Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be used to

connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically used with breadboards
and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a circuit as needed. Fairly simple. In fact,
it doesn’t get much more basic than jumper wires.

Though jumper wires come in a variety of colors, the colors don’t actually mean anything. This means
that a red jumper wire is technically the same as a black one. But the colors can be used to your
advantage in order to differentiate between types of connections, such as ground or power.

Make Your Own Jumper Wires

While jumper wires are easy and inexpensive to purchase, it can also be a fun task to challenge students
to make their own. Doing so requires insulated wire and wire strippers. However, beware that it is
important not to nick the wire when stripping off the insulation.

Types of Jumper Wires

Jumper wires typically come in three versions: male-to-male, male-to-female and female-to-female. The
difference between each is in the end point of the wire. Male ends have a pin protruding and can plug
into things, while female ends do not and are used to plug things into. Male-to-male jumper wires are
the most common and what you likely will use most often. When connecting two ports on a breadboard,
a male-to-male wire is what you’ll need

WHAT IS A RESISTOR?

Resistor is a passive two-terminal element to resist electric current in electric circuits.The resistor is a
passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric current. In almost all electrical
networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the
resistance that occurs when a current of one ampere passes through a resistor with a one volt drop
across its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is
represented by Ohm’s law:

formula with ohm's law: R=V/I

Resistors are used for many purposes. A few examples include delimit electric current, voltage division,
heat generation, matching and loading circuits, control gain, and fix time constants. They are
commercially available with resistance values over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. They
can be used to as electric brakes to dissipate kinetic energy from trains, or be smaller than a square
millimeter for electronics.
Read more http://www.resistorguide.com/what-is-a-resistor/

In the simplest terms, a light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current is passed through it. Light is produced when the particles that carry the current (known
as electrons and holes) combine together within the semiconductor material.

Since light is generated within the solid semiconductor material, LEDs are described as solid-state
devices.

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device,[1] which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or

piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

MANILA, Philippines — The number of fires might have dropped in the first two months of 2019,
compared to the same period last year. But the number of fire-related deaths had gone up significantly,
according to Chief Insp. Jude de los Reyes, spokesperson of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP).

READ: Fire incidents drop by nearly 350 in first 2 months of 2019 — BFP

In January and February this year, 67 people died in fires — a 113-percent increase compared to the
more than 20 deaths recorded in the same period last year.

Most of the fires, he noted, happened at night while these people were asleep and the structures they
were in happened to have been fire traps that rescuers could not enter, De los Reyes said in an interview
with Radyo Inquirer AM 990 on Sunday.

“It’s really very important that the entryway to the house is clearly accessible, and if possible there
should always somebody there to lead firefighters in case anyone is trapped inside,” he added, speaking
in a mix of Filipino and English.

According to De los Reyes, the BFP recorded 2,269 fires in January to February this year — a 12-percent
difference from the 2,577 cases recorded in the same period in 2018.

He noted that faulty electrical wiring was the most common culprit behind the fire incidents, followed by
cigarette butts left still lighted.

De los Reyes appealed to the public to be more proactive when it came to fire safety

March was declared Fire Prevention Month in 1966 by then President Ferdinand Marcos due because it
was when most fires happened.

This year’s theme for Fire Prevention Month is “Ligtas na Pilipinas Ating Kamtin, Bawat Pamilya ay
Sanayin, Kalaaman sa Sunog ay Palawakin” — “Let us work for a safe Philippines, train every family,
spread knowledge about fire prevention.” /at
Top 25 Likely Project Defense Questions and Answers

Below are likely questions you may face in a defense room. Take note of these questions and suggested
answers, do good by researching more and not limiting yourself to just these questions.

Question 1: In few sentences, can you tell us what your study is all about?

The question is simple right? Many professors will tell you that most students get choked on a question
like this. Anyways the question is simple, but a bit technical. To answer this question, you need to know
every detail of your research project from chapters one to the end. The question needs an answer in
form of a summary of the entire study, therefore, to ace this particular question you need to know every
detail in your abstract. If you wrote a good abstract, this question will be a cross over for you.

Question 2: What is your motivation for this study?

Now you must be careful here.This question can be very tricky and it goes a long way in convincing your
panel members that your study is worth their time. Another way this question could be twisted is WHAT
IS THE RESEARCH PROBLEM?

To answer this question, you may decide to elaborate on the problem investigated in the study. Your zeal
to solve this problem becomes your motivation. Do not state financial reasons or the need to graduate
as a motivation as you may easily go off point.

Question 3: How will this study contribute to the body of knowledge?

At some point the need for justification will arise and that is when you will be asked to mention how
your study will add to the body of knowledge if approved.

Here you will need to use your methods, case study or any unique model or conceptual framework used
in the study to defend it. For more information on how to tackle this particular question Click Here

Question 4: What is the significance of the study?

Just like stating how your study will contribute to the body of knowledge, you will need to state the
importance of your study. To answer this question, you will need to highlight how your study will aid the
government in policy development and implementation, how it will help other students who may wish
to conduct research studies on the subject matter and how organizations and the society will benefit
from your study.

Question 5: Did you bridge any gap from your study?

Every research study must have a problem. Your ability to solve this problem and explore into areas not
yet researched on gives you the full marks allocated for answering this question. You must be able to
convince the committee members that your approach is unique and it has covered areas where much
have not been done by other researchers.

