.
Dcnc nhrithvc pjssuh j `jrectj; pcrïeitrj 5 vcbjr. ]jni chfnc riìrifdhcr j djftiûnj ni
jutrc nhrithvc; jutrjZpcrceitrj 5 $pcrceitrj. Fissi dcsj, j djftiûnj ni pcrïeit rj sirã
ctrhouånj c jutrjZpcrceitrj . ]jni chfnc cdihtcr eûbthpbjs vcbjris.
Ixiepbjs;
eyajstfcei 5 echb.ieprisc.dje.or
eyjrhlhf 5 $eynjechf
eynisthfcthjf 5 $eyajstfcei bjdcbajst.$eynjechf bjdcbajst $eynjechf
Iftri cs nhrithvcs qui nivie sir djflurcncs hfhdhcbeifti istäj;
3 $eyajstfcei; fjei ifvhcnj nurcfti c scuncìäj iftri E^Cs. ]jr pcnräj, è djflu -
rcnj dje j @SNF nj sirvhnjr7
3 $eynjechf; njeåfhj nj shstiec ni i-echb, nitirehfcnj cutjecthdceifti si j
eyajstfcei isthvir djflurcnj 7
3 ; cdihtc eifsclifs pcrc js njeåfhjs bhstcnjs;

$eynisthfcthjf
? Ixiepbj;eynis thfcthjf 5 $eynjechf, ixiepbj.dje.or .

3 $eyjrhlhf; njeåfhj qui cpcridi ie eifsclifs ifvhcncs c jutrcs eãquhfcs. Ythbhzcnj
pcrc lcrcfthr qui eifsclifs istikce dje rieitifti fj `jrectj @SNF7
3 $hfitZhftir`cdis;hftir`cdi ni rini pjr jfni j sirvhnjr ridioirã cs eifsclifs.
]jr pcnräj è djflurcnj dje j vcbjr ‒cbb―;

? Ixiepbj;hfitZhftir `cdis 5 $eyajstfcei, bj dcbajst
3 $eyfitwjrgsZstybi; ispidhdc ni jfni siräj cdihtcs eifsclifs. Pcbjris cdihtjs — ajst;
qucfnj j sirvhnjr cdihtc sjeifti eifsclifs nc eãquhfc bjdcb7 suofit; qucfnj j sir-
vhnjr cdihtc eifsclifs ni eãquhfcs pirtifdiftis í suc suo- rini7 dbcss; qucfnj j sir-
vhnjr cdihtc eifsclifs jrhlhfãrhcs ni sirv hnjris dje ifniriìj H] ni dbcssi hlucb í suc7
3 $eyfitwjrgs; bhstc ni dbhiftis cutjrhzcnjs c iìtucr ribcy c pcr thr nissi sir vhnjr.
t
i J vcbjr è ue ifniriìj ni rini fj `jrectj Dbcssbiss Hftir-Njechf _juthfl (DHN_);
f
r
i
t
Hf
c
? ]jr ixiepbj;eyfitwjrgs 5 38?.301.=.=/?>, 3?<.=.=.=/1
r
c
p ]jr pcnräj, j ]jstx creczifc js i-echbs fj crquhvj /vcr/spjjb/echb/$YTYC _HJ ju
s
j
hì /vcr/echb/$YT YC_HJ, fj `jrectj ‒eojx―. Issc djflurcìäj pjni sir cbtircnc ctrcvès nj
v
r
i pcrïeitrj $ajeiZechbojx.
T
q
;
x
u
hf Lircbeifti js i-echbs säj creczifcnjs ie;
B
s
c
e
ti /vcr/spjjb/echb/ ju /vcr/echb
s
h
T
3
Djecfnj pjstx daidg
i
n
j Ecpcs ni cbhcsis
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
Tiepri qui js crquhvjs ni djflurcìäj `jrie ejnhdcnjs, j djecfnj pjst x daidg nivi
f h
e sir ixidutcnj pcrc virhdcr c shftc xi. Istcfnj Jg, ibis nivie sir bhnjs fjvceifti pcrc qui
n
C sius fjvjs vcbjris iftrie ie vhljr. _idjeifnc-si uthbhzcr fissi dcsj j pcrïeitrj ribjcn,
33?
qui `cz dje qui j sirvhnjr bihc cs fjvcs hf`jrecìùis sie rihfhdhcr. J pcrïeitrj ristcrt `cz
dje qui j sirvhnjr tifac suc ixiduìäj hftirrjephnc i rihfhdhcnc, j qui dcusc c hfnhspj-
fhohbhncni nj sirvhnjr pjr cblufs ejeiftjs. Yec djflurcìäj cnhdhjfcb nhz rispihtj í
cssjdhcìäj iftri djftcs ni i-echb i djftcs ni usuãrhj fj shstiec. Fjrecbeifti, j ]jst x
sjeifti iftrilc eifsclifs c usuãrhjs nj shstiec.
]jrèe, usucbeifti pjniejs nisikcr niseieorcr j fjei nj usuãrhj nc djftc fj shstiec.

Ixhstie nhvirscs rczùis pcrc hssj, prhfdhpcbeifti quistùis ni silurcfìc i cnehfhstrcthvcs.
C prheihrc trctc nc fäj nhv ublcìäj ncs djftcs ni usuãrhj (bjlhf) fc hftirfit. C silufnc è j
`ctj ni fie tjnjs js usuãrhjs pjssuårie djftcs ni i-echb.
]crc iìtucr issc cssjdhcìäj, niviejs inhtcr ue crquhvj ni ecpcs nifjehfcnj
/itd/pjs tx /cbhcsis , hfdbuhfnj cs cssjdhcìùis nisikcncs.

usucrhj3 ud===3
usucrhj? ud===?
kjcj ud===4
Ie siluhnc, nivi-si ctucbhzcr js ecpcs dje j djecfnj fiwcbhcsis i, fc siquëfdhc,

ridcrrilcr j ]jstx.
Djf`hlurcìäj nj sirvhnjr ]jst`hx dje ^BT

TTB ^BT;
l q
3 Cutifthdcìäj i sissùis drhptjlrc`cncs
]crc acohbhtcr j ^BT fj ]jstx;
3 Jotir js dirthdcnjs
3 Djflurcr js pcrïeitrjs;
? setpnZtbsZsidurhtyZbivib
? setpnZtbsZcutaZjfby
? setpnZtbsZgiyZbi
? setpnZtbsZdirtZbi
? setpnZtbsZDCbi
? setpnZtbsZbjlbivib
? setpnZtbsZridihvinZaicnir
? setpnZtbsZsisshjfZdcdaiZtheijut )
3
? tbsZrcfnjeZsjurdi r
c
i
t
(p
? setpZtbsZsidurhtyZbivib j
hd
f
rþ
t
J ^rcfspjrt Bcyir Tidurhty (^B T), cftirhjreifti dacecnj ni Tiduri Tjd git Bcyir (TTB), i b
i
`jrfidi cutifthdcìäj ocsicnc ie dirthdcnjs i sissùis dr hptjlrc`cncs. Yec sissäj drhp - j h
ri
tjlrc`cnc prjtili c hf`jrecìäj qui istã sifnj trcfsehthnc ctrcvès nj TE^ ] ju ie uec r
j
d
i
cutifthdcìäj TCTB. rn
j
hn
Js pcssjs fidissãrhjs pcrc acohbhtcr j supjrti cj ^BT säj; v
r
i
T
3 Jotir js dirthdcnjs qui säj uthbhzcnjs nurcfti j istcoibidheiftj nc djfixäj ^BT7
-
<
bj
3 Cnhdhjfcr js pcrïeitrjs cj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nj ]jstx pcrc acohbhtcr j ^BT. åt
u
p
c
D
334
Js dirthdcnjs uthbhzcnjs pibj ]jstx säj;
3 Dirthdcnj nc CD;j dirthdcnj ni uec Cu tjrhncni Dirthdcnjrc CD è jpdhjfcb. Ibi è

uthbhzcnj qucfnj ue dbhifti nisikc vcbh ncr j dirthdcnj iehthnj pibj sirvhnjr ]jst x.
Issi dirthdcnj pjni sir ni uec DC jdhcb ju ni uec cutjcsshfcnc, lircnc niftrj nj
prôprhj sirvhnjr7
3 fidissãrhj qucfnj c djfixäj è istcoibidhnc7
Dirthdcnj pûobhdj nj sirvhnjr;
3 è csshfcnj pibc DC i djftèe c dacvi prhvcnc nj sirvhnjr.

Dirthdcnj prhvcnj nj sirvhnjr;
Js dirthdcnjs pjnie sir cutjcsshfcnjs ju ni uec DC prhvcnc, qui sikc cepbceifti ridj -
faidhnc. C prheihrc jpìäj è echs shepbis, rãphnc i sie dustj. J hfdjfvifhifti è qui cblufs
orjwirs pjnie fäj cdihtcr j dir thdcnj i uec eifsclie ni ‒dirthdcnj fäj djfãvib― è
iehthnc cjs usuãrhjs. C silufnc jpìäj è c lircbeifti ifvjbvi ue dustj. ]jrèe, aã c jpìäj
ni uthbhzcr j shti TtcrtTTB ( ww w.stcrtssb.dje) pcrc jotir ue dirthdcnj lrctuhtj, djfãvib i
qui è cdihtj pibc echjrhc njs orjwsirs i dbhiftis ni i -echb.
Js pcrïeitrjs fidissãrhjs pcrc c djflurcìäj nj ]jst x säj;
3 niscohbhtcnj pjr pcnräj. Ti djflurcnc dje ‒ecy―,

setpnZtbsZsidurhtyZbivib 5 PCBJ_;
acohbhtc j supjrti cj T ^C_^^B T pcrc js dbhiftis riejtjs, ecs fäj jorhlc j usj nc
ifdrhptcìäj vhc ^BT. ]crc `jrìcr j usj nj ^BT, issi pcrïeitrj nivi sir djflurcnj dje
j vcbjr ‒ifdrypt―7
3 niscohbhtcnj pjr pcnräj. Ti djflurcnj dje j vcbjr
setpnZtbsZcutaZjfby 5 PCBJ_;
‒yis―, `cz dje qui cs cutifthdcìùis TC TB fäj sikce cdihtcs ctrcvès ni djfixùis
fäj drhptjlrc`cncs7
3 djflurc j crquhvj dje c dacvi _T C
setpnZtbsZgiyZbi 5 /dcehfaj /dacv i.pie;
prhvcnc, fj `jrectj ]IE, nj sirvhnjr TE^] ]jstx.
? * C dacvi prhvcnc nivi sir cdissåvib sie uec sifac, ju sikc, fäj nivi sir drhptjlrc`cnc.
3 ; djflurc j crquhvj dje j dirthdcnj
setpnZtbsZdirt Zbi 5 /dcehfaj/ dirthdcnj.pie
_TC, fj `jrectj ]IE, nj sirvhnjr TE^] ]jstx7
3 djflurc j crquhvj dje j dirthdcnj
setpnZtbsZDCbi 5 /dcehfaj /dirthdcnjDC.pie;
nc DC, fj `jrectj ]IE7
3 acohbhtc j rilhstrj cnhdhjfcb, fj bjl nj Tirvhnjr TE^]
setpnZtbsZbjlbivib 5 PCBJ_;
]jstx, ncs cthvhncnis ^B T. Js vcbjris pjssåvihs säj;
t
i
f
? = — (Pcbjr pcnräj) Niscohbhtc j bjl ncs cthvhncnis ^BT7
r
Hf
i
t ? 3 — _ilhstrc sjeifti uec eifsclie ni sueãrhj cj djepbitcr j ^ BT Acfnsacgi7
c
r
c
p
? ? — _ilhstrc tceoèe cs cth vhncnis nurcfti cs filjdhcìùis nj ^BT7
s
j
hì
v
? 4 — _ilhstrc tceoèe j nuep, ie aixcnidhecb i CTDHH, nj prjdissj ni filjdhcìäj nj ^BT7
r
;
T
x
i
? > — _ilhstrc tceoèe j nuep, ie aixcnidhecb i CTDHH , nc trcfsehssäj fcbhzcnc, cpôs
u
hf j T^C_^^BT7
B
s
c
e
? * C uthbhzcìäj ni vcbjr hlucb ju echjr qui ? sô è ridjeifncnc ie dcsjs ni prjobiecs
ti fj ùfdhjfceiftj nj sirvhnjr.
s
h
T
n
i
j
3 djflurcnc dje j vcbjr ‒yis―, `cz dje qui j
setpnZtbsZridihvinZaicnir 5 PCBJ_;
ä
ì
c
Tirvhnjr TE^ ] nj ]jsthx prjnuzc dcoiìcbajs ni eifsclifs ‒_idihvin;― qui hfdbuie
rt
f
sh hf`jrecìäj sjori j prjtjdjbj i j dh`rcnjr uthbhzcnj7
h
e
n
C
33>
3 ispidhdc c vcbhncni, ie silufnjs,
setpnZtbsZsisshjfZdcdaiZtheijut 5 TILYFNJT;
nj dcdai ni hf`jrecìäj nc sissäj ^BT nj Tirvhnjr TE^ ] nj ]jstx. Cpôs issi tiepj,
uec bhepizc ni dcdai è ricbhzcnc7
3 c `jfti ixtirfc pcrc j pjjb nj Lircnjr ni
tbsZrcfnjeZsjurdi 5 niv;/niv/urcfn je;
Fûeirj ]siunjcbictôrhj (]_FL) nj tbselr7
3 nifi j fåvib ni silurcfìc nj ^BT nj dbhifti TE^] nj
setpZtbsZsidurhtyZbivib 5 PCBJ_;
]jstx. C s jpìùis echs uthbhzcncs säj;
? fjfi; fäj uthbhzcrã j ^BT7
? ecy; uthbhzcrã j ^BT si `jr supjrt cnj pibj sirvhnjr TE^]. Dcsj djftrãrhj, uthbhzcrã j
‒pbchftixt―7
? ifdrypt;jorhlctjrhceifti uthbhzcrã j ^BT.

]crc qui j ]jstx hfhdhi j sirvhnjr TE^] ju vhfnj fc pjrtc >09 (setps), è fidissãrhj nisdj -
eiftcr ju hfdbuhr cs siluhftis bhfacs fj crquhvj /itd/pjs tx /ecstir.d` ;
setps hfit f - - - - setpn

-j sysbjlZfcei5pjst`hx/setps
-j setpnZtbsZwrcppirejni5yis
-j setpnZscsbZcutaZifcobi5yis
-j setpnZtbsZsidurhtyZbivib5ifdrypt
-j setpnZrikidtZufbhstinZridhphift5fj
-j setpnZridhphiftZristrhdthjfs5pirehtZscsbZcutaifthdctin,rik
idt
]crc virhdcr si j supjrti cj ^BT istã acohbhtcnj fj sir vhnjr TE^] nj ]jstx , istcoibidir
uec djfixäj uthbhzcfnj j tibfit ;
# tibfit bjdcbajst ?9
Cpôs istcoibidir c djfixäj, ixidutcr j djecfnj iabj pcrc virhdcr si j ^BT istã sifnj
jìridhnj pibj sirvhnjr;
iabj bjdcbajst
Fc bhstc nivi cpcridir c bhfac ?9=-T^C_^^BT.
îsti nc iftrilc njs i-echbs

Yscfnj j djecfnj tibfit; q
3 # tibfit bjdcbajst ?9 )
3
i
t
? 6aibj echb.ieprisc.dj e.or r
c
(p
? 6echb `rje; usucrhj3 f
j
hd
rþ
? 6rdpt tj; usucrhj? i
t
b
i
? 6nctc j
ri
h
r
? 6I-echb ni tisti j
d
i
rn
? 6. hn
j
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? 6quht r
i
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c
D
339
È pjssåvib tistcr si j sirvhnjr ]jst x istã ùfdhjfcfnj djrritceifti i iftrilcfnj cs eif -
sclifs, ctrcvès nj djecfnj îbfit (ie filrhtj istäj js djecfnjs setp c sirie nhlhtcnjs);
# tibfit bjdcbajst ?9
^ryhfl 3?<.=.=.3...
Djffidtin tj bjdcbajst.
Isdcpi dacrcdtir hs ‑VU‘.
??= ITE^] TI_PHNJ_
aibj echb.ieprisc.dje.or
...
echb `rje; usucrhj3
rdpt tj; usucrhj?
b
nctc
49> Ifn nctc whta 2D_62B@6.2D_62B@6 ]crc tirehfcr c
I-echb ni tisti eifsclie (djecfnj
nctc ), è fidissãrhj
. nhlhtcr uec bhfac sô
?9= Jg; quiuin cs #SYIYI-HN dje j dcrcdtiri ‑.‘
(pjftj).
quht
îstcfnj dje uec djfixäj ^BT;
îstcfnj dje uec djfixäj ^BT q

? # jpifssb sZdbhift —djffidt bjdcbajst;?9 —stcrttbs setp
? 6echb `rje; usucrhj3
? 6rdpt tj; usucrhj?
? 6nctc
? 6I-echb ni tisti
? 6.
? 6quht
# jpifssb sZdbhift -djffidt bjdcbajst;?9 -stcrttbs setp
...
echb `rje; usucrhj3
t rdpt tj; usucrhj?
i
f
r nctc
i
t
Hf
c 49> Ifn nctc whta 2D_62B@6.2D_62B@6
r
c
p I-echb ni tisti
s
j
hì .
v
r
i ?9= Jg; quiuin cs #SYIYI-HN
T
;
x
u quht
hf
B
s
c ]crc virhdcr si j i- echb `jh iftrilui, ocstc ixidutcr j djecfnj echb. Ti tunj isthvir Jg, j
e
ti i-echb nivi istcr fc dchxc ni iftrcnc nc djftc. Dcsj j i- echb fäj istikc fc dchxc ni iftrcnc,
s
h
T
n
i è pjssåvib virhdcr c bc ni i-echb i j crquhvj ni bjl nj sirvhnjr.
j
ä
ì
c
rt Jutrc `jrec ni ifv hcr ue i-echb ni tisti è ctr cvès nj djecfnj;
sh
f h
e idaj ‒I-echb ni tisti― | echb -s îsti usucrhj3
n
C
330
@hbc ni i-echb i HNs nc `hbc
Djecfnj echbq q
Djfsubtcfnj hf`jrecìùis sjori c iftrilc ncs eifsclifs
Ousdcfnj fj crquhvj ni bjl
J iftifnheiftj nc bc ni i-echb nj ]jst x è euhtj ûthb. J ]jst x djbjdcrã tjnj i-echb qui
cdihtju fc suc bc, cftis qui jutrj prjdissj pilui j i- echb i tifti iftrilã-bj cj nisthfc -
tãrhj. C bc nj ]jstx pjni sir vhstc ctrcvès nj djecfnj echbq.
Ie ue sirvhnjr euhtj jdupcnj, è pjssåvib vir diftifcs ni i-echbs pcrcnjs pjr vãrhcs
rczùis. Ye ixiepbj pjni sir vhstj c siluhr;
=>N1DC1D>>? ?488 ûi Ecy 43 =8;>8;33 ECHBI_-NCIEJF

(djffidt tj ex.ixcepbi.dje W38?.301.=.3U;?9; Djffidthjf thein jut)
hf`jMixcepbi.dje
J ‒=>N1D C1D>>?― è j HN nc bc. ]crc nisdjorhr j qui cdjftidiu dje issi i-echb, è pjssåvib
prjdurcr fj crquhvj ni bjl;
3 _in Act / DiftJT

# lrip =>N1DC1D>>? /vcr/bjl/echb.bjl
3 Niohcf / Youftu Tirvir

# lrip =>N1DC1D>>? /vcr/bjl/echb.bjl
_isubtcnj;
Ecy 43 =8;>8;33 ex3 pjst`hx/setpnW>>?1U; =>N1DC1D>>?; dbhift5wio.
bjdcbfitW3=.3=.>3.4U
Ecy 43 =8;>8;33 ex3 pjst`hx/dbicfupW>><4U; =>N1DC1D>>?; eisscli-
hn52?=33=943=8>833.=C<4043@98NMfiwsbittir.ixcepbi.fit6
Ecy 43 =8;>8;33 ex3 pjst`hx/qelrW?993?U; =>N1DC1D>>?; `rje526, shzi5?488, frdpt53
(quiui cdthvi)
Ecy 43 =8;>8;>3 ex3 pjst`hx/setpW>8>9U; =>N1DC1D>>?; tj52hf`jMixcepbi.dje6,
ribcy5fjfi, nibcy54=, nibcys5=.=9/=.=0/4=/=, nsf5>.>.3, stctus5niìrrin (djffidt tj
ex.ixcepbi.dje W38?.301.=.3U;?9; Djffidthjf thein jut)
Js nhìriftis prjdissjs nj ]jstx qui bhnce dje j i-echb säj ixhohnjs cpôs j ‒pjstx/…―. )
3
J ‒setpn― ridioiu j i-echb vhfnj nj sirvhnjr wio.bjdcbfit. Iftäj, j prjdissj ‒dbicfup― i
t
r
c
j djbjdc fc bc ni i-echb. J ‒qelr― ejviu j i-echb pcrc c bc cthvc i j ‒setp― tiftju (p
j
iftrilã-bj. Fäj `jh pjssåvib djftctcr j sirvhnjr riejtj ex.ixcepbi.dje, iftäj j ]jstx hd
f
rþ
t
ecftivi j i-echb fc bc. J dônhlj nc fjthdcìäj nj istcnj nc iftrilc (Nibhviry Ttctus i b
i
Fjthdcthjf — NTF) `jh >.>.3. ^jnjs js dônhljs djeiìcfnj dje > riprisiftce irrjs tie - j h
ri
pjrãrhjs, j qui shlfhdc qui j ]jstx tiftcrã iftrilcr j i-echb fjvceifti. Js dônhljs r
j
d
i
djeiìcfnj dje 9 riprisiftce irrjs pirecfiftis, `czifnj dje qui j ]jstx nisdcrti j rn
i-echb i hf`jrei cj rieitifti sjori c `cbac fc iftrilc. Js dônhljs djeiìcfnj dje j
hn
v
r
? riprisiftce qui c iftrilc `jh oie-sudinhnc. i
T
-
<
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
33<
Ti c iftrilc thvissi shnj oie-sudinhnc, c bhfac nj ‒pjstx /setp― si pcridirhc dje;
Kuf 9 3?;>3;3= echb pjst`hx/setpW3?=>>U; ?3<3DC10=I=; tj52kjfctacfMixcepbi.

dje6, ribcy5ex.ixcepbi.djeW38?.301.=.3U;?9, nibcy5=.4?, nibcys5=.=>/=/=.3</=.3,
nsf5?.=.=,
stctus5sift (?9= ?.=.= Jg; quiuin cs O=OCD<404<?)
t
i
f
r
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
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ti
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C
331
1
Tirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj
(pcrti ?)
Cnehfhstrcr j sirvhìj ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj, js eètjnjs ni iftrilc ni eifsclifs

s
i j usj ni njeåfhjs vhrtuchs7 Djftrjbcr j djftiûnj, echb lctiwcys i cutifthdcìäj
j
v
h
TE^]7 Cprifnir cs ojcs prãthdcs pcrc ue sirvhnjr ni i-echb djrpjrcthvj i jrhiftcìùis
t
i
k pcrc ckusti ni pir`jrecfdi7 _icbhzcr c trjdc nj eètjnj ni iftrilc pcrc echbnhr7
o
j Djflurcìäj njs sirvhnjris ]J] i HEC], cbèe ni tistis dje js dbhiftis dje
issis prjtjdjbjs.
d
j
f
d
i
Djflurcìäj nj sirvhìj ni iftrilc/echbnhr7 Djflurcìäj nj sir vhìj ni ridioheiftj h
t
j
]J]/HEC]7 Djflurcìäj nj dbhifti pcrc cdissj c i-echb vhc sir vhìj ]J]. s
Hftrjnuìäj
J istunj nisti dcpåtubj vhsc djepbieiftcr j cprifnhzcnj nc cnehfhstrcìäj nj sirv hìj ni
djrrihj ibitrþfhdj, jfni säj ehfhstrcnjs js eètjnjs ni iftrilc ni eifsclifs i j usj ni
njeåfhjs vhrtuchs. Täj cojrncnjs j djftrjbi ni djftiûnj, echb lctiwcys i c cutifthdcìäj
TE^], cbèe ni ridjeifncì ùis ni ojcs prãthdcs pcrc ue sir vhnjr ni i-echb djrpjrcthvj,
djepbieiftcncs dje jrhiftcìùis pcrc ckusti ni ni siepifaj. Cj fcb, säj prcthdcnjs c )
?
trjdc nj eètjnj ni iftrilc pcrc echbnhr, c djflurcìäj njs sirvhnjris ]J] i HEC] i tis tis i
t
r
c
dje js dbhiftis uthbhzcfnj issis prjtjdjbjs. p
(
j
hd
f
rþ
Eètjnjs ni iftrilc i
t
q
b
i
j
3 Cpôs ridioir uec eifsclie, ue E^C dacec jutrc cpbhdcìäj pcrc iìtucr c iftrilc ri
h
r
j
fc dchxc ni eifsclifs nj usuãrhj. d
i
rn
3 Cs eifsclifs nisthfcncs c nitirehfcnj usuãrhj dcräj ie suc dchxc pjst cb ctè qui
hn
j
v
ibi cs ridupiri. r
i
T
3 Ixhstie cbluecs `jrecs ni creczifcr cs eifsclifs ni dcnc usuãrhj;
-
1
bj
? eojx åt
u
p
c
? echbnhr D
338
Cpôs ridioir uec eifsclie, ue E^C dacec uec cpbhdcìäj qui si ifdcrrilcrã ni iftrilcr
c eifsclie nc dchxc ni eifsclifs nj usuãrhj cprjprhcnj. Isscs eifsclifs dcräj nhspjfå -
vihs ctè qui j usuãrhj vifac ridupirã-bcs, ctrcvès njs prjtjdjbjs ]J] ju HEC].
Cs eifsclifs nivie iftäj sir creczifcncs cprjprhcnceifti fj sirvhnjr, uec viz qui
pjniräj dcr nhspjfåvihs cj usuãrhj pjr tiepj hfnitirehfcnj. Ixhstie vãrhcs `jrecs ni
`czir hssj. Cs echs usuchs; eojx, echbnhr ju ocfdj ni ncnjs ribcdhjfcb (TSB).
eojx
@jrectj pcnräj pcrc dchxc ni eifsclifs. q
Eifsclifs ni ue usuãrhj cr eczifcncs ie ue ûfhdj crquhvj.
3 @rje usucrhj3Mbhfux.bcf Suh Tit 3? 31;4>;== ?==0

3 _idihvin; 3? Tit 31;44;98 -=4==
3 @rje; usucrhj?Mbhfux.bc f
3 ^j; usucrhj3Mbhfux.bcf
3 Tuokidt; jbã
3 Djrpj nc eifsclie
J `jrectj eojx è j `jrectj pcnräj uthbhzcnj ie shstiecs ocsicnjs ie Yfhx. Cs eifsclifs
ni dcnc usuãrhj dce ie ue ûfhdj crquhvj, fjrecbeifti bjdcbhzcnj ie /vcr/spjjb/echb. Yec
vcrhcfti nissc jpìäj è j usj nj `jrectj eojx pcrc creczifceiftj ncs eifsclifs ie
$AJEI/Echbojx, c sjbuìäj echs djeue i supjrtcnc pibc echjrhc njs EYCs.
J crquhvj pjssuh tjncs cs eifsclifs ie siquëfdhc. Dcnc eifsclie djeiìc ie uec

bhfac hfhdhcnc pjr ‒ @rje ―. Issc bhfac fäj `cz pcrti nj dcoiìcbaj nc eifsclie uthbhzcnc pibj
shstiec pcrc bjdcbhzcr j hfådhj ni dcnc eifsclie. Ieojrc j eojx sikc cepbceifti nhùf -
nhnj fj Bhfux i ùfdhjfi cniqucnceifti ie ue shstiec bjdcb, fäj è c eibajr `jrec ni

trctcr eifsclifs ie ue sirvhnjr ni i-echb.
Issi `jrectj fäj è supjrtcnj p ibj HEC]. Nissi ejnj, j usuãrhj dc bhehtcnj c
uthbhzcr j prjtjdjbj ]J]4 p crc ridupircr sucs eifsclifs.
echbnhr
t
i
f
r
i
t
@jrectj ridjeifncnj ctucbeifti i supjrtcnj pibj prjtjdjbj HEC]. C dchxc ni eifsclifs
nj usuãrhj è jrlcfhzcnc ie vãrhcs pcstcs, lircbeifti echbnhr, djftifnj jutrcs trës pcstcs;
q
Hf
c
r
c
p
3 fiw
s
j
hì
v
3 dur
r
i
;
T
x
3 tep
u
hf J echbnhr è j `jrectj ridjeifncnj ctucbeifti, pjr sir j echs djfãvib. Cbèe nhssj, è j
B
s
c `jrectj supjrtcnj pibj prjtjdjbj HEC]. Fissi `jrectj c dchxc ni eifsclifs nj usuãrhj
e
ti è jrlcfhzcnc ie vãrhcs pcstcs. Dcnc pcst c djftèe cs eifsclifs nhstrhouåncs ie uec
s
h
T
n
i eifsclie pjr crquhvj, cbèe ni ue crquhvj ni åfnhdi. Lircbeifti uec pcstc nifjehfcnc
j
ä
ì echbnhr djftèe jutrcs trës pcst cs;
c
rt
f
s
h
h
3 fiw; pcrc eifsclifs fäj bhncs7
e
n
C 3 dur; pcrc eifsclifs bhncs7
3 tep; pcrc eifsclifs ie prjdissj ni iftrilc.
3?=
Ye njs echjris oifi`ådhjs nj `jrectj echbnhr è c djfcohbhncni, ie rczäj ncs eifsclifs
istcrie nhstrhouåncs uec pjr crquhvj, pjnifnj sir bjdcbhzcncs pibj crquhvj ni åfnhdi cssj-
dhcnj. Cbèe nhssj, è djepctåvib dje j prjtjdjbj HEC], fj qucb è pjssåvib; ridupircr sjeifti
js dcoiìcbajs ni dcnc eifsclie i ecfhpubcr dcnc pcstc i cs eifsclifs niftrj nibc.
C shepbis hfstcbcìäj nj ]jstx fäj drhc cs pcstcs uthbhzcncs pibj echbnhr. Fissi dcsj,
ixhstie nucs jpìùis; c prheihrc è uscr j uthbhtãrhj echbnhrecgi, qui cdjepcfac j prjlrcec
Djurhir Echbnrjp7 c silufnc jpìäj è drhcr cs pcstcs fjrecbeifti, j qui pjni sir ìhtj ni
vãrhjs ejnjs. J echs ridjeifncnj è drhcr cs pcstcs dje cs nivhncs pirehssùis ie
/itd/sgib. Nissi ejnj, dcnc fjvj usuãrhj drhcnj tirã cutjecthdceifti cs pcstcs prjftcs.
Tirvhnjr pcrc eûbthpbjs njeåfhjs

]jstx pjni ifvhcr, ridioir i creczifcr eifsclifs pcrc echs ni ue njeåfhj.
]crc hssj, ixhstie njhs eètjnjs; q
3 Phrtucb cbhcs njechfs;
? Ixpcfni j fûeirj ni njeåfhjs pibj qucb j sir vhnjr rispjfni.
3 Phrtucb echbojx njechfs;
? Drhc dchxcs ni eifsclifs vhrtuchs.
? Ibhehfc c fidisshncni nj usuãrhj ni pjssuhr djftc bjdcb fc eãquhfc.
J eètjnj echs shepbis ni rispjfnir pjr eûbthpbjs njeåfhjs è cdrisdiftã-bjs cjs njeåfhjs
qui istäj bhstcnjs fj p crïeitrj ni djflurcìäj eynisthfcthjf i cnhdhjfcr js usuãrhjs cj
crquhvj /itd/pc sswn nj Bhfux. ]jrèe, si j fûeirj ni usuãrhjs `jr euhtj lrcfni, cnehfhstrã -
-bjs è ue prjobiec7 cbèe nhssj, fäj è pjssåvib, pcrc j shstiec, nhìrifdhcr c qui njeåfhj
pirtifdi ue usuãrhj, pjhs tjnjs siräj nj njeåfhj prhfdhpcb. Dje j usj nj vhrtucb cbhcs
njechf, dcnc njeåfhj vhrtucb pjssuh sucs prôprhcs djflurcìùis i js ifniriìjs ni i-echb
säj nhridhjfcnjs tcftj pcrc djftcs bjdchs djej pcrc ifniriìjs riejtjs. Í einhnc qui
cueiftc j fûeirj ni njeåfhjs i djfsiquiftieifti j ni usuãrhjs, tjrfc-si hfnisikãvib
`jrfidir uec djftc pcrc dcnc usuãrhj. Dje j usj ni vhrtucb echbojx njechfs , cbèe ni fäj
sir fidissãrhc c trcnuìäj ni dcnc ifniriìj ni i -echb pcrc ue ifniriìj nhìrifti (cbhcs),
fäj è fidissãrhc c drhcìäj ni djftcs fj shstiec Bhfux.
Njeåfhjs vhrtuchs
J ]jstx, pjr pcnräj, ridjfaidi djej nisthfj fcb sjeifti js fjeis ispidhdcnjs fj
pcrïeitrj eynisthfcthjf 7 nifjehfcnj ni njeåfhj dcfþfhdj. ]crc njeåfhjs cnhdhjfchs
q
)
?
(vhrtuchs), è fidissãrhj; i
t
r
c
3 Istcoibidir j cbhcs nj fjei ni njeåfhj vhr tucb.
p
(
j
hd
3 Drhcr ue ecpc dje js nisthfctãrhjs. f
rþ
t
i b
3 Djflurcr j ]jstx p crc ridioir eifsclifs njs njeåfhjs vhrtuchs. j
i
h
ri
J ]jstx ridjfaidi pjr pcnräj, djej nisthfj fcb, js fjeis ispidhdcnjs fj pcrïeitrj r
j
d
i
eynisthfcthjf , j qui è nifjehfcnj ni ‒njeåfhj dcfþfhdj―. ]crc qui ùfdhjfi djej nisthfj rn
fcb pcrc njeåfhjs cnhdhjfchs ju vhrtuchs, è fidissãrhj qui sikce iìtucncs cbluecs djf - j
hn
v
r
lurcìùis cnhdhjfchs; i
T
-
1
3 Istcoibidir j cbhcs nj fjei ni njeåfhj vhr tucb7 bj
u
åt
3 Drhcr ue ecpc dje js nisthfctãrhjs7 p
c
D
3 Djflurcr j ]jstx p crc ridioir eifsclifs njs njeåfhjs vhrtuchs7
3 _idcrrilcr cs djflurcìùis.
3?3
Istcoibidir j cbhcs nj fjei ni njeåfhj vhrtucb
Hf`jrecr cj ]jstx qui è j nisthfctãrhj pcnräj pcrc jut rjs njeåfhjs cbèe nj prôprhj nj
shstiec. Fj pcrïeitrj vhrtucbZcbhcsZnjechfs, è nifhnc j usj ni ue ecpc dje js njeåfhjs
vhrtuchs. J vcbjr ni ssi pcrïeitrj è ue crquhvj djftifnj js njeåfhjs vhrtuchs. ]jr ixiepbj;
# crquhvj /itd/pjst`hx/vhrtucbZcbhcsZnjechfs
njehfhjvhrtucb.dje ?==03?3=
Cpôs c drhcìäj nissi crquhvj, nivi sir lircnj ue ecpc hfnixcnj dje j djecfnj pjstec p;
# pjstecp acsa;/itd/pjst`hx/vhrtucbZcbhcsZnjechfs
Drhcr ue ecpc dje js nisthfctãrhjs

Fistc itcpc nivi sir drhcnj ue crquhvj /itd/pjs tx /vhr tucbZ cbhcs Zecps dje js ifniriìjs nj
njeåfhj vhrtucb. ]jr ixiepbj;
# /itd/pjst`hx/vhrtucbZcbhcsZecps
pjstecstirMnjehfhjvhrtucb.dje usucrhj3Mixiepbj.dje
cousiMnjehfhjvhrtucb.dje usucrhj3Mixiepbj.dje
usucrhj3Mnjehfhjvhrtucb.dje usucrhj3Mixiepbj.dje
usucrhj?Mnjehfhjvhrtucb.dje usucrhj?Mixiepbj.dje
Cpôs c drhcìäj nissi crquhvj, nivi sir lircnj ue ecpc hfnixcnj dje j djecfnj pjstec p,
djf`jrei silui;
# pjstecp acsa;/itd/pjst`hx/vhrtucbZcbhcsZecps
Djf`hlurcr j ]jst`hx pcrc ridioir eifsclifs njs njeåfhjs vhrtuchs

Inhti j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj echf.d`, hfdbuhfnj js pcrïeitrjs i vcbjris cprjprhcnjs;
# /itd/pjst`hx/echf.d`
vhrtucbZcbhcsZnjechfs 5 acsa;/itd/pjst`hx/vhrtucbZcbhcsZnjechfs
vhrtucbZcbhcsZecps 5 acsa;/itd/pjst`hx/vhrtucbZcbhcsZecps
_idcrrilcr djf`hlurcìùis nj ]jst`hx

t # /itd/hfht.n/pjst`hx ribjcn ju sirvhdi pjst`hx ribjcn
i
f
r
i
t
Hf
r
c îstcfnj j ifvhj ni eifsclie pcrc ifniriìj vhrtucb
c
p
s # idaj tist | /usr/sohf/sifnechb R pjstecstirMnjehfhjvhrtucb.dje
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x Pirh`hdcfnj crquhvj ni bjl
u
hf
B
s # tchb /vcr/bjl/echb.bjl
c
e
ti Nivi sir vhsucbhzcnj nc siluhfti ecfihrc;
s
h
T
i
n
j Niz 33 33;?=;9= echb pjst`hx/phdgupW3<19=U; O1>0?8CO41; uhn5= `rje52rjjt6
ä
ì
c
rt Niz 33 33;?=;9= echb pjst`hx/dbicfupW3<104U; O1>0?8CO41; eisscli-
sh
f h hn52?==03?3==8?=9=. O1>0?8CO41Mechb.ixiepbj.dje6
e
n Niz 33 33;?=;9= echb pjst`hx/lelrW3<193U; O1>0?8CO41; `rje52rjjt6Mechb.ixiepbj.
C
dje6, shzi ?1?, frdpt53 (quiui cdthvi)
3??
Niz 33 33;?=;9= echb pjst`hx/bjdcbW3<100U; O1>0?8CO41;tj52usucrhj3Mixiepbj.
dje6, jrhlZtj52pjstecstirMnjehfhjvhrtucb.dje6, ribcy5bjdcb, nibcy5=, stctus5sift
(echbojx)
Djftrjbi ni djftiûnj
Djftrjbi ni djftiûnj iìtucnj pjr ìrrceiftcs ieouthncs ju ixtirfcs. q
3 Ieouthncs; risjbvie prjobiecs echs shepbis.
? _istrhdthjfs;
4 Tupirvhshjfc j nhãbjlj TE^].
? Daidgs;
4 Ixcehfc j djftiûnj nc eifsclie i objquihc eifsclifs dje nitirehfcnjs
tåtubjs i thpjs ni cfixjs pjtifdhcbeifti pirhljsjs.
3 Ixtirfcs; bhnce dje prjobiecs echs djepbixjs.
? Nibilce c btrclie ni eifsclifs c cpbhdcìùis ixtirfcs.
? Jfni j djftrjbi ni dcoiìcbaj i djrpj nc eifsclie kã fäj djfsiluie ctucr.
? Ie lircb iìtuce vcrrinurc prjdurcfnj pjr vårus ju wjres i nitidtcfnj spces.
J cssuftj ni djftrjbi ni djftiûnj ie trãìlj ni eifsclifs ni i-echb è oie cepbj.
Tiräj cojrncnjs fisti dursj cpifcs cblufs cspidtjs qui pirehtie hfhdhcr j djftrjbi.
J istunj echs cprjùfncnj sirã fidissãrhj í einhnc qui tchs djftrjbis `jrie sifnj
djbjdcnjs ie prãthdc.
Fj ]jstx, j djftrjbi ni djftiûnj pjni sir nhvhnhnj ie nucs pcr tis;
3 ; vhsce ie lircb risjbvir prjobiecs shepbis7

@irrceiftcs ieouthncs
@irrceiftcs ixtirfcs ; bhnce dje prjobiecs echs djepbixjs.

