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AM5 4.TH SwineWWT 160126
AM5 4.TH SwineWWT 160126
AM5 4.TH SwineWWT 160126
Chao Nokyoo
Director of Inland Water Division
Water Quality Management Bureau
Pollution Control Department
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Thailand
1
The 11th Annual Meeting of Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA), Workshop and field Visit in Vientiane,
Lao P.D.R. (25-27 January 2016) at Vasana riverside Hotel, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R.
Content
1. Swine Breeds in Thailand
2. Classification of Swine Farm
3. Pollution from Swine Farm
4. Wastewater from Swine Farm
5. Swine Waste Management in Thailand
5.1 Effluent Standard for Pig Farm
5.2 Good Agricultural Practices for Pig Farm
5.3 Institutional Mechanisms to Mitigate Pollution Problems
5.4 Swine Waste Treatment
5.4.1 Open ponds / lagoons
5.4.2 Manure to the crop farm or fishing feed
5.4.3 Biogas systems
2
1. Swine Breeds in Thailand
• Although modern swine breeds was first introduced in the
1960s, and programs were put in place in the mid-1970s to
train farmers in modern production and farm management,
major changes in the Thai swine industry only began to
take place in the mid-1980s.
• The introduction of exotic pig breeds and evaporation shed
cooling has begun to move Thailand into industrial swine
production.
• The production of swine increased from just less than 11
million pigs in 1983 to over 16 million in 2001.
• The pace of expansion has been slowed by disease
problems that limit exports to high-value markets, and also
by the regulation of slaughterhouses in a way that
constrains growth in the sector. Burgeoning environmental3
concerns have also been a factor.
• The three largest pig-producing provinces, Nakorn
Pathom in the West, and Chachoengsao and
Cholburi in the East, cannot accommodate new
large-scale farms because of land constraints and
the high risk of spreading disease in already high
animal density areas.
• Therefore, new pig farms have expanded into
Ratchaburi (in the West), and Saraburi and
Lopburi (in the East).
• These provinces, particularly the latter two, have
abundant water resources.
• Another constraint is the increasing level of water
pollution caused by the farms situated near the
extensive river system in Nakorn Pathom and 4
Chachoengsao.
• Before 1970, more than 70% of total pig
population was kept in backyard farm. Locally
contact farming. The biggest farm confined < 400
sows. No recording system was applied. Solid
floor with individual pen found incommon.
• From 1970 – 1990, the system developed to
modern farming, confinement and intensive. A
gestation crate, Taiwan design, was first used.
Breeding companies and other related business
expanded very fast. Herd book and white broad
were available, but no farm data analysis. Small
farm possessed 60% of total pig population. Big
farm populated up to 5,000 sows in a single site.
5
• From 2000 – present, housing is equipped with evaporative
cooling system. Standard farming is controlled and certified
by the Department of Livestock Development.
• Big enterprises have expanded their business through
contact farming. Swine practitioner and farm consultants are
more popular.
• Environmental awareness becomes a hot issue.
• Farm biosecurity are more concerned. Farm owners are
better educated and some of them are replaced by new
generation.
• Pig Board has been established. Misused and off-label using
chemical, vaccines and drugs in pig farms are more often
seen. Minimal disease farms and Specific Pathogen Free
herds are available.
• Small and middle-size farms are less than 40% of total pig
populations. 6
• Pig Populations
• In 2013, the standing populations of all-age pig were 9.51
million head. The annual production was 16.2 million
heads (Table 2). Farming system based on sheltered
accommodation with little outdoors pig keeping.
• The number of small and medium-size farms dramatically
decreased, but pig populations increased due to up-scale.
There were 210,978 households. The majority of these
household (94.15%) raised <50 pigs, while 0.11% were
big farm with >5,000 pigs.
• The number of breeder pigs was approximately 1.01
million heads, 46% of which owned by the two big
companies. Only 6.1% of standing populations are
indigenous breed.