Question 6: What limitations did you encounter?

This is another simple but tricky question. Most times the question is not asked to sympathize with you,
rather to get loopholes to criticize your work. To answer this question, you must be careful with words as
you may implicate yourself. Be careful enough not to sell out yourself. Do not discourse limitations in
your methods or data analysis techniques as this may imply that your study may be biased or not well
researched. Use simple limitations like difficulties encountered in combining lectures and project instead
of limiting your study.

Question 7: What are your findings?

At this point it is expected of you to present your results or findings from the study in a clear and concise
manner. Always link your findings to your research objectives/questions. This will make your panel
members to easily be carried along.

Question 8: What Methods or Sampling Technique did you employ?

To answer this question, you must be familiar with your research methodology. Your chapter three (in
Most Projects) must be at your fingertips. Your ability to justify your sample size and technique will be
highly rewarded here. For more tips Click Here

Question 9: Why choose this method?

As discoursed above, you should not only state a particular method for the study. You must also be ready
and able to justify why you chose the method in a convincing manner. At this point you are free to quote
sources or similar studies where such methods were adopted.

Question 10: Based on your findings what are your recommendations?

Recommendations are very vital in every research study and should not be joked with. In essence you
should know your recommendations off hand.

Question 11: Based on your findings what areas will you suggest for future research?

Questions like this are just there to test your reasoning and authority in your research area. Based on
your findings in a manageable scope, you should be able to suggest future research areas in line with
your study. For example, if I researched on the challenges of personal income tax collection in Nigeria, a
good area for further study will be in other forms of taxation such as VAT, Company tax etc.

Question 12: How can your research study be put into practice?

Easy for the computer scientist and engineering students, but a bit tough for management and social
sciences since most management/social science projects are more of abstract in nature. However, you
should try your best to be realistic here. Relate your study to current trends in your environment, office,
economy, government, schools, church etc. Use of relevant examples and illustrations will score you
good point here.
Question 13: How would you summarize your study to a practitioner in a few sentence?

Your ability to convey technical information from the study will score you good points here.

Question 14: What would you change if you were to conduct the study again?

Hmmm. Be careful! Do not be too jovial. There is a loophole here! Just like your limitations, this question
can be asked to identify your week points.

Question 15: What is your measurement Instrument?

In simple terms, what data collection method did you employ for the study? Here you state if
questionnaires were distributed or data was gotten from secondary sources. For more information on
measurement instruments Click Here

Question 16: What are your research variables?

Here you will need to convince your panel members that you know what you are talking about. You need
to explain your independent and dependent variable(s) to convince them that you are on point. Your
variables are present in your project topic. You need to identify these variables and know their
definitions as well to ace your defense.

Question 17: What are your research questions?

Very simple question. It should take about 0.015 seconds to answer this question if you are fully
prepared.

Question 18: What do you plan to do with your research project after Graduation?

Here you are at liberty to say your mind. If you intend to publish it, this is the best opportunity to
discourse and interact with the committee members-maybe a professor there can help.

Question 19: What source of data was employed for the study?

At this point you have to state the source(s) you got data from. In general you have to state whether data
was gotten from primary or secondary source or both. You can further convince the committee members
by discoursing on literature reviewed for the study-both theoretical and empirical.

Question 20: What theories or theoretical framework is your study based on?

This is a very technical question but interesting. Before you step into the defense room, you should know
at least two relevant theories that relate to your study. For example, the “impact of motivation on
employee productivity” will be based on Maslow’s Theory and other theories of motivation. If you
cannot find relevant theories to back up your study, consult your supervisor for help.

Question 21: How would you relate your findings to existing theories on the study?
To ace this question, one will have to read extensively. You should know existing theories on the subject
matter as well as empirical studies too. Your ability to link your findings to previous research studies
(Whether they agree or not) will go a long way in validating your study. You will score good points here
trust me.

Question 22: What recommendations do you have for future research?

Your problem solving skill is put to test here. You should be able to identify areas that will need more
research.

Question 23: What is the scope of the study?

This one is a cheap or should I say bonus question? Here you quickly state the delimitation of the study
in brief.

Question 24: What question(s) do you have for the committee?

Not a likely question in our Nigerian context, but I have defended a seminar project where this question
was asked and I was shocked to my marrows. This is an opportunity to interact with your committee
members and ask some constructive questions. Do not ask silly or too difficult questions as the goal
should be to make the committee members feel as the “boss”. It will also go a long way in showing that
you are a brilliant individual.

Question 25: Do you have any closing comments?

This is praising time! Use this opportunity to thank your committee members for their time and
questions. Tell them how much you have learnt from them and how you intend to correct errors (if any)
identified in your work. This can go a long way in impressing your internal and external supervisors. All
the best!

BONUS TIPS

When confronted with a difficult question, adopt a strategy to make them rephrase or repeat the
question. This will give you more time to think.

If your research project is Empirical in nature,or you used any statistical tool to test hypothesis, try to
know how you arrived at such conclusion. Also know how your data was analysed and the various tools
used for the analysis.

Before your defense day. Practice with your supervisor or your friends. Make them to drill you with likely
questions.

Talk calmly with confidence. Do not talk too fast as this may pave way for tension and stage freight.

Read your project thoroughly. Know basic definitions and terms used in the study.
Expand the likely questions to 50. Feel free to add yours in the comment box below. Thanks and God
bless you.