3
Cs ìrrceiftcs ieouthncs iìtuce njhs thpjs ni djftrjbi;
3 _istrhdthjfs; supirv hshjfc j nhãbjlj TE^], cdihtcfnj ju rikihtcfnj eifsclifs dje ocsi
fj rieitifti (echb `rje), nisthfctãrhj (rdpt), H] ju ajstfcei.
3 Daidgs; ixcehfc j djftiûnj nc eifsclie, virhdcfnj dcoiìcbaj, djrpj nc eif -
sclie, cfixjs i dcoiìcbajs ni eifsclifs cfixcncs. Cpiscr ni ùfdhjfceiftj
ribcthvceifti shepbis, j cnehfhstrcnjr nivi tjecr duhncnj dje c djepbixhncni
ncs ixprissùis rilubcris uthbhzcncs. Ie lircb è uthbhzcnj pcrc objquicr eifsclifs
)
?
jrhlhfcncs ni dirtjs thpjs ni prjlrcecs7 dje nitirehfcnjs tåtubjs (suokidt)7 i thpjs ni i
t
r
cfixjs pjtifdhcbeifti pirhljsjs. c
p
(
j
3 Cs ìrrceiftcs ixtirfcs ctuce jfni j djftrjbi ni dcoiìcbaj i djrpj nc eifsclie f
hd
rþ
t
fäj djfsiluie ctucr, ie lircb iìtucfnj vcrrinurc prjdurcfnj pjr vårus ju wjres i i b
i
nitidtcfnj spces. Js nciejfs phpi , TE^] i BE^] pjnie nibilcr c btrclie ni eif - j h
ri
sclifs c cpbhdcìùis ixtirfcs. Ie lircb hfstcbc-si j prjlrcec cecvhsn-fiw djej ue r
j
d
i
hftireinhãrhj iftri js nciejfs dhtcnjs i cs ìrrceiftcs ni cfthspce (pjr ixiepbj, rn
TpceCsscsshf) ju cfthvårus. j
hn
v
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i
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-
J ]jstx pjssuh ue pcrïeitrj wcrfZh`Zrikidt ixtrieceifti ûthb pcrc cvcbhcr j 1
bj
hepcdtj ni uec rilrc ni rikihìäj. Issi pcrïeitrj pirehti qui j bjl rilhstri c eif - u
åt
p
sclie qui sirhc rikihtcnc. Nissi ejnj, pjni-si cvcbhcr j hepcdtj ni nitirehfcnc c
D
rilrc sie nisdcrtcr eifsclifs.
3?4
C btrclie hnicb fäj è cthflhnc ie ue prheihrj ejeiftj, nivifnj sir hepbieiftcnc i
tistcnc cjs pjudjs;
q
3 Djbjdcr pjudcs ristrhìùis i tistã-bcs.
3 Djbjdcr ie usj sjeifti cpôs cvcbhcr j hepcdtj.
3 ]crïeitrj wcrfZh`Zrikidt pcrc tistcr ristrhìùis.
Josirvcìäj hepjr tcfti; c btrclie hnicb fäj è cthflhnc ie ue prheihrj ejeiftj7 pjr hssj,
nivi sir hepbieiftcnc i tistcnc cjs pjudjs. Niviejs djbjdcr pjudcs ris trhìùis, tistã-bcs
i sjeifti nipjhs djbjdã-bcs iìthvceifti ie usj.
È fidissãrhj chfnc djfshnircr c quistäj njs `cbsjs pjshthvjs i filcthvjs. Fj pr heihrj
pjniejs rikihtcr i-echbs qui c prhfdåphj fäj nivirhce is tcr sifnj rikihtcnjs, i fj silufnj
dcsj jdjrri j hfvirsj.
Echb lctiwcy
^ceoèe nifjehfcnj secrtajst. q
3 Tirvhnjr ni eifsclifs qui djfidtc nucs rinis nhsthftcs.
3 Ni ue bcnj, ridioi j trãìlj ni eifsclifs nc hftirfit i, nj jutrj, ripcssc cs eif -
sclifs pcrc j sirv hnjr ni i-echb virncnihrj.
3 ]rjtili j sirvhnjr t cftj ni djfixùis qucftj ni djftiûnjs ecbhdhjs js.
Ye echb lctiwcy tceoèe nifjehfcnj secrtajst è ue sirvhnjr qui djfidt c nucs rinis
nhsthftcs. Ni ue bcnj, ridioi j trãìlj ni eifsclifs nc hftirfit7 nj jutrj, ripcssc cs
eifsclifs pcrc j sirvhnjr ni i-echb virncnihrj. Nissi ejnj, prjtili j sirv hnjr tcftj ni
djfixùis qucftj ni djftiûnjs ecbhdhjsjs.
]crc quie istã fc rini ixtirfc, j echb lctiwcy cpcridi djej j nisthfctãrhj fcb ncs eif -
sclifs, kã qui è ibi qui djfstc fjs rilhstrjs NFT. Bjlj, tjnj j trãìlj ni eifsclifs qui NFT
iftrc fc rini pcssc pjr issi sirvhnjr. (Thstiec ni Fjeis ni
Njeåfhjs, fc shlbc ie
]jr jutrj bcnj, pcrc c rini hftirfc j echb lctiwcy cpcridi djej lctiwcy pcrc tjncs cs hflbës) è ue shstiec
eifsclifs qui scie nc rini. Djflurcfnj iftäj j echb lctiwcy pcrc ripcsscr sjeifti ni lirifdhceiftj ni
fjeis ahirãrquhdj i
eifsclifs jrhlhfcncs nj sirvhnjr ni i -echb, cbhcnj c ue riwcbb qui objquihi qucbquir nhstrhouånj dje nucs
trãìlj TE^] schfnj nc rini (ixditj pibj echb lctiwcy), tiejs ue djftrjbi nj trãìlj ni`hfhìùis; ixcehfcr i
TE^] ni iftrcnc i scånc hepinhfnj j sirvhnjr ni i-echb ni ridioir nhritceifti ue ctcqui ctucbhzcr siu ocfdj ni
t ncnjs i risjbvir fjeis
i jrhufnj nc hftirfit. ]crc hssj säj fidissãrhcs pirehssùis pcrc;
f ni njeåfhjs ie ifni -
r
i
t riìjs ni rini (H]).
Hf
r
c 3 Tirvhnjr hftirfj uthbhzcr echb lctiwcy djej ribcy7
c
j
p
s 3 Istcoibidir js njeåfhjs qui `cräj ribcy pcrc c rini hftirfc7
hì
v
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3 Istcoibidir j ajst pcrc j qucb siräj ìhtjs js ribcys7
T
;
3 Nifhr nisthfctãrhjs pcrc js quchs sirã ìhtj ribcy.
q
x
u
hf
B
s ]crc siu ùfdhjfceiftj, niviejs;
c
e
ti Djflurcr sirvhnjr hftirfj pcrc uthbhzcr lctiwcy djej ribcy.
s
h
T
3
n
i 3 Istcoibidir js njeåfhjs qui `cräj ribcy pcrc c rini hftirfc.
j
ä
ì
c
rt
3 Istcoibidir j ajst pcrc j qucb siräj ìhtjs js ribcys.
f
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3 Ctucbhzcr i lircr ue ecpc hfnixcnj.
e
n
C
3?>
]crc siu ùfdhjfceiftj, è pridhsj; q
3 Nifhr nisthfctãrhjs pcrc js quchs sirã ìhtj ribcy.
3 _idcrrilcr djflurcìùis nj ]jstx.
3. Djflurcr sirvhnjr hftirfj pcrc uthbhzcr lctiwcy djej ribcy.

Nivi-si cnhdhjfcr fj echb lctiwcy c bhstc ni sirvhnjris pcrc j qucb siräj ifdcehfacncs
cs eifsclifs qui scie. Inhtcr j crquhvj echf.d`, hfdbuhfnj js ifniriìjs pirehthnjs.
eyfitwjrgs 5 3?<.=.=.=/1 3<?.?9.=.=/?>
?. Istcoibidir js njeåfhjs q ui siräj ìhtjs ni ribcy pcrc c rini hft irfc.

Djflurcr j echb lctiwcy pcrc cdihtcr eifsclifs nc rini ixtirfc pcrc j sirvhnjr hftirfj.
ribcyZnjechfs 5 ixiepbj.dje
4. Istcoibidir j ajst pcrc j qucb siräj ìhtjs js ribcys.

Djflurcr j echb lctiwcy hf`jrecfnj pcrc qucb sirv hnjr fc rini hftirfc nivie sir
ifdcehfacncs cs eifsclifs. Inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/pjs tx /trcfspjrt ;
ixiepbj.dje setp;Wechb.sirvhnjr.ixiepbj.djeU
Cpôs c drhcìäj nissi crquhvj, nivi sir lircnj ue ecpc hfnixcnj dje j djecfnj
pjstecp;
# pjstecp acsa;/itd/pjst`hx/trcfspjrt
Nifhr j pcrïeitrj trcfspjrtZecps , fj crquhvj echf.d` , ckustcfnj c djflurcìäj;
trcfspjrtZecps 5 acsa;/itd/pjst`hx/trcfspjrt
>. Nifhr nisthfctãrhjs pcrc j s quchs sirã ìhtj ribcy.

Ie lircb ue lctiwcy ripcssc pcrc j sirvhnjr hftirfj tunj j qui ridioi, hfdbushvi
spces, vårus i eifsclifs pcrc usuãrhjs fäj ixhstiftis. ]crc ivhtcr issi iìhtj, nivi
sir hfdbuånj ue ecpc ni usuãrhjs vãbhnjs. Drhcr j crquhvj /itd/pjst x/r ibcyZ ridhphift s i
hfsirhr js rilhstrjs;
usucrhj3Mixiepbj.dje JG
usucrhj?Mixiepbj.dje JG
Cpôs c drhcìäj nissi crquhvj, nivi sir lircnj ue ecpc hfnixcnj dje j djecfnj
)
pjstecp ; ?
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# pjstecp acsa;/itd/pjst`hx/ribcyZridhphifts p
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9. _idcrrilcr djflurcìùis nj ]jstx; rþ
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# /itd/hfht.n/pjst`hx ribjcn ju sirvhdi pjst`hx ribjcn ri
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3?9
TE^] cutifthdcn j
]irehthr j ifvhj ni eifsclifs sie cutifthdcìäj nj dbhifti pjni ` cdhbhtcr j ifvhj ni
spce ju j cousj pjr pcrti ni spceeirs.
q
Ixhstie nhìriftis eidcfhsejs ni cutifthdcìäj, fj eåfhej nivie sir supjr tcnjs
]BCHF, BJLHF i D_CE-EN9
3 _isirvcr c pjrtc ?9/ ^D] pcrc djeufhdcìäj iftri E^Cs
3 Yscr pjrtc 91</^D] pcrc ifvhj ni eifsclifs
3 _@D>89>
Fjrecbeifti, j prjtjdjbj TE^] trcocbac sie uthbhzcr cutifthdcìäj i fäj nhìrifdhc si c

djfixäj istã sifnj ìhtc pjr ue dbhifti ju pjr jutrj E^C. C `cbtc ni cutifthdcìäj pjr pcrti
ni ue dbhifti cj uthbhzcr j E^C pcrc j ifvhj ni eifsclifs pjni `cdhbhtcr j ifvhj ni spce ju
j cousj pjr pcrti ni spceeirs.
]crc ivhtcr issi thpj ni cousj, uec ncs einhncs è ixhlhr qui qucbquir dbhifti, hfnipifnif-
tieifti nj ifniriìj H] ni jrhlie, cprisifti drinifdhchs ni cdjrnj dje c _@D >89>, c fäj
sir qui j nisthfj nc eifsclie sikc bjdcb.
]rcthdceifti tjnjs js E^Cs pjssuie ridursjs ni cutifthdcìäj, sikce fcthvjs ju pjr eihj
ni pctdais. Aã nhìrifìcs iftri js eidcfhsejs supjrt cnjs pibjs vãrhjs E^Cs i EYCs, ecs
fj eåfhej nivie sir supjrtcnjs ]BCHF, BJLHF i D_CE -EN9. Js njhs prheihrjs säj djf -
shnircnjs hfsilurjs, pjhs cs drinifdhchs pcssce pibc rini ie tixtj dbcrj, j qui pjni sir
risjbvhnj uscfnj TE^] ie dcfcb silurj, pibc pjrtc >09/ ^D].
Yec djflurcìäj qui è ocstcfti iìthvc djftrc cousjs djfshsti ie risirvcr c pjrtc ?9/^D]
sjeifti pcrc trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri E^Cs i uscr c pjrtc 91</^D] pcrc eifsclifs
ifvhcncs pjr ue dbhifti pcrc j siu E^C. Djstuec -si uscr j tirej ETC (Echb Tuoehsshjf
Clift) pcrc j E^C djflurcnj pcrc rispjfnir pibc p jrtc 91</^D].
]crc j usj nc pjrtc ni suoehssäj, jfni c cutifthdcìäj è jorhlctôrhc, è fidissãrhj qui tjnjs
js EYCs njs dbhiftis ridjflurcnjs pcrc j usj nc fjvc pjrtc i `jrfidheiftj ni drinifdhchs.
Echs hf`jrecìùis sjori c cnjìäj nj pcnräj ni Eisscli Tuoehsshjf i c nhìrifdhcìäj

iftri js sirv hìjs ni suoehssäj i ni trjdc ni eifsclifs pjnie sir ifdjftrcncs fc siìäj
Lirëfdhc ni ]jrtc ?9.
t
i
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i
t
Tirvhnjris sidufnãrhjs
Hf
c
r
c È ocstcfti djeue uec rini pjssuhr njhs (ju echs) sirvhnjris ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj nis-
p
s thfcnjs í ridipìäj ni eifsclifs; ue prhfdhpcb, rispjfsãvib pjr iftrilcr cs eifsclifs
j
hì
v pcrc cs dchxcs pjstchs njs nisthfctãrhjs i ju trjs sidufnãrhjs qui fäj `czie iftrilc ni
r
i
T
;
x eifsclifs nhritceifti cjs nisthfctãrhjs. Dcsj j sir vhnjr prhfdhpcb qui hepjsshohbhtcnj
u
hf ni ridioir eifsclifs, js sidufnãrhjs cs ridioie i cs ifbihrce, pcrc ritrcfsehth-bcs cj
B
s
c prhfdhpcb qucfnj issi isthvir ristcoibidhnj.
e
ti
s
h
T ]crc ivhtcr qui sir vhnjris sidufnãrhjs sikce couscnjs pjr spceeirs, cblufs duhncnjs
i
n
j nivie sir tjecnjs cj djflurã-bjs;
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
3 ^jncs cs einhncs cfthspce cnjtcncs fj sirvhnjr prhfdhpcb, djej T]@, lriybhsthfl itd.,
f h
e nivie, fc einhnc nj pjssåvib, sir hepbieiftcncs fj sirvhnjr sidufnãrhj tceoèe, ni
n
C ejnj qui j spce sikc ocrrcnj hlucbeifti ie qucbquir ue nibis7
3?0
3 J sirv hnjr sidufnãrhj nivi scoir pcrc quchs njeåfhjs ibi pjni `czir ribcy. Issi sirv hnjr
fäj nivi sir djflurcnj djej ‒fubb ribcy dbhifti―, pcrc ivhtcr qui suc djeohfcìäj dje j
sirvhnjr prhfdhpcb `jrei ue ribcy coirtj ni silufnj fåvib7
3 J sirvhnjr pr hfdhpcb nivi cssuehr qui j sirvhnjr sidufnãrhj è djfãvib, i fäj `czir
tistis ni T]@ fie djbjdcr ie lriy bhsthfl eifsclifs qui viface nibi. ]jhs si ibi `jh
djrritceifti djflurcnj, isscs virhdcìùis kã `jrce ìhtcs. Dcsj sikc uthbhzcnj T]@,
pjniejs hepbieiftcr T_T fj sirvhnjr sidufnãrhj.
Ifniriìjs ispidhchs
C _@D ?3>? (Echbojx Fceis `jr Djeejf Tirvhdis, _jbis cfn @ufdthjfs) privë ue djf -
kuftj ni ifniriìjs ispidhchs, qui nivie sir djflurcnjs djej cbhcsis pcrc js i -echbs nj
pissjcb rispjfsãvib pibcs ãrics ispidådcs.
Issis ifniriìjs nivie istcr djrritceifti djflurcnjs, ni cdjrnj dje j nisdrhtj fc

sissäj sjori i-echbs ispidhchs i ncnjs ni \AJHT.
Tirvhnjr ni i-echb djrpjrcthvj

Yec sjbuìäj djepbitc ni i-echb djrpjrcthvj nivi djfshnircr uec sèrhi ni ojcs prã-
thdcs, djftifnj;
q
3 ]jstx.
3 Dyrus TCTB i Njvidjt TCTB.
3 Djurhir Echbnrjp.
3 Djurhir Hecp.
3 JpifBNC].
Js htifs cojrncnjs ctè pirehtie c ejftclie ni sir vhnjris ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj qui
ctifnie c uec cepbc lcec ni rinis, qui väj ni cbluecs nizifcs ctè vãrhcs diftifcs ni
usuãrhjs. ]crc ceohiftis ie qui nivie sir supjrtcnjs ehbacris ni usuãrhjs i pcrc fs ni
`cdhbhtcr c cnehfhstrcìäj, ridjeifnc-si uec cojrnclie ue pjudj nhìrifti. Fissc cojr -
nclie è prjpjstc j usj ni cbluecs ìrrceiftcs cssjdhcncs cj ]jstx; Dyrus TCTB, Djurhir
Echbnrjp, Djurhir Hecp i JpifBNC].
Tiräj cojrncnjs fisti dursj js djfdihtjs i c cpbhdcohbhncni nissc uthbhzcìäj, qui ie djf-
kuftj dje js cssuftjs njs jutrjs dcpåtubjs `jrfidiräj suosånhjs pcrc qui js cbufjs pjssce
pjstirhjreifti i pjr djftc prôprhc hepbieiftcr sucs prôprhcs sjbuìùis.
)
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3?<
Cutifthdc i _idioi i
ifvhc i-echb Dbhifti lirifdhc i-echb
Pcbhnc nisthfctãrhjs
Cutifthdc
]jstffix i virhffidc ifniriìj JpifBNC] Djurhir
HEC]
nisthfctãrhjs
ni jrhlie
Ifvhc
pcrc BNC
Jotèe bjdcbhzcìäj ni
echbojx i pirehssùis
Djurhir
Echbnrjp Iftrilc pcrc Phrtucb Cdissc echbojx
echbojx i lirifdhc i-echb
@hlurc 1.3
Jotèe rilrc pcrc _ilrcs @hbtrj Tirvhnjr ni i-echb
fjvcs eifsclifs
djrpjrcthvj.
3 ]jstx; nibilc c cutifthdcìäj nj usuãrhj pcrc j sir vhnjr BNC] qucfnj js usuãrhjs
tiftce djfidtcr-si c ibi uthbhzcfnj TE^] CYÂ. Sucfnj uec eifsclie dailc, j ]jst x
djfsubtc chfnc j BNC] pcrc virhdcr js usuãrhjs bjdchs i cbhcsis. Cj ridioir c eifsclie,
j ]jstx iftrilc-c pcrc j Djurhir Echbnrjp, qui è j Bjdcb Nibhviry C lift (BNC)7
3 Djurhir Echbnrjp; rispjfsãvib pibc iftrilc bjdcb ncs eifsclifs, pirluftc cj B NC] pibc
bjdcbhzcìäj ncs dchxcs ni eifsclifs. ]jni virhdcr chfnc eifsclifs pjr eihj ni rilrcs
ni btrclie ni spce ocsicncs ie uec pcstc nifjehfcnc ‒ .spce― 7
3 Djurhir Hecp; uthbhzcnj pibj usuãrhj qui si djfidtc pcrc ridupircr sucs eifsclifs.
Cs drinifdhchs nj usuãrhj säj virhdcncs kuftj cj sir vhnjr BNC], qui chfnc hf`jrec jfni
bjdcbhzcr cs eifsclifs i js hnifthdcnjris ni usuãrhj (YHN) i ni l rupj (LHN), qui nivie
sir uthbhzcnjs.
J prjpôshtj ni uthbhzcìäj nj sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj JpifBNC] è ivhtcr c fidisshncni ni

drhcìäj ni djftc ni usuãrhj fj shstiec pcrc djftc ni i -echb. Ythbhzcfnj djftcs bjdchs ocsi -
cncs ie /itd/pcs swn, j Bhfux istã bhehtcnj c 09.940 usuãrhjs, j qui tie chfnc hepbhdcìùis
ni silurcfìc, pjhs fäj aã cssjdhcìäj iftri djftcs ni usuãrhj fj shstiec i djftcs ni i-echb.
t
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Hf
i
t Dyrus TCTB i Njvidjt TCTB
r
c
j
c
p
s
hì
Tupjrti c cutifthdcìäj ctrcvès nj Thepbi Cutaifthdcthjf cfn Tidurhty Bcyir (TC TB) q
v
r
C djflurcìäj nj TCTB pjni sir nhvhnhnc ie njhs pcssjs;
i
;
T
x
u
3 Djflurcr c hepbieiftcìäj TCTB pcrc jìridir js eidcfhsejs ni cutifthdcìäj
hf nisikcnjs
B
s
c
e
ti Djflurcr j ]jstx pcrc acohbhtcr c cutifthdcìäj ctrcvès nj TCTB.
s
h
T
3
Js sirvhnjris TE^] pridhsce nidhnhr si ue dbhifti TE^] istã cutjrhzcnj c ifvhcr i-echb
i
n
j pcrc nisthfjs riejtjs ju sjeifti pcrc js nisthfjs qui säj ni rispjfscohbhncni nj prôprhj
ä
ì
c
rt sirvhnjr. Lircbeifti, js sirvhnjris TE^] cdihtce i-echbs nhridhjfcnjs c nisthfjs riejtjs
sh
f h qucfnj j ifniriìj H] nj dbhifti istã ‒fc eisec rini― (rini bjdcb) nj ifniriìj H] nj sirvhnjr.
e
n
C Js dbhiftis TE^] qui istäj `jrc nc rini nj sirvhnjr TE^] pridhsce ni uec ecfihrc nhì -
rifti pcrc jotir js eisejs prhvhbèlhjs njs qui istäj rini bjdcb. ]crc risjbvir issi prjobiec,
3?1
j ]jstx supjrtc c cutifthdcìäj ctrcvès nj Thepbi Cutaifthdcthjf cfn Tidurhty Bcyir; TCTB
(_@D >89>). Ythbhzcfnj j TCTB, ue dbhifti TE^] pjni si cutifthdcr ie ue sirvhnjr TE^]
riejtj, bai djfìrhfnj js eisejs prhvhbèlhjs ni dbhiftis qui istäj fc rini bjdcb. J ]jstx
uthbhzc hepbieiftcìùis ixhstiftis nj TCTB pcrc djfìrhr j supjrti cj sirvhnjr TE^].
C djflurcìäj nc cutifthdcìäj TCTB fj sirvhnjr TE^] nj ]jstx ifvjbvi njhs pcssjs nhìriftis;
3 Djflurcr c hepbieiftcìäj TCTB pcrc jìridir uec bhstc ni eidcfhsejs cniqucnjs pcrc
c cutifthdcìäj i, nipifnifnj nc hepbieiftcìäj nj TCTB uthbhzcnc, djflurcr js ocdgifns
ni cutifthdcìäj qui virhdce js ncnjs ni cutifthdcìäj nj dbhifti TE^] riejtj7
3 Djflurcr j sirvhnjr TE^] nj ]jstx pcrc acohbhtcr c cutifthdcìäj ctrcvès nj TCTB.
Ctucbeifti j ]jstx supjrtc cs hepbieiftcìùis Dyrus TCTB i Njvidjt TCTB .
]crc djflurcr c djeufhdcìäj nj ]jstx dje j Njvidjt;
3 Hfstcbcr j pcdjti nj Njvidjt7

3 Inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/njvidjt/d jf`.n/3=-ecstir.djf`;
...
sirvhdi cuta {
...
ufhxZbhstifir /vcr/spjjb/pjst`hx/prhvcti/cuta {
ejni 5 =00=
usir 5 pjst`hx
lrjup 5 pjst`hx
}
...
}
...
3 Inhtcr j crquh vj /itd/njvidjt/djf`.n/3 =-ecstir.djf`

cutaZeidacfhses 5 pbchf bjlhf
3 Djflurcr j ]jstx p crc uthbhzcr c hepbieiftcìäj nj Njvidjt, inhtcfnj j crquhv j

echf.d` dje cs siluhftis vcrhãvihs;
#Acohbhtc c cutifthdcdcj vhc TCTB

setpnZscsbZcutaZifcobi 5 yis
#Ispidh`hdc c uthbhzcdcj nj pbulhf nj Njvidjt
)
?
setpnZscsbZtypi 5 njvidjt i
t
r
#Ni`hfh j bjdcb nj sjdgit c
p
(
j
setpnZscsbZpcta 5 prhvcti/cuta hd
f
#Acohbhtc c hftirjpircohbhncni dje js dbhiftis TE^] riejtjs qui hepbieiftce uec rþ
t
i b
virsäj josjbitc nj djecfnj CYÂ i
j h
orjgifZscsbZcutaZdbhifts 5 yis ri
r
j
d
#Fcj uthbhzcr eidcfhsejs qui pirehtie cutifthdcdcj cfjfhec i
rn
setpnZscsbZsidurhtyZjpthjfs 5 fjcfjfyejus j
hn
v
#Fcj uthbhzcr eidcfhsejs qui pirehtie cutifthdcdcj cfjfhec, eisej dje ^BT r
i
T
setpnZscsbZtbsZsidurhtyZjpthjfs 5 fjcfjfyejus -
1
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3?8
]crc djflurcr c cutifthdcìäj TCTB dje Dyrus fj ]jstx;
3 Hfstcbcr j pcdjti nj Dyrus7

3 Inhtcr j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nj TC TB dje j djftiûnj c siluhr;
? _in Act / DiftJT - /itd/scsb?/setpn.djf`
? Niohcf / Youftu Tirvir - /itd/pjst x/scsb?/setpn.djf`
pwdaidgZeitajn; scsbcutan
eidaZbhst; ]BCHF BJLHF
3 Acohbhtcr c virhdcìäj ni sifac ctrcvès nj sacnjws, inhtcfnj j crquhvj;

? _in Act / DiftJT - /itd/sysdjfl/scsbcutan
? Niohcf / Youftu Tirvir - /itd/ni`cubt/scsbcutan
EIDACFHTET5―sacnjw―
* J Dyrus TC TB cdihtc js siluhftis eidcfhsejs ni cutifthdcìäj; scsbno litpwift giroirjs9

pce rhecp sacnjw bncp
3 îstcr c cutifthdcìäj nj scsbcutan;

tistscsbcutan -u usirfcei -p pcsswjrn
3 Djflurcr j ]jstx p crc uthbhzcr c hepbieiftcìäj nj Dyrus, inhtcfnj j crquhvj echf.d`

dje cs siluhftis vcrhãvihs;
#Acohbhtc c cutifthdcdcj vhc TCTB
setpnZscsbZcutaZifcobi 5 yis
#Ispidh`hdc c uthbhzcdcj nj pbulhf nj Dyrus
setpnZscsbZtypi 5 njvidjt
#Acohbhtc c hftirjpircohbhncni dje js dbhiftis TE^] riejtjs qui hepbieiftce uec
virsäj josjbitc nj djecfnj CYÂ
orjgifZscsbZcutaZdbhifts 5 yis
#Fcj uthbhzcr eidcfhsejs qui pirehtie cutifthdcdcj cfjfhec
setpnZscsbZsidurhtyZjpthjfs 5 fjcfjfyejus
#Fcj uthbhzcr eidcfhsejs qui pirehtie cutifthdcdcj cfjfhec, eisej dje ^BT
setpnZscsbZtbsZsidurhtyZjpthjfs 5 fjcfjfyejus
t
i
]crc virhdcr si j sirvhnjr TE^] nj ]jstx istã jìridifnj supjrti í cutifthdcìäj TCTB,
f
r istcoibidir uec djfixäj uthbhzcfnj j tibfit;
i
t
Hf
c
r # tibfit bjdcbajst ?9
c
p
s
j
hì
v
I ixidutcr j djecfnj iabj pcrc virhdcr js sirvhìjs jìridhnjs pibj sirvhnjr;
r
i
T
; iabj bjdcbajst
x
u
hf
B
s Fc bhstc, nivi djfstcr uec bhfac dje ‒?9=-CYÂ ]B CHF BJLHF―.
c
e
ti Dje c djflurcìäj djrritc, j dbhifti djfsilui si cutifthdcr. Cpôs c cutifthdcìäj nj uthbh -
s
h
T
i zcfnj j TCTB, j sir vhnjr TE^] nj ]jst x pjni nidhnhr j qui j dbhifti TE^] riejtj pjssuh
n
j
ä
ì cutjrhzcìäj pcrc `czir, djej pjr ixiepbj ifvhcr ue i-echb pcrc ue nisthfctãrhj riejtj.
c
rt
sh
Issc pirehssäj fäj istã acohbhtcnc pjr pcnräj.
f h
e
n
C
34=
Djflurcfnj j btrj pirehtZscsbZcutaifthdctin fc ristrhìäj setpnZridhphiftZristrhdthjfs,
fj crquhvj echf.d` , pirehti qui js dbhiftis TE^] cutifthdcnjs vhc TCTB ifvhie i-echbs pcrc
nisthfctãrhjs riejtjs. Ixiepbj;
...
setpnZridhphiftZristrhdthjfs 5
pirehtZeyfitwjrgs,
pirehtZscsbZcutaifthdctin,
rikidtZufcutaZnisthfcthjf,
...jutrcs rilrcs…
...
Djurhir Echbnrjp
3 Clifti bjdcb pcrc c iftrilc ni eifsclifs. q
3 _idioi eifsclifs nj ]jstx i cs cr eczifc ie dchxcs ni eifsclifs fj `jrectj
echbnhr.
3 ]jni chfnc cpbhdcr btrjs fcs eifsclifs.
Djurhir Echbnrjp è ue clifti bjdcb pcrc c iftrilc ni eifsclifs qui ridioi eifsclifs
ni ue clifti ni trcfspjrti (]jst x) i creczifc-cs ie dchxcs ni eifsclifs fj `jrectj
echbnhr. ]jni chfnc cpbhdcr btrjs fcs eifsclifs.
Ye ridursj cnhdhjfcb hftirisscfti è j usj djfkuftj dje djtcs ie nhritôrhjs, uec viz qui
fissi `jrectj cs eifsclifs ni dcnc usuãrhj dce ie nhritôrhjs sipcrcnjs.
C hfstcbcìäj nj Djurhir Echbnrjp ixhli c drhcìäj ni usuãrhj i lrup j ispidådjs;
# usircnn -u 3==4 vechb
# lrjupcnn -l 3==4 vechb

]crc iìtucr c hfstcbcìäj, uthbhzi cs siluhftis jpìùis qucfnj `jr djfstruå-bj;
#./djf`hluri --ifcobi-ristrhdt-trustin53 --ifcobi-trustin-usirs5‑rjjt vechb‘

--ifcobi-trustin-lrjups5‑rjjt vechb‘ --ifcobi-echbnhrqujtc --ifcobi-trcsaqujtc
--ifcobi-echbnrjpbncp
Cpôs issc itcpc, ixiduti js djecfnjs ecgi hfstcbb-strhp i hfstcbb-ecf pcrc hfstcbcr js ohfã-
rhjs i j ecfucb. Iìtui chfnc js siluhftis ckustis ni pirehssäj ie rczäj nj nciejf phpi
nj ]jstx (qui fäj ixidutc djej rjjt); )
?
i
t
r
# daejn <9= /usr/bjdcb/ohf/echbnrjp c
p
(
# daejn u+s /usr/bjdcb/ohf/echbnrjp j
hd
f
# dajwf rjjt;vechb /usr/bjdcb/ohf/echbnrjp rþ
t
i b
i
j h
Djurhir Hecp ri
r
j
d
i
Jìridi js sirvhìjs; rn
3 ]J].
3 ]J]-TTB.
q hn
-
j
v
r
i
T
1
3 HEC]. bj
u
åt
3 HEC]-TTB. p
c
D
Tupjrtc j `jrectj echbnhr.
343
Djurhir Hecp supjrtc j `jrectj echbnhr i jìridi js sirvhìjs ]J], ]J]-TTB, HEC] i
HEC]-TTB pcrc js dbhiftis qui c ibi si djfidtce pcrc ecfhpubcìäj ncs eifsclifs.
]crc c hfstcbcìäj, uthbhzi cs siluhftis jpìùis qucfnj `jr djfstruå-bj;
#./djf`hluri --ifcobi-wjrgcrjufns-`jr-hecp-dbhift-ouls --ifcobi-ufhdjni --whtajut-

cutaplsqb --whtajut-sjdgs --whta-rinact ecgi
J pcrïeitrj --whta-rinact nivi sir uthbhzcnj sjeifti ie nhst rhouhìùis ocsicncs ie _in
Act. Ie siluhnc, ixiduti js djecfnjs ecgi hfstcbb i hfstcbb-djfluri .
È fidissãrhc chfnc c drhcìäj njs dirthdcnjs pcrc cutifthdcìäj, qui pjni sir ìhtc ecfucb-
eifti ju pjr eihj nj uthbhtãrhjeghecpndirt, ixidutcnj cutjecthdceifti cj hfhdhcr jhecpn-ssb.
_idjeifncìùis ni tufhfl
3 Ckustis oãshdjs. q
3 Hnifthdcìäj ni lcrlcbjs.
3 Ckustis pcrc cbtj vjbuei ni trãìlj.
J ]jstx è rãphnj, i issc è uec ni sucs prhfdhpchs dcrcdtiråst hdcs. ^jncvhc, djej euhtj s
jutrjs prjlrcecs, pjni tir siu nisiepifaj cueiftcnj dje cblufs ckustis. C bèe nhssj,
cbluecs shtucìùis, djej bhehtcìùis ni acrnwcri, sj`twcri ju ut ucìùis orusdcs (djej ue
phdj fj vjbuei ni spce) pjnie cìtcr suc pir`jr ecfdi.
Iftri js ckustis oãshdjs, cblufs htifs siepri eiridie sir virhdcnjs pcrc echjr lcrcfthc
ni cusëfdhc ni prjobiecs hfispircnjs. ]jniejs dhtcr; ckustis ie djfsubtcs NFT7 virhdcr
si j sirv hnjr istã ctucfnj djej ribcy, riduscfnj eifsclifs pcrc usuãrhjs hfixhstiftis,
objquicfnj eifsclifs jrhufncs ni rinis nc bhstc filrc ju rinuzhfnj c `riquëfdhc ni
ritrcfsehssùis.
Lcrlcbjs cìtce j nisiepifaj nj shstiec, iviftucbeifti sjoridcrrilcfnj j sir vhnjr

i dcuscfnj fjs usuãrhjs c pirdipìäj nc jdjrrëfdhc ni prjobiecs. Cj dailcr cj sir vhnjr,
nurcfti siu prjdissceiftj, uec eifsclie è ejvhnc ni uec bc pcrc jutrc. C s bcs säj;
3 Hfdjehfl; tjncs cs eifsclifs qui iftr ce säj djbjdcncs fissc bc pibj nciejf dbicf , i
qucfnj dce prjftcs, j qelr è fjthdcnj7
3 Niìrrin; eifsclifs qui kã `jrce ifvhcncs c cblufs nisthfctãrhjs, ecs dje `cbac pcrc
t ue ju echs nisthfctãrhjs, clucrnce fissc bc pjr fjvc vcrrinurc nj qelr 7
i
f
r
Hf
i
t 3 cdthvi; eifsclifs fissc bc istäj prjftcs pcrc ifv hj, ecs chfnc fäj `jrce ifvhcncs7
c
r
c
p
3 echbnrjp; clucrnce fissc bc eifsclifs ifv hcncs pibj djecfnj sifnechb i qui chfnc
s
j
hì
fäj `jrce ifvhcncs pcrc cs bcs nj ]jstx pibj nciejf phdgup .
v
r
i ]crc cbtj vjbuei ni trãìlj, djfshniri uthbhzcr ue sirvhnjr ie sipcrcnj pcrc eifsclifs
T
;
x
u qui dailce. Tipcri chfnc, si `jr j dcsj, c eãquhfc qui iìt uc btrclie ni vårus, niscohbh -
hf
B
s tcfnj fissc eãquhfc djfsubtcs NFT, uec viz qui ibc ifdcehfacrã cs eifsclifs siepri
c
e
ti pcrc ue eisej nisthfj.
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
34?
Ckustis ie djfsubtcs NFT
NFT nivi istcr ` ufdhjfcfnj cniqucnceifti. q
3 Iìtucr tisti dje j djecfnj nhl.
Pirhdcr;
3 Crquhvj risjbv.djf`.
3 Tcturcìäj ni trãìlj fc rini.
3 Djflurcìùis nj riwcbb.
? Nhspjfhohbhzcìäj ni ue sirvhnjr dcdai NFT.
Sucfnj j shstiec pjssuh cbtj vjbuei ni trãìlj, è hepjrtcfti qui j NFT istikc djflurcnj
cniqucnceifti, sjoritunj si c virhdcìäj ni jrhlie ctrcvès nj @ubby Sucbhin Njechf
Fcei (@SNF) istã sifnj iìtucnc.
Ythbhzi j djecfnj nhl pcrc iìtucr uec djfsubtc NFT. _idjeifnc-si iìt ucr issi tisti
nucs vizis virhdcfnj j tiepj ni rispjstc fc prheihrc i silufnc djfsubtcs. Js vcbjris
jothnjs vcrhce ni rini pcrc rini7 fj iftcftj, fj prheihrj tisti j vcbjr nivirã sir supirhjr
c 3== es, ifqucftj qui ie uec silufnc djfsubtc nivirã dcr pjr vjbtc ni 3= ju ?= es,
hfnhdcfnj qui j sirvhnjr NFT istã iìtucfnj dcdai djrritceifti. ]irshsthfnj js prj -
obiecs, virhqui;
3 Cs djflurcìùis nj crquhvj risjbv.djf`, prhfdhpcbeifti js sirvhnjris hfnhdcnjs fc nhri-

thvc fceisirvirs 7
3 ]rjobiecs ni trãìlj fc rini7 dcsj c rini istikc scturcnc, vir hqui c pjsshohbhncni ni
jthehzcr j usj nc ocfnc, ju eisej prhjrhzcr j trãìlj njs sirvhnjris NFT7
3 Djflurcìùis nj riwcbb7
3 Nhspjfhohbhzcìäj ni ue sirvhnjr dcdai NFT dcsj j sirvhnjr NFT istikc sjoridcrrilcnj

ju fäj istikc fj eisej sileiftj ni rini nj sir vhnjr ni i-echb i si quihrc cbhvhcr j
trãìlj fc rini i eibajrcr j tiepj ni rispjst c.
Pirhdcr si j sirv hnjr istã ctucfnj djej ribcy. q

3 Dcrlc nisfidissãrhc fj sirvhnjr i fc rini.
3 Tirvhnjr cdcocrã hfdbuånj ie bhstcs filrcs.
]irehtc j ifvhj ni eifsclifs sjeifti ni dbhiftis;
3 Bhstcnjs fj pcrïeitrj eyfitwjrgs . )
?
i
t
r
3 Cutifthdcnjs vhc TE^ ]. c
p
(
j
3 Cutifthdcnjs dje dirthdcnjs ^BT. f
hd
rþ
t
i b
Pirhqui si j sirvhnjr fäj istã ctucfnj djej ue ribcy coirtj. Nihxcr j sirvhnjr iìtucfnj i
j h
ribcy ni qucbquir jrhlie è ixtrieceifti prikunhdhcb, pjhs cbèe ni suoeitir j sir vhnjr ri
r
j
ni i-echb c uec dcrlc nisfidissãrhc, issc cthtuni `crã dje qui j sir vhnjr cdcoi sifnj d
i
hfdbuånj ie bhstcs filrcs (obcdg bhsts), `czifnj dje qui cs eifsclifs bilåthecs nc rini rn
j
hn
sikce riduscncs pjr euhtjs nisthfjs. v
r
i
T
-
]irehtc sjeifti j ifvhj ni eifsclifs ni dbhiftis bhstcnjs fj pcrïeitrj eyfitwjrgs fj 1
bj
crquhvj ni djflurcìäj7 ni dbhiftis cutifthdcnjs vhc TE^] i ni dbhiftis qui si cutifthquie u
åt
p
uthbhzcfnj dirthdcnjs ^BT. c
D
344
_iduscfnj eifsclifs pcrc usuãrhjs hfixhstiftis. q
3 Tirvhnjr nivi riduscr eifsclifs pcrc usuãrhjs hfixhstiftis.
? Dcsj cdihti, ifvhcrã eifsclifs dje fjthdcìùis ni fäj iftrilc ni eifsclifs,
dcuscfnj cdûeubj ni eifsclifs fc bc ni scånc.
3 Djfluri js pcrïeitrjs;
? bjdcbZridhphiftZecps
? ribcyZridhphiftZecps
Djfluri j sirv hnjr pcrc riduscr eifsclifs ni usuãrhjs hfixhstiftis. Dcsj j ]jst x cdihti
issi thpj ni eifsclie, j shstiec cdcocrã ifvhcfnj eifsclifs dje fjthdcìùis ni fäj
iftrilc ni eifsclifs (ufnibhvircobi eissclis), dcuscfnj cdûeubj ni eifsclifs fc bc

ni scånc. Cbèe nhssj, isscs eifsclifs jdupcräj lrcfni ispcìj fj shstiec.
Jutrc quistäj surli qucfnj j sir vhnjr istã ctucfnj djej ribcy7 fissi dcsj, j sirvhnjr
ni nisthfj cdcocrã ifvhcfnj ni vjbtc eifsclifs (ojufdi) fäj iftriluis, uthbhzcfnj j
_iturf-]cta nj dcoiìcbaj. ]crc issis ckustis, djfluri js pcrïeitrjs bjdcbZridhphiftZecps
i ribcyZridhphiftZecps (dcsj j sirvhnjr istikc ctucfnj djej ribcy pcrc jutrj sirvhnjr fc
rini hftirfc).
Dcsj j sirv hnjr istikc ridioifnj euhtcs eifsclifs ni vjbtc (ojufdi), i hssj is tikc si
tjrfcfnj ue prjobiec, virhqui fc hftirfit c bhstc ni sir vhnjris qui fäj cdihtce sucs
eifsclifs ni vjbtc. Dcsj j sirvhnjr istikc fissc bhstc, hfdbuc-j ie suc bhstc filrc, j qui
pjni sir ìhtj cutjecthdceifti dje j pcrïeitrj;
daidgZrasobZsifnir nsf.r`d-hlfjrcft.jrl
Objquicfnj eifsclifs jrhufncs ni rinis nc bhstc filrc. q

