I. INTERNET AND ITS HISTORY C.
Future of the Internet
A. Defining and Describing the Internet
Definition: Internet is the network of networks.
Fun Fact: The Philippines is connected to the US-Japan
lines. These lines are called Internet backbones. Internet
users like us are connected to this backbone through
local Internet Service Providers or ISPs.
How does a computer on the Internet communicate with
other computers? It is through Transmission Control
Protocol/Ip Protocol (TCP/IP) suite.
B. History of the Internet
1969: Arpanet, first packet data network, was
constructed.
1970: A 4-node Arpanet was born
1972:
-The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson.
He used the @ sign.
-The ARPANET uses Network Control Protocol or NCP to
transfer data within the network.
1983:
-Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created.
-On January 1st, every machine connected to the
ARPANET had to use TCP/IP. TCP/IP became the core
Internet protocol and replaced NCP entirely.
-The University of Wisconsin created the Domain Name
System (DNS).
1990: Tim Berners-Lee and CREN in Geneva implemented
a hypertext system to provide efficient information
access to the members of international high-energy
physics community, popularly known as WWW (World
Wide Web).
1993:
-InterNIC created by National Science Foundation to
provide specific internet services – directory and
database services (by AT&T), registration services (by
Network Solutions Inc.), and information services (by
General Atomics/CERFnet).
-Marc Andreessen, NCSA and the University of Illinois
developed a graphical user interface to the WWW, called
“Mosaic for X”. Mosaic was the first web browser.
-U.S. White House went on-line.
1996: Internet hosting was 10 million and growing
1999: WAP, cellular applications, wireless devices were
invented/developed
Some Restrictions on Internet Use around the World
China: Requires users and ISPs to register with the police
Germany: Cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on
CompuServe
Saudi Arabia: Confines Internet access to universities
and hospitals
Singapore: Requires political and religious content
providers to register with the state
1. Internet connection will be permanent and
automatic.
2. Augmented and virtual reality will play a major role.
3. Machines might take over your job.
4. Privacy will become commoditized.
5. The ‘Internet of Things’ will fully mature.
6. Businesses and individuals will struggle to adapt to
the increasing rate of change.
7. Earth won’t be the only planet with Internet access.
II. INTERNET RESOURCES
A. Email – E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless
method of sending messages, notes or letters
from one person to another or even many
people at the same time via Internet. E-mail is
very fast compared to the normal post. E-mail
messages usually take only few seconds to arrive
at their destination. One can send messages
anytime of the day or night, and, it will get
delivered immediately.
B. Newsgroups – A newsgroup is a posted
discussion group on Usenet, a worldwide
network of newsgroups. Newsgroups are
organized into subject hierarchies, with the first
few letters of the newsgroup name indicating
the major subject category and sub-categories
represented by a subtopic name.
C. Chatrooms - A chat room is a Web site, part of a
Web site, or part of an online service, that
provides a venue for communities of users with
a common interest to communicate in real time.
D. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) – allows you
to have telephone service through your internet
connection. Some services also let you do video
conferencing, such as Skype and Facebook Video
Calling. Many of these services are free or very
inexpensive, and some people use them as a
replacement for a landline, or just to save
minutes on their mobile phones.
E. Games - Internet games are those that require a
connection to the Internet to play, and is a type
of PC game. Computer games with multiplayer
capabilities can be referred to as Internet games,
as are online only games which you play in your
browser.
F. File Transfer Protocol – FTP is a method of
transferring files from one computer to another.
It means that FTP can upload and download
information from the Internet or any kind of
network. The protocol is a set of rules that
ensures a file is transmitted properly to the