7
8
Form the study of the Department of Livestock
Development and the Pollution control
Department, total amount of pigs in Thailand is
10 million, which distribute over the parts of
country.
• Central region has the highest pig farming,
approximately 42%. In this region, most of pig
farm is located in Ratchaburi and Nakorn
Phatom Provinces.
• 19% of pig farming are located in northeastern
region, mostly in Nakorn Rajasima and
Ubonrajatani Provinces.
• Eastern region has 15% of pig farming, mostly
located in Cholburi and Chachoeng sao
Provinces
• Northern region has 14% farming, mostly
located in Chiang Mai and Lumphun Provinces.
• Southern region distributes 10% in Chumporn
and Nakorn Sri thumaraya Provinces.
9
Source: FAO, LEAD Project and OAE
Pig
32 %
10
2. Classification of Swine Farm
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Type of Swine Farm
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Type 1 Backyard farm - very small
13
Type 2 Open housing farm - small / medium
14
Type 3 Close housing farms - Large / very large
(with evaporative cooling)
15
3. Pollution from Swine Farm
• Solid waste
– Bad Smell
– Insect
16
• Wastewater
– Bad Smell
– Insect
17
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 18
4. Wastewater from Swine Farm
Swine water uses wastewater BOD COD SS TKN
Type rate rate (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
(l/Head/day) (l/Head/day)
Very
small 168,934 406,096 1,036,346 1,611,376 180,551 43,806.00 116,007.28 20,417.28
Industry
36%
26
5.1 Effluent Standard
• Livestock farming could cause environmental pollution through
wasted water, odor and flies. Among the major livestock farming
in Thailand, swine farming has been the one that cause serious
environment problems. At times, the problem is heightened by
the expansion of community towards farm areas and by farm
concentration and expansion of farms near the rivers.
• According to a figure from the Pollution Control Department
(PCD) in 1999, 23 percent of Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) loading in Tha Chin River was caused by swine farming
due to the high concentration of swine farms in the central region
along the Tha Chin River and lack of proper waste treatment. In
2000, water quality at Tha Chin River became critical as the level
of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) has dropped to near zero for most
parts of the river. There was the complaint that swine production
is a cause of water pollution in Bangpakong River in the Eastern
Region. Consequently, in 2001, PCD has added the swine farms 27
in the regulated list.
Table 1 : Effluent Standard for Pig Farm
Maximum Permitted Values
Small /
Parameters Units
Large Farm Medium Method for Examination
Farm
1. pH - 5.5-9 5.5-9 pH meter
2. Biochemical mg/l 60 100 Azide Modification, or Membrane
Oxygen Demand Electrode
(BOD)
3. Chemical Oxygen mg/l 300 400 Potassium Dichromate Digestion ;
Demand (COD) Open Reflux or Closed Reflux
4. Suspended solids mg/l 150 200 Glass Fiber Filter Disc, Dry
(SS) Evaporation
103-105 °C
28
Remarks : For large and medium farm will be effective on February 24, 2002.
Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment issued under the Enhancement and
Conservation of the National Enviromental Quality Act, B.E.2535, published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol.
118, Special Part 8, page 11-18, dated February 23, B.E.2544 (2001) effective since February 24, B.E. 2545 (2002)
and Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment issued under the Enhancement and
Conservation of the National Enviromental Quality Act, B.E.2535, published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol.
