NUTRITIONAL NEEDS

DURING ADOLESCENCE,
PREGNANCY, LACTATION
AND NEWBORN

DR FASIHA FATIMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
 NUTRITION
• The use of foods by organism is termed as nutrition
MAIN NUTREINTS ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS
Carbohydrates Amino acids
Proteins Fatty acids
Lipids Vitamins
Water Water
Minerals &
vitamins
 ADOLESCENCE

➢ The term adolescence is derived from the

Latin word “adolescere” meaning to grow,
to mature
➢ It is considered as a period of transition from childhood to
adulthood
➢ It is characterized by rapid physical growth, significant
physical, emotional, psychological and spiritual changes
FACTORS INFLUENCING NUTRITIONAL
NEEDS OF NON-PREGNANT
ADOLESCENT FEMALES
1.Onset of puberty
Nutrient needs parallel the rate of growth, with
the greatest needs occurring at the time of peak
growth
2.Body composition and size
3. Menstruation
4.Physiological conditions
 ENERGY AND NUTRIENT NEEDS
DURING ADOLESCENCE

Energy needs of adolescents are influenced by

• Activity level
• Basal metabolic rate
• Increased requirements to support pubertal
growth and development
➢Adolescent males have higher caloric
requirements since they experience greater
increases in height, weight, and lean body mass
than females
RECOMMENDED CALORIE INTAKE FOR
ADOLESCENCE
RECOMMENDED PROTEIN INTAKE FOR
ADOLESCENCE

Age (years) Male Female

(gms/day) (gms/day)
11-14 45 46
15-18 59 44
19-24 58 46
➢ When protein intakes are consistently inadequate,
reductions in linear growth, delays in sexual
maturation, and reduced accumulation of lean body
mass may be seen
 RECOMMENDED CARBOHYDRATES
INTAKE FOR ADOLESCENCE
➢Carbohydrate is the body’s primary source of
dietary energy
➢Carbohydrate-rich foods, such as fruit, vegetables,
whole grains, and legumes are also the main
source of dietary fiber.
➢Dietary recommendations suggest that 50% or
more of total daily calories should come from
carbohydrate, with no more than 10-25% of
calories derived from sweeteners, such as sucrose
and high fructose corn syrup
Age (years) Male Female
(gms/day) (gms/day)
9-11 130 130

14-18 130 130

19-30 130 130

 RECOMMENDED FATS INTAKE FOR
ADOLESCENCE
➢ Human body requires dietary fat and essential fatty acids
for normal growth and development
➢ The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that
adolescents consume no more than 30% of calories from
fat, with no more than 10% of calories derived from
saturated fat
Age (years) Male Female
(gms/day) (gms/day)
9-11 12 10
14-18 16 11
19-30 17 12
 RECOMMENDED MINERALS INTAKE
FOR ADOLESCENCE

➢ Calcium needs during adolescence are greater than

they are in either childhood or adulthood because of
the dramatic increase in skeletal growth.
➢ Because about 45% of peak bone mass is attained
during adolescence, adequate calcium intake is
important for the development of dense bone mass
➢ By age 17, adolescents have attained approximately
90% of their adult bone mass
➢ The DRI for calcium for 9 to 18 year olds is 1300
mg/day
 IRON
➢ Iron is vital for transporting oxygen in the
bloodstream and for preventing anemia
➢ For both male and female adolescents, the
need for iron increases with rapid growth
and the expansion of blood volume and
muscle mass

Age (years) Male (mg/day) Female

(mg/day)
9-13 8 8
14-18 11 15
 ZINC
➢Zinc is associated with more than
100 specific enzymes and is vital for
protein formation and gene
expression
➢Zinc is important in adolescence
because of its role in growth and
sexual maturation
Age (years) Male Female
(mg/day) (mg/day)
9-13 8 8
14-18 11 9
 RECOMMENDED VITAMINS INTAKE
FOR ADOLESCENCE

• VITAMIN A
➢Besides being important for normal vision,
vitamin A plays a vital role in reproduction,
growth, and immune function