 receiving computer. A computer that stores files
that can be retrieved using FTP is called an FTP
site or an FTP server. FTP is part of the
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), the system that enables different types
of computers and networks on the Internet to
communicate.
G. Telnet – Telnet is a way you can access someone
else’s computer, assuming they have given you
permission. (Such a computer is frequently
called a host computer). More technically, Telnet
is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP
protocol for accessing remote computers. The
Web or HTTP protocol and the FTP protocol
allow you to request specific files from remote
computers, but not to actually be logged on as a
user of that computer. With Telnet, you log on as
a regular user with whatever privileges you may
have been granted to the specific application and
data on that computer.
H. Gopher – Gopher is a system that enables
computer users to find servers and files on the
internet. Developed at the University of
Minnesota in 1991, Gopher presents menus and
submenus users can select to specify their
search. Each Gopher server contains menus for
local servers and files and is linked to other
Gopher servers; its menus change as the
resources available to the system change. There
are hundreds of Gopher servers around the
world. The system of all Gopher servers is called
Gopherspace.
I. World Wide Web - The World Wide Web is a
virtual network of websites connected by
hyperlinks (or "links"). Web sites are stored on
servers on the internet, so the World Wide Web
is a part of the internet.
III. NETIQUETTE
Netiquette is etiquette on the Internet. Since the
Internet changes rapidly, its netiquette does too, but it's
still usually based on the Golden Rule. The need for a
sense of netiquette arises mostly when sending or
distributing e-mail, posting on Usenet groups, or
chatting. To some extent, the practice of netiquette
depends on understanding how email, the Usenet,
chatting, or other aspects of the Internet actually work
or are practiced.
A. List out the Dos and Don’ts while communicating
online
a) Do unto others, as you'd have others do unto you. Be
polite and courteous at all times. Remember that you're
not communicating with a computer screen, but with a
human being who has thoughts and feelings just like you.
So, always think of the person on the receiving end of
your messages.
b) Do not TYPE ALL IN-CAPITAL LETTERS for emphasis. IT
LOOKS LIKE YOU ARE SHOUTING. If you need to
emphasize a word, use asterisks, like *this* or lines, like
_this_.
c) Remember that the written word is hard to interpret.
When you speak to someone, that person can hear the
tone of your voice. If they can see you, they can take
visual clues from your face and body to better
understand your meaning. All of this is lost in text, and
sometimes responses can come across as mean or rude,
even when you did not intend them this way. This is the
reason some people use emoticons (visual clues) in their
e-mails, it saves a lot of confusion.
d) Be careful not to use rude or bad language online.
Many providers will terminate your account.
e) Don't break any laws. When you're on the net, follow
the same rules of behaviour that you would in real life.
Remember, if it is against the law in the real world, it is
against the law in cyberspace.
f) Be universal. Other users have different Web
browsers, different online services, different email
programs etc. So, don't, for example, send out e-mail
with text formatting -- boldface, italics, indentations, etc.
-- because many other programs will not be able to read
the formatting and the recipients will receive your e-mail
filled with muddled codes.
g) Be brief whenever possible. No one wants to read
through a lot of unnecessary information. If you are
replying to an e-mail, try editing out unimportant
information and anything that is repeated.
h) Always identify yourself. If your parents require you
to use an online name instead of your real one, that's fine
- use your online name consistently. Never send e-mail
without including your name at the bottom of the e-mail.
Similarly, don't post forum messages without identifying
yourself, this is seen as rude.
i) Make a good impression. Remember that the written
word is the only way you can represent yourself online,
so spelling and grammar count. If you are going to be
writing a large