3 Ixhstie ctucbeifti vãrhjs thpjs ni bhstcs filrcs, hfdbushvi ni NFT.
? C uthbhzcìäj ni bhstcs rinuz c dcrlc ni spce fj sir vhnjr.
_inuzhfnj c `riquëfdhc ni ritrcfsehssùis.
3 Sucfnj aã lrcfni fûeirj ni eifsclifs fäj iftriluis fc prheihrc tiftcthvc;
? Yscr ue ribcy pcrc `cbbocdg.
? Cueiftcr j tiepj iftri cs tiftcth vcs.
t
i Ixhstie ctucbeifti vãrhjs thpjs ni bhstcs filrcs, hfdbushvi ni NFT, qui bhstce ifniriìjs H],
f
r
i
t
Hf
`chxcs ni ifniriìjs H] ju eisej njeåfhjs.
c
r
c
p Isscs bhstcs djftëe pjudjs `cbsjs pjshthvjs ie rczäj njs drhtèr hjs uthbhzcnjs pcrc hfdbusäj.
s
j
hì
v
C uthbhzcìäj nisscs bhstcs `crã dje qui j sir vhnjr ridioc dcrlc eifjr ni spce.
r
i
T
;
x Jutrc quistäj surli qucfnj j sirvhnjr tie l rcfni fûeirj ni eifsclifs qui fäj säj
u
hf iftriluis fc prheihrc tiftcthvc. I xhstie nucs cbtirfcthvcs;
B
s
c
e
ti Yscr ue ribcy pcrc `cbbocdg7 nibilc tiftcthvcs ecbsudinhncs c jutrj sirvhnjr, qui si
s
h
T
3 ifdcrrilc nissi thpj ni eifsclie7
i
n
j
ä
ì
3 Cueiftcr j tiepj iftri cs tiftcth vcs pibj pcrïeitrj ecxhecbZocdgjZthei pcrc nheh-
c
rt fuhr c `riquëfdhc dje qui uec eisec eifsclie iftrc fjvceifti fc bc ni scånc. @cz
sh
f h dje qui tiftcthvcs ni ifvhj ni eifsclifs c sirvhnjris qui is tikce `jrc nj cr sikce
e
n
C ìhtcs ie hftirvcbjs echjris.
34>
Lcrlcbjs fc hfdjehfl quiui
Bifthnäj ie djfsubtcs i xtirfcs. Ixiepbj; BNC]. q
Cs eifsclifs qui dailce säj djbjdcncs fissc bc pibj dbicfup dje pirehssäj =0== ctè
qui istikce djepbitcs i prjftcs pcrc prjdissceiftj, qucfnj suc pirehssäj è cbtircnc
pcrc =<==. Ie djfnhìùis fjrechs c bc hfdjehfl qucsi fäj pjssuh eifsclifs =0==. Dcsj
jdjrrce phdjs ni ridioheiftj ni eifsclifs cftirhjr nc dcpcdhncni nj qelr, issc bc pjni
drisdir djfshnircvibeifti. Fissi dcsj, j qui pjni istcr ritcrncfnj j qelr è j sirvhìj
trhvhcb-riwrhti , sjoritunj pjr bifthnäj fcs djfsubtcs BNC] ju T SB.
Ivhti qui uec qucfthncni ixdisshvc ni eifsclifs sikc iftrilui vhc phdgup . Dcsj
fidissãrhj, uthbhzi jpìùis cbtirfcthvcs ni hfkiìäj ni eifsclifs pjr eihj ni prj-
lrcecs djej ehfhZsifnechb .
Lcrlcbjs fc echbnrjp quiui

_itcrnj nidjrrifti ni ixdissj ni eifsclifs ju ni djfsuej ixdisshvj ni D]Y nivhnj
ís virhdcìùis nj phdgup .
q
Eifsclifs ifvhcncs pibj djecfnj sifnechb i chfnc fäj djbitcncs pibj nciejf phdgup
pirecfidie fc bc echbnrjp . Eifsclifs ifvhcncs pibj djecfnj sifnechb eisej dje j
]jstx `jrc ni ixiduìäj väj pcrc issc bc. J phdgup pirhjnhdceifti virhdc issc bc ju
ricbhzc c virhdcìäj qucfnj è fjthdcnj nc dailcnc ni fjvcs eifsclifs pibj pjstnrjp .
Ixidutcfnj ie uec ûfhdc taricn, prjdissc sjeifti uec eifsclie pjr viz, virh dcfnj
dcoiìcbaj, djrpj i jutrcs hf`jrecìùis, niecfncfnj euhtj prjdissceiftj ni iftrcnc i
scånc ni nhsdj. _itcrnjs dcuscnjs fissc bc säj nidjrriftis ni ixdissj ni eifsclifs ju
djfsuej ixdisshvj ni D]Y nivhnj ís virhdcìùis nj phdgup .

Djfvèe josirvcr qui qucfnj c bc cdthvi isthvir daihc, j dbicfup nhehfuh c hfkiìäj ni eif-
sclifs. C bc cdthvi pjssuh bhehti ni ?= ehb eifsclifs.
Lcrlcbjs fc niìrrin quiui

Acvifnj lrcfni vjbuei ni eifsclifs fissc bc, pjniejs tiftcr ckustcr nhehfuhfnj j
tiepj eåfhej i cueiftcfnj j tiepj eãxhej ncs eifsclifs, clhbhzcfnj j ifvhj ni eif-
q
sclifs dje pjudj tiepj fc bc, sie prjvjdcr euhtcs tiftcthvcs pcrc tjncs cs eifsclifs.
)
?
Sucfnj j ]jstx fäj djfsilui iftrilcr c eifsclie pcrc cblue njs nisthfctãrhjs, ist c i
t
r
c
è djbjdcnc fc bc niìrrin . J qelr virhdc pirhjnhdceifti c bc djf`jrei ispidhdcnj fj p
(
j
pcrïeitrj quiuiZrufZnibcy. Yec `rcìäj ncs eifsclifs è pirhjnhdceifti rihfkitcnc fc bc hd
f
rþ
t
cdthvi ni cdjrnj dje j tiepj ni ispirc, qui vcr hc iftri js vcbjris ni ehfhecbZocdgjZthei i b
i
i ecxhecbZocdgjZthei , rispidthvceifti j tiepj eåfhej i eãxhej qui dcnc eifsclie j h
ri
clucrnc cftis ni sir ri djbjdcnc pcrc ifvhj. r
j
d
i
Dcnc fjvc tiftcthvc njorc j tiepj ni v hnc nc eifsclie fc bc. Eifsclifs dje tiepj rn
j
hn
eifjr pjssuie tiftcthvcs echs ` riquiftis i eifsclifs echs cfthlcs tëe tiepj echjr v
r
i
iftri cs tiftcthvcs. Acvifnj lrcfni vjbuei ni eifsclifs fissc bc, pjni sir ìhtc c tiftc - T
-
1
thvc ni ckusti nhehfuhfnj j tiepj eåfhej i cueiftcfnj j tiepj eãxhej ncs eifsclifs, bj
u
j qui clhbhzc ue pjudj j ifvhj ni eifsclifs dje pjudj tiepj fc bc sie prjvjdcr euhtcs åt
p
c
tiftcthvcs pcrc tjncs cs eifsclifs. D
349
Lcrlcbjs fc cdthvi quiui
3 Sucfnj j nisthfj ùfdhjfc c uec vibjdhncni euhtj eifjr, dcusc cdûeubj fissc bc. q
3 Dcsj c bc cdthvi istikc ricbeifti biftc;
? _inuzhr c hfkiìäj ni eifsclifs fissc bc.
? Cueiftcr j tarjulaput hfdrieiftcfnj c djfdjrrëfdhc (qucfthncni ni prjdissjs
TE^] ie ixiduìäj) ju rinuzhfnj c bctëfdhc (eibajrhcs fj NFT, ecpcs).
J qelr tiftc ifvhcr dcnc eifsclie nissc bc pcrc siu nisthfj. Sucfnj j nisthfj ` ufdhjfc
dje vibjdhncni euhtj eifjr, prjvjdc dirtj cdûeubj fissc bc. Dcsj j nisthfj schc nj
cr pjr cblufs ejeiftjs, j qelr djfshnirc issi nisthfj djej ejrtj i trcfsìri tjncs cs
eifsclifs pcrc niìrrin , j qui bhoirc c bc cdthvi , ecs iftrilc euhtcs eifsclifs fc bc
niìrrin . Dcsj c bc cdthvi istikc ricbeifti biftc, ixhstie njhs ejnjs ni risjbvir j prj-
obiec; rinuzhr c hfkiìäj ni eifsclifs fissc bc ju cueiftcr j tarjulaput . ]crc cueiftcr
j tarjulaput pjni sir hfdrieiftcnc c djfdjrrëfdhc (qucfthncni ni prjdissjs TE^] ie
ixiduìäj) ju rinuzhnc c bctëfdhc (eibajrhcs fj NFT, ecpcs).
J cueiftj nc djfdjrrëfdhc pjni sir ìhtj pibc ejnhdcìäj nj vcbjr fj pcrïeitrj

ni`cubtZprjdissZbheht fj echf.d`.
]crc ejnhdcìäj ocsicnc fj nisthfctãrhj, uthbhzi j uthbhtãrhj qsacpi , qui cprisiftc fc `jrec
ni uec tcoibc j tjtcb ni eifsclifs fc bc ocsicncs fj nisthfctãrhj. ]jnie sir uthbhzcnjs
js djecfnjs;
# qsacpi -s ajbn
# qsacpi niìrrin
# qsacpi hfdjeehfl cdthvi niìrrin
]jr ûbthej, nivi-si ivhtcr ridcrrilcr ju rihfhdhcr j sirv hnjr, qucfnj pjssåvib. Cpiscr ni c
bc cdthvi ie eieôrhc istcr vczhc, c bc cdthvi ie nhsdj pjni djftir euhtcs eifsclifs, qui
säj nivjbvhncs í bc hfdjehfl , niecfncfnj euhtj djfsuej ni eieôrhc.
]rãthdcs Cfthspce
t
_istrhìùis nj sirvhnjr TE^] nj ]jstx q
i Obcdgbhsts, _icbthei obcdgbhsts i Lrcybhsts
f
r
i
t
Hf
Tifnir ]jbhdy @rceiwjrg (T]@)
c
r
c
p ]crc tiftcr djeoctir js spces fj sirv hnjr ni i-echb, cs siluhftis cthv hncnis pjnie sir
s
j
hì
v
cnjtcncs;
r
i
T
;
x J ]jstx `jrfidi c acohbhncni ni cpbhdcr cblufs btrjs nurcfti c sissäj TE^]. Sucfnj ue
u
hf i-echb dailc cj sirv hnjr TE^], ibi pcssc pibcs siluhftis itcpcs;
B
s
c
e
ti DBHIF^;djfixùis ^D] dailcfnj ctrcvès nc pjrtc ?97
s
h 3
n
T
i 3 AIBJ; j sirvhnjr ni i -echb qui istã ifvhcfnj c eifsclie hf`jrec j siu fjei7
j
ä
ì
c
3 ECHB @_JE;j fjei i j ifniriìj ni i- echb nj rieitifti7
rt
f
s
h
h 3 _D]^ ^J;j nisthfctãrhj nj i-echb7
n
C
e
3 NC^C; fissc itcpc nc sissäj TE^], j i-echb è ifvhcnj7
3 SYH^; e nc sissäj TE^].
340
Ctrcvès nc djflurcìäj ncs ristrhìùis nj Tirvhnjr TE^] nj ]jst x è pjssåvib djftrjbcr
quchs virhdcìùis siräj ricbhzcncs qucfnj ue i-echb è ridiohnj. Isscs ristrhìùis säj ni -
fhncs fj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj echf.d` , ctrcvès njs pcrïeitrjs;
3 setpnZdbhiftZristrhdthjfs (Pcbjr pcnräj; vczhj)

3 setpnZaibjZris trhdthjfs (Pcbjr pcnräj; vczhj)
3 setpnZsifnirZristrhd thjfs (Pcbjr pcnräj; vczhj)
3 setpnZridhphiftZristrhdthjfs (Pcbjr pcnräj; pirehtZeyfitwjrgs, rikidtZufcutaZnisthfcthjf)
3 setpnZnctcZ ristrhdthjfs (Pcbjr pcnräj; vczhj)
Issis pcrïeitrjs cdihtce uec bhstc ni ristrhìùis, sipcrcnjs pjr vårlubc. Cbluecs ncs ris -
trhìùis echs uthbhzcncs pcrc dcnc btrj säj;

3 rikidtZufgfjwfZdbhiftZajstfcei;btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj dbhifti qui rikihtc
uec djfixäj qucfnj, ctrcvès ni uec djfsubtc NFT, j H] nj dbhifti fäj djfìri dje j
siu ajstfcei7
3 btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj djecfnj AIBJ qui rikihtc
rikidtZfjfZ`qnfZaibjZajstfcei;
c riquhshìäj qucfnj j ajstfcei cprisiftcnj nurcfti j AIBJ ju IABJ fäj è ue @SNF7
3 btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj djecfnj AIBJ qui rikihtc
rikidtZhfvcbhnZaibjZajstfcei;
c riquhshìäj qucfnj j ajstfcei cprisiftcnj nurcfti j AIBJ ju IABJ `jr ecb`jrecnj7
3 btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj djecfnj AIBJ qui
rikidtZufgfjwfZaibjZajstfcei;
rikihtc c riquhshìäj qucfnj j ajstfcei cprisiftcnj nurcfti j AIBJ ju IABJ fäj
pjssuh ue rilhstrj C ju EQ fj NFT7
3 rikidtZfjfZ`qnfZsifnir;btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj rieitifti qui rikihtc j i-echb
qucfnj j ifniriìj prisifti fj ‒ECHB @_JE― fäj ist ã fj `jrectj @SNF7
3 btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj rieitifti qui rikihtc j
rikidtZufgfjwfZsifnirZnjechf;
i-echb qucfnj j njeåfhj prisifti fj ‒ECHB @_JE― fäj pjssuhr ue rilhstrj C i EQ fj NFT7
3 rikidtZufcutaZnisthfcthjf; btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj nisthfctãrhj qui rikihtc j
i-echb qucfnj j njeåfhj prisifti fj ‒_D] ^ ^J― è nis thfcnj c ue njeåfhj qui fäj è
ajspincnj pibj sirvhnjr ]jstx , ju sikc, qui fäj istã djflurcnj fjs pcrïeitrjs
ribcyZnjechfs, eynisthfcthjf, vhrtucbZcbhcsZnjechfs ju vhrtucbZechbojxZnjechfs7
3 btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj nisthfctãrhj qui rikihtc j
rikidtZfjfZ`qnfZridhphift;
i-echb qucfnj j njeåfhj prisifti fj ‒_D]^ ^J― fäj istã fj `jrectj @SNF7
3 btrj cpbhdcnj í ristrhìäj nj nisthfctãrhj qui rikihtc
rikidtZufgfjwfZridhphiftZnjechf;
)
j i-echb qucfnj j njeåfhj prisifti fj ‒_D]^― fäj pjssuhr ue rilhstrj C i EQ fj NFT7 ?
i
t
r
3 rikihtc j i-echb qucfnj j dbhifti ifvhc djecfnjs TE^]
rikidtZufcutaZphpibhfhfl; cftis c
p
(
j
nj tiepj. hd
f
rþ
t
i b
i
]crc cs ristrhìùis ni AIBJ ùfdhjfcrie, è fidissãrhj djflurcr j pcrïeitrj j h
ri
setpnZaibjZriquhrin dje j vcbjr ‒yis―. r
j
d
i
rn
Cs obcdgbhsts säj bhstcs qui pjssuie js ifniriìjs H] ni sir vhnjris rispjfsãvihs pjr ifvhcr j
hn
v
r
spces. È pjssåvib djflurcr j ]jstx, ctrcvès nj btrj rikidtZr obZdbhift fc ristrhìäj setpnZ i
T
-
ridhphiftZristrhd thjfs, pcrc djfsubtcr nhvirscs obcdgbhsts riejtcs ie tiepj r icb, dacecncs 1
bj
ni _icbthei Obcdgbhsts (_OB). Cblufs ixiepbjs ni _OBs; u
åt
p
c
3 www.spceacus.jrl; rikidtZrobZdbhift zif.spceacus.jrl D
3 www.ocrrcduncdiftrcb.jrl; rikidtZrobZdbhift o.ocrrcduncdiftrcb.jrl
34<
3 www.sjros.fit; rikidtZrobZdbhift nfsob.sjros.fit
3 www.spcedjp.fit; rikidtZrobZdbhift ob.spcedjp.fit
J Tifnir ]jbhdy @rceiwjrg (T]@) è uec einhnc pcrc privifhr j spjjfl (`cbshdcr, ecsdcrcr)
nj ifniriìj ni jrhlie, ju sikc, cblue sirvhnjr djflurcnj ni `jrec ecb-hftifdhjfcnc pcrc
si pcsscr pjr jutrj. ]crc uthbhzcr j T]@, è drhcnj ue rilhstrj fj NFT nj njeåfhj hf`jrecfnj
uec bhstc ni ifniriìjs H]s vãbhnjs qui säj pirehthnjs ifvhcr i-echb ie fjei nj njeåfhj.
Nissc `jrec, qucbquir ue pjni virhdcr si j i-echb `jh ifvhcnj ni ue ifniriìj H] (sirvhnjr)
vãbhnj i dje pirehssäj pcrc ctucr djej sirvhnjr ni i-echb pcrc j njeåfhj.
Ye ixiepbj ni ue rilhstrj T]@ fj NFT;
ieprisc.dje.or. HF ^Q^ ‒v5sp`3 c ex hp>;38?.=.?.4?/?< -cbb―
Fissi dcsj, c pjbåthdc istcoibidi qui p jni ifvhcr eifsclifs ie fjei nj njeåfhj
ieprisc.dje.or ueceãquhfc qui scths`cìc ue njs siluhftis drhtèrhjs;
3 Tiu ifniriìj H] nivi sir ue __ thpj C nj njeåfhj ieprisc.dje.or (c )7

3 Tikc nishlfcnc djej EQ nj njeåfhj ieprisc.dje.or (ex)7
3 ]irtifìc cj objdj ni ifniriìjs H] 38?.=.?.4?/?< (hp>).
C dbãusubc ‒-cbb― nhz qui nivie sir riduscnjs (‒-―, prixj @chb) i-echbs pcrthfnj ni qucbquir
jutrj ifniriìj H] (cbb).
Cs jpìùis ni prixjs säj;
3 ‒+― ]css
3 ‒-― @chb
3 ‒~― Tj`t@chb
3 ‒:― Fiutrcb
]crc `czir dje qui j sirv hnjr TE^] nj ]jst x virhqui j T]@, è fidissãrhj hfstcbcr j pcdjti
pjstx-pjbhdyn-sp`-pytajf, djflurcr j btrj daidgZpjbhdyZsirvhdi nc ristrhìäj setpnZridh -
phiftZristr hdthjfs dje j vcbjr ufhx;prhvcti/pjbhdyn-sp` i hfdbuhr c siluhfti siìäj fj crquhvj
ecstir.d` nj ]jstx;
pjbhdy-sp` ufhx - f f - - spcwf
b
usir5fjojny crlv5/usr/ohf/pjbhdyn-sp`
t
i J lrcybhsthfl è jutr c `jrec ni rinuzhr c qucfthncni ni spce ridiohnc. Ibi è ue hftireinh - Echs hf`jrecìùis sjori
f
r
i
t j T]@ ie www.
Hf
ãrhj iftri j wahthbhst (siepri cdihtcr i -echbs ni nitirehfcncs jrhlifs) i obcdgbhst (siepri
c cfthspce.or/cnehf/sp`
r
c riduscr i-echbs ni nitirehfcncs jrhlifs), qui ridusc ridioir j i -echb nurcfti cblufs i www.jpifsp`.jrl .
p
s ehfutjs. Js sirvhnjris qui istäj ifvhcfnj spces cpifcs tiftce iftrilcr j i-echb ni
j
hì
v spce uec ûfhdc viz. ]jrèe, js sir vhnjris bilåthejs ni i-echb pjssuie uec bc ni scånc ni
r
i
T
;
x i-echb i, qucfnj ridioie ue dônhlj irrj tiepjrãrhj, tiftce ifvhcr j i-echb fjvceifti.
u
hf
B
s Ti è j sirvhnjr qui is tã ifvhcfnj ue i-echb cj nisthfctãrhj pibc prheihrc viz, iftäj j
c
e
ti eidcfhsej ni lriybhst ritjrfcrã ue dônhlj ni irrj tiepjrãrhj (nibhvir y stctus >.x.x),
s
h
T qui hf`jrec cj sirv hnjr nj rieitifti pcrc tiftcr ifvhcr j i-echb fjvceifti cpôs cblufs
i
n
j ehfutjs. J sirvhnjr ni nisthfj rilhstrcrã j ifniriìj H] nj sir vhnjr rieitifti i, cpôs ue
ä
ì
c
rt nitirehfcnj piråjnj (lircbeifti 3= ehfutjs), j objquihj è riejvhnj i c prôxhec viz qui j
sh
f h i-echb `jr ifvhcnj ibi sirã cdihtj.
e
n
C J bcnj filcthvj nj lriybhst è qui aã ue ctrcsj fc iftrilc njs i -echbs.
341
]crc hepbieiftcr j lriybhsthfl fj sirvhnjr TE^] nj ]jstx, è fidissãrhj hfstcbcr j pcdjti
pjstlriy, djflurcr j btrj daidgZpjbhdyZsirvhdi nc ristrhìäj setpnZridhphiftZristrhdthjfs
dje j vcbjr hfit;3?< .=.=.3;3==?4, djflurcr j pjs tlriy p crc hfhdhcr fc pjr tc 3==?4
(]JT^L_IXZJ]^T5―--hfit53==?4―) fj crquhvj;
3 _in Act / DiftJT;

/itd/sysdjf`hl/pjstlriy
b
J Cfthspce.or
3 Niohcf / Youftu Tirvir;
(attp;//cfthspce.or ), /itd/ni`cubt/pjstlriy
shti ecfthnj pibj
Djehtë Listjr nc
]jr fcb, hfhdhcr j sirvhìj nj pjstlriy;
Hftirfit fj Orcshb (DLH.
or), djfsthtuh uec `jfti
ni riìrëfdhc sjori j
3 _in Act / DiftJT;
spce, cbèe ni pjssuhr systiedtb ristcrt pjstlriy
vãrhcs hf`jrecìùis
ûtihs, djej ojcs
prãthdcs, fj djeocti
3 Niohcf / Youftu Tirvir
cj spce. sirvhdi pjstlriy ristcrt
_idjeifncìùis nj Cfthspce.or
_ibcy coirtj q
_istrhflhr cj eãxhej js ifniriìjs H] qui tie pirehssäj pcrc uscr j sirvhnjr djej ribcy
]jniejs uthbhzcr j djecfnj tibfit pcrc virhdcr si j _ibcy ist ã coirtj fj sir vhnjr.
$ tibfit echbsirvir.ixcepbi .dje ?9
^ryhfl 38?.=.?.1
Djffidtin tj echbsirvir.ixc epbi.dje.
…
_ibcys coirtjs
_ibcys coirtjs säj E^Cs qui t rcfsehtie eifsclifs ni qucbquir njeåfhj, ju eisej sô
ni njeåfhjs nitirehfcnjs, pcrc qucbquir jutrj, sie pinhr cutifthdcìäj, sie ristr hflhr
(ju ristrhflhfnj euhtj pjudj) c `chxc ni ifniriìjs H] ni jrhlie.
Js ribcys coirtjs säj ut hbhzcnjs pjr spceeirs pibj `ctj ni prjvirie cfjfhectj. ]crc j
rispjfsãvib pibj E^C dje ribcy coir tj sifnj couscnj, cs djfsiquëfdhcs säj j djfsuej ni )
?
ridursjs i c pjssåvib hfdbusäj nj E^C ie bhstcs ni o bjquihj. Cbèe nhssj, ibi pjni pcsscr c i
t
r
c
ridioir eifsclifs ni irrj i ridbcecìùis sjori js spces ifvhcnjs vhc siu E^C. p
(
j
hd
f
Js sj`twcris ctuchs pcrc sirvhnjris E^C djstuece vhr ie suc echjrhc djflurcnjs pjr rþ
t
i b
pcnräj pcrc fäj cdihtcr c trcfsehssäj hfnhsdrhehfcnc ni eifsclifs. Fjrecbeifti issis i
j h
sj`twcris pirehtie c ecfutifìäj ni uec bhstc ni njeåfhjs pibjs quchs ue nitirehfcnj ri
r
j
E^C rispjfni i uec bhstc ni ifniriìjs cutjrhzcnjs c uscr siu ribcy. d
i
rn
È hepjrtcfti, cj djflurcr ue E^C, ristrhflhr cj eãxhej js ifniriìjs H] qui tëe pir - j
hn
v
r
ehssäj pcrc usã-bj djej ribcy, si pjssåvib bhehtcfnj cj bjdcbajst. i
T
-
1
Aã tceoèe dcsjs ie qui njhs E^Cs, cpcriftieifti oie djflurcnjs, clie djej si bj
u
`jssie ue ribcy coirtj. C eifsclie dailc cj prheihrj E^C, è ritrcfsehthnc pcrc j åt
p
c
silufnj, qui pjr suc viz c ritrcfsehti pcrc qucbquir jutrj sirvhnjr. Issc shtucìäj jdjrri D
348
qucfnj j prheihrj E^C tie j silufnj djej siu ‒echb auo― i j sil ufnj tie j prheihrj fc
bhstc ni H]s cutjrhzcnjs c usã-bj djej ribcy. È uec shtucìäj oie nh`ådhb ni nhclfjsthdcr i `ãdhb
ni sir ixpbjrcnc.
Cftis ni tjrfcr ue sir vhìj ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj pûobhdj è ùfnceiftcb virhdcr si ibi is tã
si djepjrtcfnj djej ribcy coirtj. Yec ecfihrc `ãdhb ni `czir hssj è ctrcvès ni ue tibfit
pibc pjrtc cniqucnc, nhlht cfnj js djecfnjs TE^] nhritceifti. C ìrrceiftc jpifssb, dje
j djecfnj sZdbhift , pjni sir uscnc fj d csj ni sissùis dh`rcncs. Ixiepbj;
eyajst;~$ tibfit echbsirvir.ixcepbi.dje ?9

^ryhfl 38?.=.?.1?...
Djffidtin tj echbsirvir.ixcepbi.dje.
Isdcpi dacrcdtir hs ‑VU‘. ??= ocooj.ixcepbi.dje ITE^] Tifnechb 1.34.>/1.34.>7

ûi, ?= Tip ?==9 30;43;=> -=4==
aibj eyajst.ixcepbi.fit
?9= ocooj.ixcepbi.jrl AibbjHNIF^;3==1Meyajst.ixcepbi.fit W38?.=.?.>>U,pbicsin tj
eiit yju
echb `rje; 2kjaf.njiMixcepbi.fit6
?9= ?.3.= 2kjaf.njiMixcepbi.fit6... Tifnir jg rdpt tj; 2ùbcfjMixcepbi.inu6
99= 9.<.3 2ùbcfjMixcepbi.inu6... _ibcyhfl
nifhin. ]rjpir cutaifthdcthjf riquhrin.
quht
??3 ?.=.= ocooj.ixcepbi.dje dbjshfldjffidthjf
Djffidthjf dbjsin oy `jrihlf ajst.
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i
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3>=
8
Tceoc
s
j
Hfstcbcr j Tceoc7 Djflurcr ue Tirvhnjr ]rheãrhj ni Njeåfhj (]ND)7 Hftilrcr j ]ND
v
h
t dje uec ocsi ni cutifthdcìäj BNC]7 Djftrjbcr hf`jrecìùis ni usuãrhjs i cutifthdcìäj
i
k
o pcrc dbhiftis \hfnjws.
j
d
j
f
d
Istruturc i ` ufdhjfceiftj nj Tceoc. TEO/DH@T. Djepcrthbaceiftj ni crquhvjs. i
h
t
Cutifthdcìäj ctrcvès ni BNC] j
s
Hftrjnuìäj
J istunj nisti dcpåtubj tirã `jdj fc uthbhzcìäj nj Tceoc fj ejnj dbãsshdj, ju sikc, djej
ue Tirvhnjr ]rheãrhj ni Njeåfhj isthbj \hfnjws F^>. Ibi si hfhdhc pibjs djfdihtjs nj sirvhìj
Tceoc, pcsscfnj pjr cspidtjs tèdfhdjs hepjrtcftis nj siu ùfdhjfceiftj, i djfdbuhfnj dje
suc hfstcbcìäj, djflurcìäj i tistis ribivcftis fcs shtucìùis richs ie qui istã hfsirhnj.
Ie siluhnc, istuncriejs c hfstcbcìäj i c djflurcìäj nj Tceoc, dje ispidhcb ctifìäj cjs

pcrïeitrjs i siìùis echs hepjrtcftis ni siu crquhvj ni djflurcìäj. Cprisiftcriejs
chfnc j djepcrthbaceiftj ni ue nhsdj Bhfux i c ejftclie ni nhritôrhjs nj \hfnjws.
Tceoc
J qui è j TCEOC: q
3 Djfkuftj ni cpbhdcìùis ocsicncs fj prjtjdjbj Tirvir Eisscli Objdg (TEO).
3 ]jsshohbhtc c djeufhdcìäj dje tjncs cs istcìùis nc rini qui uthbhzce TEO.
3 Drhcnj ie 3883 pjr Cfnriw ^rhnlibb
3 J fjei è ocsicnj fc ie uec ousdc ie ue nhdhjfãrhj pjr uec pcbcvrc qui djfthfac
cs bitrcs ‒T―, ‒E― i ‒O ―. c
o
e
c
J Tceoc è ue djfkuftj ni cpbhdcìùis, ixidutcncs ie ue shstiec Bhfux ju YFH Q, qui uthbhzc T
-
8
j prjtjdjbj Tirvir Eisscli Objdg (TEO)/Djeejf Hftirfit @hbi Tys tie (DH@T). bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3>3
Js Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs Ehdrjsj`t \hfnjws uthbhzce j TEO p crc ricbhzcr djeufhdcìùis
dbhifti-sirvhnjr i djepcrthbacr crquhvjs i heprissjrcs. Cj supjrtcr issi prjtjdjbj, j
Tceoc tjrfc pjssåvib qui djeputcnjris uthbhzcfnj shstiecs YFHQ/Bhfux pcrthdhpie ncs
djeufhdcìùis iftri shstiecs \hfnjws.
J Tceoc fcsdiu fj fcb ni 3883, pibcs eäjs ni Cfnriw ^rhnlibb, ue custrcbhcfj qui fc
èpjdc irc istuncfti nj dursj ni ]aN ie dhëfdhcs nc djeputcìäj. Ibi pridhscvc rjncr ue
sj`twcri nc NID, dacecnj ‒iQdurshjf―, qui trcocbacvc ie djfkuftj dje j ]ctdawjrgs, ue
sj`twcri ni djepcrthbaceiftj ni crquhvjs. J ]ctdawjrgs irc ue sj`t wcri prjprhitãrhj,
qui uthbhzcvc ue prjtjdjbj sjori j qucb fäj ixhsthce euht cs hf`jrecìùis nhspjfåvihs.
Cfnriw nidhnhu istuncr j prjtjdjbj, nisifvjbvifnj ue piquifj prjlrcec, dacecnj
sjdgspy, qui irc dcpcz ni ixcehfcr j trãìlj nc rini, dcpturcfnj cs eifsclifs ifvhcncs
pibj dbhifti i cs rispjstcs nj sir vhnjr. Dje hssj, ibi `jh dcpcz ni hepbieiftcr j supjrti ís
prhfdhpchs dacecncs i nisifvjbviu ue prjlrcec sirvhnjr, qui irc dcpcz ni djfvirscr dje
js dbhiftis rjncfnj j ]ctdawjrgs. Issi prjlrcec tceoèe ` ufdhjfcvc ie djfkuftj dje
j BcfEcfclir nc Ehdrjsj`t, pirehthfnj djepcrthbacr crquhvjs ni ue sirvhnjr Yfhx dje
eãquhfcs rjncfnj j ET-NJT.
J prjtjdjbj uscnj pibj ]ctdawjrgs si rivibju uec hepbieiftcìäj nj prjtjdjbj TEO,

qui acvhc shnj nisifvjbv hnc hftirfceifti pibc NID. ]judj nipjhs, ie kcfihrj ni 388?, ibi
nhspjfhohbhzju j ‒Tirvir =.3―, qui `jh rcphnceifti siluhnj pjr uec vir säj cprhejrcnc, j
‒Tir vir =.9―. C virsäj siluhfti (3.9), qui `jh bcfìcnc cpifcs ie nizieorj ni 388 4, pcssju
c si dacecr ‒seosirvir―. J fjei ‒Tceoc― surlhu ie ?==>, nivhnj í hepjsshoh bhncni ni
djfthfucr c uscr j fjei ‒seosir vir―.
J fjvj fjei surlhu c pcr thr ni uec shepbis ousdc niftrj nj nhdhjfãrhj pjr pcbcvrcs qui
pjssuåssie cs bitrcs T, E i O, ni ‒Tir vir Eisscli Objdgs―, pjshdhjfcncs fissc jrnie. C
eibajr cbtirfcthvc qui c ousdc ritjrfju `jh c pcbcvrc ‒sceoc―. Yec durhjshncni è qui fäj
ixhsthu ue ‒T ceoc 3.=―, pjhs c prheihrc virsäj c uthbhzcr j fjei ‒Tceoc― `jh c 3.0.=9, qui `jh
c sudissjrc heinhctc nj ‒seosir vir 3.0.>―.
@ufdhjfcbhncnis q
3 Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj F^ ju CN7
3 _ibcìùis ni djfcfìc iftri Njeåfhjs \hfnjws F^7
3 Nhìriftis ejnjs ni silurcfìc7
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r
3 Nhìriftis ocdgifns ni ocsi ni ncnjs ni djftcs7
i
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Hf
c
3 Djepcrthbaceiftj i creczifceiftj ni crquhvjs iftri \hfnjws i Bhfux 7
r
c
p
s
3 Djepcrthbaceiftj ni heprissjrcs7
j
hì
v
r
3 Cutifthdcìäj ni dbhiftis7
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3 _isjbuìäj ni fjei dje \HFT7
hf
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3 Hftilrcìäj iftri usuãrhjs ni nhìriftis Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs7
c
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ti Ibi drisdiu euhtj nisni iftäj, i cljrc `jrfidi ùfdhjfcbhncnis i dcrcdtiråsthdcs djepctå -
s
h
T vihs dje hfstcbcìùis ni lrcfni isdcbc. Iftri ibcs, pjniejs dhtcr;
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
3 Tuosthtuhr ue Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj \hfnjws F^ ju ue Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj
rt
sh
\hfnjws CN7
f h
n
e 3 ]jssuh ixdibifti hftirjpircohbhncni dje Njeåfhjs \hfnjws F^, csshe djej Njeåfhjs
C
Ehdrjsj`t Cdthvi Nhridtjry7
3>?
3 ]irehti ribcìùis ni djfcfìc djepbitcs iftri Njeåfhjs \hfnjws F^7
3 ]jssuh nhìriftis ejnjs ni silurcfìc, j qui djfìri cutifthdcìäj echs ixåvib nj qui
cs nhspjfåvihs fjs Djftrjbcnjris ni Njeåfhj Ehdrjsj`t \hfnjws F^7
3 ]irehti j usj ni nhìriftis ocdgifns ni ocsi ni ncnjs ni djftcs7
3 Djepcrthbaceiftj ni nhritôrhjs i ispcìj ni creczifceiftj iftri dbhiftis \hfnjws i Bhfux7
3 Djepcrthbaceiftj ni heprissjrcs hfstcbcncs fj sirvhnjr iftri dbhiftis \hfnjws i Bhfux7
3 ]irehti cutifthdcr dbhiftis qui istäj ricbhzcfnj bjlhf ie njeåfhjs \hfnjws7
3 @jrfidi risjbuìäj ni fjei dje \hfnjws Hftirfit Fcei Tirvhdi (\HFT) 7
3 Tupjrti c ue ehx ni usuãrhjs qui uthbhzce nhìriftis Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs7
3 Hftilrcìäj iftri c cutifthdcìäj ni shstiecs Bhfux i \ hfnjws, ecftifnj cpifcs uec

ûfhdc ocsi ni djftcs ni usuãrhjs qui ùfdhjfc ie ceojs js shstiecs.
Ejnjs ni jpircìäj q
3 Djftrjbcnjr ]rheãrhj (i ni Ocdgup) ni ue Njeåfhj — Ejnj dbãsshdj
3 Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj Cdthvi Nhridtjry
3 Tirvhnjr Eieorj ie ue Njeåfhj
3 Tirvhnjr Ttcfncbjfi
3 Tirvhnjr ni Heprissäj
J sirvhnjr Tceoc pjni jpircr djej uec ncs siluhftis `jrecs;
3 Djftrjbcnjr ]rheãrhj (i ni Ocdgup) ni ue Njeåfhj \hfnjws F^> — Ejnj dbãsshdj (]ND/