118, Special Part 8, page 11-17 dated February 23, B.E.2544 (2001) effective since February 24, 2545 B.E.(2002)
was revoked by a) and b)
Source : a) Notification of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment ,Effluent Standard for Pig Farm dated
November 7, B.E. 2548 (2005) published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 122 Part 125 D, dated December
29, B.E. 2548 (2005)
b) Notification of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment issued under the Enhancement and
Conservation of the National Enviromental Quality Act. dated November 7, B.E. 2548 (2005) published in the Royal
Government Gazette, Vol. 122 Part 125 D, dated December 29, B.E. 2548 (2005)
29
• As for the odor problem, large swine farms often locate
over massive land spaces away from community. This
can reduce the conflicts on acerbic odors. For the smaller
scaled farms that have been operating for a long period
of time in swine communities, expanding civilization could
quickly catch up with their current locations, and cause
conflict between the farms and the community. In the
municipal district of Nakhon Ratchasima province in the
Northeastern region, complaints have frequently been
filed regarding the pollution from farms, restrained by
their limited lands, which have no pond of any kinds to
ameliorate toxic wastewater. The farms simply discharge
wastewater directly into public waterways, leading to
endless friction between farm owners and protests from
the community.
30
5.2 Good Agricultural Practices for Pig Farm
31
32
• REQUIREMENTS AND INSPECTION METHODS
33
34
• GUIDANCE ON GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR PIG FARM
Recommendations for good agricultural practices for pig farm are aimed to
provide pig farmers to use as guidance on pig farming practices. The details of
such recommendations are explained in Appendix A.
5.3 Institutional Mechanisms to Mitigate Pollution
Problems
38
• The Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental
Quality Act B.E. 2535
• Under the responsibility of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
the National Environment Quality Act was first enacted in 1969 as a
comprehensive package for institutionalization of environmental policy and
planning. The act was amended in 1992 as the Enhancement and
Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act B.E. 2535 (NEQA), which
is dubbed the environmental constitution of Thailand.
• The new act put more emphasis on the conservation of natural resources and
environmental quality. The key provisions include the establishment of the
National Environmental Board (NEB), the measurement for environmental
protection which also includes Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the
measurement of pollution control, the environmental protection and the
statement on civil liability.
• NEB is a high-powered policy-making committee chaired by the Prime
Minister. NEB aims to coordinate the environmental protection efforts of
governmental agencies at the central level and with those of local
governments at the provincial level. The main powers of the NEB include the
submission of policies and plans to the Cabinet for approval, the prescription
of environmental standards, the approval of Environmental Quality
Management Plans and provincial action plans, the amendment,
improvement and enforcement of laws, and the monitoring of environmental39
compliance by government agencies and state enterprises.
• PCD has set the regulation for chanelization in respect of waste
dumping into water courses. This regulation is implemented to prevent
sedimentation which a navigational obstruction and to prevent
pollution effects on living resources. Regarding the livestock activities,
the effluent standard for pig farm is presented in Table 1
40
• The Public Health Act B.E 2535
• The Ministry of Public Health plays a significant role on environmental
protection. The Public Health Act B.E 2535 has authorized Tambon
(sub-district) Administrative Office (TAO) to be an inspection office on
the environmental control in the sub-district level. Accordingly, TAO has
an authority to close the farm that violates the environmental
regulations, which lead to public health hazards.
43
• In terms of treatment techniques (Table 2) employed by farm of different
size, all of the large scale farms (with 5,000 pigs or more) use pond
system or solid-liquid system to treat their sewage. Medium-scale and
small-scale farms tend to equip the reception pond (which consist of only
one pond and therefore not very effective in treating the sewage, as the
water that is spilled-over to the drainage would still be very polluting.
Interestingly, according to the PCD data, only small and medium farms
use biogas digesters. It is possible that large farms do not find this
technique cost-effective. As most of the large farms are new farms settled
in land-ample areas, they have enough land to build a pond system
instead.
• It is not clear whether pollution from swine increases or decreases with
farm size. While it is most likely that pollutant per animal is lower for large
farms-as all of them have system of treatment ponds compare with the
less efficient reception pond, in some cases, the higher volumes of
sewage created by large farms could provide more pollutant per area than
a smaller farm. Therefore absorptive capacity is also an important issue.