amount of text for other people to see, make sure you
break it up using paragraphs, it will make it easier on the
eye for those that will read it.
j) Be patient with newcomers. Once you have become
an Internet expert, it is easy to forget that you started
out as a newbie too. Learning the rules of cyberspace is
much like learning a new language; it takes practice and
includes making mistakes. So, if you come across
someone else's mistakes on the net, don't put them
down, just politely point them in the right direction for
guidance (send them a copy of these rules to get them
started on their way!).
B. FLAME AND SPAM
o Avoid spamming
• Spam is a term used on the Internet to refer to
unsolicited e-mail and Usenet postings. These messages
are usually intended to entice the recipient into buying a
product or service of some kind or into participating in a
get-rich-quick scheme.
• The senders (known as spammers) usually distribute
their messages to thousands or even millions of people
at once, and they do not ask their recipients beforehand
if they want to receive such mail. Therefore, you will
often hear these messages called bulk e-mail, unsolicited
e-mail, or junk e-mail.
o Avoid Flaming
• Abusive or insulting massages sent using the internet.
• Do not send rude or offensive e-mails or postings. It's
bad manners and can get seriously out of hand (flame
wars). So, don't flame others and if you are flamed, do
not respond you will never win. If you are flamed in a
forum or chat room, or if you receive hateful e-mail, let
your parents or teachers know.
IV. ACCESSING THE INTERNET
A. Types of Access
 Indirect Access – This is most common method
used in home and office networks. The device
e.g. computer connects to a network using
Ethernet or WiFi and the network connects to
the Internet using ADSL, cable or fibre.
 Direct Access – This is most common method
used when traveling. The device e.g. smart
phone connects directly to the Internet using
3G/4G mobile networks or public Wi-Fi.
 Fixed Internet- Home/Office – Fixed access is
usually much faster and reliable than mobile and
is used for connecting homes/offices.
The main Access mechanisms are:
 ADSL – over traditional Phone Lines
(most common).
 Cable – (limited to cable TV areas)
 Fibre broadband – Currently being
Rolled out
 Mobile Internet – When travelling away from
the fixed location mobile access is used. Mobile
Internet tends to be mainly a secondary access
mechanism.
The main access methods are:
 Mobile broadband over 3G Network
(common but slow) or 4G
 Public/ Private Wii-FI (common)
 Cable Broadband – Cable connects you to the
Internet through a coaxial cable usually using the
same line as your TV service.
 Fibre or Fiber Broadband – Fibre broadband is a
type of broadband technology that offers a
quicker speed and more reliable internet
connection than standard broadband. Its name is
based on its plastic or glass cables, which allow
for faster data transfer than copper wires.
 Mobile Broadband 3G, 4G and 5G – 3G, 4G and
5G networks are provided by mobile phone
operators.
3G – Commercially available from 2001, the
defining aspect of 3G was increased data
transmission at a lower cost. This meant that
mobile phones had greater data capacity when
compared to older models and could support
more applications such as cameras and games.
4G – Unlike 3G, which facilitated the use of
wireless networks on smartphones, 4G allows for
extra technologies to connect with smartphones
and each other, such as LTE and WiMax.
Standard 4G networks have speeds of 5 – 12
Mbps, which allows for greater download
speeds, making various applications easy to use.
5G – The simple interpretation of 5G is that it will
be faster than 4G. 5G will be a lot faster than 4G,
with most estimates suggesting that it will be
between 1 – 10Gbps. This significant increase in
speed will allow customers to interact with
technology in a whole new way. Furthermore, 5G
could lead to the development of other
technological innovations, such as bringing
blockchain into the mainstream and enhancing
our current AI capabilities.
 Dial-Up Analogue Connection 56K – Dial-up
Internet access is a form of Internet access that
 uses the facilities of the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) to establish a
connection to an Internet service provider (ISP)
by dialing a telephone number on a conventional
telephone line.
Speed: Up to 56Kbps