OND — ]rhecr y Njechf Djftrjbbir/Ocdgup Njechf Djftrjbbir)7
3 Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj Cdthvi Nhridtjr y (CN-N D; Cdthvi Nhridtjry Njechf Djftrjbbir)7
3 Tirvhnjr Eieorj ie ue Njeåfhj CN ju Njeåfhj \hfnjws F ^>7
3 Tirvhnjr Ttcfncbjfi7
3 Tirvhnjr ni Heprissäj \hfnjws.
Nciejfs
Feon q
3 Djftrjbc cs riquhshìùis ni rilhstrj i risjbuìäj ni fjei
seon
3 Lirifdhc js ridursjs djepcrthbacnjs iftri j sirvhnjr Tceoc i sius dbhiftis
whfohfnn
3 Ythbhzcnj qucfnj j sirv hnjr Tceoc pjssuh uec ribcìäj ni djfcfìc dje jutrj
njeåfhj
J Tceoc djftèe vãrhjs prjlrcecs qui `jrfidie ùfdhjfcbhncnis nhìriftis, pjrèe ribc -
dhjfcncs. C echjrhc njs prjlrcecs nj Tceoc lhrce ie tjrfj ni trës nicejfs fj ejnj
dbãsshdj, qui säj;
c
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e
c
feon -
T
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bj
Issi nciejf djftrjbc tjncs cs riquhshìùis ni rilhstrj i risjbuìäj ni fjei. È j prhfdhpcb u
åt
p
eidcfhsej ifvjbvhnj fc fcvilcìäj fc ri ni TEO. Ibi tceoèe lirifdhc tjnjs js prjtjdjbjs c
D
ocsicnjs ie YN]. J nciejf feon nivi sir j prheihrj hfhdhcnj nurcfti j prjdissj ni
hfhdhcbhzcìäj nj Tceoc.
3>4
seon
Issi nciejf lirifdhc js ridursjs djepcrthbacnjs iftri j sir vhnjr Tceoc i sius dbhiftis,
ctrcvès ni djfixùis ^D]/H]. Ibi `jrfidi sirvhìjs ni cdissj c crquhvjs, heprissäj i fcvi -
lcìäj cjs dbhiftis TEO. Ibi tceoèe bhnc dje tjncs cs fjthdcìùis iftri j sirvhnjr Tceoc
i sius dbhiftis fc rini, i è rispjfsãvib pibc cutifthdcìäj ni usuãrhjs, objquihj ni ridursjs
i djepcrthbaceiftj ni ncnjs ctrcvès nj prjtjdjbj TEO. Nivi sir hfhdhcnj heinhctceifti
cpôs j feon.
whfohfnn
Issi nciejf nivi sir hfhdhcnj qucfnj j Tceoc è eieorj ni ue Njeåfhj F^ ju CN.
^ceoèe è fidissãrhj qucfnj j sirvhnjr Tceoc pjssuh uec ribcìäj ni djfcfìc dje jutrj
njeåfhj. Ibi è uthbhzcnj pcrc ousdcr hf`jrecìäj sjori js usuãrhjs i lrupjs qui is täj ie
sirvhnjris \hfnjw s F^, i pirehthr qui j Tceoc cutjrhzi j cdissj njs usuãrhjs ctrcvès ni
ue sirvhnjr \hfnjws F^/?===.
Djfkuftj ni ìrrceiftcs
3 fit q
3 pnoinht
3 rpddbhift
3 seodbhift
3 seodjftrjb
3 seopcsswn
3 seospjjb
3 seostctus
3 seotcr
3 tistpcre
C nhstrhouhìäj nj Tceoc t ceoèe djftèe ue djfkuftj ni ìrrceiftcs, uthbhzcncs fc cneh -

fhstrcìäj i jpircìäj. Js prhfdhpchs säj;
3 fit; ue prjlrcec qui pjni sir uthbhzcnj pcrc ricbhzcr cnehfhstrcìäj riejtc fjs sirvh-
t
i njris Tceoc7
f
r
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t
Hf
c
3 pnoinht;ue prjlrcec uthbhzcnj pcrc j lirifdhceiftj ncs djftcs ni usuãrhjs qui
r
c
p
rishnie ie uec ocsi ni ncnjs TCE7
s
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hì
v
3 rpddbhift;ue prjlrcec qui pjni sir uthbhzcnj pcrc ixidutcr ùfìùis ET-_]D ie
r
i dbhiftis \hfnjws7
T
;
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u
hf
B
3 seodbhift;ue dbhifti pcridhnj dje j @^ ], qui pjni sir uthbhzcnj pcrc si djfidtcr dje
s djepcrthbaceiftjs TEO i ricbhzcr jpircìùis fibis7
c
e
ti
s
h
T
3 seodjftrjb;ue uthbhtãrhj ni cnehfhstrcìäj qui ifvhc eifsclifs cj feon ju seon7
n
i
j
3 seopcsswn;ue prjlrcec qui pirehti c ue cnehfhstrcnjr cbtircr cs djftcs uthbhzcncs
ä
ì
c
pibj Tceoc7
rt
f
s
h
h
3 seospjjb;ue prjlrcec ni bc ni heprissäj, uthbhzcnj pcrc ifvhcr crquhvjs pcrc
e
n
C
heprissjrcs riejtcs qui istäj djepcrthbacncs fc rini TEO7
3>>
3 seostctus;ue prjlrcec qui cprisiftc ue ribctôrhj ctucb ncs djfixùis ni rini cjs
djepcrthbaceiftjs ie ue sirvhnjr Tceoc7
3 seotcr;ue prjlrcec shehbcr cj djecfnj tcr nj Bhfux, pcrc ricbhzcr ocdgup njs ncnjs
ie djepcrthbaceiftjs TEO7
3 tistpcre;ue prjlrcec shepbis pcrc ricbhzcr virhdcìùis fj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj
nj Tceoc.
Djfdihtjs
Tceoc uthbhzc j prjtjdjbj TEO/DH@T. q
J TEO surlhu kuftj dje j \hfnjws 4.33.
FitOHJT; uec C]H pcrc trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri ehdrjdjeputcnjris bhlcnjs ie rini.
FitOHJT `jh ixpcfnhnj, ncfnj jrhlie cj prjtjdjbj FitOIYH
DH@T `jh c ivjbuìäj nj TEO, hfdbuh nhvirsjs fjvjs ridursjs
3 Djej j usj ni uec ûfhdc pjrtc ^D] (>>9) fj bulcr ncs trës pjrtcs (34< YN],
341 YN] i 348 ^D])
\jrglrjup, airncnj nj TEO; Djfkuftj sileiftcnj ni djeputcnjris fc eisec rini
Njeåfhj F^; \jrglrjup uthbhzcfnj uec eãquhfc djej djftrjbcnjrc
THN; Hnifthdcnjr Ûfhdj ni Tilurcfìc
_HN; Hnifthdcnjr _ibcthvj
Djej `jh eifdhjfcnj , j Tceoc uthbhzc j prjtjdjbj TEO/DH@T. J TEO surlhu kuftj dje j
\hfnjws 4.33. Issi prjtjdjbj ljvirfc j djepcrthbaceiftj ni crquhvjs i heprissjrcs ie
rinis Ehdrjsj`t, hfdbuhfnj c fcvilcìäj fc rini, j is tcoibidheiftj ni djfixùis i c trcfsì -
rëfdhc ni ncnjs. Ibi uthbhzc j FitOHJT pcrc c trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri js ajsts.
J FitOHJT (Fitwjrg O cshd Hfput Jutput) è uec C]H pcrc trjdc ni eifsclifs iftri ehdrj-
djeputcnjris bhlcnjs ie rini. @jh jrhlhfcbeifti nisifvjbvhnj pibc HOE, ie 381>, pcrc
sirvhr djej uec ix tifsäj nj OHJT nc pbcdc-eäi, jìridifnj ridursjs ni rini. Ie 3819,
j FitOHJT `jh ixpcfnhnj, ncfnj jrhlie cj prjtjdjbj FitOIYH (FitOHJT I xtifnin Ysir
Hftir`cdi), qui `jh nurcfti euhtj tiepj j prhfdhpcb prjtjdjbj uscnj ie rinis bjdchs, cftis
nc pjpubcrhzcìäj nj ^D]/H].
J DH@T `jh nisifvjbvhnj pibc Ehdrjsj` t djej c ivjbuìäj nj TEO, qui hfdbuh nhvirsjs fjvjs
ridursjs, cocfnjfc j usj nj FitOHJT (nivhnj c prjobiecs ribcdhjfcnjs cj usj hftifshvj
ni pcdjtis ni orjcndcst i nj YN]) i pcssc c uthbhzcr uec ûfhdc pjr tc ^D] (>>9) fj bulcr ncs
trës pjrtcs (34< YN], 341 YN] i 348 ^D]) uthbhzcncs pibj TEO.
Jutrj djfdihtj hepjrtcfti fj Tceoc è j usj njs \jrglrjups i Njeåfhjs. J wjrglrjup,

airncnj nj TEO, è ue djfkuftj sileiftcnj ni djeputcnjris fc eisec rini, jfni tjnjs
istäj fj eisej fåvib i djepcr thbace ridursjs. C silurcfìc fj cdissj cjs ridursjs è
djftrjbcnc pibc prôprhc eãquhfc, fjrecbeifti nifhnc cj fåvib nj qui è djepcrthbacnj i
uthbhzcfnj ue usuãrhj/sifac pcrc cdisscr dcnc djepcr thbaceiftj qui c eãquhfc pjssuh.
c
o
J ejnibj ni rini pjftj-c- pjftj njs wjrglrjups ùfdhjfc rczjcvibeifti oie, djftcftj e
c
qui j fûeirj ni djeputcnjris fc rini sikc piquifj. Iftritcftj, ie rinis echjris, T
-
8
c shepbhdhncni njs wjrglrjups si tjrfc ue `ctjr bhehtcfti. Js wjrglrjups jìridie bj
u
sjeifti j fåvib echs oãshdj ni silurcfìc. ]crc supjrtcr cs fidisshncnis ni lrcfnis rinis , åt
p
c
c Ehdrjsj`t hftrjnuzhu js njeåfhjs dje j \hfnjws F^ 4, qui issifdhcbeifti è ue wjrg - D
lrjup ni djeputcnjris TEO dje uec cnhìäj; ue djeputcnjr ctucfnj djej djftrjbcnjr
3>9
ni njeåfhj (ND — Njechf Djftrjbbir), qui dc r ispjfsãvib pjr creczifcr tjncs cs djftcs,
uthbhzcncs pibj usuãrhj pcrc cdisscr js ridursjs ixhstiftis ie jutrcs eãquhfcs, i sdrhpts ni
bjljf djflurcnjs pcrc `czir ckustis, shfdrjfhsej, ecfutifìäj ju qucbquir jutrc tcri`c
prjlrcecnc pibj cnehfhstrcnjr nj shstiec.
J prhfdhpcb oifi`ådhj hftrjnuzhnj pibc uthbhzcìäj nj Njeåfhj è j ‒ Thflbi Thlf-Jf― (TTJ). Ibi
pirehti qui js usuãrhjs ie uec rini ricbhzie j bjljf ie qucbquir istcìäj ni trcocbaj
qui sikc eieorj ni ue njeåfhj, i cdissie js ridursjs nc rini (djepcrthbaceiftj,
crquhvjs, heprissjrcs itd.) djej si isthvissie ie sius prôprhjs djeputcnjris.
Ye njeåfhj `jrfidi ue hnifthdcnjr ûfhdj ni silurcfìc (THN). Js hnifthd cnjris ni

silurcfìc ncs djftcs ni usuãrhjs, eãquhfcs i lrupjs nj njeåfhj säj djepjstjs nj THN nj
njeåfhj echs ue hnifthdcnjr ribcthvj (_HN), qui è ûfhdj pcrc c djftc. Js THNs ni djftc (THN
nj njeåfhj echs j _HN) pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs pcrc drhcr bhstcs ni djftrjbi ni cdissj (CDBs),
qui säj cssjdhcncs cjs ridursjs ni rini.
Ye tåphdj THN ni njeåfhj si pcridi dje j siluhfti `jrectj;
T-3-9-?3-<?04=8?04->3?18340=9-3301310>?8
Sucfnj c djftc è drhcnc, j T ceoc lirc j _HN nibc ni `jrec cbljråtehdc. J B hfux uthbhzc uec
ocsi ni ncnjs sipcrcnc pcrc js hnifthdcnjris ni usuãrhj i ni lrupj (j YHN i LHN), ecs j
\hfnjws cbjdc j _HN u thbhzcfnj uec ûfhdc ocsi. Ye usuãrhj \hfnjws i ue lrupj \hfnjws
fäj pjnie tir j eisej _HN. Csshe djej j YHN = è uthbhzcnj pcrc j usuãrhj rjjt fj Bhfux, c
djftc Cnehfhstrcnjr nj \hfnjws pjssuh j _ HN 9==. J _HN è djfdctifcnj cj THN nj njeåfhj
\hfnjws. Nissc `jrec, c djftc Cnehfhstrcnjr ni ue njeåfhj qui pjssuh j THN cdhec, tirã j
siluhfti THN ni usuãrhj;
T-3-9-?3-<?04=8?04->3?18340=9-3301310>?8-9==
J risubtcnj è qui tjnc djftc ie uec rini \hfnjws pjssuh ue hnifthdcnjr ni

silurcfìc lbjocbeifti ûfhdj.
Tceoc CNT
Nhspjfåvib c pcrthr nc Pirsäj > q
Tirvhnjr T ceoc ctuc djej ue Djftrjbc njr ni Njeåfhj CN
t
i
f
r
3 ]jssuh suc prôprhc hepbieiftcìäj nj BNC]
i
t
Hf
c
3 ]jssuh ue GND Giroirjs
r
c
p
s
3 ]jssuh ue sirvhnjr NFT hftirfj
j
hì
v
r
3 ^rcocbac dje cpifcs ue nciejf, dacecnj sceoc
i
T
;
x C pcrthr nc virsäj >, j T ceoc pcssju c supjrtcr j ceohifti ni bjljf ie njeåfhj s Cdthvi
u
hf Nhridtjry ( CN), uthbhzcnjs pibjs Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs \hfnjws, nc virsäj ?=== ie nhcfti.
B
s
c C hepbieiftcìäj nj Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj CN nj T ceoc hfdbuh hftirfceifti siu prôprhj
e
ti sirvhnjr BNC ] (fäj sifnj pjssåvib uthbhzcr ue sirvhnjr ixtirfj) i ue Giy Nhstrhouthjf
s
h
T
n
i Diftir (GND) Giroirjs.
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
3>0
Nhìriftieifti nj ejnj dbãsshdj ]ND nj Tceoc, jfni è fidissãrhj ixidutcr trës nciejfs
(seon, feon i whfohfnn), j Tceoc CN sô pridhsc nc ixiduìäj ni ue ûfhdj nciejf, dacecnj
‒sceoc―, i c ìrrceiftc pcrc cnehfhstrcr js sirvhìjs nj CN è dacecnc ni ‒sceoc-tjjb―.
Djej j NFT è uec pcrti hftilrcb nj CN, j Tceoc > pcssju c `jrfidir nucs sjbuìùis hftilrcncs
ni NFT; ue sirvhnjr NFT hftirfj i ue pbulhf pcrc j OHFN, uthbhzcfnj j eidcfhsej OHFN NB[.
^jnc c pcrti ni hftilrcìäj dje BNC], hfdbuhfnj c hfhdhcbhzcìäj nc ocsi ni ncnjs, è ricbhzcnc
hftirfceifti pibc fjvc ìrrceiftc ni djflurcìäj i prjvhshjfceiftj nj Tceoc.
Hfstcbcìäj i djf`hlurcìäj
Hfstcbcìäj
_in Act/DiftJT
3 # yue hfstcbb sceoc> sceoc>-dbhift sceoc>-djeejf
q
ju
3 # yue hfstcbb sceoc sceoc-dbhift sceoc-djeejf
3 # cpt-lit hfstcbb sceoc scenc-njd
Hfhdhcr/]crc js sirvhìjs
_in Act/DiftJT
3 rjjt# systiedtb feo {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus}
3 rjjt# systiedtb seo {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus}
3 rjjt# sirvhdi {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} feon
3 rjjt# sirvhdi {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} seon
3 rjjt# sirvhdi {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} whfohfnn
È ridjeifncnc c hfstcbcìäj njs pcdjtis ohfãrhjs nj Tceoc ctrcvès nj prôpr hj lirifdhcnjr
ni pcdjtis nc nhstrhouhìäj Bhfux. Nissc `jrec, ibi hfstcbcrã tceoèe tjncs cs nipifnëfdhcs
fidissãrhcs pcrc hfstcbcr i ixidutcr j Tceoc.
_in Act/DiftJT
# yue hfstcbb sceoc> sceoc>-dbhift sceoc>-djeejf
ju
# yue hfstcbb sceoc sceoc-dbhift sceoc-djeejf
# cpt-lit hfstcbb sceoc scenc-njd
Hfhdhcr/]crc js sirvhìjs c
o
e
c
_in Act/DiftJT T
-
8
bj
rjjt# systiedtb feo {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} u
åt
p
rjjt# systiedtb seo {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} c
D
3><
rjjt# sirvhdi {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} feon

rjjt# sirvhdi {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} seon
rjjt# sirvhdi {stcrt|stjp|ribjcn|ristcrt|`jrdi-ribjcn|stctus} whfohfnn
Crquhvj ni djf`hlurcìäj seo.djf`

Crquhvj tix tj /itd/sceoc/seo.dj f` q
3 Tiìùis;
? _iprisiftce ue djepcrthbaceiftj ju ue eitc-sirvhìj
? Nifhnj pibj fjei nc siìäj iftri djbdaitis. Ix; Wsidcj3U
3 Ctrhoutjs;
? Nifhnjs pjr pcris ni ‒dacvi― i ‒ vcbjr―, sipcrcnjs pibj shfcb ni hlucb. Ix; dacvi3
5 vcbjrC
? ]jnie sir lbjochs ju bjdchs
3 Tiìùis ispidhchs;
? WlbjocbU
? WajeisU
? WprjbiU
? WprhftirsU
? Djeiftãrhjs; ‒#― ju ‒7―
C djflurcìäj nj T ceoc è creczifcnc fj crquhvj seo.djf`, qui lircbeifti dc bjdcbhzcnj
fj nhritôrhj Bhfux. Nissc `jrec, ibi hfstcbcrã tceoèe tjncs cs nipifnëfdhjdcb djrritj ni
jfni j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nivi dcr, ocstc ixidutcr j sil uhfti djecfnj;
rjjt# seon -o | lrip seo.djf`
J crquhvj seo.djf` uthbhzc c eisec shftcxi ni vãrhjs cfthljs crquhvjs .hfh nj \hfnjws 4.3.
Djfshsti ni vãrhcs siìùis, qui säj hfhdhcncs djbjdcfnj j fjei nc siìäj iftri djbdaitis. Js
ctrhoutjs ni dcnc siìäj säj riprisiftcnjs pjr pcris ni ‒dacvi― i ‒ vcbjr―, sipcrcnjs pibj
shfcb ni hlucb (‒5―) . È ue shepbis crquhvj ni tixtj, iftäj è pjssåvib inhtã-bj dje qucbquir
t
i
inhtjr ni tixtj.
f
r
i
t
Hf
Dcnc siìäj fj crquhvj seo.djf` riprisiftc ue djepcrthbaceiftj ju ue eitc -sirvhìj ie
c
r
c ue sirvhnjr Tceoc. C siìäj W lbjocbU è ispidhcb, tifnj ie vhstc qui ibc djftèe djflurc -
p
s ìùis qui säj cpbhdcncs cj sirvhnjr Tceoc. J Tceoc supjrtc vãrhjs eitc-sir vhìjs, dcnc ue
j
hì
v tifnj siu prjpôshtj ispidådj. ]jr ixiepbj, j djepcrthbaceiftj WajeisU è ue eitc -
r
i
T
;
x -sirvhìj qui ` cz dje qui j Tceoc `jrfiìc ue djepcr thbaceiftj nj nhritôrhj ajei pissjcb
u
hf pcrc dcnc usuãrhj. J djepcrthbaceiftj WprhftirsU è ue eitc-sirvhìj qui istcoibidi ue
B
s
c supjrti í bc ni heprissäj. C siìäj W prjbiU nifi ue pirb ni usuãrhj qucfnj j sir vhnjr
e
ti Tceoc è uscnj djej ]ND ni njeåfhj.
s
h
T
i
n
j Cs bhfacs hfhdhcncs pjr ‒#― ju ‒7― säj trctcncs djej djeiftãrhj. Suiorcs ni bhfac pjnie
ä
ì
c
rt sir ispidhdcncs dje uec ‒R― fj fcb nc bhfac. C siluhr ue ixiepbj ni uec djflurcìäj
sh
f h eåfhec nj seo.djf`;
e
n
C
3>1
WlbjocbU
wjrglrjup 5 L_Y]J
fitohjs fcei 5 TEOTI_PI_
ecp tj luist 5 ocn usir
sidurhty 5 sacri
WajeisU
luist jg 5 fj
ricn jfby 5 fj
WncnjsU
pcta 5 /nctc
djeeift 5 Eius crquhvjs
ricn jfby 5 Fj
luist jg 5 yis
Orjwsicobi 5 yis
È hepjrtcfti v cbhncr j djftiûnj nj crquhvj seo.djf` cftis ni hfhdhcr js nciejfs. ]crc hssj,
ocstc ixidutcr j djecfnj tistpcre;
rjjt# tistpcre /itd/sceoc/seo.djf`
J tistpcre cfcbhscrã j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj i ripjr tcrã qucbquir pcrïeitrj nisdjfai -

dhnj ju dje c shftcxi hfdjrritc. Ibi tceoèe virhdc js irrjs ni djflurcìäj echs djeufs
i iehti ue cvhsj dcsj ifdjftri cblue.
]rhfdhpchs pcrïeitrjs ni djf`hlurcìäj
3 sirvir rjbi
3
3
fitohjs fcei
wjrglrjup
q
3 hfvcbhn usirs
3 vcbhn usirs
3 bjl bi
3 bjl bivib
3 js bivib
3 njechf ecstir
3 bjdcb ecstir
3 priìrrin ecstir
3 pcssno ocdgifn
3 sidurhty pcta
3 djeeift c
o
3 orjwsicobi e
c
T
-
3 luist 8
bj
u
3 cddjuft åt
p
c
D
3>8
3 puobhd q
3 wrhti bhst
3 ricn bhst
3 cvchbcobi
3 prhftcobi
3 ricn jfby
3 dricti ecsg
3 nhridtjry ecsg
3 vjbuei
Js pcrïeitrjs ni djflurcìäj istäj njdueiftcnjs fc p ãlhfc nj ecf nj seo.djf`. Cblufs

pcrïeitrjs pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs sjeifti fc siìäj W lbjocbU, jutrcs sjeifti ie siìùis ni
djepcrthbaceiftjs ju ni eitc-sirvhìjs.
3 pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj W lbjocbU qui nitirehfc j ejnj

sirvir rjbi 5 ‒ùfdcj―;
oãshdj ni jpircìäj ni ue Tirv hnjr Tceoc i è ue njs pcrïeitrjs echs hepjr tcftis ni
djflurcìäj. Cs jpìùis ni djflurcìäj cdihtcs säj;
? CY^J; issi è j vcbjr pcnräj, i `cz dje qui j Tceoc djfsubti j pcrïeitrj ‒sidurhty ―
pcrc nitirehfcr j ejnj ni jpircìäj nj sirvhnjr. Ti j pcrïeitrj ‒sidurhty― fäj
isthvir djflurcnj, j Tceoc sirã djflurcnj djej ue shepbis sir vhnjr ni crquhvjs,
fäj istcfnj djfidtcnj c fifaue Njeåfhj7
? T^CFNCBJFI;fissi ejnj ni jpircìäj, ue dbhifti pridhsc prheihrj ricbhzcr j
‒bjljf― uthbhzcfnj ue usuãrhj i uec sifac vãbhnjs. Tifacs drhptjlrc`cncs säj uthbh -
zcncs pjr pcnräj fissi ejnj7
? EIEOI_ TI_PI_;fissi ejnj j Tceoc tift crã vcbhncr j bjlhf/sifac ifdcehfacfnj
c sjbhdhtcìäj ni cutifthdcìäj pcrc j Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj. Issi ejnj sô ùfdhjfcrã
djrritceifti si j djecfnj fit `jh uthbhzcnj pcrc cnhdhjfcr issi sir vhnjr fj njeåfhj.
È ispircnj qui j pcrïeitrj ‒ifdry ptin pcsswjrns― istikc djflurcnj dje j vcbjr
‒yis―7
? DBCTTHD ]_HEC_X NJECHF DJF^_JBBI_;
fissi ejnj ni jpircìäj, j T ceoc
ixidutc djej ue Djftrjbcnjr ]rheãrhj ni Njeåfhj dbãsshdj, `jrfidifnj js sir vhìjs
ni bjljf ni njeåfhj cjs dbhiftis7
t
i
f
r
i
? DBCTTHD OCDGY] NJECHF DJF^_JBBI_;
j Tceoc ixidutc, fissi ejnj ni jpi-
t
Hf rcìäj, djej ue Djftrjbcnjr Ocdgup ni Njeåfhj dbãsshdj, `jrfidifnj sirvhìjs ni
c
r
c
p
bjljf ni njeåfhj cjs dbhiftis7
s
j
hì
v
? CD^HPI NH_ID^J_X NJECHF DJF^_JBBI_;
fissi ejnj ni jpircìäj, j T ceoc
r
i ixidutc djej ue Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj CN, `jrfidifnj sir vhìjs ni bjljf ni
T
;
x
u njeåfhj cjs dbhiftis.
hf
B
s
c 3 pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU qui ispi-
fitohjs fcei 5 ‒fjei nj sirvhnjr―;
e
ti dhdc j fjei FitOHJT pr heãrhj nj sirvhnjr T ceoc. Dcsj fäj sikc ckustcnj, ibi uscrã j
s
h
T
i ajstfcei nc eãquhfc djej vcbjr p cnräj7
n
j
ä
ì
c
3 pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU
wjrglrjup 5 ‒lrupj ni trcocbaj ju njeåfhj―;
rt
sh
qui ispidhdc qucb j fjei nj lrupj ni trcocbaj ju nj njeåfhj nc eãquhfc Tceoc7
f h
n
e 3 nifi uec bhstc ni usuãrhjs, sipcrcnjs pjr
hfvcbhn usirs 5 ‒usir3 usir? Mlrjup3―;
C
ispcìj, qui fäj tiräj cdissj cjs ridursjs nj sirv hnjr ju djepcrthbaceiftj. Fjeis
djeiìcnjs dje ‒M― säj hftirpritcnjs djej lrupjs7
39=
3 sieibacfti í jpìäj hfvcbhn usirs, ecs pirehti
vcbhn usirs 5 ‒usir3 usir? Mlrjup3―;
qui sjeifti js usuãrhjs ispidhdcnjs tiface cdissj cj shstiec7
3 pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU qui nifi c bjdcbh -
bjl bi5 ‒/dcehfaj/crquhvj―;
zcìäj i fjei nj crquhvj ni bjl lircnj pibj Tceoc7
3 bjl bivib 5 ‒vcbjr―;pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU qui nifi j fåvib ni nioul njs
nciejfs nj Tceoc, vcrhcfnj ni = (eifjs hf`jrecìäj) c 8 (euhtc hf`jrecìäj)7
3 js bivib5‒fue―;pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj W lbjocbU qui ispidhdc j fåvib nj Thstiec
Jpircdhjfcb. Issi fûeirj è uscnj pcrc cs ibihìùis FitOHJT pcrc nifhr j ecstir
orjwsir bjdcb i j djftrjbcnjr ni njeåfhj. J vcbjr pjni sir ni = c ?99, i j pcnräj è 4?7
3 njechf ecstir 5 ‒vcbjr―;pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU qui ispidhdc si j sir -
vhnjr tiftcrã si tjrfcr j ecstir orjwsir ni njeåfhj. Js vcbjris qui pjnie sir ispidh -
dcnjs säj; ‒yis― (vcbjr pcnräj), ‒fj― i ‒cutj―. J vcbjr pcnräj è cutj7
3 bjdcb ecstir 5 ‒vcbjr―;pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU qui nifi si j sirvhnjr
pcrthdhpcrã ju fäj ncs ibihìùis pcrc ecstir orjwsir bjdcb. Js vcbjris qui pjnie sir
ispidhdcnjs säj; ‒yis― i ‒fj―7
3 pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU qui nifi si j
priìrrin ecstir 5 ‒vcbjr―;
sirvhnjr Tceoc tirã ju fäj vcftclifs ni lcfacr uec ibihìäj bjdcb. J sirvhnjr pjnirã si
tjrfcr ni `jrec lcrcfthnc j ecstir orjwsir nj njeåfhj si issc jpìäj `jr uscnc ie djf -
kuftj dje njechf ecstir 5 yis. Js vcbjris pjnie sir ‒yis―, ‒fj― i ‒cutj― (vcbjr pcnräj)7
3 pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc siìäj WlbjocbU qui pirehti isdj-
pcssno ocdgifn 5 ‒thpj;bjdcb―;
bair qucb j thpj ni ‒ocdgifn― sirã u thbhzcnj pcrc creczifcr cs hf`jrecìùis ncs djftcs. J
vcbjr è nhvhnhnj ie nucs pcr tis, sifnj c prheihrc j fjei/t hpj nj ocdgifn i c silufnc
(jpdhjfcb) uec strhfl nifhfnj j bjdcb jfni sirã creczifcnc. Echs sjori issi cssuftj
fj htie ‒Ocdgifns ni djftcs―7
3 sidurhty 5 ‒vcbjr―;pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj fc sissäj WlbjocbU qui pirehti nifhr j Ejnj ni
silurcfìc nj Tceoc i djej js dbhiftis rispjfnie nurcfti c cutifthdcìäj. Issi pcrï -
eitrj è ue njs echs hepjrtcftis i sirã trctcnj echs nitcbacnceifti fj htie ‒Ejnibjs
ni Tilurcfìc―7
3 pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj ie uec siìäj ni djepcrthbac-
pcta 5 ‒/dcehfaj/nj/nhritôrhj―;
eiftj pcrc ispidhdcr qucb nhritôrhj j usuãrhj tirã cdissj. Fj dcsj ni ue djepcrth -
baceiftj ni heprissjrc, ispidhdc j nhritôrhj nj spjjb ni heprissäj, jfni js crquhvjs
siräj creczifcnjs cftis ni sirie ifv hcnjs pcrc c heprissjrc7
3 nisdrhìäj nj djepcrthbaceiftj qui
djeeift 5 ‒Nisdrhìäj nj Djepcrthbaceiftj―;
sirã ejstrcnc fc kcfibc ni prjdurc ni rini ju fj djecfnj seodbhift -B ecquhfc7
3 orjwsicobi 5 ‒vcbjr―;nifi si j djepcrthbaceiftj sirã ju fäj ixhohnj fc kcfibc ni
prjdurc ni rini. Eisej fäj sifnj ixhohnj, j djepcrthbaceiftj pjnirã sir cdisscnj.
Pcbjris cdihtjs säj ‒yis― i ‒fj―7
3 djftc qui sirã uscnc pcrc `czir cdissj sie sifac (djfvh -
luist cddjuft 5 ‒usirfcei―;
ncnj) qucfnj j pcrïeitrj luist jg ju puobhd `jrie uscnjs ie ue djepcrt hbaceiftj.
]jr pcnräj, ibc è ecpicnc pcrc j usuãrhj fjojny7

3 puobhd 5 ‒vcbjr―;pirehti cjs usuãrhjs si djfidtcrie cj djepcr thbaceiftj sie `jr - c
o
e
fidir uec sifac, uscfnj j usuãrhj nifhnj ie luist cddjuft. Cdihtc js vcbjris ‒yis― i c
T
-
‒fj―. Issi pcrïeitrj pjssuh j eisej iìhtj nj pcrïeitrj ‒luist jg―7 8
bj
3 bhstc ni usuãrhjs, sipcrcnjs pjr ispcìj ju vårlubc,
wrhti bhst 5 ‒usucrhj3 usucrhj? Mlrupj3―;
u
åt
p
c
qui pjniräj bir i lrcvcr fj djepcrthbaceiftj. Dcsj j fjei `jr hfhdhcnj pjr ‒M―, sirã trctcnj D
djej ue lrupj YFHQ i tjnjs js usuãrhjs ncquibi lrupj tiräj cdissj ni lrcvcìäj7
393
3 bhstc ni usuãrhjs sipcrcnjs pjr ispcìj ju
ricn bhst 5 ‒usucrhj3 usucrhj? Mlrupj3―;
vårlubc qui tiräj cdissj ni cpifcs bihturc fj djepcr thbaceiftj. Dcsj j fjei `jr hfh -
dhcnj pjr ‒M―, sirã trctcnj djej ue lrupj YFHQ 7
3 cvchbcobi 5 ‒vcbjr―;pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj pcrc acohbhtcr i niscohbhtcr ue djepcrthbac-
eiftj. Cdihtc js vcbjris ‒yis― i ‒fj―7
3 prhftcobi 5 ‒vcbjr―;ispidhdc si j djepcrt hbaceiftj è uec heprissjrc (yis) ju ue
djepcrthbaceiftj ni crquhvj/nhritôrhj (fj). J pcnräj è ‒fj―7
3 ricn jfby 5 ‒vcbjr―;ispidhdc si j djepcrt hbaceiftj è sjeifti pcrc bihturc (yis) ju
fäj (fj) pcrc tjnjs js usuãrhjs. J pcrïeitrj wrhtcobi è ue cftþfhej iquhvcbifti c issi
pcrïeitrj, sô qui uthbhzc cs jpìùis hfvirthncs7
dricti ecsg 5 ‒vcbjr―;eãsdcrc nj ejnj pcnräj pcrc drhcìäj ni crquhvjs fj djepcr th-
3 baceiftj. Pcbjr djflurcnj dje j c eãsdcrc ni drhcìäj ni crquhvjs nj Bhfux 7
3 eãsdcrc nj ejnj pcnräj pcrc c drhcìäj ni nhritôrhjs fj
nhridtjry ecsg 5 ‒vcbjr―;
djepcrthbaceiftj. Pcbjr djflurcnj djej c eãsdcrc ni drhcìäj ni nhritôrhjs nj Bhfux7
3 vjbuei 5 ‒fjei―;pcrïeitrj uthbhzcnj pcrc djflurcr j rôtubj nj vjbuei ni ue dje -
pcrthbaceiftj.
]crïeitrjs ni djf`hlurcìäj pcrc cnehfhstrcìäj ni djftcs

]crïeitrjs pcrc cnehfhstrcìäj cutjeãthdc ni djftcs q
3 Cnhdhjfcnjs fc siìäj WlbjocbU
? cnn usir sdrhpt; Cnhdhjfcr ue usuãrhj
? nibiti usir sdrhpt; _iejvir ue usuãrhj
? cnn lrjup sdrhpt; Cnhdhjfcr ue lrupj
? nibiti lrjup sdrhpt; _iejvir ue lrupj
? cnn usir tj lrjup sdrhpt; C nhdhjfcr ue usuãrhj c ue lrupj
? nibiti usir `rje lrjup sdrhpt; _iejvir ue usuãrhj ni ue lrupj
? sit prhecry lrjup sdrhpt; Nifh j lrup j prheãrhj
? cnn ecdahfi sdrhpt; Cnhdhjfcr uec eãquhfc
Js pcrïeitrjs c siluhr, nifhnjs fc siìäj WlbjocbU, säj uthbhzcnjs pcrc c cnehfhstrcìäj ncs
djftcs, prhfdhpcbeifti nurcfti jpircìùis riejtcs ixidutcncs fj sirvhnjr T ceoc;
t
i
f
r
i
t
3 cnn usir sdrhpt;dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixidutcnj djej
Hf rjjt pibj seon pcrc drhcr uec djftc ni usuãrhj7
c
r
c
j
p
s 3 nibiti usir sdrhpt;dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixidutcnj djej
hì rjjt pibj seon pcrc riejvir uec djftc ni usuãrhj7
v
r
i
;
T
x
u
3 cnn lrjup sdrhpt;dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixidutcnj djej
hf rjjt pibj seon pcrc drhcr ue lrupj7
B
s
c
e nibiti lrjup sdrhpt;dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixidutcnj djej
ti
s
h
T
3 rjjt pibj seon pcrc riejvir ue lrupj7
i
n
j
ä
3 dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixidutcnj
cnn usir tj lrjup sdrhpt;
ì
c
rt djej rjjt pibj seon pcrc cnhdhjfcr uec djftc ni usuãrhj c ue lrupj7
sh
f h
e
3 dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixi-
nibiti usir `rje lrjup sdrhpt;
n
C dutcnj djej rjjt pibj seon pcrc riejvir uec djftc ni usuãrhj c ue lrupj7
39?
3 dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixidutcnj
sit prhecry lrjup sdrhpt;
djej rjjt pibj seon pcrc nifhr j lrupj pr heãrhj ni ue usuãrhj7
3 cnn ecdahfi sdrhpt;dcehfaj djepbitj pcrc j sdrhpt/djecfnj qui sirã ixidutcnj
djej rjjt pibj seon pcrc cnhdhjfcr uec djftc ni eãquhfc7
Js djecfnjs nifhnjs fissis pcrïeitrjs, qui pjnie cpjftcr pcrc cs prôprhcs ìr rc -
eiftcs ni cnehfhstrcìäj nj Bhfux ju pcrc sdrhpt s ispidådjs, säj ixidutcnjs pcrc ricbhzcr
cs jpircìùis nifhncs sjo niecfnc, djej, pjr ixiepbj, qucfnj uec eãquhfc hflrissc
fj njeåfhj. Ti j pcrïeitrj cnn ecdahfi sdrhpt isthvir djrrit ceifti djflurcnj, qucfnj c
eãquhfc hflrissc fj njeåfhj, c djftc ni eãquhfc è cutjecthdceifti drhcnc.
Pcrhãvihs ni suosthtuhìäj
Pcrhãvihs ni suosthtuhìäj
]jnie sir djflurcncs ie qucbquir bulcr nj crquhvj; q
3 %Y; bjlhf nj usuãrhj nc sissäj7
3 %L; lrupj prheãrhj nj %Y7
3 %a; ajstfcei nj sirvhnjr qui ist ã ixidutcfnj j Tceoc7
3 %e; j fjei FitOHJT nc eãquhfc dbhifti7
3 %B; j fjei FitOHJT nj sirv hnjr Tceoc7
3 %E; j ajstfcei nc eãquhfc dbhifti7
3 %H; ifniriìj H] nc eãquhfc dbhifti7
3 %^; nctc i ajrc nj Tir vhnjr Tceoc7
3 %$(ifvvcr); j vcbjr nc vcr hãvib ni ceohifti nifhnc fj Bhfux
? (Ixiepbj; $]CÂ, $TAIBB, $AJT^ FCEI)7
3 %u; bjlhf nj usuãrhj nj sirvhìj/djepcrthbaceiftj7

3 %l; lrupj prheãrhj nj %u7
3 %A; j nhritôrhj ajei nj usuãrhj %u.
Euhtcs ncs strhfls qui säj djflurcncs fj crquhvj seo.djf` cdihtce suosthtuhìùis. ]jr
ixiepbj, j pcrïeitrj ‒pcta 5 /tep/%u ― è hftirpritcnj djej ‒pcta 5 /tep/cbufj― si j
usuãrhj djfidtcnj pjssuhr j bjlhf ‒cbufj―.
Cs echs djeueifti uthbhzcncs säj;
3 %Y; bjlhf nj usuãrhj nc sissäj7
3 %L; lrupj prheãrhj nj %Y7
3 %a; ajstfcei nj sirvhnjr qui is tã ixidutcfnj j Tceoc7
3 %e; j fjei FitOHJT nc eãquhfc dbhifti7
3 %B; j fjei FitOHJT nj sirv hnjr Tceoc7
%E; j ajstfcei nc eãquhfc dbhifti7