• In this respect, however, there have been more evidences of serious
pollution created by concentrated smaller farms in certain rivers than a
sole problem in certain area created by a large farm 44
Table 2 : Treatment Techniques Employed in Swine Farm
Farm Size
Treatment Techniques
Average 1-500 501-5,000 5,000 up
45
• Enforcement Problems
• Although number of rules and regulations on wastewater
management are announced and some incentives are offered to the
livestock farms in investing in waste treatment technology, there has
been a lack of enforcement.
• DLD is one of the inspection offices and is expected to be a key
institution to enforce the environmental protection law. Ironically,
DLD's main job is on the extension program and serves as support
unit for livestock farmers. To act as an inspection office might cause
some conflicts between the department and the farmers which will
lead to the difficulty while working with the farm owners.
Consequently, DLD may not be able to act efficiently as an inspection
agency. Thus, the more effective enforcement and implementation of
existing laws are needed to achieve responsible environmental
management
46
5.4 Swine Waste Treatment
5.4.1 Open Ponds / Lagoons
5.4.2 Manure to the crop farm or fishing feed
5.4.3 Biogas System
1) Fixed Dome System 3) Covered Lagoon System
2) Plastic Bag System 4) Channel Digester System
47
5.4.1 Open Ponds / Lagoons
48
5.4.2 Manure to the crop farm or
fishing feed
49
5.4.3 Biogas System
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 50
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 51
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
52
53
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
54
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 55
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 56
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 57
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 58
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 59
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 60
Source: Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D. (Biogas Technology Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 61
5.4.3 Biogas System
1) Fixed Dome System
• It is a small biogas system for livestock
wastewater treatment
• Promoted by Department of Agricultural
Extension (DOAE) and Energy Policy and
Planning Office (EPPO), Ministry of Energy
62
• System is composed
of wastewater filling
chamber, digester
unit, effluent tank and
sludge drying beds
Photo courtesy from Thai Environment and Energy Development Co., Ltd.
70
Layout and Earth Work Preparation
Photo courtesy from Thai Environment and Energy Development Co., Ltd.
71
Bag Filter Installation
72
Finishing Bag Filter Installation
73
Wastewater Collecting Tank
74
Sludge Management Unit
Photo courtesy from Thai Environment and Energy Development Co., Ltd.
75
Post Treatment Ponds
Photo courtesy from Thai Environment and Energy Development Co., Ltd.
76
Wastewater Characteristics for Plastic Bag System
Source : DEDE Prototype monitoring data
Effluent after Effluent after
DEDE2, mg/l Post Treatment Total Treatment
Parameter Influent, mg/l (Treatment Ponds, mg/l Efficiency, %
Efficiency, %) (Treatment
Efficiency, %)
pH (no unit) 7.0 7.2 7.9 -
79
Source: Nipatphan Kulpredarat, DVM, Ph.D.(Department of Livestock Development, Thailand
• There are many plants constructed in Thailand but no an
official record about the number of constructions
• Estimation that there are 150 to 200 medium- to large-
scale swine farms nationwide with CL
• From site surveys - overall system efficiency is 60 - 70 %
• Design hydraulic retention time (HRT) is between 40-60
days
Free Board 1 m
Depth 4 - 6 meter
HDPE thick 0.3 mm
83
Photo Source : Energy Research and Development Institute
Channel Digester Flow Diagram
Effluent Sludge Removal Pit
Sludge
Sand Trap
RC Structure
PVC or
HDPE Dome
Bottom with
Concrete Lining
85
Source: Nipatphan Kulpredarat, DVM, Ph.D.(Department of Livestock Development, Thailand
Channel Digester System Aerial View
2,200,000
88
Source: Nipatphan Kulpredarat, DVM, Ph.D.(Department of Livestock Development, Thailand
Wastewater Characteristics for Channel Digester System
Benefit to farm :
1) Electricity produced from biogas generator 285 kWh/day from 238 m3 biogas
2) Dry sludge for organic fertilizer ingredient 150 kg per day 90