 ISDN - It is similar to dial-up. It establishes a

connection to your service provider when you
access the Internet.
-ISDN is not easy to install and troubleshoot and
requires you to have an ISDN box installed by
your telephone company.
-It was used by small businesses as in addition to
the ISDN line you can also use a normal
telephone line at the same time. This means you
can access the Internet as well as talking on the
telephone.

B. Internet Service Providers

An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that

provides customers with Internet access. Data may be A hyperlink is a URL the hypertext directs the user to.
transmitted using several technologies, including dial- Clicking on them will take the user to a section in the
up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed same web page or a different web page. Hyperlinks can
interconnects. take various forms such as bold text, italic text, images,
etc. When hovering upon a hyperlink, it provides brief
Typically, ISPs also provide their customers with the information regarding what the hyperlink refers to.
ability to communicate with one another by providing
Internet email accounts, usually with numerous email
addresses at the customer’s discretion. Other services,
such as telephone and television services, may be
provided as well. The services and service combinations
may be unique to each ISP.

An Internet service provider is also known as an Internet

access provider (IAP).

Top 5 Internet Service Providers in the Philippines

1. PLDT

2. Globe

3. Converge ICT

4. SkyCable B. Browsers

5. Eastern Communications 1. Mozilla Firefox

2. Google Chrome

3. Microsoft Edge

V. BROWSING THE WEB 4. Safari

A. Hypertext and Hyperlinks 5. TOR Browser

C. Uniform Resource Locator

Hypertext refers to text elements that contain links to
access blocks of text in the same document or some
other document.
-URL is a location or address identifying where
documents can be found on the Internet.
-Tim Berners-Lee and the Internet Engineering Task
Force working group is credited with developing the URL
in 1994.
All URLs are presented in the following order:
 Scheme name
 Colon and two slashes
 Location of the server
 The port (optional) and the location of the
resource on the server
 Fragment identifier (optional)
So, the format will look like this:
scheme://location:port/file-on-
server.htm?querystring=1
This looks more complex that it is. The most common
schemes (protocols) are HTTP and HTTPS, which any
WWW user will recognize. The location of the server is
generally a domain name. Given this, the following URLs
are much simpler to understand:
http://www.google.com/default.htm
https://www.google.com/default.htm
Both these URLs indicate that there is a file named
default.htm on a server with the address of
"google.com". One uses regular HTTP, while the other
uses a secure version of this scheme.
Two common elements of confusion about URLs:
The "www" is not actually part of the technical protocol.
Websites just started using this to indicate the user is
using the World Wide Web. This is why if you go to
http://google.com, it redirects to
http://www.google.com.
Most users access the Internet via a Web browser, which
inserts port 80 on HTTP connections behind the scenes.
This is why if you go to http://www.google.com:80, you
will see the same website as if there were no port
number.
Finally, the following URL demonstrates a fragment
identifier, more commonly known as a query string:
http://www.google.com/some-page?search=hello
This is saying that to use the HTTP protocol to send a
request to the website at google.com (over port 80) and
to ask for "some-page" and send in the search variable
"hello". This is why you'll sometimes see an extremely
long URL as many variables are being sent to the Web
server in more interactive Web applications.
D. Favorites and Bookmarks
-A "favorite" or "bookmark" is a website address that you
manually save to your Web browser of choice for easy
retrieval.
E. Cookies
-A cookie (called an Internet or Web cookie) is the term
given to describe a type of message that is given to a web
browser by a web server. The main purpose of a cookie
is to identify users and possibly prepare customized Web
pages or to save site login information for you.
-When you enter a website using cookies, you may be
asked to fill out a form providing personal information;
like your name, email address, and interests. This
information is packaged into a cookie and sent to your
Web browser, which then stores the information for later
use. The next time you go to the same Web site, your
browser will send the cookie to the Web server. The
message is sent back to the server each time the browser
requests a page from the server.
-A web server has no memory so the hosted website you
are visiting transfers a cookie file of the browser on your
computer's hard disk so that the site can remember who
you are and your preferences. This message exchange
allows the Web server to use this information to present
you with customized Web pages. So, for example,
instead of seeing just a generic welcome page you might
see a welcome page with your name on it.
Types of Cookies
Session Cookie - Also called a transient cookie, a cookie
that is erased when you close the Web browser. The
session cookie is stored in temporary memory and is not
retained after the browser is closed. Session cookies do
not collect information from your computer. They
typically will store information in the form of a session
identification that does not personally identify the user.
Persistent Cookie - Also called a permanent cookie, or a
stored cookie, a cookie that is stored on your hard drive
until it expires (persistent cookies are set with expiration
dates) or until you delete the cookie. Persistent cookies
are used to collect identifying information about the
user, such as Web surfing behavior or user preferences
for a specific Web site.
What Information does a Cookie store?
Cookies normally do not compromise security, but there
is a growing trend of malicious cookies. These types of
cookies can be used to store and track your activity
online. Cookies that watch your online activity are called
malicious or tracking cookies. These are the bad cookies
to watch for, because they track you and your surfing
habits, over time, to build a profile of your interests.
Once that profile contains enough information there is a
good chance that your information can be sold to an
advertising company who then uses this profile
information to target you with interest specific adverts.
Many antivirus programs today will flag suspicious
spyware or adware cookies when scanning your system
for viruses.
Clearing Cookies (In Firefox)
engines have a lot in common but may have some
differing features (algorithms) - types of pages or files it
can target, how the engine searches the index for the
entered keywords, and ranking systems to determine the
order of the results based on relevance.
Popular Search Engines
1. Google
2. Bing
3. Yahoo