3
3 %H; ifniriìj H] nc eãquhfc dbhifti7 c
o
e
3 %^; nctc i ajrc nj Tirv hnjr Tceoc7
-
c
T
8
3 %$(ifvvcr);j vcbjr nc vcrhãvib ni ceohifti nifhnc fj Bhfux (Ixiepbj; $]CÂ, $TAIBB, bj
u
$AJT^FCEI)7 åt
p
c
D
3 %u; bjlhf nj usuãrhj nj sir vhìj/djepcrthbaceiftj 7
394
3 %l; lrupj prheãrhj nj %u7
3 %A; j nhritôrhj ajei nj usuãrhj %u.
Ocdgifns ni djftcs
3 Ocdgifn; eidcfhsej uthbhzcnj pcrc creczifcr cs djftcs q
3 seopcsswn
? Crquhvj tixtj, shehbcr cj pcsswn/sacnjw uthbhzcnj pibj B hfux
3 tnosce
? Eibajrhc ie ribcìäj cj seopcsswn
? Creczifc hf`jrecìùis istifnhncs TCE (Tidurhty Cddjutf Ecfclir)
? Crquhvj ohfãrhj fj `jrectj ^NO (^rhvhcb Nctcocsi)
? _idjeifncnj pcrc ceohiftis dje ue ûfhdj Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj
3 bncpsce
? ]jsshohbhtc c hftilrcìäj i djeufhdcìäj dje ue Tirvhnjr BNC ]
? _idjeifncnj pcrc ceohiftis qui fidisshtce ni eûbthpbjs Djftrjbcnjris
ni Njeåfhj (]rheãrhj i ni Ocdgup)
J ‒pcssno ocdgifn― è cpifcs ue eidcfhsej pcrc creczifcr cs djftcs. Isscs djftcs säj cs
djftcs ni usuãrhjs, djftcs ni lrupjs, djftcs ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc ni eãquhfc i djftcs
ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc iftri njeåfhjs. Js trës ocdgifns supjrtcnjs pibj T ceoc säj;
seopcsswn, tnosce i bncpsce. Nissis, cpifcs j bncpsce supjrtc creczifcr ceocs cs
djftcs njs usuãrhjs Bhfux (]JTHQ ) i Tceoc ie ue ûfhdj ripjshtôrhj.
seopcsswn
Issc jpìäj pirehti uthbhzcr j crquhvj seopcsswn , qui è ue shepbis crquhvj tixtj (CTDHH)
djftifnj cs sifacs drhptjlrc`cncs i ue dcepj ni hf`jrecìäj sjori c djftc. Issc `jrec
ni ocdgifn fäj creczifc qucbquir hf`jrecìäj TCE, fidissãrhc pcrc shstiecs \hfnjws c
pcrthr nc vir säj F^, i qui uthbhzce js djftrjbis ixtrcs ni silurcfìc i cdissj.
J usj nissi ocdgifn fäj è ridjeifncnj, i sô nivi sir u thbhzcnj ie dcsjs jfni c
ritrjdjepcthohbhncni è fidissãrhc.
t
i
f
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i
t
Hf
r
c
c
tnosce
p
s
j
hì
v
Issi ocdgifn `jrfidi uec rhdc ocsi ni ncnjs pcrc sir vhnjris bjdchs. Ibi fäj è ridjeif -
r
i ncnj pcrc ceohiftis dje eûbthpbjs djftrjbcnjris ni njeåfhj (ue ]N D i ue ju echs ONDs).
T
;
x
u
hf J ocdgifn tnosce creczifc cs hf`jrecìùis nj ocdgifn seopcsswn, echs cs hf`jr ecìùis
B
s
c istifnhncs nj TCE (Tidurht y Cddjuft Ecfclir), prisiftis fjs sirvhnjris \hfnjws, tunj
e
ti ie ue ûfhdj crquhvj ohfãrhj fj `jrectj ^NO ( ^rhvhcb Nctcocsi). C hfdbusäj ncs hf`jrec -
s
h
T
n
i ìùis istifnhncs tjrfju pjssåvib cj Tceoc hepbieiftcr js eisejs djftrjbis ni cdissj ni
j
ä
ì djftcs i shstiec ixhstifti fjs sirvhnjris \hfnjws.
c
rt
sh
f h
e
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C
39>
bncpsce
Issi ocdgifn `jrfidi cdissj cj sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj BNC], dje supjrti cj shstiec ni
lirifdhceiftj nhstrhouånj ni djftcs. J Tceoc pjssuh ue sdaiec pcrc hftilrcr c jpircìäj
dje j sirvhnjr BNC].
Ejnibjs ni silurcfìc
3 Tilurcfìc cj fåvib nj Ysuãrhj q
3 Tilurcfìc cj fåvib nj Njeåfhj
3 Tilurcfìc ni Njeåfhj CN
C rini TEO/DH@HT pjssuh cpifcs njhs fåvihs ni silurcfìc; ‒cj fåvib nj usuãrhj― i ‒cj
fåvib nj djepcrthbaceiftj―. Ye sirvhnjr TEO hf`jrec cj dbhifti, nurcfti c djflurcìäj
hfhdhcb nc sissäj, j fåvib ni silurcfìc qui j sirvhnjr istã uthbhzcfnj. J fåvib qui j dbhifti
ridioir cìtcrã c `jrec djej j dbhifti tiftc si cutifthdcr, ecs fäj cìtcrã nhritceifti
c `jrec djej j sirvhnjr Tceoc ricbhzc c silurcfìc. Fj TEO, tunj è hfhdhcnj i djftrjbcnj
pibj dbhifti, i j sirvhnjr pjni cpifcs ‒hf`jrecr― cj dbhifti j qui istã nhspjfåvib i si uec
cìäj è pirehthnc.
J Tceoc pjssuh trës `jrecs ni hepbieiftcr c silurcfìc cj fåvib ni usuãrhj. Isscs hepbi -
eiftcìùis nj Tceoc säj dacecncs ni eètjnjs ni silurcfìc, i säj; usir (usuãrhj), njechf
(njeåfhj) i CNT .
Tilurcfìc fj fåvib nj usuãrhj

Ejnibj pcnräj nj Tceoc q
3 C eãquhfc dbhifti ifvhc uec sjbhdhtcìäj cj sirv hnjr, `jrfidifnj usuãrhj/sifac
3 Fäj è `jdcnj fj djepcrthbaceiftj/ridursj qui j usuãrhj tie cdissj

3 J sirv hnjr cdihtc ju ridusc c djfixäj cpifcs dje ocsi fcs drinifdhchs
3 Cpôs c djfixäj sir cdihtc, fäj sirã echs fidissãrhj iftrcr dje usuãrhj i sifac
3 Djflurcìäj — Hfdbuhr fc siìäj WlbjocbU;
? sidurhty 5 usi
Fissi fåvib, j dbhifti ifvhc ue pinhnj ni djflurcìäj ni siìäj nhritceifti cpôs c
filjdhcìäj nj prjtjdjbj, `jrfidifnj ue usirfcei i uec sifac. J sirvhnjr pjni cdihtcr
ju riduscr c djeohfcìäj usirfcei/sifac. Nurcfti issi istãlhj, j sir vhnjr chfnc fäj
tie hf`jrecìùis sjori qucb djepcrthbaceiftj j dbhifti tiftcrã iviftucbeifti uthbhzcr, si
ocsicfnj sjeifti fcs hf`jrecìùis ni usirfcei/sifac i j fjei nc eãquhfc dbhifti pcrc
cdihtcr/rikihtcr c siìäj.
Ti j sir vhnjr cdihtcr cs drinifdhchs usirfcei/sifac, j dbhifti ispirc sir dcpcz ni ejftcr
js djepcrthbaceiftjs sie c fidisshncni ni iftrcr dje c sifac fjvceifti. È ispircnj
qui tjnjs js nhrihtjs ni cdissj uthbhzcräj j djfkuftj ni drinifdhchs usirfcei/sifac qui `jh
djflurcnj nurcfti c hfhdhcbhzcìäj nc siìäj. c
o
e
c
]crc djflurcr issi fåvib ni silurcfìc, ocst c hfdbuhr j siluhfti pcrïeitrj fc siìäj WlbjocbU T
-
8
nj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj seo.djf` ; bj
u
åt
p
sidurhty 5 usir c
D
399
Ejnj ni T ilurcfìc Njechf (Tilurcfìc cj Fåvib ni Ysuãrhj)
Eidcfhsej diftrcb pcrc creczifcr cs djftcs q
Djepcrthbacnj iftri js djftrjbcnjris ni njeåfhj
Ye ûfhdj sirvhnjr ]ND ecftèe c ocsi ni ncnjs
^jrfc j Tirvhnjr Tceoc ue Tirv hnjr Eieorj ni ue Njeåfhj
Cs riquhshìùis ni cutifthdcìäj säj ifdcehfacncs nhritceifti pcrc j ]ND
? sidurhty 5 njechf
? wjrglrjup 5 FJEI-NJ-NJEHFHJ
Issi ejnj `jrfidi ue eidcfhsej pcrc creczifcr tjncs cs djftcs ni usuãrhjs i lrupjs
ie ue ripjshtôrhj diftrcb i djepcrthbacnj. J ripjshtôrhj diftrcbhzcnj è djepcrthbacnj
iftri djftrjbcnjris ni njeåfhj. Js sirvhnjris qui ctuce djej djftrjbcnjris ni njeåfhj
`jrfidie js sirvhìjs ni cutifthdcìäj i vcbhncìäj pcrc tjncs cs eãquhfcs qui pcrthdhpce
fj djftixtj ni silurcfìc nj njeåfhj. J ]ND è rispjfsãvib pjr ecftir c hftilrhncni i
silurcfìc nc ocsi ni ncnjs ni djftc. Js ONDs `jrfidie sjeifti bjljf ni njeåfhj i
cutifthdcìäj ni sirvhìj.
J sirvhnjr T ceoc, qucfnj istã jpircfnj fj ejnj ‒sidurhty 5 njechf―, pjssuh uec djftc
ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc (uec djftc ni eãquhfc) i `cz dje qui tjncs cs riquhshìùis ni
cutifthdcìäj sikce ifdcehfacncs nhritceifti pcrc js djftrjbcnjris ni njeåfhj, tjrfcfnj
j Tirvhnjr T ceoc ue sirvhnjr eieorj ni njeåfhj.
]crc djflurcr j Tceoc djej ue Tir vhnjr Eieorj ni Njeåfhj, è fidissãrhj djflurcr js
siluhftis pcrïeitrjs fj crquhvj seo.djf` ;
sidurhty 5 njechf
wjrglrjup 5 NJEHFHJ3
Ejnj ni T ilurcfìc CNT (Tilurcfìc cj Fåvib ni Ysuãrhj)

3 Ythbhzcnj pcrc hflrisscr j Tirvhnjr Tceoc djej eieorj ni njeåfhj CN q
? ricbe 5 giroirjs._ICBE
t
i
f
r
i
? sidurhty 5 CNT
t
Hf
r
c ? pcsswjrn sirvir 5 giroirjs.sirvir
c
p
s J Tceoc pjni hflrisscr ie ue njeåfhj Cdthvi Nhridtjr y (CN) uthbhzcfnj ue eètjnj ni
j
hì
v silurcfìc ocsicnj ie _]D is thbj F^>. Hssj è pjssåvib si j njeåfhj isthvir ixidutcfnj ie
r
i
T
;
x ejnj fcthvj. J CN ie ejnj fcthvj pirehti eieorjs ni njeåfhj isthbj F^.
u
hf
B
s ]crc djflurcr j Tceoc pcrc ctucr nissc `jrec, è fidissãrhj ricbhzcr cs siluhftis djflu -
c
e
ti rcìùis fj crquhvj seo.djf`;
s
h
T
i ricbe 5 giroirjs._ICBE
n
j
ä sidurhty 5 CNT
ì
c
rt
sh
pcsswjrn sirvir 5 giroirjs.sirvir
f h
e
n
C
390
J tirej ‒ricbe― è uthbhzcnj pcrc nisdrivir c crquhtiturc ni silurcfìc ocsicnc ie Gir-
oirjs, qui è uthbhzcnc pibj Ehdrjsj`t CNT.
Issc djflurcìäj fäj `cz dje qui j Tceoc ctui djej ue Djftrjbcnjr ni
Njeåfhj CN.
Djftcs ni usuãrhjs, lrupjs i eãquhfcs

^jnc jpircìäj fj Bhfux fidisshtc ni ue hnifthdcnjr ni u suãrhj (dacecnj YHN), csshe
djej fj \hfnjws è fidissãrhj ue hnifthdcnjr ni silur cfìc (dacecnj THN). J Tceoc
`jrfidi nucs ecfihrcs pcrc ecpicr ue usuãrhj \hfnjws pcrc ue usuãrhj Bhfux.
Fc prheihrc, tjncs cs djftcs fc ocsi ni ncnjs TCE nj Tceoc fidisshtce ni ue YHN nj
Bhfux pcrc qucb c djftc sirã ecpicnc. Cftis ni cnhdhjfcr uec djftc ni usuãrhj fj Tceoc,
è fidissãrhj qui c djftc bjdcb djrrispjfnifti kã ixhstc fc ocsi ni usuãrhjs nj Bhfux. ^jncs
cs djftcs fc ocsi TCE nj T ceoc fidisshtce ni uec djftc ni usuãrhj Bhfux, qui pjni sir
uec djftc bjdcb nj shstiec (pcsswn i sacnjw) ju uec d jftc ie ue Tirvhnjr FHT .
C silufnc `jrec ni ecpicr ue THN \hfnjws pcrc ue YHN ju LHN Bhfux è ctrcvès nj pcrï -
eitrj ‒hnecp djfl―, prisifti fj crquhvj seo.djf`, i qui è u thbhzcnj pcrc ispidhdcr ue
rcfli ni YHN/LHN c sirie uthbhzcnjs fj ecpiceiftj. Issi eètjnj uthbhzc uec tcoibc ni
ecpiceiftj THN í YHN/LHN, dacecnc ni HNEC]. J whfohfn è j rispjfsãvib pjr ecftir i
lirifdhcr c tcoibc ni ecpiceiftj, i cssjdhcr ue THN c ue YHN ju L HN.
J Tceoc djfsubtc j Bhfux pcrc jotir ue YHN, ctrcvès ncs ùfdhjfcbhncnis ‒pcsswn―,
‒sacnjw― i ‒lrjup―, djflurcncs fj crquhvj ni djftrjbi nj FTT ( fsswhtda.djf` ). C `jrec
djej j FTT jotirã j YHN pjni sir djflurcnc ni nh virscs `jrecs. È pjssåvib uthbhzcr j w hf -
ohfnn i sucs ohobhjtidcs, `jrfidhnj pibj prôprhj Tceoc, ju uthbhzcr j BNC], pjr ixiepbj .
C djftc ni eãquhfc, tceoèe djfaidhnc djej djftc ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc, è uec djftc
ispidhcb, uthbhzcnc pcrc cutifthdcr uec eãquhfc dbhifti fj sirvhnjr qui è j djftrjbcnjr nj
njeåfhj. J prjpôshtj nissc djftc è `czir dje qui fifaue jutrj djeputcnjr pjssc uthbhzcr
j eisej fjei ni uec eãquhfc djfãvib i, csshe, uthbhzcr js djepcrthbaceiftjs qui ibc
tie pirehssäj ni cdissj. C sifac nc djftc ni eãquhfc ctuc djej ue silrinj djepcrth -
bacnj pcrc c djeufhdcìäj silurc dje j djftrjbcnjr nj njeåfhj. J fjei nc eãquhfc nivi
sir j fjei FitOHJT nj dbhifti qui hflrisscrã fj njeåfhj, cdrisdhnj nj dcrcdtiri ‒$―. Issi
dcrcdtiri sirvi p crc qui j Tceoc ridjfaiìc issc djftc djej uec djftc ni eãquhfc.
Js prhfdhpchs eidcfhsejs qui j Tceoc jìridi pcrc creczifcr c ocsi ni ncnj ncs
djftcs säj j tnosce i j bncpsce. J tnosce creczifc js ncnjs ni djftcs ni usuãrhj i ni
eãquhfc ie ue ûfhdj crquhvj ohfãrhj fj `jrectj ^NO (trhvhcb nctcocsi). Ibi creczifc cs
siluhftis hf`jrecìùis;
3 YFHQ usirfcei;usirfcei nc djftc fj Bhfux/YFHQ7
F^ usirfcei;usirfcei nc djftc fj njeåfhj F^7

3 c
3 Cddjuft @bcls;uec strhfl ni 33 dcrcdtiris, dirdcnc pjr djbdaitis, riprisiftcfnj cs o
e
c
cls ni djftrjbi nc djftc7 T
-
8
3 Ysir THN;THN nc djftc ni usuãrhj fj njeåfhj7 bj
u
åt
3 ]rhecry Lrjup THN;THN nj lrup j prheãrhj nj usuãrhj fj njeåfhj7
p
c
D
3 @ubb Fcei;fjei djepbitj nj usuãrhj7
39<
3 Ajei Nhridtjry;nhritôrhj ajei nj usuãrhj. ]jni istcr fj `jrectj YFD7
3 AjeiNhr Nrhvi;ispidhdc c bitrc nj nhspjshthvj cj qucb j d cehfaj nj nhritôrhj ajei

sirã ecpicnj7
3 Bjljf Tdrhpt;ispidhdc j sdrhpt (ue crquhvj .DEN, .IQ I, ju .OC^) ni bjljf nj usuãrhj,
qui sirã ixidutcnj fj bcnj dbhifti7
3 ]rjbi ]cta;ispidhdc j dcehfaj nj pir b nj usuãrhj7
3 Njechf;ispidhdc j fjei nj njeåfhj cj qucb j usuãrhj pirtifdi7
3 Cddjuft nisd;uec orivi nisdrhìäj nc djftc. Thehbcr cj dcepj LIDJT ncs djftcs
YFHQ/Bhfux7
3 \jrgstcthjfs;bhstc ni eãquhfcs, sipcrcncs pjr v årlubc, fcs quchs j usuãrhj pjni ric-
bhzcr bjljf. Ti vczhj, j usuãrhj pjni ricbhzcr bjljf ie qucbquir eãquhfc7
3 Bjljf thei;j theistcep (nctc i a jrc) nc ûbthec viz ie qui j usuãrhj ricbhzju bjljf7
3 Bjlj thei;j theistcep (nctc i ajrc) nc ûbthec viz ie qui j usuãrhj ricbhzju bjlj7
3 Ghdgj thei;j theistcep (nctc i ajrc) ni qucfnj j usuãrhj nivi sir nisbjlcnj cutj-
ecthdceifti7
3 ]csswjrn bcst sit;j theistcep (nctc i ajrc) nc ûbthec viz ie qui c sifac nj usuãrhj
`jh cbtircnc7
3 ]csswjrn dcf dacfli;j theistcep (nctc i ajrc) c pcr thr ni qucfnj c sifac nj usuãrhj
pjni sir cbtircnc7
3 ]csswjrn eust dacfli;j theistcep (nctc i a jrc) c pcrthr ni qucfnj c sifac nj
usuãrhj ixphrc7
3 Bcst ocn pcsswjrn;j theistcep (nctc i ajrc) nc ûbthec viz ie qui jdjrriu uec tiftc-
thvc ni bjljf qui `cbaju7
3 Ocn pcsswjrn djuft; fûeirj ni tiftcthvcs ni bjljf qui `cbacrce7

3 Bjljf ajurs;qucfthncni ni ajrcs ie qui j usuãrhj pjni pirecfidir bjlcnj7
Cs cls ni djftrjbi uthbhzcncs pibj Tceoc s äj;
3 N; c djftc istã niscohbhtcnc7
3 A; ue nhritôrhj ‒ajei― è jor hlctôrhj7
3 H; uec djftc ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc iftri njeåfhjs7

t
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3 B; c djftc `jh objquicnc cutjecthdceifti7
r
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t 3 E; uec djftc ni bjljf EFT (Ehdrjsj`t Fitwjrg Tirv hdi)7
c
r
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3 F; c sifac fäj è jorhlctôrhc7
s
j
hì
v
3 T; uec djftc ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc ni sirvhnjr7
r
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3 ^; djftc Nupbhdcnc îepjrcrhceifti7
u
hf
B 3 Y; djftc ni usuãrhj fjrecb7
s
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e \; djftc ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc ni \jrgstcthjf7
ti
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3 Q; sifac fufdc ixphrc.
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ì J tnosce è ridjeifncnj pcrc fjvcs hfstcbcìùis qui fäj fidisshtie nj BNC].
c
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f h J eidcfhsej bncpsce è hfnhdcnj pcrc ceohiftis euhtj lrcfnis i qui fidisshtie nc
e
n
C
hepbieiftcìäj ni sirvhnjris O ND, cbèe nj ]ND, pcrc ricbhzcr c ripbhdcìäj nc ocsi ni
ncnjs ni djftcs. J pcdjti nj Tceoc hfdbuh j crquhvj ni sdaiec fidissãrhj pcrc hftilrcr
dje j sirvhnjr B NC] i creczifcr cs hf`jrecìùis uthbhzcncs pibj Tceoc.
391
J jokitj sceocTceCddjuft nivi djepbieiftcr cs hf`jrecìùis nc djftc ni usuãrhj nj
shstiec Bhfux. Ibi è ue jokitj nj thpj JokidtD bcss cuxhbhcr, j qui shlfhdc qui ibi pjni sir
uthbhzcnj pcrc cepbhcr cs hf`jrecìùis nc djftc ni usuãrhj ixhstifti fj nhritôrhj BNC], nhs -
pjfhohbhzcfnj cs hf`jrecìùis fidissãrhcs pcrc j Tceoc pjnir lirifdhcr c djftc.
]crc pjnir creczifcr tjnc hf`jrecìäj nc djftc ni usuãrhj (Bhfux i Tceoc) niftrj nj
nhritôrhj, è fidissãrhj uthbhzcr cs JokidtDbcss sceocTceCddjuft i pjshx Cddjuft ni `jrec
djeohfcnc. Iftritcftj, j seon chfnc jotirã c hf`jrecìäj nc djftc ni usuãrhj Bhfux ctrcvès
ncs ohobhjtidcs nj prôprhj shstiec. Hssj shlfhdc qui j sirvhnjr Tceoc nivi tceoèe tir c
ohobhjtidc BNC] FTT hfstcbcnc i ùfdhjfcfnj djrritceifti.
Tceoc djej ]ND

]ND — Djftrjbcnjr ]rheãrhj ni Njeåfhj
3 Tirvhnjr qui rilhs trc i si nhvublc djej ue ]ND
q
3 @jrfidi sirvhìj ni bjljf ni rini
3 @jrfidi djepcrthbaceiftj ispidhcb — FI^BJLJF
3 Hfhdhc i ecftèe c ocsi ni ncnjs nj Njeåfhj
Djflurcr j Tirvhnjr djej ]ND
3 Djflurcìäj djrritc nc rini ^D]/H] i nc rini \hfnjw s7
3 Djflurcìäj djrritc nj pcrïeitrj pcrc nifhr c ùfìäj nj sirvhnjr7
3 Djflurcìäj djrritc nj sirvhìj nj NFT7
3 Bjljfs ni njeåfhj pcrc js dbhiftis \hfnjws7
3 Djflurcìäj ni pirs riejtjs ju `jrìcr j usj ni pirb bjdcb7
3 Djflurcìäj ncs pjbåthdcs ni rini i ni shstiec7
3 Cnhìäj i lirifdhceiftj ni djftcs ni usuãrhjs nj njeåfhj7

3 Dbhiftis \hfnjws djej eieorjs ni njeåfhj.
Ye Djftrjbcnjr ni Njeåfhj è uec eãquhfc qui è dcpcz ni ctifnir ís riquhshìùis ni bjljf
ncs istcìùis ni trcocbaj fc rini. J Ehdrjsj`t BcfEcfclir i j HOE BcfTirvir irce njhs
prjnutjs hfhdhchs qui supjrtcvce issc ùfdhjfcbhncni. Issc tidfjbjlhc si tjrfju djfaidhnc
djej j sirvhìj BcfEcf Fitbjljf.
Sucfnj j Ehdrjsj`t \hfnjws F ^ 4 `jh bcfìcnj, ibi supjrtcvc ue fjvj isthbj ni Djftrjbi ni
Njeåfhj i, dje ibi, uec fjvc `jrec ni ricbhzcr j sir vhìj ni bjljf ni rini i qui pjssuåc
ùfdhjfcbhncnis istifnhncs. Issi sirvhìj si tjrfju djfaidhnj djej j F^ FitBjljf Tir vhdi.
J Djftrjbcnjr ]rheãrhj ni Njeåfhj (]rhecry Njechf Djftrjbbir) è ue sirvhnjr TEO/DH@T qui;
3 _ilhstrc i nhvublc c sh eisej djej ue djftrjbcnjr ni njeåfhj, ctrcvès ni eifsclifs

FitOHJT ni orjcndcst ju rilhstrjs ie ue sirv hnjr \HFT7
3 @jrfidi j sirvhìj ni bjljf ni _ini7
3 @jrfidir ue djepcrthbaceiftj ispidhcb, dacecnj ni FI^BJLJF.

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J ]ND nisiepifac ue pcpib hepjr tcfti fj njeåfhj. È ibi quie hfhdhc uec fjvc ocsi ni c
T
-
ncnjs pcrc djftrjbi nj njeåfhj. 8
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398
Js siluhftis pcssjs säj fidissãrhjs pcrc djflurcr j Tceoc djej ue ]ND isthbj \hfnjws
F^ pcrc dbhiftis \hfnjws;
3 Djflurcìäj djrritc nc rini ^D]/H] i nc rini \hfnjw s7

3 Djflurcìäj djrritc nj pcrïeitrj pcrc nifhr c ùfìäj nj sirvhnjr, fj crquhvj seo.djf`7
3 Djflurcìäj djrritc nj sirv hìj ni risjbuìäj ni fjeis7
3 Bjljfs ni njeåfhj pcrc js dbhiftis \hfnjws7
3 Djflurcìäj ni pirs riejtjs ju `jrìcr j usj ni pirb bjdcb7
3 Djflurcìäj ncs pjbåthdcs ni rini i ni shstiec7
3 Cnhìäj i lirifdhceiftj ni djftcs ni usuãrhjs nj njeåfhj7
3 Djflurcr js dbhiftis \hfnjws pcrc si tjrfcrie eieorjs ni njeåfhj.

Dcnc djftrjbcnjr Tceoc ni njeåfhj nivi `jrfidir j sir vhìj ni bjljf ni rini, ùfdhjfc -
bhncni è qui djflurcnc fj Tceoc ctrcvès nj pcrïeitrj njechf bjljfs fj crquhvj ni
djflurcìäj seo.djf`.
J prheihrj pcssj pcrc drhcr ue ]ND Tceoc ùfdhjfcb è iftifnir js pcrïeitrjs fidissãrhjs
fj crquhvj seo.djf`. Ye ixiepbj ni djflurcìäj ni ue ]ND pjni sir vhstj c siluhr;
WlbjocbU
sirvir rjbi 5 dbcsshd prhecry njechf djftrjbbir
wjrglrjup 5 NJEHFHJ3
fitohjs fcei 5 TEOTI_PI_
pcssno ocdgifn 5 tnosce
js bivib 5 44
priìrrin ecstir 5 cutj
njechf ecstir 5 yis
bjdcb ecstir 5 yis

sidurhty 5 usir
njechf bjljfs 5 yis
bjljf pcta 5 RR%BRprj`hbis
bjljf nrhvi 5 A;
bjljf ajei 5 RR%BR%Y
cnn usir sdrhpt 5 /usr/sohf/usircnn -e ‑%u‘
nibiti usir sdrhpt 5 /usr/sohf/usirnib -r ‑%u‘
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i cnn lrjup sdrhpt 5 /usr/sohf/lrjupcnn ‑%l‘
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t nibiti lrjup sdrhpt 5 /usr/sohf/lrjupnib ‑%l‘
Hf
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c
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s cnn ecdahfi sdrhpt 5 /usr/sohf/usircnn -s /ohf/`cbsi -n /vcr/bho/fjojny -l
j
hì
v ecquhfcecquhfcs ‑%u‘
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B
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pcta 5 %A/prj`hbis
30=
ricn jfby 5 fj
dricti ecsg 5 =0==
nhridtjry ecsg 5 =<==
WajeisU
djeeift 5 Nhritjrhjs Ajei
vcbhn usirs 5 %T
ricn jfby 5 Fj
orjwsicobi 5 Fj
3 Nifie j ejnj ni jpircìäj i c istruturc nj Njeåfhj

3 sirvir rjbi q
3 wjrglrjup
3 fitohjs fcei
3 pcssno ocdgifn
3 sirvir rjbi;pcrïeitrj qui nifi j ejnj ni jpircìäj pcnräj nj Tirvhnjr Tceoc7
3 wjrglrjup;pcrïeitrj qui nifi j fjei nj njeåfhj, qucfnj djflurcnj djej ]ND7
3 fitohjs fcei;pcrïeitrj qui djflurc j fjei FitOHJT pibj qucb j sir vhnjr Tceoc
sirã djfaidhnj. ]jr pcnräj, è djflurcnj dje j eisej fjei ctrhouånj cj ajst fj NFT7
3 pcssno ocdgifn;è jfni tjnc c hf`jrecìäj ncs djftcs ni usuãrhjs i lr upjs sirã crec -
zifcnc. Js vcbjris cdihtãvihs pcrc c djflurcìäj ni ue ]ND säj; tnosce i bncpsce.
]crïeitrjs ni djftrjbi nj njeåfhj

3
q
Djflurce j ùfdhjfceiftj nj Njeåfhj;
? js bivib
? priìrrin ecstir
? nnjechf ecstir
? sidurhty
? ifdrypt pcssjwrns
? njechf bjljfs
Js pcrïeitrjs js bivib, priìrrin ecstir, njechf ecstir, sidurhty, ifdryp t pcsswjrn i
njechf bjljfs säj piìcs-dacvi pcrc lcrcfthr j ùfdhjfceiftj nj njeåfhj i j supjrti í
bjljf ni rini.
J ‒js bivib― nivi sir djflurcnj dje ue vcbjr hlucb ju cdhec ni 4?. Ye djftrjbcnjr ni
njeåfhj nivi sir j NEO, nivi sir djflurcnj pcrc uthbhzcr j ejnj ni silurcfìc usir, nivi
supjrtcr sifacs ifdrhptcncs djepctåvihs dje j \hfnjws, i nivi `jrfidir j sirvhìj ni
bjljf ni rini (njechf bjljfs).
c
o
3 js bivib;pcrc j ]ND, issi vcbjr nivi sir djflurcnj djej hlucb ju cdhec ni 4?7 e
c
T
-
3 priìrrin ecstir;nivi sir djflurcnj dje j vcbjr ‒ yis―, pcrc j feon `jrìcr uec 8
bj
ibihìäj nj Ecstir Orjwsir nj N jeåfhj7 u
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3 njechf ecstir;nivi sir djflurcnj dje j vcbjr ‒yis―, pcrc qui j sirvhnjr T ceoc sikc D
hnifthdcnj djej ue Ecstir Orjwsir nj N jeåfhj7
303
3 sidurhty;nivi sir djflurcnj djej ‒usir―7
3 ifdrypt pcssjwrns;pcrïeitrj qui djftrjbc si cs sifacs drhptjlrc`cncs siräj filj -

dhcncs dje j dbhifti. Cblufs dbhiftis \hfnjws sô djfsiluie si djfidtcr dje j Tceoc
uthbhzcfnj j supjrti ís sifacs drhptjlrc`cncs7
3 njechf bjljfs;nivi sir djflurcnj pcrc ‒ yis―, `czifnj dje qui j Tceoc `jrfiìc j
sirvhìj ni bjljf ni rini, i ùfdhjfi djej ue djftrjbcnjr ni njeåfhj isthbj \hfnjws F^.
]crïeitrjs ni ceohifti
@cdhbhtc jpircìùis ni bjljf fc rini q
@jrfidi ùfdhjfcbhncnis ni djftrjbi
3 bjljf pcta
3 bjljf ajei
3 bjljf nrhvi
3 bjljf sdrhpt
Js pcrïeitrjs bjljf pcta, bjljf ajei, bjljf nrhvi i bjljf sdrhpt säj djflurcìùis ni
supjrti cj ceohifti qui ckunce c `cdhbhtcr cs jpircìùis ni bjljf njs dbhiftis. ^ceoèe
ckunce c `jrfidir ùfdhjfcbhncnis ni djftrjbi cutjecthzcncs pcrc nhehfuhr cs sjoridcrlcs
nj lirifdhceiftj ni rini.
3 bjljf pcta;issi pcrïeitrj ispidhdc j nhritôrhj jfni js pir s riejtjs säj creczi -
fcnjs. ^ceoèe ispidhdc j nhritôrhj c pcrthr nj qucb cblufs nhritôrhjs, djej ‒Ãric ni
^rcocbaj―, ‒Cpbhdcìùis― i ‒Ãrics ni _ini―, säj dcrrilcnjs i ixhohnjs fc eãquhfc dbhifti.
]crc niscohbhtcr j pirb riejtj, ocstc nihxcr issi pcrïeitrj ie orcfdj (―bjljf pcta 5 ‒)7
3 bjljf ajei;issi pcrïeitrj ispidhdc j bjdcb nj nhritôrhj ajei qucfnj dbhiftis
\hfnjws ricbhzce bjljf ie ue ]ND Tceoc. Ibi pjni sir uscnj pcrc lcrcfthr qui js
pirs riejtjs sikce creczifcnjs ie ue suonhritôrhj nj nhritôrhj ‒ajei― nj usuãrhj.
]crc niscohbhtcr j pirb riejtj, ocstc nihxcr issi pcrïeitrj ie orcfdj (―bjljf ajei 5 ‒)7
3 bjljf nrhvi;è c ufhncni ni nhsdj qui tirã j ajeinhr nj usuãrhj ecpicnj7
3 bjljf sdrhpt;issi pcrïeitrj ispidhdc j crquhvj ni sdrhpt octda (.oct) ju ue crquhvj ni

djecfnjs F^ (.den) qui sirã ixidutcnj fc eãquhfc dbhifti qucfnj ue usuãrhj ricbhzcr
ue bjlhf. J crquhvj nivi sir fj isthbj NJT, ut hbhzcfnj js fcbhzcnjris ni bhfac D_/B@. J
t
dcehfaj nj sdrhpt è ribcthvj cj djepcrthbaceiftj WfitbjljfU. Issc jpìäj sô i ûthb qucfnj
i
f
r j Tceoc è djflurcnj djej ue sirv hnjr ni bjljf. Ixiepbj;
i
t
Hf
c
r fit thei RRseosirvir /sit /yis
c
p
s fit usi [; RRseosirvirRDJE]C_^HBACEIF^J /yis
j
hì
v
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i
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;
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u Ti issi sdrhpt `jr drhcnj fj Bhfux, ibi nivi sir djfvirthnj pcrc NJT, uthbhzcfnj j
hf
B
s djecfnj ufhx?njs.
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
n
j Djepcrthbaceiftj FI^BJLJF
q
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
Djepcrthbaceiftj ispidhcb
f h
n
e Nifhnj pcrc ncr supjrti cj bjljf ni ri ni
C
Djflurc j bjdcb jfni siräj creczifcnjs j sdrhpts ni bjljf i crquhvjs ni pjbåthdc ni lrupj
30?
Issi djepcrthbaceiftj è ùfnceiftcb fj supjrti c bjljf i cssjdhcìäj ni njeåfhj.
Ibi è `jrfidhnj ie tjnjs js djftrjbcnjris ni njeåfhj Ehdrjsj`t i è uthbhzcnj pcrc `jr -
fidir sdrhpts ni bjljf, creczifcr crquhvjs ni pjbåthdc ni lrupj (F^Djfl.]JB), i bjdcbhzcr
jutrcs ìrrceiftcs qui pjnie sir fidissãrhcs pcrc j prjdissceiftj nj bjljf.
Djepcrthbaceiftj ]_J@HBI
Djepcrthbaceiftj ispidhcb q
Ythbhzcnj pcrc creczifcr js pirs njs usuãrhjs
J nhritôrhj ispidhdcnj nivi ixhsthr cftis nc ricbhzcìäj nj bjljf
Issi djepcrthbaceiftj è uthbhzcnj pcrc creczifcr js pirs ni ãric ni trcocbaj nj usuãrhj.

Dcnc usuãrhj nivi pjssuhr ue nhritôrhj fc rchz nissi djepcrthbaceiftj.
È fidissãrhj qui j nhritôrhj ispidhdcnj fj pcrïeitrj ‒pcta― fissi djepcrthbaceiftj

ixhstc cftis nj usuãrhj ricbhzcr bjljf fc rini i tceoèe qui tifac cs djrritcs pirehssùis
ni bihturc i isdrhtc. Ti j nhritôrhj ‒prjbis― `jr ispidhdcnj niftrj nj ajeinhr nj usuãrhj, j
ridjeifncnj è hfdbuhr issi nhritôrhj niftrj nj ‒sgib―. Ixiepbj;
egnhr /itd/sgib/prj`hbis
Nissc `jrec, tjnc viz qui uec djfnc ni usuãrhj `jr dr hcnc, j nhritôrhj ‒prjbis― è cutjec -
thdceifti drhcnj.
Tirvhìj ni Bjljf fc _ini ni Njeåfhj

3 Ixidutcr j sirvhìj ni fitbjljf q
? Djflurcr j pcrïeitrj ‒njechf bjljf― dje j vcbjr ‒yis―
3 Tjeifti j ]ND djflurcrã j pcrïeitrj ‒njechf ecstir― dje j v cbjr ‒yis―

^jnjs js djftrjbcnjris ni njeåfhj nivie ixidutcr j sir vhìj fitbjljf (njechf bjljf fj
Tceoc). J ]ND nivi sir djflurcnj dje j pcrïeitrj ‒njechf ecstir 5 yis ―.
Djf`hlurcìùis cnhdhjfchs
Cblufs htifs cnhdhjfchs c sirie virhdcnjs i ixidutcnjs cpôs c djflurcìäj nj Tceoc.
_ihfhdhcr js sirvhìjs nj Tceoc;
3 _in Act / DiftJT

rjjt# systiedtb ristcrt feo
rjjt# systiedtb ristcrt seo
3 Niohcf /Youftu Tirvir

rjjt# sirvhdi feon ristcrt
rjjt# sirvhdi seon ristcrt
rjjt# sirvhdi whfohfnn ristcrt c
o
e
c
Cnhdhjfcr c djftc nj usuãrhj rjjt fj Tceoc. Issc djftc è issifdhcb fcs cthv hncnis rilubcris T
-
8
ni ecfutifìäj i cnehfhstrcìäj; bj
u
åt
p
rjjt# seopcsswn -c rjjt c
D
Fiw TEO pcsswjrn; QQQQQQQQ
_itypi fiw TEO pcsswjrn; QQQQQQQQ
304
Pirhdcr cs rilrcs nj hptcobis.
]jni sir fidissãrhj bhoircr fj riwcbb cs pjr tcs uthbhzcncs pibj Tceoc, qui säj;
3 ]jrtc 34<;sirvhìj ni Fjei FitOHJT Fcei Tir vhdi7
3 ]jrtc 341;sirvhìj ni Nctclrcec nj FitOHJT7
3 ]jrtc 348;sirvhìj ni Tissäj FitOHJT Tisshjf Tirvhdi7
3 ]jrtc >>9;sirvhìj ni Nhritôrhj Ehdrjsj`t.
Cs rilrcs echs shepbis pcrc bhoircr c iftrcnc fisscs p jrtcs, fj hpt cobis, sirhce;
rjjt# hptcobis -C HF]Y^ --npjrt 34< -e stcti --stcti FI\,IT^COBHTAIN -k CDDI]^

rjjt# hptcobis -C HF]Y^ --npjrt 341 -e stcti --stcti FI\,IT^COBHTAIN -k CDDI]^
rjjt# hptcobis -C HF]Y^ --npjrt 348 -e stcti --stcti FI\,IT^COBHTAIN -k CDDI]^
rjjt# hptcobis -C HF]Y^ --npjrt >>9 -e stcti --stcti FI\,IT^COBHTAIN -k CDDI]^
Jutrc jpìäj, uthbhzcnc sjeifti ie ceohifti ni tistis, è riejvir tjncs cs rilrcs nj

riwcbb;
rjjt# hptcobis -@
Hftilrcìäj dje j JpifBNC]

3 Fidissãrhj ie ceohiftis dje ]ND i ONDs q
3 Ûfhdj ocdgifn qui pirehti uthbhzcìäj nhstrhouånc
3 Cbtc nhspjfhohbhncni ctrcvès nc ripbhdcìäj/shfdrjfhzcìäj ni Tirvhnjris BNC]
3 ^jncs cs djftcs dce diftrcbhzcncs (uec ûfhdc djftc pcrc cdisscr \ hfnjws i Bhfux)
J prhfdhpcb `ctjr qui tjrfc fidissãrhj c hftilrcìäj nj Tceoc dje j BNC] è c hepbieiftcìäj
ni Tirvhnjris Tceoc ONDs, pjhs issi è j ûfhdj ocdgifn ni ocsi ni usuãrhjs qui pirehti
j usj ni `jrec nhstrhouånc. C jpircìäj ni Cbtc Nhspjfhohbhncni pjni sir jothnc ctrcvès nc
ripbhdcìäj/shfdrjfhzcìäj nj nhritôrhj, i djflurcìäj ni sirvhnjris ecstir/sbcvi. Jutrc
lrcfni vcftclie ni hftilrcr j Tceoc dje j BNC] è qui tjncs cs djftcs dce diftrcbhzcncs
ie uec ûfhdc ocsi, ivhtcfnj csshe c fidisshncni ni drhcr uec djftc pcrc ue usuãrhj ie
nucs ocsis nhìriftis (Tceoc i FHT, pjr ixiepbj).
J JpifBNC] è uec pbctc`jrec ecnurc pcrc ajspincr c hf`rcistruturc ni nhritôrhj jrlc -

fhzcdhjfcb, i pjni hfdbuhr tjncs cs djftcs Bhfux, nhritôrhj ni creczifceiftj ni i-echb, i
t
i euhtj echs. Nc pirspidthvc nj JpifBNC], cs djftcs nj shstiec Bhfux säj creczifcncs ie
f
r
i
t
Hf
ixtifsùis nj sdaiec ]JTHQ. J Tceoc `jrfidi siu prôprhj sdaiec pcrc pirehthr j creczi -
c
r
c fceiftj njs ctrhoutjs fidissãrhjs ni djftc. J ocdgifn BNC] è uthbhzcnj pcrc creczifcr;
p
s
j
hì
v
3 Djftcs ni Ysuãrhjs ni _ini \hfnjws7
r
i
;
T
x
3 Djftcs ni Lrupj \hfnjws F^7
u
hf
B 3 Hf`jrecìäj ni Ecpiceiftj iftri Lrupjs YFHQ i Lrupjs \hfnjws F^7
s
c
e Ecpiceiftj iftri THNs i YHNs.
ti
s
h
T
3
C uthbhzcìäj nj Tceoc dje j JpifBNC ] tjrfc fidissãrhj creczifcr cs djftcs YFHQ i cs
i
n
j djftcs ni _ini \hfnjws fj ocdgifn BNC]. Hssj shlfhdc qui è fidissãrhj uthbhzcr cbluecs
ä
ì
c
rt ìrrceiftcs pcrc `czir c risjbuìäj iftri cs djftcs. O cshdceifti, js pcssjs pcrc ricbhzcr c
sh
f h hftilrcìäj säj;
e
n
C 3 JpifBNC] hfstcbcnj i jpircdhjfcb7
3 Hfdbuhr j sdaiec nj Tceoc fj JpifBNC ].
30>
3 Djflurcr j Tceoc ]ND pcrc cdisscr c ocsi ni ncnjs BNC]7
3 Hfhdhcbhzcr j crquhvj sidrits.tno nj Tceoc7
Djf`hlurcìäj nj JpifBNC]
Hfdbuhr supjrti cj jokitj sceocTceCddjuft — cnhdhjfcr j sdaiec nj Tceoc
fj JpifBNC]
q
3 Djphcr j crquhvj nj sdaiec
? rjjt# zdct /usr/sacri/njd/sceoc/ixcepbis/BNC]/sceoc. bnh`.lz 6 /itd/bncp/
sdaiec/sceoc.bnh`
3 Dcrrilcr j sdaiec
? rjjt# bncpcnn -S -X IQ Î_FCB - A bncph;/// -` /itd/bncp/sdaiec/sceoc.bnh`