Age (years) Male Female

(µg/day) (µg/day)
9-13 600 600
14-18 900 700
➢ Vitamin E is well known for its antioxidant properties,
which become increasingly important as body mass
expands
Age (years) Male Female
(mg/day) (mg/day)
9-13 11 11
14-18 15 15
 VITAMIN C

➢ Vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of collagen and

other connective tissues

Age (years) Male Female

(mg/day) (mg/day)
9-13 45 45
14-18 75 65
FOLATE
Folate plays an integral role in
DNA, RNA and protein
synthesis
Age (years) Male Female
(µg/day) (µg/day)
9-13 300 300
14-18 400 400
 NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH ADOLESCENCE
➢ Obesity
➢ Not achieving peak bone mass
➢ Iron deficiency anemia
➢ Constipation
➢ Unnecessary dieting
➢ Underweight
➢ Acne
➢ Dental caries
➢ Aging increase risk of malnutrition
➢ Decrease appetite resulting from reduced
sense of taste (dysgeusia) and smell (hyposmia)
decrease nutrient intake
➢ In aging, lean muscle mass decreases and fat
increases resulting in decreased resting muscle
rate
➢ Drug nutrient interaction more common in
older age because of increase in number of
medications
OLDER ADULTS
 PREGNANCY

Pregnancy, also known

as gravidity or gestation, is the time
during which one or
more offspring develops inside
a woman womb
 CRITERIA FOR HEALTHY PRENATAL
DIET
➢ Provide enough calories for adequate weight gain
➢ Well balanced and taste good
➢ Tastes good and enjoyable to eat
➢ Space eating in intervals throughout the day
➢ 8 cups of fluid daily
➢ Limits beverages that contain caffeine
➢ Diet should be moderate in fats, cholesterol, sugar
and sodium
➢ Excludes alcohol
 RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE IN
PREGNANCY

Calories 38-50 calories/kg/day

(+300)
Proteins 55 g/day (+20)
Fats 66 g/day
Calcium 1400 mg/day (+400)
Iron 30 mg/day
Zinc 15 mg/day
Folate 800 µg/day
Vitamin A 700 µg/day
Vitamin C 70 mg/day
Vitamin D 5 µg/day
Vitamin B12 4 µg/day
Vitamin B6 1-9 mg/day
Iodine 175 µg/day
 NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY

➢Nausea
➢Constipation
➢Heartburn
➢Excessive weight gain
➢Pregnancy-induced hypertension
➢Anemia
➢Alcohol, caffeine, drugs and tobacco
 LACTATION

➢ Lactation describes the secretion of

milk from the mammary glands and
the period of time that a mother
lactates to feed her young
➢ Lactating mother will produce 550-
850ml per day of milk representing
30 gms of proteins and 400- 600
kcal
 RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE IN
LACTATION

Calories +300 – 400 extra caloires

Carbohydrates 100g/kg/day
Proteins 55 g/day (+20)
Fats 66 g/day
Calcium 1400 mg/day (+400)
Iron 30 mg/day
Zinc 15 mg/day
Folate 800 µg/day
 NEWBORN
➢Proper nutrition is essential for optimal growth
and development
➢ First few months of life the brain grows at a
rapid rate
➢Adequate food and nutrition is for
physiological and psychological needs
➢To improve the bonding with parents
➢Lactating mother will produce 550-850ml per
day of milk representing 30 gms of proteins
and 400- 600 kcal
 RECOMMENDED CALORIE
INTAKE IN NEWBORNS
➢Recommended daily Calorie for
newborn is 100 – 135 kcal/kg/day
➢The calorie requirement for preterm,
LBW and SGA infants is higher ( 120-
150Kcal/kg/day)
➢Caloric requirement depends on activity
level and growth rate.
 RECOMMENDED CALORIE
INTAKE IN NEWBORNS
➢When baby is sick – (fever, sepsis,
hypoxia) Calorie requirement increases
by 10 – 30Kcal/kg/day
➢An infant that cries frequently and
squirms constantly needs
more calories.
RECOMMENDED NUTRIENTS
IN NEWBORNS

PROTEINS FLUID IRON

CALCIUM FLOURIDE VITAMIN