4. Wolframalpha

5. DuckDuckGo

Subject Directories

-Subject directories are human driven rather than

automated. Based on standard selections criteria,
volunteers or staff review and select content. Usually
web sites are described, tagged or annotated. Subject
directories can be browsed or searched.

DMOZ – Open Directory Project - http://dmoztools.net/

RefSeek Reference Directory -

https://www.refseek.com/directory/

Virtual Reference Shelf (Library of Congress) -

http://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/virtualref.html

Internet Sites by Subject -

http://mclennan.libguides.com/internet-sites

VI. SEARCHING THE NET

A. Search Techniques

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erZ3IyBCXdY

B. Search Tools (Search Engines and Directories)

Search Engines

-Web or Internet search engines look for entered

keywords in a web site index. A web crawler finds
information to put into the index file. Most search
 Introduction to the Internet Sources
I. Internet and its history Web Applications Programming Language by Marmelo
V. Abante
A. Defining and describing the Internet
Future of the
B. Brief history (Video) Internet.https://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2
016/04/18/7-predictions-for-how-the-internet-will-
C. Discussing the future of the Internet change-over-the-next-15-years/#6311b2cc22e0
II. Internet Resources VoIP.http://www.just.edu.jo/~mqais/cis99/PDF/Interne
t.pdf
A. Email
B. Newsgroups Netiquette.https://www.scribd.com/document/163387
573/Module-3-Netiquette-Notes#download
C. Chatrooms
D. Conferencing Internet Access.
E. Games https://stevessmarthomeguide.com/connect-methods/
F. File Transfer Protocol 3G, 4G, 5G. https://new.whatmobile.net/difference-3g-
G. Telnet 4g-5g/
H. Gopher Top 5 ISP in the
I. World Wide Web Phil.https://www.gadgetcouncil.com/internet-service-
providers-in-the-philippines/
III. Netiquette
Hypertext and Hyperlink.https://pediaa.com/difference-
A. List out the Dos and Don’ts while between-hypertext-and-hyperlink/
communicating online
URL.https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1352/unif
B. Flame and Spam
orm-resource-locator-url
IV. Accessing the Internet Bookmarks and
Favorites.https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-
A. Types of Access
the-difference-between-favorites-bookmarks
B. Internet Services Providers
Cookies.https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Int
V. Browsing the Web ernet/all_about_cookies.asp
A. Hypertext and hyperlinks Search
Techniques.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erZ3Iy
B. Browsers BCXdY&t=542s
C. Uniform resource locator Search Engines and
Directories.https://mclennan.libguides.com/searchingIn
D. Favorites and Bookmarks ternet/engines
E. Cookies
VI. Searching the Net
A. Search Techniques (Video)
B. Search Tools (Search Engines and
Directories)