3 Drhcr åfnhdis pcrc js ctrhoutjs echs uthbhzcnjs
]crc hfdbuhr supjrti cj jokitj sceocTceCddjuft ie ue sir vhnjr JpifBNC], prheihrj
è fidissãrhj djphcr j crquhvj sceoc.bnh` pcrc c nhritôrhj ni djflurcìäj nj sbcpn. Issi
crquhvj pjni sir ifdjftrcnj j nhritôrhj ixcepbis/BNC] nc nhstrhouhìäj nj Tceoc, ju
ctrcvès nj pcdjti sceoc-njd;
rjjt# zdct /usr/sacri/njd/sceoc/ixcepbis/BNC]/sceoc.bnh`.lz 6 /itd/bncp/sdaiec/

sceoc.bnh`
Dcrrilcr j sdaiec fc djflurcìäj nj JpifBNC];
rjjt# bncpcnn -S -X IQÎ_FCB -A bncph;/// -` /itd/bncp/sdaiec/sceoc.bnh`
]crc virhdcr si j fjvj isquiec `jh cnhdhjfcnj djrritceifti i istã nhspjfåvib;
rjjt# bncpsicrda -S -BBB -X IQÎ_FCB -A bncph;/// -o
df5sdaiec,df5djf`hl―(jokidtDbcss5jbdTdaiecDjf`hl)― nf
È ridjeifncnj qui cblufs åfnhdis sikce ecfthnjs sjori cblufs njs ctrhoutjs echs ûtihs,
pcrc clhbhzcr cs ousdcs ricbhzcncs fcs dbcssis ni jokitj sceocTceCddjuft, pjshxCddjuft i
pjshxLrjup. Hssj è ìhtj drhcfnj j crquhvj sceocZhfnhdi.bnh`, dje j djftiûnj;
nf; jbdNctcocsi5{3}ano,df5djf`hl
dacflitypi; ejnh`y
cnn; jbdNoHfnix
jbdNoHfnix; uhnFueoir iq
jbdNoHfnix; lhnFueoir iq
jbdNoHfnix; bjlhfTaibb iq
jbdNoHfnix; eieoirYhn iq,pris,suo
jbdNoHfnix; ufhquiEieoir iq,pris
jbdNoHfnix; sceocTHN iq
jbdNoHfnix; sceoc]rhecryLrjupTHN iq
jbdNoHfnix; sceocLrjup^ypi iq
jbdNoHfnix; sceocTHNBhst iq
c
o
jbdNoHfnix; sceocNjechfFcei iq e
c
jbdNoHfnix; ni`cubt suo T
-
8
bj
u
Ti kã ixhsthr c djflurcìäj ni åfnhdis fj JpifBNC], inhtcr j crquhvj sceocZhfnhdi.bnh` åt
p
c
pcrc djftir sjeifti js åfnhdis pcrc js dcepjs uthbhzcnjs pibj Tceoc. D
309
Ythbhzcr j djecfnj bncpejnh`y pcrc dcrrilcr js fjvjs åfnhdis fc djflurcìäj nj
JpifBNC];
rjjt# bncpejnh`y -S -X IQÎ_FCB -A bncph;/// -` sceocZhfnhdi.bnh`
È pjssåvib virhdcr js fjvjs åfnhdis uthbhzcfnj j djecfnj bncpsicrda ;
rjjt# bncpsicrda -S -BBB -X IQÎ_FCB -A bncph;/// -o df5djf`hljbdNctcocsi5{3}ano

jbdNoHfnix
Hfhdhcbhzcìäj nc ocsi ni ncnjs B NC] — Djf`hlurcfnj j seobncp-tjjbs

]cdjti dje djfkuftj ni ìrrceiftcs pcrc lirifdhcr cs djftcs q
Hfhdhcbhzcr c ocsi nj BNC]
3 H. Jotir j THN nj njeåfhj Tceoc;
? rjjt# fit litbjdcbshn
3 HH. Inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/seobncp-tjjbs/seobncp. djf`
? THN5―THN NJ NJEHFHJ―
? sceocNjechf5―NJEHFHJ―
? sbcviBNC]5‒bncp;//TI_PHNJ_/―
? ecstirBNC]5‒bncp;//TI_PHNJ_/―
? bncp^BT5‒PCBJ_―
? virh`y5‒PCBJ_―
? ndbhiftdirt5‒/DCEHFAJ/DI_^H@HDCNJ―
? dbhiftgiy5‒/DCEHFAJ/DACPI―
? sux5‒OCTI NF―
? usirsnf5‒NF NJT YTYC_HJT―
? djeputirsnf5‒NF NCT ECSYHFCT―
? lrjupsnf5‒NF NJT L_Y]JT―
? hnecpnf5‒NF NJT EC]ICEIF^JT―
? sceocYfhxHn]jjbnf5‒PCBJ_―
t
? jsdjpi5‒PCBJ_―
i
f
r
i
t
? acsaZifdrypt5‒PCBJ_―
Hf
r
c
c ? dryptZscbtZ`jrect5―%s―
p
j
s ? usirBjlhfTaibb5―TAIBB―
hì
v
T
r
i ? usirAjei5―NH_I^J_HJ―
;
x
u
hf
? usirAjeiNhridtjryEjni5―PCBJ_―
B
s
c ? usirLidjs5―NITD_HDCJ―
e
ti
s
h
T
? ni`cubtYsirLhn5―LHN―
n
i
j
? ni`cubtDjeputirLhn5―LHN―
ä
ì
c
rt ? sgibitjfNhr5―NH_I^J_HJ―
sh
f h
e
? ni`cubtEcx]csswjrnCli5‒FYEI_J NI NHCT―
n
C ? usirTeoAjei5‒DCEHFAJ YFD―
? usir]rjbi5‒DCEHFAJ YFD―
300
? usirAjeiNrhvi5‒BI^_C;― q
? usirTdrhpt5―TD_H]^.OC^―
? echbNjechf5―NJEHFHJ―
3 HHH. Inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/seobncp-tjjbs/seobncpZohfn.djf`
? sbcviNF5―CNEHF NF―
? sbcvi]w5―TIFAC―
? ecstirNF5―CNEHF NF―
? ecstir]w5―TIFAC―
3 HP. ]jpubcr c ocsi nj JpifBNC];
? rjjt# seobncp-pjpubcti
J pcdjti seobncp-tjjbs pjssuh ue oje djfkuftj ni ìrrceiftcs pcrc lirifdhcr cs djftcs,
qucfnj uthbhzcfnj j Tceoc dje j JpifBNC]. Isscs ìrrceiftcs pirehtie j lirifdhceiftj
nc echjrhc njs djepjfiftis qui säj fidissãrhjs pcrc cs djftcs, ispidhcbeifti pcrc c
cnehfhstrcìäj ni usuãrhjs, eãquhfcs i lrupjs. Jutrj pjftj pjshthvj nissi pcdjti è qui js
sdrhpts djfthnjs fibi pjnie sir uthbhzcnjs djej pcrïeitrjs fj seo.djf`.
Cftis ni cnhdhjfcr cs djftcs fc ocsi ni ncnjs nj BNC], è fidissãrhj drhcr c istruturc

jfni siräj creczifcncs (dcsj chfnc fäj ixhstc). ]crc issc tcri`c, sirã uthbhzcnj j sdrhpt
seobncp-pjpubcti.
]crc hfhdhcbhzcr i pjpubcr c ocsi ni ncnjs nj JpifBNC] dje seobncp-p jpubcti, è fidis-
sãrhj djflurcr j pcdjti seobncp-tjjbs, inhtcfnj js crquhvjs /itd/seobncp-tjjbs/seobnc p.
djf` i /itd/seobncp-tjjbs/seobncpZohfn.djf`, pcrc si cniqucr ís dcrcdtiråsthdcs nj
ceohifti. ]crc hssj, js siluhftis pcssjs säj fidissãrhjs;
Jotir j THN nj njeåfhj Tceoc;

rjjt# fit litbjdcbshn
THN `jr njechf TI_PI_ hs; T-3-9-?3-43=?4<>0=<-?=110>0<1>-491119341=
Inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/seobncp-tjjbs/seobncp.djf`. Issi è j crquhvj qui djftèe tjnc c djf -

lurcìäj nj Tceoc i nj JpifBNC];
rjjt# zdct /usr/sacri/njd/seobncp-tjjbs/ixcepbis/seobncp.djf`.lz 6 /itd/seobncp-

tjjbs/seobncp.djf`
Cs vcrhãvihs c sirie djflurcncs fj crquhvj seobncp.djf` säj;
3 nivi djftir j THN nj njeåfhj, jothnj ctrcvès nj djecfnj ‒fit

THN5―THN NJ NJEHFHJ―;
litbjdcbshn―7
3 njeåfhj nj Tceoc7
sceocNjechf5―NJEHFHJ―;
3 ifniriìj nj sirvhnjr BNC] sidufnãrhj7

sbcviBNC]5‒bncp;//TI_PHNJ_/―;
ecstirBNC]5‒bncp;//TI_PHNJ_/―;
ifniriìj nj sirvhnjr BNC] pr hfdhpcb7
3 c
3 bncp^BT5‒PCBJ_―;uthbhzcnj pcrc djflurcr c drhptjlrcc fc djfixäj dje j JpifBNC ]. o
e
c
Cdihtc js vcbjris ‒3― , pcrc uthbhzcr j stcrt Ztbs, ju ‒=―, pcrc niscohbhtcr7 T
-
8
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
30<
3 virh`y5‒PCBJ_―;nifi si virhdcrã j dirthdcnj nj sir vhnjr JpifBNC]. Cdihtc js
vcbjris ‒fjfi― (fäj virhdc/sjbhdhtc j dirthdcnj), ‒jpthjfcb― (vir hdc j dirthdcnj, si
ixhsthr. Cdihtc c djfixäj eisej si j dirthdcnj fäj ixhsthr ju fäj `jr vãbhnj) i ‒riquhrin―
(sô cdihtc c djfixäj si j dirthdcnj ixhsthr i `jr vãbhnj)7
3 dirthdcnj uthbhzcnj pcrc si djfidtcr cj sir -
dbhiftdirt5‒/DCEHFAJ/DI_^H@HDCNJ―;
vhnjr JpifBNC]7
3 dacvi nj dirthdcnj uthbhzcnc pcrc si djfidtcr cj sir -
dbhiftgiy5‒/DCEHFAJ/DACPI―;
vhnjr JpifBNC]7
3 sux5‒OCTI NF―;nifi j NF nc ocsi nc istruturc nj nhritôrhj fj JpifBNC]. Ixiepb j
‒nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or―7
usirsnf5‒NF NJT YTYC_HJT―;

nifi jfni cs djftcs njs usuãrhjs siräj creczifcncs
3 fc istrut urc nj nhritôrhj fj J pifBNC]. Ixiepbj ‒ju5usucrhjs,${ sux}―7
3 nifi jfni cs djftcs ncs eãquhfcs siräj crec -
djeputirsnf5‒NF NCT ECSYHFCT―;
zifcncs fc istruturc nj nhritôrhj fj JpifBNC ]. Ixiepbj ‒ju5ecquhfcs,${sux}―7
3 nifi jfni cs djftcs njs lr upjs siräj creczifcncs fc
lrjupsnf5‒NF NJT L_Y]JT―;
istruturc nj nhritôrhj fj JpifBNC ]. Ixiepbj ‒ju5lrupjs,${sux}―7
3 nifi jfni js ecpiceiftjs ni YHN/THN siräj
hnecpnf5‒NF NJT EC]ICEIF^JT―;
creczifcnjs fc istruturc nj nhritôrhj fj JpifBNC ]. Ixiepbj ‒ju5hnecp,${sux}―7
3 jfni creczifcr js prôxhejs YHN i LHN nhspjfåvihs pcrc
sceocYfhxHn]jjbnf5‒PCBJ_―;
cs fjvcs djftcs ni usuãrhjs i lrupjs. Ixiepbj ‒ ${sceocNjechf},${sux}―7
3 sdjpi5‒PCBJ_―;isdjpj pcnräj uthbhzcnj fc istr uturc nj nhritôrhj nj JpifBNC]. Nifi
j pjftj hfhdhcb ni uec ousdc i ctè qui fåvib ibc vch c pcrthr nc Ocsi NF. Cdihtc js vcbjris
‒ocsi― (ousdc sjeifti fj få vib nc Ocsi NF), ‒jfi― (ricbhzc c ousdc ie tjncs cs iftrcncs
ue fåvib c siluhr nc O csi NF) i ‒suo― (ricbhzc c ousdc ie tjncs cs iftrcncs i ie tjnjs js
fåvihs c siluhr nc Ocsi NF)7
3 acsaZifdrypt5‒PCBJ_―;ifdrhptcìäj nc sifac nj Bhfux. Cdihtc js vcbjris ‒D_X]^―,
‒EN9―, ‒TEN9―, ‒TTAC―, ‒TAC― i ‒DBIC_ÎQ^―7
3 dryptZscbtZ`jrect5―%s―;si j pcrïeitrj ‒acsaZifdrypt ― isthvir djflurcnj djej
‒D_X]^ ―, è pjssåvib djflurcr j `jrectj nj scbt. J vcbjr pcnräj è ‒%s―7
3 saibb ni bjlhf nj usuãrhj. Ixiepbj ‒/ohf/ocsa―7
usirBjlhfTaibb5―TAIBB―;
3 usirAjei5―NH_I^J_HJ―;Nhritôrhj ajei nj usuãrhj. Ixiepbj; ‒/ajei/%Y―7

t
i
f
r
3 pirehssäj pcnräj pcrc j nhritôrhj ajei nj
usirAjeiNhridtjryEjni5―PCBJ_―;
i
t usuãrhj. Ixiepbj ‒<==―7
Hf
c
r
c
p
3 usirLidjs5―NITD_HDCJ―;dcepj ni LIDJT pcnräj uthbhzcnj pcrc c drhcìäj ncs djftcs
s
j njs usuãrhjs. Ixiepbj ‒Ysuãrhj nj TCEOC―7
hì
v
;
T
r
i 3 ni`cubtYsirLhn5―LHN―;fûeirj nj LHN pcnräj uthbhzcnj pcrc c dr hcìäj ncs djftcs njs
x
u usuãrhjs. Ixiepbj ‒934―7
hf
B
s
c 3 fûeirj nj LHN pcnräj u thbhzcnj pcrc c drhcìäj ncs djftcs
ni`cubtDjeputirLhn5―LHN―;
e
ti ni eãquhfcs. Ixiepbj ‒939―7
s
h
T
n
i 3 sgibitjfNhr5―NH_I^J_HJ―; nhritôrhj sgib uthbhzcnj pcrc c drhcìäj ncs djftcs ni usuãrhjs.
j
ä
ì
Ixiepbj ‒/itd/sgib―7
c
rt
f
sh 3 tiepj pcnräj, ie nhcs, nc vcbhncni
ni`cubtEcx]csswjrnCli5‒FYEI_J NI NHCT―;
h
n
e ncs sifacs7
C
3 j dcehfaj fj `jrectj YFD pcrc c bjdcbhzcìäj nj
usirTeoAjei5‒DCEHFAJ YFD―;
301
ajei nrhvi nj usuãrhj (cdihtc c suosthtuhìäj %Y pcrc j usirfcei — Eisej vcbjr nj pcrï-
eitrj ‒bjljf ajei― nj crquhvj seo.djf`). Ixiepbj ‒ RRTEOTI_PI_R%Y―7
3 j dcehfaj fj `jrectj YFD pcrc c bjdcbhzcìäj nj pirb
usir]rjbi5‒DCEHFAJ YFD―;
nj usuãrhj (cdihtc c suosthtuhìäj %Y pcrc j usirfcei — Eisej vcbjr nj pcrïeitrj
‒bjljf sdrhpt― nj crquhvj seo.djf` ). Ixiepbj ‒RRTEOTI_PI_R%YRprjbis―7
3 usirAjeiNrhvi5‒BI^_C;―;c bitrc pcrc j ecpiceiftj pcnräj nj ajei nrhvi (Eisej
vcbjr nj pcrïeitrj ‒bjljf nrhvi― nj crquhvj seo.djf` ). Ixiepbj ‒A;―7
3 usirTdrhpt5―TD_H]^.OC^―;j fjei nj sdrhpt pcnräj uthbhzcnj pcrc ricbhzcr j fitbjljf
nj usuãrhj (Eisej vcbjr nj pcrïeitrj ‒bjljf sdrhpt― nj crquhvj seo.djf`) . Ixiepbj;
‒bjljf.den―7
echbNjechf5―NJEHFHJ―;
njeåfhj cnhdhjfcnj cj ctrhoutj ‒echb― njs usuãrhjs. Ixiepbj;
3 ‒ieprisc.dje.or ―7
Inhtcr j crquhvj /itd/seobncp-tjjbs/seobnc pZohfn.djf`, jfni cs drinifdhchs pcrc djfixäj

dje j sirvhnjr JpifBNC] säj djflurcncs;
rjjt# dp /usr/sacri/njd/seobncp-tjjbs/ixcepbis/seobncpZohfn.djf` /itd/seobncp-tjjbs/.
Inhtcr js siluhftis pcrïeitrjs fj crquhvj seobncpZohfn.djf`;
3 sbcviNF5―CNEHF NF―;nifi j NF nc djftc nj Cnehfhstrcnjr nj sirvhnjr JpifBNC]

sidufnãrhj. Ixiepbj; ‒df5cnehf,nd5ixiepbj,nd5dje,nd5or―7
3 sbcvi]w5―TIFAC―;nifi c sifac nj NF nc djftc nj C nehfhstrcnjr nj sirvhnjr
JpifBNC] sidufnãrhj7
3 nifi j NF nc djftc nj Cnehfhstrcnjr nj sirvhnjr JpifBNC]
ecstirNF5―CNEHF NF―;
prheãrhj. Ixiepbj; ‒df5cnehf,nd5ixiepbj,nd5dje,nd5or―7
3 ecstir]w5―TIFAC―;nifi c sifac nj NF nc djftc nj Cnehfhstrcnjr nj sirvhnjr
JpifBNC] prheãrhj7
]jpubcr c ocsi nj JpifBNC];
rjjt# seobncp-pjpubcti
Issi djecfnj vch bir js crquhvjs ni djflurcìäj i drhcrã c istruturc ni nhritôrhj (dcsj chfnc
fäj ixhstc) niftrj nj sirvhnjr JpifBNC], djf`jrei nifhnj fj crquhvj seobncp.djf`.
Djf`hlurcfnj j Tceoc ]ND pcrc cdisscr c ocsi ni ncnjs BNC]

Djflurcìùis c sirie ricbhzcncs fj Tirvhnjr Tceoc, pcrc acohbhtcr c djeufhdcìäj
dje j BNC]
q
3 ]crïeitrjs fc siìäj WlbjocbU
? bncp cnehf nf 5 CNEHF NF
bncp ssb 5 vcbjr
? pcssno ocdgifn 5 bncpsce;bncp;//TI_PHNJ_W;pjrtcU
? bncp nibiti nf 5 vcbjr c
o
? bncp sux 5 OCTI NF e
c
T
? bncp usir sux 5 ju5usucrhjs -
8
bj
? bncp lrjup sux 5 ju5lrupjs u
åt
p
c
? bncp ecdahfi sux 5 ju5ecquhfcs D
308
Js siluhftis pcrïeitrjs nivie sir djflurcnjs fc siìäj W lbjocbU nj crquhvj seo.djf`,
pcrc acohbhtcr j usj nj BNC];
3 nifi j NF nc djftc ni cnehfhstrcnjr, uthbhzcnc pcrc si

bncp cnehf nf 5 CNEHF NF;
djfidtcr cj sir vhnjr BNC]. C sifac è creczifcnc fj crquhvj sidrits.tno, ctrcvès nj
djecfnj ‒seopcsswn -w ‑TIFAC‘―7
3 djflurc c djfixäj TTB dje j sir vhnjr BNC]. Cdihtc js vcbjris ‑j‘, ‑jf‘
bncp ssb 5 vcbjr;
(vcbjr pcnräj) i ‑stcrt tbs‘7
3 djflurc j ocdgifn bncpsce
pcssno ocdgifn 5 bncpsce;bncp ;//TI_PHNJ_W;pjrtcU;
pcrc si djfidtcr cj sir vhnjr BNC]. Cnhdhjfcb eifti, pjni sir djflurcnc c pjrt c ni
cdissj uthbhzcnc7
bncp nibiti nf 5 vcbjr;

ispidhdc si uec jpircìäj ni riejìäj ricbhzcnc fj bncpsce
3 cpclc j rilhstrj hftihrj, hfdbushvi nc ocsi nj BNC ], ju sjeifti js ctrhoutjs ispidådjs
nj Tceoc. Cdihtc js vcbjris ‑yis‘ i ‑fj‘7
3 bncp sux 5 OCTI NF;ispidhdc j NF nc ocsi nj JpifBNC], uthbhzcnc pcrc creczifcr j
jokitj sceocNjechf. Ixiepbj ―nd5ieprisc,nd5dje,nd5or―7
3 issi pcrïeitrj ispidhdc jfni cs djftcs njs usuãrhjs
bncp usir sux 5 ju5usuãrhjs;
siräj cnhdhjfcnjs fc istruturc nj nhritôrhj fj JpifBNC ]. J vcbjr djflurcnj è cnhdhj -
fcnj cj vcbjr nifhnj fj pcrïeitrj bncp sux7
3 issi pcrïeitrj ispidhdc jfni cs djftcs njs lr upjs
bncp lrjup sux 5 ju5lrupjs;
siräj creczifcnjs fc istruturc nj nhritôrhj fj Jp ifBNC]. J vcbjr djflurcnj è cnhdhj -
fcnj cj vcbjr nifhnj fj pcrïeitrj bncp sux7
3 issi pcrïeitrj ispidhdc jfni cs djftcs ncs
bncp ecdahfi sux 5 ju5ecquhfcs;
eãquhfcs siräj creczifcncs fc istruturc nj nhritôrhj fj JpifBNC]. J vcbjr djflu -
rcnj è cnhdhjfcnj cj vcbjr nifhnj fj pcrïeitrj bncp sux.
Djf`hlurcìùis cnhdhjfchs
3 J Tirv hnjr Tceoc nivi sir djflurcnj djej ue dbhi fti BNC] q
3 Djflurcr c sifac nj rjjtNF
? rjjt# seopcsswn -\
3 Drhcr j usuãrhj rjjt nj Tceoc (dcsj chfnc fäj ixhstc);
? rjjt# seopcsswn —c rjjt
t
i
f
r
i
3 _ihfhdhcr j Tceoc
t
Hf ]crc qui j Thstiec Bhfux nj Tceoc djfshlc hnifthdcr cs djftcs qui is täj niftrj nc ocsi
c
r
c
p nj JpifBNC] djej usuãrhjs vãbhnjs, è fidissãrhj qui j Thstiec nj Tirv hnjr nj Tceoc sikc
s
j
hì
v
djflurcnj djej ue dbhifti BNC] i qui js pcdjtis FTT/]CE i j FTDN istikce hfstcbcnjs
r
i i djflurcnjs dje j supjr ti pcrc uthbhzcr j BNC].
T
;
x
u
hf Jutrj pcssj è djflurcr c sifac nj rjjtNF, nifhnc fj Tceoc ctrcvès nj pcrïeitrj bncp
B
s
c cnehf nf. Issc è c djftc qui j Tceoc uthbhzc pcrc si cutifthdcr i cnehfhstrcr c ocsi ni
e
ti ncnjs nj JpifBNC];
s
h
T
i
n
j rjjt# seopcsswn -\
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
Drhcr j usuãrhj rjjt nj Tceoc (dcsj chfnc fäj ixhstc);
f h
e
n rjjt# seopcsswn —c rjjt
C
Cpôs c djflurcìäj nj crquhvj seo.djf`, è fidissãrhj rihfhdhcr js sirvhìjs nj Tceoc.
3<=
Djf`hlurcìäj ni djepcr thbaceiftj
Ãric ni creczifceiftj qui sirã djepcrthbacnc fc rini q
Nifhnc djej
3 WfjeiZnjZdjepcrthbaceiftjU
È pjssåvib drhcr ue djepcrthbaceiftj pûobhdj ju ristrhtj c nitirehfcnjs usuãrhjs
]rhfdhpchs pcrïeitrjs pcrc djflurcr ue djepcr thbaceiftj
3 pcta
3 djeeift
3 orjwsicobi
3 luist cddjuft
3 puobhd
3 luist jfby
3 wrhti bhst
3 ricn bhst
3 vcbhn usirs
3 hfvcbhn usirs
3 bjdghfl
3 cvchbcobi
3 ricn jfby
3 wrhtcobi
3 dricti ecsg
3 nhridtjry ecsg
3 vjbuei
]crc drhcr ue djepcrthbaceiftj ni rini, è fidissãrhj nifhr c ãric qui sirã nhspjfhohbh -
zcnc pcrc creczifceiftj. C nifhìäj ni ue djepcrthbaceiftj è ìhtc djflurcfnj uec
siìäj WfjeiZnjZdjepcrthbaceiftjU fj crquhvj seo.djf`. C siluhr ue ixiepbj nc djf -
lurcìäj ni ue djepcr thbaceiftj dacecnj seoncnjs. Issi djepcrthbaceiftj uthbhzcrã j
nhritôrhj /eft/ncnjs i sirã cdissåvib c tjnjs js usuãrhjs.
WseoncnjsU
djeeift 5 Ispcìj pcrc Djepcrthbaceiftj ni Ncnjs
pcta 5 /eft/ncnjs
wrhtcobi 5 yis
puobhd 5 yis
]crc ristrhflhr j cdissj cj djepcrthbaceiftj, è fidissãrhj riejvir j pcrïeitrj puobhd i

nifhr quchs usuãrhjs tiräj nhrihtj ni cdissj, uthbhzcfnj j pcrïeitrj vcbhn usirs.
È pjssåvib drhcr vãrhjs djepcrthbaceiftjs, dcnc ue djflurcnj dje nhìriftis djftrjbis ni c

o
e
cdissj i uthbhzcfnj nhìriftis ãrics ni creczifceiftj. c
T
-
8
Cblufs njs prhfdhpchs pcrïeitrjs uthbhzcnjs pcrc djflurcr j djepcrthbaceiftj säj; pcta, bj
u
djeeift, orjwsicobi, luist cddjuft, puobhd, luist jfby, wrhti bhst, ricn bhst, vcbhn usirs, åt
p
c
hfvcbhn usirs, bjdghfl, cvchbcobi, ricn jfby, wrht cobi, dricti ecsg, nhridtjry ecsg i vjbuei. D
3<3
Cthvhncnis cnehfhstrcthvcs
Djecfnjs ni cnehfhstrcìäj pnoinht, seopcsswn i seobncp-tjjbs
seopcsswn q
3 @irrceiftc oãshdc, shehbcr cjs prjlrcecs pcsswn i yppcsswn
3 Fäj nipifni nj ocdgifn
3 Ythbhzcnc pcrc drhcr uec djftc, cbtircr uec sifac, acohbhtcr/niscohbhtcr uec djftc,
iftri jutrcs cthvhncnis
pnoinht
3 Drhcnj pcrc cnehfhstrcr j ocdgifn tnosce
3 Djfsilui djflurcr cs pjbåthdcs ni silufrcìc
3 Cbèe ni ricbhzcr cs jpircìäjis nj seopcsswn, tceoèe pjni;
? Bhstcr cs hf`jrecìùis sjori cs djftcs
? Ehlrcr cs djftcs iftri nhìriftis ocdgifns
? Lirifdhcr pjbåthdcs ni djftcs
? Lirifdhcr djflurcìùis ncs pjbåthdcs ni cdissj nj njeåfhj
seobncp-tjjbs
3 ]jssuh vãrhjs djecfnjs pcrc cnehfhstrcr cs djftcs
? Drhcr, riejvir, ejnhdcr, bhstcr, iftri jutrcs cthvhncnis
? È j ûfhdj qui djfsilui cbtircr nhritceifti cs hf`jrecìùis fc ocsi ni ncnjs nj
JpifBNC]
? Tô nivi sir uthbhzcnj qucfnj j Tirvhnjr Tceoc ist ã hftilrcnj dje j BNC]
C ìrrceiftc seopcsswn è shehbcr cjs prjlrcecs pcsswn i yppcswn. Ibc trcocbac hfnipif -
niftieifti njs eètjnjs uthbhzcnjs pcrc creczifcr cs djftcs i cs sifacs, ispidhdcnjs
pibj pcrïeitrj ―pcssno ocdgifn― fj crquhvj seo.djf`.
J seopcsswn ùfdhjfc ie ue ejnj dbhifti/sir vhnjr, jfni ibi djftcdtc j seon bjdcb pcrc
cbtircr c sifac nj usuãrhj. Ibi tceoèe è dcpcz ni cbtircr sifacs ni usuãrhjs ni njeåfhj
ie sirvhnjris ]ND \hfnjws F^.
t
i
Jutrcs cpbhdcohbhncnis nj seopcsswn;
f
r
Hf
i
t 3 Cnhdhjfcr i riejvir djftcs ni usuãrhj ju ni eãquhfc7
c
r
c
p
3 Acohbhtcr i niscohbhtcr djftcs ni usuãrhj ju ni eãquhfc7
s
j
hì
v
3 Djflurcr djej FYBB cs sifacs ni usuãrhjs7
r
i
;
T
x
3 Lirifdhcr cs djftcs ni ribcìäj ni djfcfìc iftri njeåfhjs.
u
hf Sucfnj ixidutcnj pjr ue usuãrhj fjrecb, j djecfnj seopcsswn pirehthrã cpifcs c trjdc
B
s
c nc sifac fj Tceoc. Sucfnj ixidutcnj pibj usuãrhj rjjt, j djecfnj cdihtc crlueiftjs
e
ti jpdhjfchs, djej j uthbhzcnj pcrc ispidhdcr j usuãrhj qui sirã cbtircnj.
s
h
T
i
n
j J pnoinht è uec ìrr ceiftc qui sô pjni sir ixidutcnc pibj rjjt. Ibi è uthbhzcnj pcrc
ä
ì
c
rt lirifdhcr j pcssno ocdgifn, csshe djej vãrhcs djflurcìùis ni pjbåthdcs ni silurcfìc ncs
sh
f h djftcs nj njeåfhj. Cbèe ni sir dcpcz ni ricbhzcr tjncs cs jpircìùis nj seopcsswn, ibi
e
n
C
tceoèe pjni;
3<?
3 Bhstcr cs hf`jrecìùis sjori cs djftcs ni usuãrhjs, lr upjs i eãquhfcs7
3 Ehlrcr cs djftcs ni usuãrhjs, lrupjs i eãquhfcs iftri nhìriftis eidcfhsejs
ni creczifceiftj7
3 Lirifdhcr pjbåthdcs ni djftcs7
3 Lirifdhcr djflurcìùis ncs pjbåthdcs ni cdissj nj njeåfhj.
Js prhfdhpchs djftrjbis ni pjbåthdcs nc djftc nj Tceoc

q
3 ecxheue pcsswjrn cli
3 ehfheue pcsswjrn cli
3 ehf pcsswjrn biflta
3 pcsswjrn ahstjry
3 ocn bjdgjut cttiept
3 bjdgjut nurcthjf
Js prhfdhpchs djftrjbis ni pjbåthdcs nc djftc nj Tceoc säj;
3 ecxheue pcsswjrn cli;c vcbhncni eãxhec ncs sifacs, ie silufnjs. J vcbjr ‑-3‘
riprisiftc qui cs sifacs fufdc ixphrce7
3 ehfheue pcsswjrn cli;c vcbhncni eåfhec ncs sifacs, ie silufnjs. C sifac fäj
pjni sir cbtircnc cftis nissi tiepj7
3 ehf pcsswjrn biflta;j tcecfaj eåfhej ncs sifacs7
3 pcsswjrn ahstjry;fûeirj ni sifacs creczifcncs qui `jrce uthbhzcncs privhceifti.

Ythbhzcnj pcrc hepinhr j usuãrhj ni riuthbhzcr c eisec sifac7
3 ocn bjdgjut cttiept;fûeirj ni tiftcthvcs ni bjljf qui `cbacrce cftis nc djftc
sir objquicnc7
3 tiepj ni nurcìäj nj objquihj ni djftc, nifhnj ie
bjdgjut nurcthjf; ehfutjs.
J pnoinht è c ûfhdc ìrr ceiftc qui pjni lirifdhcr cs djflurcìùis ni silurcfìc, cs pjbå -
thdcs i cls ni djftrjbi ni djftc. Yec ùfdhjfcbhncni hftirisscfti nibi è c dcpcdhncni ni
hepjrtcr i ixpjrt cr hf`jrecìùis ni ue thpj ni pcssno ocdgifn pcrc j utrj thpj
(]jr ixiepbj; tnosce 6 bncpsce).
J pnoinht, csshe djej j seopcsswn, fidisshtc qui uec djftc ni usuãrhj ]JTHQ kã ixhs tc
fc ocsi ni djftcs ni usuãrhjs nj shstiec Bhfux. Fifauec ncs nucs ìrrceiftcs drhcrã
cutjecthdceifti c djftc fj shstiec.
J pcdjti seobncp-tjjbs pjssuh vãrhjs djecfnjs qui säj uthbhzcnjs pcrc cnehfhstrcr cs
djftcs. Ctrcvès nibis è pjssåvib cbtircr tjnjs js dcepjs ncs djftcs creczifcncs fc ocsi
ni ncnjs nj JpifBNC].
Js djecfnjs ni cnehfhstrcìäj nj Tceoc pjssuie vãrhjs pcrïeitrjs, i säj ut hbh-
zcnjs pcrc cs echs nhvirscs cthvhncnis. È ridjeifncnj istuncr j ecfucb ni dcnc

ue njs djecfnjs (ecf seopcsswn, ecf pnoinht i td.). c
o
e
c
T
-
8
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3<4
Lirifdhceiftj ni Djftc ni Ysuãrhjs
Drhcr djftc
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn tnosce q
3 Drhcr c djftc fj Bhfux
? rjjt# usircnn -d ‒Nisdrhdcj― -e YTYC_HJ
? rjjt# pcsswn YTYC_HJ
3 Drhcr c djftc fj Tceoc
? rjjt# seopcsswn -c YTYC_HJ
ju
? rjjt# pnoinht -c -u YTYC_HJ
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp-tjjbs)

3 rjjt# seobncp-usircnn -c -] YTYC_HJ
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn tnosce;
#Drhcr c djftc fj Bhfux

rjjt# usircnn -d ‒Nisdrhdcj― -e YTYC_HJ
rjjt# pcsswn YTYC_HJ
#Drhcr c djftc fj Tceoc
rjjt# seopcsswn -c YTYC_HJ
ju
rjjt# pnoinht -c -u YTYC_HJ
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp-tjjbs);
rjjt# seobncp-usircnn -c -] YTYC_HJ
_iejvir djftc
3 rjjt# pnoinht -x YTYC_HJ
t
i
f
r
3 rjjt# usirnib YTYC_HJ
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp-tjjbs)
s
j
hì
v
r
3 rjjt# seobncp-usirnib YTYC_HJ
i
T
;
x Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn tnosce;
u
hf
B
s rjjt# pnoinht -x YTYC_HJ
c
e
ti rjjt# usirnib YTYC_HJ
s
h
T
i Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp-tjjbs);
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt rjjt# seobncp-usirnib YTYC_HJ
sh
f h
e
n
C
3<>
Bhstcr djftc
3 rjjt# pnoinht -B
3 rjjt# pnoinht -Bv YTYC_HJ
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp- tjjbs)

3 rjjt# seobncp-usirbhst -u
3 rjjt# seobncp-usirsajw YTYC_HJ

rjjt# pnoinht -B
rjjt# pnoinht -Bv YTYC_HJ
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp- tjjbs);
rjjt# seobncp-usirbhst -u
rjjt# seobncp-usirsajw YTYC_HJ
Jutrjs djecfnjs
3 Pirhdcr usuãrhjs djfidtcnjs cj Tirvhnjr Tceoc q
? rjjt# seostctus
3 Cbtircr c hf`jrecìäj nc djftc

? rjjt# pnoinht -r —-` ubbfcei5―Fjei djepbitj nj Ysuãrhj― YTYC_HJ
ju
? rjjt# seobncp-usirejn --lhvifFcei ‒Fjei― --surFcei ‒Tjorifjei― YTYC_HJ
3 Cbtircr c nctc nc ixphrcìäj nc sifac

? rjjt# pnoinht --pwn- eust-dacfli-thei5―?=3< -=3-=3― --thei-`jrect5 ―%X-%e-%n―
YTYC_HJ
ju
? rjjt# seobncp-usirejn --sceocIxphri ‒?=3<-=3 -=3― YTYC_HJ
3 Cbtircìäj ncs cls nc djftc

? rjjt# pnoinht -r -d ‒WNB QU― YTYC_HJ
ju
? rjjt# seobncp-usirejn -A ‒WNBQU― YTYC_HJ c

o
e
c
3 Niscohbhtcr uec djftc -
T
8
? rjjt# seopcsswn -n YTYC_HJ bj
u
åt
p
ju c
D
? rjjt# seobncp-usirejn -H YTYC_HJ
3<9
3 Acohbhtcr uec djftc q
? rjjt# seopcsswn -i YTYC_HJ
ju
? rjjt# seobncp-usirejn -K YTYC_HJ
3 Cbtircr c sifac
? rjjt# pcsswn YTYC_HJ
? rjjt# pnoinht -c YTYC_HJ
ju
? rjjt# seobncp-pcsswn YTYC_HJ

Cblufs jutrjs djecfnjs i ixiepbjs ni cthvhncnis cnehfhstrcthvcs qui rilubcreifti säj
ixidutcnjs.
Pirhdcr usuãrhjs djfidtcnjs cj Tirvhnjr T ceoc
rjjt# seostctus
Cbtircr c hf`jrecìäj nc djftc
rjjt# pnoinht -r —-ùbbfcei5―Fjei djepbitj nj Ysuãrhj― YTYC_HJ
ju
rjjt# seobncp-usirejn --lhvifFcei ‒Fjei― --surFcei ‒Tjorifjei― YTYC_HJ
Cbtircr c nctc nc ixphrcìäj nc sifac
rjjt# pnoinht --pwn-eust-dacfli-thei5―?=3<-=3-=3―--thei-`jrect5―%X-%e-%n―

YTYC_HJ
ju
rjjt# seobncp-usirejn --sceocIxphri ‒?=3<-=3-=3― YTYC_HJ
Cbtircìäj ncs cls nc djftc
rjjt# pnoinht -r -d ‒WNBQU― YTYC_HJ

t
i ju
f
r
i
t
Hf
c rjjt# seobncp-usirejn -A ‒WNBQU― YTYC_HJ
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v Fissi ixiepbj, c djftc sirã objquicnc (N), cthvcrã j objquihj cutjeãthdj (B) i c
r
i
T
;
x sifac fäj vch ixphrcr (Q).
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti Niscohbhtcr uec djftc
s
h
T
i rjjt# seopcsswn -n YTYC_HJ
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt ju
sh
f h
e rjjt# seobncp-usirejn -H YTYC_HJ
n
C
3<0
Acohbhtcr uec djftc
rjjt# seopcsswn -i YTYC_HJ
ju
rjjt# seobncp-usirejn -K YTYC_HJ
Cbtircr c sifac
rjjt# pcsswn YTYC_HJ

rjjt# pnoinht -c YTYC_HJ
ju
rjjt# seobncp-pcsswn YTYC_HJ
Lirifdhceiftj ni Lr upjs
Drhcr lrupjs
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp- tjjbs); q
3 rjjt# seobncp-lrjupcnn -c L_Y]J
Ecpicr ue lrupj kã ixhstifti
3 rjjt# seobncp-lrjupejn -c L_Y]J
rjjt# seobncp-lrjupcnn -c L_Y]J
Issi djecfnj drhcrã j lrupj YFHQ /Bhfux i ricbhzcrã j ecpiceiftj cutjecthdceifti pcrc
ue lrupj nj \hfnjws, cssjdhcfnj ue THN. ]crc ricbhzcr issi ecpiceiftj c ue lrupj
YFHQ/Bhfux kã ixhstifti, è fidissãrhj ixidutcr j djecfnj;
rjjt# seobncp-lrjupejn -c L_Y]J
_iejvir lrupj
3 rjjt# seobncp-lrjupnib L_Y]J
rjjt# seobncp-lrjupnib L_Y]J
Bhstcr lrupj
3 rjjt# seobncp-lrjupbhst -tT
3 rjjt# seobncp-lrjupsajw L_Y]J
3 Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp-tjjbs);

c
o
rjjt# seobncp-lrjupbhst -tT e
c
rjjt# seobncp-lrjupsajw L_Y]J T
-
8
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3<<
Lirifdhceiftj ni djftc ni eãquhfcs
C djftc ni eãquhfc pjni sir drhcnc cutjecthdceifti qucfnj j dbhifti hflrissc ie ue
njeåfhj i j pcrïeitrj cnn ecdahfi sdrhpt istã djflurcnj fj seo.djf`. Js djecfnjs pcrc
drhcìäj ecfucb istäj nisdrhtjs c siluhr;
Drhcr djftc ni eãquhfc

Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn tnosce; q
3 rjjt# usircnn -l L_Y]J-NI-ECSYHFCT -E -n /niv/fubb -d ‒ECSYHFC NJ NJEHFHJ―
-s /ohf/`cbsi FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
3 rjjt# pcsswn -b FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
3 rjjt# pnoinht -c -e -u FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC
3 rjjt# seobncp-usircnn -\ FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC
rjjt# usircnn -l L_Y]J-NI-ECSYHFCT -E -n /niv/fubb -d ‒ECSYHFC NJ NJEHFHJ― -s /

ohf/`cbsi FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
rjjt# pcsswn -b FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
rjjt# pnoinht -c -e -u FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC
rjjt# seobncp-usircnn -\ FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC
_iejvir djftc ni eãquhfc

Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn tnosce; q
3 rjjt# pnoinht -x -e -u FJEI-NC-ECSYHF C
3 rjjt# usirnib FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
3 rjjt# seobncp-usirnib FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
t rjjt# pnoinht -x -e -u FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC

i
f
r rjjt# usirnib FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
i
t
Hf
c
r
c Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce (ctrcvès nj seobncp-tjjbs);
p
s
j
hì rjjt# seobncp-usirnib FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
v
r
i
T
;
x Bhstcr djftc ni eãquhfc
u
hf
B
s
c
e
Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce; q
ti rjjt# seobncp-usirbhst -e
s
h
T
3
n
i 3 rjjt# seobncp-usirsajw FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
j
ä
ì
c
rt Ythbhzcfnj j ocdgifn bncpsce;
sh
f h
e rjjt# seobncp-usirbhst -e
n
C rjjt# seobncp-usirsajw FJEI-NC-ECSYHFC$
3<1
Cbtircr cs pjbåthdcs ncs djftcs nj njeåfhj
Bhstcr cs pjbåthdcs
rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒:―
rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒FJEIZNCZ]JBH^HDC―
Cbtircr uec pjbåthdc

Bhstcr cs pjbåthdcs q
3 rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒:―
3 rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒FJEIZNCZ]JBH^HDC―
J djecfnj pcrc cbtircr uec p jbåthdc è;

3 rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒FJEIZNC Z]JBH^H DC― -d PCBJ_
Ixiepbjs;
3 Nifhr qui j tcecfaj eåfhej ni sifac sikc ni 1 d crcdtiris;
? rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒ehf pcsswjrn biflta― -D 1
3 Nifhr qui c vcbhncni eãxhec nc sifac sikc ni 8= nhcs;
? rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒ecxheue pcsswjrn cli― -D <<<0===
J djecfnj pcrc cbtircr uec pjbåthdc è;
rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒FJEIZNCZ]JBH^HDC― -d PCBJ_
Ixiepbjs;
Nifhr qui j tcecfaj eåfhej ni sifac sikc ni 1 dcrcd tiris;
rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒ehf pcsswjrn biflta― -D 1
Nifhr qui c vcbhncni eãxhec nc sifac sikc ni 8= nhcs;
rjjt# pnoinht -] ‒ecxheue pcsswjrn cli― -D <<<0===
c
o
e
c
T
-
8
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
3<8
t
i
f
r
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
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i
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j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
31=
3=
NAD], @^] i TTA
Cprifnir c tijrhc i prãthdc nj sirvhìj NAD]7 Djfaidir `jrecs ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni

s
j
v
crquhvjs iftri djeputcnjris7 Iftifnir j ùfdhjfceiftj nj @hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (@^])7
h
t
i
k
Cfcbhscr `jrecs silurcs ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs ifvjbvifnj ifdrhptcìäj i
o
j cutifthdcìäj, hfdbushvi fc cnehfhstrcìäj riejtc ni jutrjs sirvhnjris i ocdgup.
d
j
f
d
@ufnceiftjs, ùfdhjfceiftj i c istruturc nj Nyfcehd Ajst Djflurcthjf ]rjtjdjb i
ht
(NAD]), nj @hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (@^]) i nj TTA (Tiduri Taibb). j
s
Hftrjnuìäj
J istunj nisti dcpåtubj istã nhvhnhnj ie trës pcr tis; NAD], @^] i T TA. Fc prheihrc pcrti
säj cojrncnjs cspidtjs tiôrhdjs i prãthdjs nj sirvhìj NAD], sifnj ixcehfcncs cbluecs
pjsshohbhncnis ni usj nissc sjbuìäj.
Fc silufnc pcrti siräj istuncncs cs `jrecs ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs iftri djeputc -

njris, dje j sirvhìj @ ^], cssjdhcncs c lrupjs ni usuãrhjs i pcstcs.
Fc ûbthec pcrti djfaidiriejs `jrecs silurcs ni trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs, qui ifvjbvie

ifdrhptcìäj i cutifthdcìäj, hfdbushvi fc cnehfhstrcìäj riejtc ni jutrjs sirvhnjris i ocdgup.
NAD]
]rjtjdjbj ni rini dukc ùfìäj è ctrhouhr hf`jrecìùis ^D]/H] pcrc cs eãquhfcs dbhiftis. q
Cs hf`jrecìùis säj djfdiftrcncs ie ue sirvhnjr (NAD]), qui pcssc pcrc cs eãquhfcs
dbhiftis hf`jrecìùis djej; A
T
T
3 Ifniriìj H] i eãsdcrc ni rini. i
]
^
3 Lctiwcy. ]
@
,
D
3 Tirvhnjr NFT. N
A
-
=
3 Njeåfhj. 3
bj
u
J prjtjdjbj Nyfcehd Ajst Djflurcthjf ]rjtjdjb (NAD]) prjvë, ctrcvès ni ue sir vhnjr åt
p
c
NAD], hf`jrecìùis pcrc ist cìùis H] ie uec rini. ]jssuh njhs djepjfiftis; (H) ue prjtj - D
djbj pcrc nhstrhouhr pcrïeitrjs ni djflurcìäj ispidådjs c pcrthr ni ue sirvhnjr N AD]7
313
(HH) ue eidcfhsej pcrc cbjdcìäj ni ifniriìjs ni rini p crc cs istcìùis. È ocsicnj fc
crquhtiturc dbhifti i sirvhnjr, jfni j sirvhnjr NAD] nhstrhouh ifniriìjs H] i pcrïeitrjs ni
djflurcìäj ni rini pcrc cs istcìùis, t chs djej; eãsdcrc ni suo-rini7 ifniriìj nj rjti -
cnjr ni scånc (lctiwcy)7 hf`jrecìùis ni njeåfhj i jutrcs qui siräj eifdhjfcncs cnhcfti.
Ixhstie cblufs prjtjdjbjs qui `jrfidie ridursjs uthbhzcnjs pibj prjtjdjbj NAD], tchs djej;
oJJ^]7 _ivirsi Cnnriss _isjbuthjf ]rjtjdjb (_C_]), ctrcvès nj Nyfcehd _C_] (N_ C_])7
^rhvhcb @hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (^@^]) i hftirfit Djftrjb Eisscli ]rjtjdjb (HDE]).
3 OJJ^]; eidcfhsej ni trcfspjrti ni hf`jrecìùis ni djflurcìäj. ]irehti qui ist c-

ìùis nhsgbiss jotiface ue ifniriìj H] , j ifniriìj H] nj sir vhnjr OJJ^], i ue crquhvj
c sir dcrrilcnj ie eieôrhc pcrc ricbhzcr j ojjt nj shstiec. ]jni sir uthbhzcnj chfnc
djej ribcy pcrc sirvhnjris NAD], ibhehfcfnj c fidisshncni ni ue sirvhnjr NAD] ie

dcnc rini `åshdc7
3 _C_]; prjtjdjbj qui pirehti c jotifìäj ni ue ifniriìj H]c pcrthr ni ue ifniriìj
ECD. Yec istcìäj ifv hc uec eifsclie ni orjcndcst fc rini dje c fcbhncni ni qui j
sirvhnjr NAD] bai `jrfiì c ue ifniriìj H]7
3 ^@^]; prjtjdjbj uthbhzcnj pcrc trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs, fj qucb dcnc pcdjti è djfr -
ecnj (CDG) hfnhvhnucbeifti7
3 HDE]; prjtjdjbj uthbhzcnj pcrc pirehthr qui istcìùis bjdcbhzie rjticnjris pjr eihj ni
eifsclifs HDE] _inhridt.
Ejthvcìäj; q
3 @irrceiftc qui `cdhbhtc c cnehfhstrcìäj ni rinis.
@ufdhjfcbhncnis;
3 Djftrjbc c `jrec ni ctrhouhìäj ni ifniriìjs H] ís eãquhfcs dbhifti nc rini.
3 Istcoibidheiftj ni `chxcs ni ifniriìjs uthbhzcnjs.
3 Hf`jrecìùis pcrc cs eãquhfcs dbhiftis riìriftis cjs ifniriìjs nj rjticnjr ni
scånc (lctiwcy), sirv hnjr NFT i njeåfhj.
J sirvhìj NAD] `jh prjkitcnj pcrc supjrt cr cs _@Ds cssjdhcncs cjs riquhshtj s pcrc ùfdhj -
fceiftj ncs istcìùis. C pôs c jotifìäj njs pcrïeitrjs pjr eihj nj prjtjdjbj NAD], cs
istcìùis nivie sir dcpczis ni trjdcr pcdjtis dje qucbquir jutrc fc hftirfit.
J NAD] supjrtc trës eidcfhsejs pcrc cbjdcìäj ni ifniriìjs H]; q

t
i
f
3 Cbjdcìäj cutjeãthdc.
r
Hf
i
t 3 Cbjdcìäj nhfïehdc.
c
r
c
p
3 Cbjdcìäj ecfucb.
s
j
hì
v
J NAD] supjrtc trës eidcfhsejs pcrc cbjdcìäj ni ifniriìjs H];
r
i
;
T
x
u
3 Cbjdcìäj cutjeãthdc;ue ifniriìj H] è ctr houånj pirecfiftieifti pcrc uec istcìäj7
hf
B
s
3 Cbjdcìäj nhfïehdc;ue ifniriìj H] è ctrhouånj pcrc uec istcìäj pjr ue pir åjnj nitir-
c
e
ti ehfcnj ni tiepj7
s
h
T
i
3 Cbjdcìäj ecfucb;ue ifniriìj H] è ctr houånj pcrc uec istcìäj pibj cnehfhstrcnjr nc
n
j rini, j qui è ìhtj pjr eihj nj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nj NAD].
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
]jniejs uthbhzcr ue ju echs nissis eidcfhsejs cj eisej tiepj ie uec nitirehfcnc
f h
e rini. Yec istcìäj dbhifti nivi sir dcpcz ni nisdjorhr js pcrïeitrjs fidissãrhjs cj siu
n
C ùfdhjfceiftj, hfsirhfnj-js cutjecthdceifti ie siu shstiec sie hftirvifìäj ecfucb.
31?
Nj eisej ejnj, j sirvhnjr nivi ùfdhjfcr ni ecfihrc cutjeãthdc sie c fidisshncni ni
hftirvifìäj ecfucb nj cnehfhstrcnjr pcrc j ùfdhjfceiftj ni dcnc ist cìäj dbhifti, ixditj
ie dcsjs ispidhchs jfni sikc fidissãrhj xcr nitirehfcnj ifniriìj c ue dbhifti ispidådj.
J Tirvhnjr nivi chfnc supjrt cr istcìùis qui uthbhzie j prjtjdjbj OJJ^] (_@D ?3 4?), H]v0
(_@D >403), TH] (_@D 4438) i HIII 348> (_@D ?199).
J] (3) A^X]I (3) ABIF (3) AJ]T (3)
QHN (>)
TIDT (?) @BCLT (?)
DHCNN_ (>)
XHCNN_ (>)
THCNN_ (>)
LHCNN_ (>)
DACNN_ (30)
TFCEI (0>)
@hlurc 3=.3 @HBI (3?1)

@jrectj ni uec
eifsclie NAD] J]^HJFT (vcrhãvib)
hfnhdcfnj dcepjs i
tcecfaj ie oytis.
Dcepjs ie uec eifsclie NAD]

J] (Jpircthjf Djni) q
A^X]I (Acrnwcri Cnnriss ^ypi)
ABIF (Acrnwcri Cnnriss Biflta)
AJ]T
QHN (^rcfscdthjf HN)
TIDT
@BCLT
DHCNN_ (Dbhift H] Cnnriss)
A
T
XHCNN_ ( Xjur Dbhift H] Cnnriss) T
i
]
THCNN_ (Tirvir H] Cnnriss) ^
@
,
]
D
LHCNN_ (Lctiwcy H] Cnnriss) A
N
-
DACNN_ (Dbhift Acrnwcri Cnnriss) 3
=
bj
TFCEI (Tirvir Fcei) u
åt
p
c
@HBI (Ojjt @hbifcei) D
J]^HJFT
314
3 J] (Jpircthjf Djni); ie uec eifsclie NAD], uec sjbhdhtcìäj i uec rispjstc
pjssuie js eisejs dcepjs. J qui cs nhìrifdhce è j djftiûnj nj dcepj J].
Js vcbjris säj;
? 3 5 NAD]NHTDJPI_
? ? 5 NAD]J@@I_
? 4 5 NAD]_ISYIT^
? > 5 NAD]NIDBHFI
? 9 5 NAD]]CDG
? 0 5 NAD]FCDG
? < 5 NAD]_IBICTI
? 1 5 NAD]HF@J_E
3 A^X]I (Acrnwcri Cnnriss ^ypihf`jrec
); j pcnräj ni rini u thbhzcnj pibj cncptcnjr ni
rini7
3 ispidhdc j tcecfaj nj ifniriìj ni acrn wcri fc
ABIF (Acrnwcri Cnnriss Biflta);
eifsclie, vcbjr 0 pcrc ifniriìj ECD7
3 AJ]T; qucfthncni ni rjticnjris pibjs quchs c eifsclie nivirã pcsscr7
3 QHN (^rcfscdthjf HN);fûeirj ni hnifthdcìäj, lircnj cbictjrhceifti pibj dbhifti, uthbh -

zcnj pcrc cssjdhcr uec riquhshìäj í rispjstc ridiohnc nj sir vhnjr NAD]7
3 TIDT; silufnjs nisni qui j dbhifti hfhdhju j prjdissj ni cquhshìäj ju rifjvcìäj ni
ifniriìj7
3 @BCLT; prheihrj oht 3 pcrc orjcndcst7 niechs risirvcnjs pcrc usj ùturj7
3 dcepj priifdahnj pibj dbhifti dje j ifniriìj H] ctucb,

DHCNN_ (Dbhift H] Cnnriss);
nurcfti j prjdissj ni rifjvcìäj7
XHCNN_ ( Xjur Dbhift H] Cnnrissifniriìj H] qui j sirvhnjr ist ã ctrhouhfnj cj dbhifti7
3 );
3 ifniriìj H], hf`jrecnj pibj sirvhnjr NA]D, nj prôxhej

THCNN_ (Tirvir H] Cnnriss);
sirvhnjr c sir uthbhzcnj fj prjdissj ni ojjt 7
3 ifniriìj H] nj rjticnjr nc rini bjdcb, u thbhzcnj qucfnj
LHCNN_ (Lctiwcy H] Cnnriss);
j ojjt è ricbhzcnj pjr eihj nisti7
3 ifniriìj ni acrnwcri nj dbhifti7
DACNN_ (Dbhift Acrnwcri Cnnriss);
t
i
3 TFCEI (Tirvir Fcei);dcepj jpdhjfcb qui nifi j fjei nj sirvhnjr NAD]7
f
r
i
t 3 @HBI (Ojjt @hbifcei);fjei nj crquhvj ni ojjt . Fubj ie eifsclie NAD]NHTDJPI_7
Hf
r
c dcehfaj djepbitj ni crquhvj ie NAD]J@@I_7
c
p
j
s 3 J]^HJFT;pcrïeitrjs jpdhjfchs. Issi dcepj è uthbhzcnj pcrc hf`jrecr qui thpj ni ris -
hì
v pjstc ju sjbhdhtcìäj NAD] (NAD]NHTDJPI_, NAD]J@ @I_ itd.) istã sifnj ifvhcnc pcrc j
r
i
T
;
x
dbhifti ju pcrc j sirv hnjr.
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
n
j
ä
ì
c
rt
sh
f h
e
n
C
31>
@ufdhjfceiftj nj prjtjdjbj NAD]
Dbhifti ifvhc NAD]NHTDJPI q
J sirvhnjr pjni rispjfnir NAD]J@@I_
J dbhifti ifvhc NAD]_ISYIT^
J sirvhnjr scbvc cs djflurcìùis i rispjfni dje NAD]CDG
J dbhifti ricbhzc virhdcìùis uthbhzcfnj. ]jni rispjfnir dje NAD]NIDBHFI — prjobiec
dje c djflurcìäj.
J sirvhnjr ifvhc, si fidissãrhj, NAD]FCDG — rihfhdhcfnj j prjdissj7
Bcnj dbhifti Eifsclifs Bcnj sirvhnjr
NAD]NHTDJPI_
Nitirehfc
NAD]J@@I_ djfffilurcìäj
_idioi
rispjstc NAD]_ISYIT^
DbhiftiNAD] Djeeht TirvhnjrNAD]

NAD]CDG
NAD]_IBICTI Hfhdhcbhzcìäj
djepbitc
@hlurc 3=.? Bhoirc bicsi
@ufdhjfceiftj nj
prjtjdjbj NAD]
îepj
Nurcfti c jotifìäj njs pcrïeitrjs ni djflurcìäj, cbluecs eifsclifs säj trjdcncs

iftri j sirv hnjr i j dbhifti NAD]. C siluhr è nisdrhtc c siquëfdhc nissis djecfnjs dje
sius rispidthvjs shlfhdcnjs;
3 Dbhifti ifvhc eifsclie orjcndcst NAD]NHTDJPI_. Hfdbuh j ifniriìj ` åshdj, pjnifnj

hfdbuhr sulistäj ni ifniriìj H] i nurcìäj nj bicsi7
3 J sirvhnjr pjni rispjfnir dje uec eifsclie NAD]J@@I_, qui hfdbuh ue ifniriìj
H] nhspjfåvib fj dcepj XHCNN_ i jutrjs pcrïeitrjs ie J]^HJFT. J sir vhnjr virhdc c
nhspjfhohbhncni nj ifniriìj H] cftis ni nhspjfhohbhzã-bj7
3 J dbhifti ifvhc uec eifsclie NAD]_ISYIT^ qui hfdbuh j hnifthdcnjr nj sirvhnjr NAD].
Hssj è fidissãrhj pcrc j dcsj ni j dbhifti ridioir rispjstcs ni echs ni ue sirvhnjr NAD]7
3 J sirv hnjr, cpôs ridioir c eifsclie, scbvc cs djflurcìùis i rispjfni dje uec eif -
sclie NAD]CDG djftifnj cs djflurcìùis jìrtcncs cftirhjreifti7
3 J dbhifti iìtuc uec virhdcìäj uthbhzcfnj j prjtjdjbj C_] dje j ifniriìj `jrfidhnj.
Dcsj pirdioc qui j ifniriìj kã istã ie usj, ifvhc uec eifsclie NAD]NIDBHFI. Dcsj
j dbhifti ridioc uec eifsclie NAD]FCDG, j prjdissj è rihfhdhcnj7 A
T
T
i
J dbhifti pjni chfnc bhoircr j ifniriìj hf`jrecfnj siu DACN N_. ]
^
3
Dcsj j dbhifti kã schoc j ifniriìj H], nisikcfnj cpifcs rifjvã-bj, ifvhcrã nhritceifti ue ]
@
,
D
A
NAD]_ISYIT^. N
-
=
3
È fidissãrhj iìtucr cbluecs virhdcìùis cftis nc inhìäj nj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj i bj
u
cthvcìäj nj sirvhnjr NAD]. Iftri ibcs; virhdcr si j nciejf ist ã hfstcbcnj i djfìrhr c suc åt
p
c
bjdcbhzcìäj, csshe djej c ixhstëfdhc nj crquhvj dje c ocsi ni ncnjs i c `jrec ni hftircìäj D
dje j sirvhìj NFT.
319
Hfstcbcìäj nj NAD] q
3 _in Act / DiftJT; yue hfstcbb nadp
3 Niohcf / Youftu Tirvir ; cpt-lit hfstcbb hsd -nadp-sir vir
3 Drhcr j crquhvj nadpn.bicsis
3 Nifhr j isquiec ni hftircìäj dje j NFT
3. Pirhdcr si j nciejf istã hfstcbcnj;

Djfìrhr bjdcbhzcìäj nj nciejf nadpn.
# wairihs nadpn
Hfstcbcr j Tirvhnjr nj NAD]

_in Act / DiftJT
# yue hfstcbb nadp
cpt-lit hfstcbb hsd-nadp-sirvir
?. Drhcìäj nj crquhvj nadpn.bicsis ;

Pirhdcr ixhstëfdhc nj crquhvj nadpn.bicsis , qui nivirã ixhsthr qucfnj nc ixiduìäj nj
sirvhnjr NAD].
# `hfn / —fcei nadpn.bicsis
Nivi ritjrfcr cblj nj thpj; /vcr/bho/nadp/nadpn.bic sis.
Dcsj j crquhvj nadpn.bicsis fäj ixhstc, nivirã sir drhcnj.
# tjuda /vcr/bho/nadp/nadp.bicsis
4. Isdjbac nj isquiec ni hftircìäj dje j NFT;

Ixhstie njhs eètjnjs ni hftircìäj iftri j NAD] i j NFT; nnfs-upncti-stybi hftirhe —
pirehti j usj ni eidcfhsej `chbjvir. Issi eidcfhsej pjsshohbhtc qui njhs ju echs sirvh -
njris NAD] nhvhnce j djfkuftj ni ifniriìjs H] nhspjfåvihs. nnfs-upncti-st ybi cn-ajd;
jpìäj nisdjfthfucnc i qui fäj nivi sir uthbhzcnc.
t
i
Nivi-si isdjbair j eètjnj c sir u thbhzcnj pibj sirvhnjr. C jpìäj nivi sir hfdbuånc fj hfådhj
f
r nj crquhvj nadpn.djf` .
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p Inhìäj ni crquhvjs ni djf`hlurcìäj
q
s
j
hì
v Drhcr j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nadpn.djf`, qui djfshsti ie;
r
i
T
;
x
u
3 Hf`jrecìùis ni dcoiìcbaj.
hf
B
s
c
3 ]crïeitrjs.
e
ti Nidbcrcìùis.
s
h
T
3
n
i 3 Djeiftãrhjs.
j
ä
ì
c
Cs jpìùis pjnie sir;
rt
f
s
h
h
3 Lbjochs, pjshdhjfcncs cftis ncs { }.
e
n
C 3 Ispidådcs pcrc dcnc dbhifti.
310
J crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nadpn.djf` pjssuh js vcbjris c sirie pcsscnjs djej pcrïeitrjs
ni djflurcìäj pcrc cs istcìùis dbhiftis. ]jssuh uec istruturc dje quctrj djepjfiftis;
dcoiìcbaj, pcrïeitrjs, nidbcrcìùis i djeiftãrhjs.
3 Dcoiìcbaj;isquiec ni hftircìäj iftri NAD] i NFT , djf`jrei vhstj cftirhjreifti7
3 ]crïeitrjs;djej, qucfnj i quchs hf`jrecìùis nivie sir ifvhcncs cjs dbhiftis.

Js pcrïeitrjs hfhdhcnjs pibc pcbcvrc jpthjf fäj säj jorhlctôrhjs i fäj hftirìrie fj
ùfdhjfceiftj nj sirvhnjr7 fj iftcftj, c cusëfdhc ni cblufs nibis pjni dcuscr prj -
obiecs pcrc cs istcìùis dbhifti7
3 Nidbcrcìùis;hf`jrecìùis sjori c tjpjbjlhc nc rini, hfdbuhfnj suo-rinis, ifniriìjs
xjs nisthfcnjs c dbhiftis ispidådjs i ispidhdcìäj ni njeåfhj7
Djeiftãrhjs;bhfacs hfhdhcncs dje # säj djfshnircncs djej djeiftãrhjs.

3
Suchsquir euncfìcs fjs crquhvjs ni djflurcìäj sjeifti tiräj iìhtj cpôs c
rihfhdhcbhzcìäj nj sirv hnjr.
Ixiepbj ni crquhvj ni djflurcìäj dje cblufs vcbjris tåphdjs;
# Crquhvj nadpn.djf`
nnfs—upncti—stybi hftirhe7
suofit 38?.301.=.= fitecsg ?99.?99.?99.= {
jpthjf rjutirs 38?.301.=.?9>7
jpthjf suofit—ecsg ?99.?99.?99.=7
jpthjf njechf—fcei ‒ieprisc.dje.or―7
jpthjf njechf—fcei—sirvirs 38?.301.=.?947
ni`cubt-bicsi-thei —31===7
rcfli 38?.301.=.? 38?.301.=.?9=7
}
J djftiûnj nj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj cprisiftcnj hfnhdc;
3 Hftircìäj dje NFT; nnfs-upncti-sty bi hftirhe7

3 Tir vhnjr rispjfsãvib pjr nhstrhouhr hf`jrecìùis fc rini; 38?.301.=.=/?99.?99.?99.=7
3 ]crïeitrjs uthbhzcnjs;
? rjutirs;hfnhdc lctiwcy7
? suofit-ecsg;eãsdcrc ni suo-rini7
? njechf-fcei;fjei nj njeåfhj7
? njechf-fcei-sirvirs;ifniriìj nj sirvhnjr NFT7
? ni`cubt-bicsi-thei;tiepj ni bicsi, riprisiftcnj ie silufnjs7 j vcbjr =x è
uthbhzcnj pcrc riprisiftcr j hffhtj7
? rcfli;`chxc ni ifniriìjs H] qui j sir vhnjr NAD] uthbhzcrã pcrc djflurcr js dbhiftis.
-
=
3
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
31<
Ixiepbjs ni djf`hlurcìäj
nnfs—upncti—stybi hftirhe7
q
suofit 38?.301.=.= fitecsg ?99.?99.?99.= {
jpthjf rjutirs 38?.301.=.?9>7
jpthjf suofit—ecsg ?99.?99.?99.=7
jpthjf njechf—fcei ‒ieprisc.dje.or―7
jpthjf njechf—fcei—sirvirs 38?.301.=.?947
ni`cubt-bicsi-thei —31===7
rcfli 38?.301.=.? 38?.301.=.?9=7
}
Jutrj ixiepbj ni crquhvj ni djflurcìäj, fissi dcsj pcrc nucs suo-rinis dje PBCFs
nhìriftis;
nnfs-upncti-stybi hftirhe7
ni`cubt-bicsi-thei -31===7
ecx-bicsi-thei -31===7
jpthjf njechf-fcei-sirvirs 38?.301.=.?947
#_ini vbcf 3=
suofit 38?.301.3=.= fitecsg ?99.?99.?99.= {
jpthjf rjutirs 38?.301.3=.?9>7
jpthjf njechf-fcei ‒rini3=.ieprisc.dje.or―7
rcfli 38?.301.3=.33 38?.301.3=.387
}
#_ini vbcf ?=
suofit 38?.301.?=.= fitecsg ?99.?99.?99.= {
jpthjf rjutirs 38?.301.?=.?9>7
jpthjf njechf-fcei ‒rini?=.ieprisc.dje.or―7
rcfli 38?.301.?=.?3 38?.301.?=.?87
}
]crc qui issc djflurcìäj dje PBC F ùfdhjfi djrritceifti, è fidissãrhj qui cs
t
i
hftir`cdis istikce djflurcncs djrritceifti dje j HN ni dcnc PB CF i nhspjfåvihs
f
r pcrc j NAD].
i
t
Hf
c
r
c C siluhr, è cprisiftcnj jutrj ixiepbj ni crquhvj ni djflurcìäj. Fissi dcsj, dje c
p
s hfdbusäj ni lrupj i ni H] xjs pcrc nitirehfcncs eãquhfcs nc rini;
j
hì
v
r
i # Crquhvj nadpn.djf`
T
;
x
u nnfs—upncti—stybi hftirhe7
hf
B
s lrjup {
c
e
ti jpthjf rjutirs 38?.301.3.?9>7
s
h
T jpthjf suofit ecsg ?99.?99.?99.=7
i
n
j jpthjf njechf—fcei ‒ieprisc.dje.or―7
ä
ì
c
rt jpthjf njechf—fcei—sirvirs 38?.301.=.?947
sh
f h ni`cubt-bicsi-thei —31===7
e
n ecx-bicsi-thei —31===7
C
ajst bicj {
311
jpthjf ajst—fcei ‒bicj.ieprisc.dje.or―7
acrnwcri itairfit ==;N=;O<;18;<I;9I7
`hxin-cnnriss 38?.301.=.?7
}
ajst thlri {
jpthjf ajst—fcei ‒thlri.ieprisc.dje.or―7
acrnwcri itairfit ==;N=;O<;18;=3;N37
`hxin-cnnriss 38?.301.=.47
}
}
Hfhdhcfnj i pcrcfnj j sirvhnjr

_in Act / DiftJT
3 systiedtb 2pcrïeitrj6 nadpn
q
3 sirvhdi hsd-nadp-sirvir 2pcrïeitrj6
]crïeitrj; stcrt, stjp ju ristcrt
_in Act / DiftJT
systiedtb 2pcrïeitrj6 nadpn
sirvhdi hsd-nadp-sirvir 2pcrïeitrj6

]crïeitrj; stcrt, stjp ju ristcrt
Josirvcìäj; j crquhvj
nadpn.bicsis nivirã ixhsthr.
Sucfnj j sirvhnjr nhspùi ni echs ni uec hftir`cdi ni rini, pjniejs ispidhdcr qucb
hftir`cdi j sirv hnjr uthbhzcrã pcrc juvhr cs riquhshìùis NAD]. Issc ùfdhjfcbhncni è ixtriec -
eifti ûthb qucfnj j sirv hnjr si ifdjftrc djfidtcnj c uec rini hftirfc c qucb nivi prjvir
NAD], i c uec rini ixtirfc c qucb fäj si nisikc cdissj cj NAD]. ]jr pcnräj, j nciejf nj
NAD] sô juvhrã fcs hftir `cdis pcrc cs quchs ibi ifdjftrcr uec nidbcrcìäj ni suo-rini fj
crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nadpn.djf`. Ti `jr fidissãrhj ristrhflhr ixpbhdhtceifti quchs hftir -
`cdis ibi uthbhzcrã, è fidissãrhj ricbhzcr js siluhftis pcssjs;
_in Act / DiftJT
rjjt# dp /usr/bho/systien/systie/nadpn.sirvhdi /itd/systien/systie/

rjjt# vh /itd/systien/systie/nadpn.sirvhdi
6 IxidTtcrt5/usr/sohf/nadpn -` -d` /itd/nadp/nadpn.djf` -usir nadpn -lrjup nadpn
--fj-phn 2fjeisZncsZhftir`cdis6
rjjt# systiedtb --systie nciejf-ribjcn
rjjt# systiedtb ristcrt nadpn.sirvhdi
Inhtcr c vcrhãvib HFÎ_@CDIT, fj crquhvj /itd/ni`cubt/hsd-nadp-sirvir, cnhdhjfcfnj

-
=
cs hftir`cdis c sirie uthbhzcncs. 3
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
318
]jnie sir pcsscnjs p crïeitrjs djej;
3 -p 2pjrtc6;ispidhdc c pjrtc fc qucb j sirvhnjr NAD] ctucrã7 pcnräj 0< i 017
3 -`; ixidutc j sirvhnjr ie `jrilrjufn7
3 -n; ejnj nioullhfl;js bjls säj lircnjs pcrc c tibc, ie viz ni sirie ifvhcnjs pcrc /
vcr/bjl/eissclis 7
3 ispidhdc c bjdcbhzcìäj nj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj

-d` 2fjei nj crquhvj6; nadpn.djf` .
Jrhlhfcbeifti ie /itd/nadp/nadpn.djf` 7
3 -b` 2fjei nj crquhvj6;ispidhdc c bjdcbhzcìäj nj crquhvj ni bicsi. Jrhlhfcbeifti ie /
vcr/bho/nadp/nadpn.bicsis .
Fj _in Act / DiftJT, issis pcrïeitrjs säj djflurcnjs fj crquhvj /itd/systien/

systie/nadpn.sirvhdi , nhritj fc bhfac ni hfhdhcbhzcìäj nj nciejf. Kã fj Niohcf / Youftu
Tirvir, säj djflurcnjs fc vcrhãvib J]^HJFT nj crquhvj /itd/ni`cubt/hsd-nadp-sirvir.
C djflurcìäj ni ue dbhifti NAD] pjni sir iìtucnc ie njhs ejeiftjs; (H) nurcfti c
hfstcbcìäj nj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb7 (HH) ie qucbquir ejeiftj, si `jr ricbhzcnc pibj usuãrhj
dje prhvhbèlhjs ni cnehfhstrcnjr nc eãquhfc.
Nurcfti j prjdissj ni hfstcbcìäj nj Thstiec Jpircdhjfcb, surlhrã uec eifsclie sjbhdh-

tcfnj qui sikc isdjbahnc c jpìäj ni djflurcìäj nc rini; cutjeãthdc (NAD]) ju ecfucb.
Isdjbaifnj c jpìäj cutjeãthdc, c eãquhfc hfhdhcrã j prjdissj pcrc jotifìäj njs pcrïei-
trjs ni rini.
Cpôs j prjdissj ni hfstcbcìäj, c djflurcìäj pjni sir ìhtc pjr eihj ni hftir `cdi lrãdc
ju bhfac ni djecfnj. ]crc c djflurcìäj pjr bhfac ni djecfnj, j crquhvj c sir inhtcnj è
/itd/s ysdjfl /fitwjrg-sdrhpt s/h`d`l-i ta= , fcs nhstrhouhìùis _in Act/DiftJT, ju fj crquhvj
/itd/fi twjrg /hftir `cdis, fj Youftu Tir vir.
@hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (@^])

^rcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvj djfãvib ni/pcrc sirvhnjris ni crquhvjs. q
3 Ypbjcn; trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs pcrc ue sir vhnjr.
3 Njwfbjcn; trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs ni ue sir vhnjr.
t
i ^hpjs ni crquhvjs trcfsìrhnjs;
f
r
Hf
i
t 3 Crquhvjs tixtj; ecfhpubcnjs djej sifnj djepjstjs pjr uec dcnihc ni dcrcdtiris
c
r
c CTDHH ju IODNHD.
p
j
s
hì
3 Crquhvjs ohfãrhjs; `jrecnjs pjr uec siquëfdhc ni jdtitjs trcfsìr hnjs sie qucb -
v
r quir djfvirsäj.
i
T
;
x
u J prjtjdjbj @hbi ^rcfsìr ]rjtjdjb (@^]) istã iftri js eihjs echs pjpubcris uthbhzcnjs pcrc
hf
B
s trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs pibc hftirfit. Aã vãrhjs sirvhnjris @^] nhspjfåvihs tcftj fc
c
e
ti hftirfit qucftj ie rinis bjdchs, uthbhzcnjs pcrc nhstr houhìäj ni djftiûnj, njdueiftjs itd.
s
h
T Euhtjs sirvhnjris wio si uthbhzce nj ridursj @ ^] djej eihj pcrc nhspjfhohbhzcr crquhvjs
i
n
j i prjlrcecs. C `cdhbhncni ni cdissj cjs ncnjs i c djfcohbhncni prjvhnc pibj ^rcfsehss hjf
ä
ì
c
rt Djftrjb ]rjtjdjb (^D]) säj `ctjris qui istheubce siu usj.
sh
f h
e
n
C
Ixhstie vãrhjs sirvhnjris @ ^] nhspjfåvihs pcrc j Bhfux. Iftri js echs pjpubcris
istäj j PT@^]N i j ]_J@^]N.
38=
Issi sirvhìj pjni sir djflurcnj pcrc pirehthr j cdissj c tjnj i qucbquir usuãrhj,
nifjehfcnj cfþfhej, ju pcrc ristrhflhr j cdissj c nitirehfcnjs usuãrhjs. Ie ceojs js
dcsjs pjniejs nitirehfcr quie cdissc j quë i js prhv hbèlhjs qui pjssuh fcs pcstcs qui
cdissc. ]jniejs chfnc iìtucr ckustis pcrc `cdhbhtcr c pcssclie pjr eihj ni riwcbbs, pcrc
uthbhzcìäj ni eûbthpbjs sirvhnjris vhrtuchs, i tceoèe pcrc pirehthr j usj pjr lrup js ni
usuãrhjs. J cnehfhstrcnjr ni ue sirvhnjr @^] tie pbifj djftrjbi sjori quie pjni cdisscr
j quë. Fissi dcsj, pjniejs isdjbair iftri pirehthr ju ris trhflhr j cdissj ni usuãrhjs cfþ -
fhejs. ]jniejs chfnc ribcdhjfcr usuãrhjs dcncstrcnjs c nitirehfcncs pcstcs.
Ie tjnjs js dcsjs js prhvhbèlhjs ni bihturc, isdrhtc, drhcìäj ju riejìäj ni crquhvjs i pcstcs
pjnie sir djftrjbcnjs.
Ni ejnj lircb aã njhs thpjs ni usuãrhjs;
3 Ysuãrhj fjrecb;usuãrhj dcncstrcnj. ]jssuh bjlhf i sifac, i pjr eihj nibis cdissc
nitirehfcncs pcstcs i crquhvjs7
3 Ysuãrhj cfþfhej;usuãrhj qui cdissc j sir vhìj sie sir cutifthdcnj. Ni ejnj lircb
pjssuh sjeifti pirehssäj ni bihturc, pjnifnj iìtucr njw fbjcn ni crquhvjs djfshni -
rcnjs pûobhdjs.
Fjs njhs dcsjs è pjssåvib djfdinir prhvhbèlhjs ni bihturc (njwfbjcn) i isdrht c (upbjcn) c
nitirehfcncs pcstcs i crquhvjs. Iftritcftj, ridjeifnc-si ecftir j usuãrhj dje cdissj
sjeifti pcrc bihturc i fc pcstc pûobhdc. Dcsj fäj sikc fidissãrhj ue usuãrhj cfþfhej, è
nisikãvib chfnc objquicr j cdissj nissi thpj ni usuãrhj.
@hlurc 3=.4
@ufdhjfceiftj
nj @^].
@ufdhjfceiftj nj @^]
Ocsicnj fj istcoibidheiftj ni djfixùis iftri j dbhifti i j sir vhnjr; q
3 Djfixäj ni djftrjbi; uscnc fc trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs.
3 Djfixäj ni ncnjs; uec pcrc dcnc crquhvj trcfsìrhnj.
J prjtjdjbj @^] è ocsicnj ie djfixùis ^D]. Fj iftcftj, ixhstie njhs thpjs ni djfixäj;
3 Djfixäj ni djftrjbi;istcoibidhnc i ecfthnc nurcfti tjnj j tiepj ni sissäj. È ctrcvès

nissc djfixäj qui säj ifvhcnjs js djecfnjs7
3 istcoibidhncs siepri qui è sjbhdhtcnc uec trcfsìrëfdhc ni ncnjs.
Djfixùis ni ncnjs;
Dcnc ue nissis crquhvjs è trcfsìr hnj ie uec djfixäj sipcrcnc. ]jni acvir eûbthpbcs
djfixùis sheubtïfics.
-
=
3
bj
u
åt
p
c
D
383
^hpjs ni sirvhnjr @ ^]
@^] cthvj
Djfixäj ni djftrjbi
Ni; pjrtc cbtc dbhif ti ]crc; pjrtc ?3 sir vhnjr
Djfixäj ni ncnjs
Dbhifti
@^] Ni; pjrtc ?= sirvhn jr ]crc; pjrtc cbtc db hifti Tirvhnjr
@^]
@^] pcsshvj
Djfixäj ni djftrjbi
Ni; pjrtc cbtc dbhif ti ]crc; pjrtc ?3 sir vhnjr
@hlurc 3=.>
Djfixäj ni ncnjs
^hpjs ni Tirvhnjris
Dbhifti
@^] Ni; pjrtc cbtc dbhif ti ]crc; pjrtc cbtc sir vhnjr Tirvhnjr
@^] — Cthvj i ]csshvj.
Ye sirvhnjr @ ^] pjni ùfdhjfcr fj ejnj pcsshvj ju cthvj. Fjs njhs dcsjs ixhstie cs djfi-
xùis ni djftrjbi i cs djfixùis ni ncnjs. C nhìrifìc istã fc pcrti qui jrhlhfc dcnc djfixäj.
Tirvhnjr @^] cthvj

Dbhifti uthbhzc uec djfixäj ni djftrjbi dje j sirvhnjr q
3 È uthbhzcnj uec pjrtc cbtc fj dbhifti
3 È uthbhzcnj c pjrtc ?3 fj sirvhnjr
J sirvhnjr hfhdhc c trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs
3 Jrhlie fc pjrtc ?= nj sirvhnjr

J dbhifti si djfidtc cj sir vhnjr pjr eihj ni uec djfixäj ni djftrjbi, qui si jrhlhfc ie
uec pjrtc cbt c nj dbhifti i si nisthfc í pjr tc ?3 nj sirvhnjr. Sucfnj è sjbhdhtcnj j ifvhj
ni crquhvjs, j sirvhnjr hfhdhc uec djfixäj ni ncnjs qui si jrhlhfc fc pjrtc ?= nj sirvhnjr
i si nisthfc c uec pjr tc cbtc fj dbhifti. Nissi ejnj, c djfixäj ni djftrjbi è hfhdhcnc pibj
dbhifti, i cs djfixùis ni ncnjs s äj hfhdhcncs pibj sirvhnjr.
J cdissj c ue sir vhnjr cthvj euhtcs vizis è objquicnj pibj riwcbb nc rini, uec viz qui cs
t
i djfixùis ni ncnjs säj hfhdhcncs pjr eãquhfcs ni `jrc nc rini i dje nisthfj c eãquhfcs fc
f
r
i
t
Hf
rini hftirfc.
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
C rispjstc cj djecfnj bs, qui bhstc js nhritôrhjs nj sirvhnjr, è ifvhcnc pibc pjrtc ?=.
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B Tirvhnjr @^] pcsshvj
s
c
e
ti Dbhifti uthbhzc uec djfixäj ni djftrjbi dje j sirvhnjr
q
s
h
n
T
i 3 È uthbhzcnj uec pjrtc cbtc fj dbhifti
j
ä
ì
c
3 È uthbhzcnj c pjrtc ?3 fj sirvhnjr
rt
sh J dbhifti qui hfhdhc c trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs
f h
n
C
e
3 Jrhlie ie uec pjrtc cbtc nj dbhifti dje nisthfj c pjrtc ?= nj sirv hnjr
38?
J dbhifti si djfidtc cj sir vhnjr pjr eihj ni uec djfixäj ni djftrjbi, qui si jrhlhfc ie
uec pjrtc cbtc nj dbhifti i si nisthfc í pjr tc ?3 nj sirvhnjr. C nhìrifìc è qui, qucfnj è
sjbhdhtcnc c trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs, c djfixäj ni ncnjs è hfhdhcnc pjr uec pjrt c cbtc nj
dbhifti i si nisthfc c uec pjrt c cbtc fj sir vhnjr. Nissi ejnj, j sirvhnjr fufdc hfhdhc uec
djfixäj ^D], qui è siepri hfhdhcnc pibj dbhifti. Issc jpìäj ùfdhjfc eibajr qucfnj j
dbhifti istã prjtilhnj pjr ue riwcbb
Cblufs djecfnjs uthbhzcnjs pcrc djfixäj cj sirvhnjr @^] i ifvhj ju ridioheiftj ni crquhvjs;
3 :; ckunc njs djecfnjs7
3 ohfcry; djbjdc cs trcfsìrëfdhcs ie ejnj ohfãrhj7
3 oyi; tirehfc c sissäj ni @^] i sch7
3 dn; eunc ni nhritôrhj c sir trcocbacnj7
3 dbjsi; tirehfc cpifcs sissäj nj @^]7
3 nibiti;riejvi ue crquhvj nj sirvhnjr7
3 nhr; drhc uec bhstc ni crquhvjs nj nhritôrhj7
3 lit; ridioi ue crquhvj7
3 aibp; ixhoi c ckunc nj sirvhnjr bjdcb7
3 dn; eunc j nhritôrhj7
3 bs; bhstc j djftiûnj njs nhritôrhjs7
3 renibiti;riejvi vãrhjs crquhvjs7
3 elit; ridioi vãrhjs crquhvjs7
3 egnhr; drhc ue nhritôrhj fj sirvhnjr7
3 eput; ifvhc vãrhjs crquhvjs7
jpif; djfidtc c ue sirvhnjr @^]7

3
3 put; ifvhc ue crquhvj7
3 pwn; ixhoi j fjei nj nhritôrhj ctucb7
3 quht; tirehfc c sissäj nj @^] i sch7
3 ridv; ridioi ue crquhvj7
3 rifcei;rifjeihc ue crquhvj.
]rjobiecs dje `hriwcbb

@hriwcbbs fjrecbeifti fäj cdihtce djfixùis ni iftrcnc. q
Djfshnircìùis ni silurcfìc;
3 _istrhìäj ni cdissj c usuãrhjs.
3 Ifvhj ni crquhvj djej cfþfhej (Cfjfyejus Ypbjcn).
3 Euncr ocffir ni scuncìäj.
3 Ythbhzcìäj ni TD] djej cbtirfcthvc cj @ ^].
@hriwcbbs fjrecbeifti fäj cdihtce djfixùis ni iftrcnc. N issi ejnj, ue dbhifti hfhdhc -
=
uec djfixäj cj sirvhnjr @ ^] fjrecbeifti. Iftritcftj, cj uthbhzcr js djecfnjs bs , nhr ju 3
bj
lit , j qui hfhdhc uec djfixäj ni ncnjs jrhlhfcnc nj sirvhnjr @^] ie nhriìäj cj dbhifti, c u
åt
p
trcfscìäj è objquicnc hepinhfnj j usj nj sirv hìj. ]crc hssj säj pjssåvihs nucs sjbuìùis; c
D
384
3. Ythbhzcr j sirvhnjr @^] ie ejnj cthvj ; drhcr rilrcs qui pirehtce j ùfdhj fceiftj ncs
djfixùis ni djftrjbi i ni ncnjs. Ie ispidhcb j istcoibidheiftj ni uec djfixäj jrhlh -
fcnc nj sirvhnjr @^ ], dcsj fäj sikc pirehthnj uthbhzcr sirvhnjr pcsshvj7
?. Ythbhzcr j sirvhnjr @ ^] ie ejnj pcsshvj; drhcr rilrcs qui pirehtce j istcoibidheiftj ni

djfixùis ni djftrjbi i ni ncnjs jrhlhfcncs c pcrthr nj dbhifti.
Cj djflurcr j sirv hnjr @^], è ridjeifncnj bivcr ie djfshnircìäj cs siluhftis quistùis

ribcdhjfcncs í silurcfìc;
3 cnhdhjfcr ristrhìäj ni usuãrhjs nj shstiec qui

_istrhìäj ni cdissj c usuãrhjs;
pjssuie prhvhbèlhjs ni cdissj i qui pjr hssj fäj pjnie uthbhzcr j @^]7
3 dcsj sikc pirehthnj j cdissj c usuãrhjs cfþfhejs, virh-
Cdissj ni usuãrhjs cfþfhejs;
dcr si c pcstc pûobhdc pjssuh pirehssäj sjeifti ni bihturc7
3 trjdcr j vcbjr nc nhrithvc `tpn Zocffir. J vcbjr pcnräj trcz
Euncr j ocffir ni scuncìäj;
hfnhdcìùis nj shstiec, hf`jrecìùis qui pjnie sir uthbhzcncs pjr usuãrhjs ecbhdhjsjs7
3 c cnjìäj ni einhncs ni silurcfìc pjni privifhr
Ythbhzcìäj ni drhptjlrcc dje j @^];
uec hfvcsäj ju uthbhzcìäj hfnivhnc nj sir vhìj. ]jr pcnräj, js ncnjs, hfdbushvi bjlhf i
sifac, säj trcfsehthnjs ie tixtj pbcfj. Tirvhnjris djej j PT@^]@ i ]_J@ ^]N supjrtce
j usj nj TTB/ ^BT. Djej cbtirfcthvc, è pjssåvib uthbhzcr j Tiduri Djpy (TD]) ju Tiduri @^ ]
(T@^]) pcrc c trcfsehssäj ni crquhvjs shlhbjsjs7
Tiduri Taibb (TTA)

]irehti c uthbhzcìäj ni ue tirehfcb riejtj i djfixùis pcrc trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs
iftri dbhiftis i sirvhnjris.
q
Ythbhzc cutifthdcìäj pcrc istcoibidir sissäj.
Ythbhzc ifdrhptcìäj pcrc trcfsehssäj ni ncnjs.
Tiduri Taibb (TTA) surlhu djej uec suosthtuhìäj cj _iejti Taibb (_TA), qui pir ehti
djfidtcr ue saibb c uec eãquhfc riejtc. J _ TA pjssuh njhs prjobiecs;
3. ^jnj j trãìlj è ìhtj ie tixtj pbcfj, fäj l crcfthfnj c prhvcdhncni nc hf`jrecìäj7
?. Js crquhvjs /itd/ajsts .iquhv i ~/.rajsts bhstce eãquhfcs i usuãrhjs cutifthdcnjs, pjnifnj

`czir djfixäj _TA sie ùturcs cutifthdcìùis.
t
i
TTA ifdrhptc tjnj j trãìlj, hfdbuhfnj c sifac ju dacvi ni cutifthdcìäj. ^c eoèe usc
f
r dacvis ni ajsts pcrc hnifthdcìäj njs njhs ajsts ifvjbvhnjs fc djeufhdcìäj.
i
t
Hf
c
r
c C virsäj nj TTA3 irc coirtc ctè j ribicsi 3.?.3?. C pcrthr nc virsäj 3.?.34, c bhdifìc eunju
p
s pcrc djeirdhcb. J JpifTTA tie c bhdifìc L]B, i `jh nisifvjbvhnj c pcrthr nj TTA virsäj
j
hì
v 3.?.34, tifnj hepbieiftcnj tceoèe cs dcrcdtiråst hdcs nj prjtjdjbj TTA?. Ti pjssåvib,
r
i
T
;
x nivi-si uscr dbhiftis i sirvhnjris qui supjr tie TTA?.
u
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T
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38>
JpifTTA
Hepbieiftcìäj jpif sjurdi nj TTA. q
Tjbuìäj cepbceifti uthbhzcnc ie ceohifti Bhfux.
Ixhstie chfnc JpifTTA Tiduri Djpy (TD]) i Tiduri @^] (T@ ^]).
3 TD] i T@^] säj uthbhzcnjs djej cbtirfcthvc cj @^] .
JpifTTA è uthbhzcnj djej cbtirfcthvc cj îbfit.
3 C uthbhzcìäj ni TTA fäj è ristrhtj cj eufnj Bhfux.
3 Ixhstie vãrhjs dbhiftis \hfnjws pcrc cdissj cj TTA i TD].
JpifTTA è uec hepbieiftcìäj jpif sjurdi nj TTA. Nisni c virsäj ?.8, usc dacvis _TC
djej pcnräj. J pcdjti JpifTTA pjssuh js siluhftis djepjfiftis;
3 ssa; dbhifti TTA (djfsjbi riejtj)7
3 ssan; sirv hnjr ni saibb silurj TTA7
3 sdp; prjlrcec pcrc trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs iftri dbhifti i sir vhnjr7
3 ssa-giylif;lirc dacvis ni cutifthdcìäj pcrc j T TA7
3 s`tp; dbhifti @^] dje supjr ti pcrc djeufhdcìäj silurc7
3 ssa-cnn;cnhdhjfc dacvis ni cutifthdcìäj NTC ju _ TC cj prjlrcec ni cutifthdcìäj7
3 ssa-clift;clifti ni cutifthdcìäj, suc ùfìäj è creczifcr c dacvi prhvcnc pcrc cutif -

thdcìäj vhc dacvi pûobhdc (NTC ju _TC)7
3 ssa-giysdcf;isdcfihc pjr dacvis pûobhdcs ni cutifthdcìäj ni ajs ts ispidhdcnjs. J
prhfdhpcb jokithvj è ckuncr fc djfstruìäj nj crquhvj bjdcb gfjwZajsts .
Djf`hlurcìäj nj sirvhnjr JpifTTA

_iquir c hfstcbcìäj nj pcdjti pcdjti;
3 jpifssa-sirvir
q
Inhtcr crquhvj ni djflurcìäj;
3 /itd/ssa/ssanZdjfl
Cthvcr j sirvhìj ssan.
C djflurcìäj ni ue dbhifti JpifTTA riquir js pcdjtis;
3 jpifssa-dbhifts
3 jpifssa
]crc uthbhzcìäj nj sirvhìj JpifTTA, è fidissãrhj qui c eãquhfc riejtc, nifjehfcnc sirvhnjr,
tifac j pcdjti jpifssa—sirvir hfstcbcnj. È fidissãrhj chfnc qui j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj
istikc dje c djflurcìäj djrritc, i, jpdhjfcbeifti, qui j nciejf ssan istikc djflurcnj
pcrc hfhdhcr nurcfti c hfhdhcbhzcìäj nj shstiec. J crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nj sirvhnjr/itd/ssa/
è
ssanZdjfl, ifqucftj j crquhvj ni djflurcìäj nj dbhifti/itd/ssa/ssaZdjflurc.
è
Ieojrc j JpifTTA istikc prjftj pcrc ixiduìäj bjlj cpôs hfstcbcnj, ridjeifnc-si qui
cblufs ckustis sikce ìhtjs fj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj, j qui ibivc c silurcfìc nj shstiec. -
=
Iftri js ckustis pjssåvihs; 3
bj
u
3 pcrïeitrj ]jrt. ]jni sir djflurcnj fj sirvhnjr
Euncr c pjrtc uthbhzcnc pibj sirvhìj; åt
p
c
i fj dbhifti7 D
389
3 pcrïeitrj ]rjtjdjb. ]jni sir djflu -
Djflurcr pcrc cdihtcr sjeifti c virsäj TTA?;
rcnj fj sirvhnjr i fj dbhifti7
3 pcrïeitrj ]ireht_jjtBjlhf. Tô pjni
Fäj pirehthr cdissj djej rjjt pibj JpifTTA;
sir djflurcnj fj sirvhnjr7
3 ; kã qui ibis cutjrhzce bjlhfs suosiquiftis sie
Hlfjrcr crquhvjs.rajsts i.sajsts
sifac; pcrïeitrj Hlfjri_ajsts. Tô pjni sir djflurcnj fj sirvhnjr7
3 pcrïeitrj ]irehtIepty]csswjrns. Tô pjni sir djf -
Fäj pirehthr sifacs ie orcfdj;
lurcnj fj sirvhnjr7
3 pcrïeitrj Tuosystie. Tô pjni sir djf -
Acohbhtcr j usj nj sirvhnjr T@^] (jpdhjfcb);
lurcnj fj sirv hnjr.
C siluhr säj cprisiftcnjs cblufs pcrïeitrjs nj crquhvj ni djflurcìäj.
]crti nj djftiûnj nj crquhvj/itd/ssa/ssanZ djfl ;
# /itd/ssa/ssanZdjf`hl
]jrt ?=?=
]rjtjdjb ?
BhstifCnnriss =.=.=.=
]ireht_jjtBjlhf fj
Q33@jrwcrnhfl fj
DaidgEchb fj
_TCCutaifthdcthjf yis
NTCCutaifthdcthjf yis
_ajstsCutaifthdcthjf fj
_ajsts_TCCutaifthdcthjf fj
Hlfjri_ajsts yis
]csswjrnCutaifthdcthjf yis
]irehtIepty]csswjrn fj
Djecfnj ‑ssa‘
]irehti iìtucr bjlhf i ixidutcr djecfnjs ie uec eãquhfc riejtc. Ixiepbj; q
3 Djecfnj; # ssa usucrhj3Mbicj.ieprisc.dje.or
3 Iìtuc djfixäj í eãquhfc bicj.ieprisc.dje.or , cutifthdcfnj -si djej usucrhj3.
t
i
f
r
i
3 Tirã sjbhdhtcnc sifac.
t
Hf
r
c 3 Ie siluhnc sirã djfdinhnj cdissj í eãquhfc riejtc.
c
p
s J djecfnj ssa è c ìrrceiftc uscnc pcrc hfhdhcr siìùis ni djfsjbi riejtj. J crquhvj ni
j
hì
v djflurcìäj ni usuãrhjs è ~/.ssa/djfl, i j crquhvj lbjocb /itd/ssa/ssaZdjfl. ]crc djfidtcr
r
i
T
;
x c ue sirv hnjr ssa riejtj;
u
hf
B
s ssa usuãrhj3Mbicj.ieprisc.dje.or
c
e
ti Dcsj j fjei nj usuãrhj sikc jehthnj, siu bjlhf ctucb nj shstiec sirã uscnj. J usj nc jpìäj -D
s
h
T
i è ridjeifncnj pcrc cthvcr j ejnj ni djepcdtcìäj njs ncnjs (ûthb ie djfixùis biftcs). Yec
n
j
ä
ì pjrtc cbtirfcthvc pjni sir ispidhdcnc uscfnj c jpìäj -p pjrtc (c ?? è uscnc pjr pcnräj).
c
rt
sh
f h Pcrhãvihs ni ceohifti pirsjfcbhzcncs pcrc j ssa pjniräj sir nifhncs fj crquhvj
e
n
C
~/.ssa/ifvhrjfeift . Djecfnjs qui siräj ixidutcnjs sjeifti fc djfixäj ssa ie
~/.ssa/rd i /itd/ssa/ssard .
380
Istcoibidifnj djfixäj
Cj djfidtcr-si pibc prheihrc viz c nitirehfcnj sirvhnjr, è ixhohnc c siluhfti eifsclie; q
‒âi cutaifthdhty j` ajst ‑bicj.ieprisc.dje.or (3 8?.301.=.4)‘ dcf‘t oi i stcobhsain.―
_TC giy flirprhft hs 93;?`;d9;89;41;c4;0n;4i;>4;;3i;i`;>d;`=;d0;=3.
‒Cri yju suri yju wcft tj djfthfui djffidthfl ( yis/fj):―
3 _ispjfnifnj ‒yis―, c eãquhfc riejtc è cnhdhjfcnc ie uec bhstc ni eãquhfcs
djfaidhncs (gfjwfZajsts).
Cj djfidtcr-si pibc prheihrc viz c nitirehfcnj sirv hnjr, uec eifsclie cprisiftc uec
dacvi i sjbhdhtc c djfrecìäj ni qui si trctc nc eãquhfc qui si quir cdisscr.
‒âi cutaifthdhty j` ajst ‑bicj.ieprisc.dje.or (38?.301.=.4)‘ dcf‘t oi

istcobhsain.―
_TC giy `hflirprhft hs 93;?`;d9;89;41;c4;0n;4i;>4;``;3i;i`;>d;`=;d0;=3.
‒Cri yju suri yju wcft tj djfthfui djffidthfl (yis/fj):―
_ispjfnifnj yis―,
‒ c eãquhfc riejtc è cnhdhjfcnc ie uec bhstc ni eãquhfcs djfaidhncs
(crquhvj ~/.ssa/gfjwfZajsts ). Fcs prôxhecs vizis ie qui `jr ìhtj bjlhf fissi eisej ajst,
cpifcs c sifac sirã sjbhdhtcnc. Cpôs j istcoibidheiftj nc djfixäj, è sjbhdhtcnc c sifac nj
usuãrhj riejtj.
Ie cdissjs suosiquiftis, dcsj sikc cprisiftcnc uec eifsclie ni cvhsj nj thpj

‒\crfhfl; riejti ajst hnifthdcthjf acs dacflin. Tjeijfi djubn oi icvisnrjpphfl jf yju
rhlat fjw―, pjni ist cr jdjrrifnj uec ncs siluhftis shtucìùis;
3 C eãquhfc riejtc fäj è c nisikcnc, sifnj fj dcsj uec hepjstjrc. Fissi d csj fäj
nhlhti fifauec sifac. Djfvèe hf`jrecr cj cnehfhstrcnjr nc eãquhfc riejtc 7
3 C eãquhfc riejtc tivi siu shstiec ju j JpifTTA rihfstcbcnj. Fissi dcsj c dacvi pûobhdc,
bjdcbhzcnc fj crquhvj gfjwfZajsts , nivi sir riejvhnc djf`jrei hfstruìùis fc eifsclie.
TD]
]irehti c dôphc ni crquhvjs iftri ajsts ni `jrec silurc. q
Ythbhzc js eisejs eidcfhsejs ni silurcfìc nj TTA.
Ixiepbj ni uthbhzcìäj;
3 # sdp 2usucrhj—riejtj6M2ajst—riejtj6; 2nhritjrhj/crquhvj6 2pcstc—
bjdcb6/2crquhvj—bjdcb6
3 # sdp usucrhj3Mbic j.ieprisc.dje. or;/tep/tisti.tx t
Djphc j crquhvj tixti.txt nj djeputcnjr riejtj bicj.ieprisc.dje.or pcrc j nhritôrhj ctucb.
J Tiduri Djpy (TD]) è uec cbtirfcthvc cj @^] fc trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs i `cz pcrti nj
pcdjti JpifTTA. Cj djftrãrhj nj @^ ], qui pjr pcnräj fäj è ue eètjnj silurj i dukjs
ncnjs trcìlce ie tixtj pbcfj, fj TD] c djfixäj è cutifthdcnc i js ncnjs säj drhptjlrc -
`cnjs. Jutrc vcftclie nj TD] è j `ctj ni js djecfnjs sirie shehbcris cj djecfnj dp.
Nissi ejnj, c trcfsìrëfdhc ni ue ju echs crquhvjs iftri nucs eãquhfcs pjni sir ìhtc
dje ue djecfnj nj thpj; -
=
3
bj
# sdp usucrhj3Mbicj.ieprisc.dje.or;/tep/tisti.txt u
åt
p
c
D
38<
]jnie chfnc sir trcfsìrhnjs tjnjs js crquhvjs ni uec nitirehfcnc pcstc;
# sdp —_ usucrhj3Mbicj.ieprisc.dje.or;/ajei/usuãrhj3/pcstc/*
* -_ (ridurshvhncni); tjncs cs pcstcs i crquhvjs c pcrthr nc pcstc.
Ju chfnc fc nhriìäj djftrãrhc;
# sdp * usucrhj3Mbicj.ieprisc.dje.or;/ajei/usuãrhj3/
T@^]
]irehti ricbhzcr ni `jrec silurc c trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs iftri ajsts. q
Ythbhzc js eisejs eidcfhsejs ni silurcfìc nj TTA.
Ixiepbj ni uthbhzcìäj;
3 # s`tp usucrhjM2ajst—riejtj6
Csshe djej j TD], j T@^] è uec cbtirfcth vc silurc cj @^ ] fc trcfsìrëfdhc ni crquhvjs i
tceoèe uthbhzc drhptjlrcc pcrc trcfsehssäj ni ncnjs. Yec vcftclie nj T@ ^] ie ribcìäj
cj TD] jdjrri qucfnj fäj scoiejs ixctceifti c bjdcbhzcìäj nj crquhvj c sir trcfsìrhnj.
C siluhr è cprisiftcnj ue ixiepbj ni cdissj, fj qucb è iìtucnj j njwfbjcn nj crquhvj

tisti.txt ;
s`tp 38?.301.=.3
Djffidthfl tj 38?.301.=.3
rjjtM38?.301.=.3‘s pcsswjrn;
s`tp6 bs
pcstc3
pcstc?
pcstc4
s`tp6 dn pcstc3
s`tp6 bs
tisti.txt
s`tp6 lit tisti.txt
tisti.txt 3==% 3=GO 3?.4GO/s
s`tp6 ixht
J sirvhìj T@ ^] kã vie acohbhtcnj pjr pcnräj fj sirvhnjr, ctrcvès nc siluhfti bhfac, qui è
t
i djflurcnc fj crquhvj/itd/ssa/ssanZ djfl ;
f
r
i
t
Hf
c Tuosystie s`tp /usr/bho/jpifssa/s`tp-sirvir
r
c
p
s ]jr pcnräj, ibi istã nhspjfåvib pcrc tjnjs js usuãrhjs, qui pjssuie js eisejs nhrihtjs ni
j
hì
v cdissj cjs crquhvjs ni shstiec. Cj nhspjfhohbhzcr issi sirvhìj fc hftirfit , è ridjeifncnj
r
i
T
;
x djflurã-bj pcrc ue lrupj ris trhtj ni usuãrhjs, qui dcräj djffcnjs c ue nhritôrhj
u
hf ispidådj, ctrcvès nj darjjt. ]crc hssj, ocstc djeiftcr c bhfac cdhec i hfdbuhr c siluhfti
B
s
c djflurcìäj fj fcb fj crquhvj/itd/ssa/ssanZ djfl ;
e
ti
s
h
T #Tuosystie s`tp /usr/bho/jpifssa/s`tp-sirvir
i
n
j ...
ä
ì
c
rt Tuosystie s`tp hftirfcb-s`tp
sh
f h Ectda Lrjup s`tp
e
n DarjjtNhridtjry /`tp/%u
C
Q33@jrwcrnhfl fj
381
Cbbjw^dp@jrwcrnhfl fj
@jrdiDjeecfn hftirfcb-s`tp
Dje hssj, tiejs;
3 `cz dje qui tjnj cdissj cj s` tp sikc lirifdhcnj pibj

Tuosystie s`tp hftirfcb-s`tp;
sirvhnjr s`tp hftirfj7
3 Ectda lrjup s`tp;pcrc js usuãrhjs tirie cdissj cj T@^ ], tiräj ni istcr f j lrupj s` tp.
^jncs cs bhfacs suosiquiftis ni djflurcìäj si cpbhdcräj sjeifti cjs usuãrhjs nj
lrupj s`tp7
3 js usuãrhjs tiräj cdissj cpifcs cj nhritôrhj /`t p.
DarjjtNhridtjry /`tp/%u;
Q33@jrwcrnhfl fj;
fäj rinhridhjfcr j Q33.
3
3 fäj pir ehthr rinhridhjfceiftj ni ^D].
Cbbjw^dp@jrwcrnhfl fj;
3 j djfkuftj ni djecfnjs c sirie uthbhzcnjs sirã nj T@^].

@jrdiDjeecfn hftirfcb-s`tp;
Djflurcìäj njs usuãrhjs qui sô tiräj cdissj cj s`tp;
#Drhcr j lrupj ni shstiec

s`tp;
lrjupcnn -r s`tp
#Drhcr j nhritôrhj
egnhr /`tp
daejn <99 /`tp
#Drhcr usuãrhjs
usircnn -n /`tp/usir`tp3 -e -l s`tp -s /sohf/fjbjlhf usir`tp3
pcsswn usir`tp3
#Djrrhlhr cs pirehssùis nj nhritôrhj uthbhzcnj pibj darjjt
dajwf rjjt;rjjt /`tp/usir`tp3
#Drhcr j nhritôrhj ni uthbhzcìäj nj usuãrhj

egnhr /`tp/usir`tp3/nctc
dajwf usir`tp3;s`tp /`tp/usir`tp3/nctc
]crc qui j darjjt ùfdhjfi, j nhritôrhj ispidhdcnj fc vcrhãvib DarjjtNhridtjr y nj

crquhvj ssanZdjflurc nivi pirtifdir cj usuãrhj rjjt.
Lircìäj ni dacvis
ssa-giylif -t 2thpj6 q
Jfni 2thpj6 pjni sir;
3 rsc3; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj _TC pcrc c virsäj TTA3.
3 rsc; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj _TC pcrc c virsäj TTA?.
3 ncs; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj NTC cpifcs pcrc virsäj T TA?.
idnsc; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj IDNTC cpifcs pcrc virsäj TTA?.
3
Ie cbluecs shtucìùis, pjni sir fidissãrhj j usj n i sdrhpts qui djphcräj crquhvjs ni ue
sirvhnjr p crc jutrj, j qui lircbeifti jdjrri ie shtucìùis ni ripbhdcìäj ni djftiûnj -
=
iftri sirv hnjris ispibaj, ni ocdgup, ni creczifceiftj ni bjls itd. Fissis dcsjs, 3
bj
issis sdrhpts pridhscräj cdisscr j sirv hnjr riejtj pcrc ifvhcr ju ousdcr crquhvjs sie u
åt
p
j usj ni sifac. ]crc hssj, pjnie sir lircncs dacvis ni if drhptcìäj ocsicncs ie ifni - c
D
riìjs H] njs njhs sirvhnjris.
388
]crc ivhtcr qui ue usuãrhj ju cnehfhstrcnjr ni ue sirvhnjr cdissi bhvrieifti j
jutrj, ridjeifnc-si c drhcìäj ni usuãrhjs dje pjudjs prhvhbèlhjs fcs nucs eãquhfcs.
3 C siluhr, js pcssjs fidissãrhjs;Lircr c dacvi dje j djecfnj ssa-giylif -t 2thpj6 7

Jfni 2thpj6 pjni sir;
? rsc3; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj _TC pcrc c virsäj TTA37
? rsc; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj _TC pcrc c virsäj TTA?7
? ncs; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj NTC cpifcs pcrc c vir säj TTA?7
? idnsc; lirc dacvis fj pcnräj IDNTC cpifcs pcrc c vir säj TTA?.
3 Djphcr j crquhvj djftifnj c dacvi pûobhdc, hnZ2thpj6.puo, pcrc c eãquhfc ni nisthfj7
3 Hfdbuhr c dacvi pûobhdc fj crquhvj ~/.ssa/ cutajrhzinZgiys, fc eãquhfc riejtc
(dct hnZ2thpj6.puo 66 ~/.ssa/cutajrhzinZgiys)7
Clifti TTA
]irehti cutjecthzcr c cutifthdcìäj ctrcvès ni ue clifti TTA. q
Tifac sjbhdhtcnc cpifcs uec viz ie dcnc sissäj Bhfux.
Cs dacvis säj riejvhncs cpôs j ifdirrceiftj nc sissäj.
C cutjecthzcìäj nj cdissj pjr TTA sie sifac pjni sir ìhtc dje j usj ni ue clifti TTA.
Issc jpìäj nivi sir djfshnircnc ie shtucìùis ie qui j sir vhnjr riejtj vch sir cdisscnj
ripithncs vizis cj bjflj ni ue piråjnj, ecs j cdissj sie sifac fäj nivi sir tjrfcnj
pirecfifti. Fissi dcsj, usc-si ue eihj tirej fj qucb c sifac sirã creczifcnc pjr
nitirehfcnj Taibb, qui, ifqucftj isthvir coir tj, cdisscrã j sirvhnjr sie sifac. ]crc hssj,
säj uscnjs njhs djecfnjs;
3 ssa-clift $TAIBB;drhc uec sissäj dje j saibb pcnräj7
3 ssa-cnn; cdrisdiftc cs dacvis cj clifti TTA.
t
i
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r
i
t
Hf
c
r
c
p
s
j
hì
v
r
i
T
;
x
u
hf
B
s
c
e
ti
s
h
T
i
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j
ä
ì
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rt
sh
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?==
\clfir Phihrc Bèj tie ?9 cfjs ni
ixpirhëfdhc fc ãric ni ^H, ctucfnj
djej Cfcbhstc ni Tupjrti i ie Djepu-
tcìäj ni Cbtj Nisiepifaj, dje `jdj
ie shstiecs jpircdhjfchs Yfhx/Bhfux.
]jssuh lrcnucìäj ie Ectieãthdc pibc
@cdubncni ni Auecfhncnis ]inrj HH,
dje ]ôs-Lrcnucìäj ie Listäj nc Hfjvcìäj pibj BFDD/YD].
Ctucbeifti jdupc j dcrlj ni Djjrnifcnjr ni îdfjbjlhc nc
Hf`jrecìäj nj Bcojrctôrhj Fcdhjfcb ni Djeputcìäj Dhiftådc
i ni Djjrnifcnjr Cnehfhstrcthvj nj ]jftj ni ]risifìc nc
_F] fj _hj ni Kcfihrj. ]rjìssjr nj Hfsthtutj Tupirhjr ni îd-
fjbjlhc nc Hf`jrecìäj ni ]itrôpjbhs, HT^ i nc Isdjbc Tupirhjr
ni _inis nc _F], fcs ãrics ni Tilurcfìc nc Hf`jrecìäj i
Thstiecs Jpircdhjfchs.
Orufj Cbvis @clufnisè tidfôbjlj

ie îdfjbjlhc nc Hf`jrecìäj i nc
Djeputcìäj pibj Hfsthtutj Tupirhjr
ni îdfjbjlhc (?==<) i ispidhcbhstc ie
Tilurcfìc ni _inis pibc Yfhvirshncni
Istãdhj n i Tã (?=33). îe ixpirhëfdhc
ie cnehfhstrcìäj ni sirvhnjris Bhfux,
lirifdhceiftj ni usuãrhj, hepbieiftcìäj i lirëfdhc ni
sirvhìjs ni rini, dbustirs, silurcfìc ni rinis, saibb sdrhpt,
]A], ]irb. Ctucbeifti è djbco jrcnjr nj BFDD, jfn i trcocbac
fc cnehfhstrcìäj njs sirvhnjris i dbustirs nj Bcojrctôrhj
ni Ohjhf`jreãthdc (BCOHF@J), prjvifnj hf`rcistruturc pcrc c
ricbhzcìäj ni pisquhscs i prjdissceiftj ecsshvj ni ncnjs.
Cfnrè _cejs Dcrfihrj pjssuh lrcnuc-

ìäj ie îdfôbjlj ie îdfjbjlhc nc
Hf`jrecìäj i Djeufhdcìäj pibj
Hfsthtutj Tupirhjr ni îdfjbjlhc ie
Dhëfdhc nc Djeputcìäj (?==0). ^rcocbac
dje supjrti í Bhfux nisni ?==9 i
ctucbeifti è îdfjbjlhstc nj Bcojrctôrhj
Fcdhjfcb ni Djeputcìäj Dhiftådc, jfni trcocbac dje
cnehfhstrcìäj ni sirvhnjris, lirëfdhc ni djftcs ni usuãrhjs,
hepbieiftcìäj ni fjvjs sirvhìjs, supjrti c pbctc`jrecs ni
prjdissceiftj ni cbtj nisiepifaj, djephbcìäj ni cpbhdc-
ìùis dhiftådcs, cnehfhstrcìäj ni stjrcli i ocdgup. îe
ixpirhëfdhc fc ãric ni Dhëfdhc nc Djeputcìäj, dje ëf`csi ie
Djeputcìäj ni Cbtj Nisiepifaj, ctucfnj prhfdhpcbeifti
fjs siluhftis tiecs; privhsäj fueèrhdc ni tiepj, prjdissc-
eiftj pcrcbibj, cpbhdcìùis dhiftådcs i H/J pcrcbibj.
J dursj ifshfc c prjkitcr, hfstcbcr, djflurcr i nhspjfh -
J
T
_ ohbhzcr js prhfdhpchs sirvhìjs pcrc hftirfit ie uec rini
Y
D ^D]/H]. Cprisiftc js djfdihtjs cssjdhcnjs c dcnc ue
J
C njs sirvhìjs, i c hfstcbcìäj i djflurcìäj nj GPE djej
HJ ocsi pcrc j ceohifti ni vhrtucbhzcìäj. Cojrnc c cutif -
J
]
C thdcìäj fjs sirvhìjs dje BNC], dje cpjhj hftifshvj ni
I
N cthvhncnis prãthdcs.
J
_
HP
B
HTOF 8<1-19-0404=-99-3
8 <11904 04=993

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Cnehfhstrcìäj ni

qui djftc dje c pcrthdhpcìäj njs

4,9 ehbaùis ni usuãrhjs usu`ruhfnj

Nhritjr ni Tirvhìjs i Tjbuìùis

Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis

Djjrnifcìäj Cdcnëehdc ni Cnehfhstrcìäj ni Thstiecs

Iquhpi IT_ (ie jrnie cb`coèthdc)

Dcpc, prjkitj vhsucb i nhclrcecìäj

Ncnjs Hftirfcdhjfchs ni Dctcbjlcìäj fc ]uobhdcìäj (DH])

B<88c Bèj, \clfir Phihrc

3. Bhfux (Thstiec jpircdhjfcb ni djeputcnjr). ?. Tirvhìjs ni nhritôrhj (tidfjbjlhc ni

Isdjbc Tupirhjr ni _inis

C quie si nisthfc xhh

Djfvifìùis uthbhzcncs fisti bhvrj xhhh

]irehssùis ni usj xhhh

Djeiftãrhjs i pirluftcs xhv

Tjori js cutjris xhv

Njechf Fcei Tirvhdi (NFT) ?

]jr qui uthbhzcr NFT: ?

Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj 3 — NFT cutajrhtcthvi cfswir 0

Ecpiceiftj nhritj i rivirsj 8

_isjbvir (risjbvinjr); dbhifti 3=

^hpjs ni sirvhnjris NFT 33

Tirvhnjris rchz NFT 34

Istruturc nj NFT fj Bhfux 34

Crquhvjs ni ecpcs nc rini 3<

Ixiepbj ni crquhvj ni ecpc ni rini 31

Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj ? — Tirvhnjr ni NFT Dcdai 38

NFT dje H]v0 ?3

Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj 4 — NFTTid ?0

^istcfnj j sirvhnjr NFT ?<

Ojcs prãthdcs pcrc cnehfhstrcìäj nj NFT ?<

Hfstcbcfnj i djflurcfnj ue sirvhnjr F@T 4=

Ixirdådhj ni xcìäj 3 — Hfstcbi j sirvhnjr F@T 4=

Hfhdhcfnj js sirvhìjs F@T 44

Pirhdcfnj c ixiduìäj nj F@T 4>

Djflurcìäj ni dbhifti F@T 49

Ejftclie ni shstiecs ni crquhvjs F@T ie tiepj ni ojjt 40

F@T sjori ^D] 40

F@T såfdrjfj virsus cssåfdrjfj 4<

F@T i silurcfìc; pjrtecppir 48

Tie sirvhìj ni nhritôrhjs >?

Dje sirvhìj ni nhritôrhj >?

@jrecs ni djfixäj fj BNC] 9=

>. BNC] Cvcfìcnj

Ecfhpubcìäj nc ocsi 9<

]cdjtis pcrc hfstcbcìäj dbhifti 0=

Tilurcfìc nj Tirvhnjr BNC] 0?

Drhptjlrcc ncs eifsclifs Dbhifti Tirvhnjr BNC] 0>

_ipbhdcìäj nc ocsi BNC] 00

_ipbhdcìäj Ecstir Q Tbcvi 00

_ipbhdcìäj Ecstir x Ecstir 0<

Nhritôrhjs nhstrhouånjs 0<

Cthvhncni ni @hxcìäj — Ibcojrcfnj uec sjbuìäj ni ocdgup nc ocsi nj BNC] 08

Djfdihtjs `ufnceiftchs <3

Tirvhnjr wio <>

Dbhifti wio <>

_iquhshìäj (riquist) <9

_ispjstcs (rispjfsi) <0

Njeåfhj vhrtucb <8

Bhstcs ni djftrjbi ni cdissj 1<

Djflurcìäj njs fcvilcnjris 8?

<. Tirvhnjr ni djrrihj ibitrþfhdj (pcrti 3)

Djrrihj ibitrþfhdj 8<