1) A.

Bromine water test

BORON, SILICON, GERMANIUM, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, TELLURIUM and POLONIUM,
B. Ge < Zn < Mg < Ca < K
2) A. 15 elements, 57 – 71

B.

3) X - Ethanol: C2H5OH / Ethyl Alcohol

Y - Ethene: (C2H4)
Z - Hydrogen: (H2)

Role of sulphuric acid: dehydrating agent

4) Resistance R1 of the bulb is given by the expression,
Supply voltage, V = 220 V
Maximum allowable current, I = 5 A
Rating of an electric bulb P=10watts
Because R=V2/P

According to Ohm’s law,

V=IR
Let R is the total resistance of the circuit for x number of electric bulbs
R=V/I
=220/5=44 Ω
Resistance of each electric bulb, R1=4840Ω

∴ Number of electric bulbs connected in parallel are 110.

6) When more than one resistances are connected across two points in the circuit such that more than one
paths are available for the current to flow and voltage drops across two ends of each resistor are same, then
the resistors are said to be connected in parallel between these two points.

From the figure above, suppose the current flowing through resistors R1, R2 & R3 are I1, I2 & I3 respectively.

Hence, I = I1 + I2 + I3

Using Ohm’s Law,

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And

From the equations we get,

7)

8) Germination is a process in which a seed starts growing to develop into a new plant.
A – Plumule
B – Cotyledon
C – Radicle

9) a) Saturated hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons having only C-C single bonds & having a common formula -
CnH2n+2.They are called 'alkanes '.They are named by adding 'ane ' as prefix.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons having double or triple bonds. Double bonded compounds are called
alkenes whereas triple bonded compounds are called alkynes. they are named by adding 'ene ' n 'yne ' respectively
as prefix.

9) b) Differences between Mendeleev's Periodic table and Modern periodic table:

Mendeleev's periodic table Modern Periodic table
1. According to Mendeleev theory, The physical and 1. Modern periodic law states that, the properties of
chemical properties of elements are a periodic function elements are a periodic function of their atomic
of their atomic masses. numbers.
2. The basis of classification was the formula of 2. The basis of classification is the electronic
hydrides and oxides made by the elements. configuration of the elements.
4. The noble elements were not included in the table, 4. Modern periodic table included noble elements in
as they were not discovered at that time. group 18 as a last and separated group.
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5. It has an ambiguity in position of some elements as,
some elements with larger atomic weights are placed 5. Here, all are arranged systematically with increasing
before elements with smaller atomic weight without atomic number and weight too.
any justified reason.
6. According to this theory, the isotopes with different
atomic weights, should be placed in different positions, 6. The isotopes were assigned same position as they
but are not given any position and no, justified reason have same atomic number.
was explained.
7. Some different elements were grouped together
7. No such confusion, the coinage metals have their own
while some similar elements were placed in different
position in d-block and alkali metals are placed in s-
groups. Ex: alkali metals like Li , Na, K were placed with
block elements.
coinage metals Cu, Ag, Au etc.
8. These elements are placed in different groups, under
8. Group VIII has three elements together, as Fe, Co, Ni
d-block elements.

10) The reaction between Acid and an Alcohol to produce ester as the product is called Esterification reaction.
During this reaction a molecule of water is eliminated.
Ex: CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH →CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
In the above reaction Ethanoic acid reacted Ethyl alcohol to form an ester Ethyl Acetate and water molecule.
There are various uses of esters.
 Esters that are have fragrant odours are used as a constituent of perfumes, essential oils, food flavourings,
cosmetics, etc
 Esters are used as an organic solvent
 Natural esters are found in pheromones
 Naturally occurring fats and oils are fatty acid esters of glycerol
 Phospoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules
 Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties
 Polyesters are used to make plastics
 Esters are used to make surfactants E.g. soap, detergents

11) i) A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. A typical micelle in aqueous
solution forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering
the hydrophobic single tail regions in the micelle centre.

When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to dirt and remove it from the cloth,
First, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation and trap the dirt at the centre of the cluster.
These micelles remain suspended in water like particles in a colloidal solution. The various micelles present in
water do not come together to form a precipitate as each micelle repels the other because of the ion-ion repulsion.
Thus, the dust particles remain trapped in micelles (which remain suspended) and are easily rinsed away with
water. Hence, soap micelles remove dirt by dissolving it in water.

ii) Organic compounds like ethanol would not be able to interact with micelle when present in small amounts. The
energy requirement for bringing the hydrophobic tail into solution may decrease, leading to an increase in micelle
concentration. Conversely, adding alcohol will result in a reduction in the dielectric constant of the solvent mixture
thus affecting the decrease in the critical micelle concentration of ionic surfactants as a result of their lower
solubility and reduced repulsion between adjacent head groups at the micelle surface. This will, in turn, make alkyl
group of soap micelle soluble as they will not able to form chains. Thus, micelle formation doesn't take place in
ethanol.
iii) When the soap molecules come in contact with water, the non-ionic part of the soap molecule (hydrocarbon
chain) attaches itself to the dirt or the grease because it is miscible in it. The ionic part remains in the water because
water is also partially ionic in nature...so you see that "like dissolves the like". these soap molecules gradually
surround the dirt particle by dissolving their non-ionic end in it and gradually form Micelle (around structure
around the dirt particle) and then they detach the dirt particle and encapsulate (embed) it in water molecules,
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making it miscible in water. Thus the cloth gets thoroughly cleaned after being rinsed nicely.
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 The cleaning action of soap occurs when oil and grease are absorbed into the hydrophobic centres of soap micelles
and are washed away.
12) They are all tall and have round seeds. Tallness and round seeds are thus dominant traits.
A Mendelian experiment will find that some F2 progeny are tall plants with round seeds, and some were short
plants with wrinkled seeds. However, there would also be some F2 progeny that showed new mixtures. Some of
them would be tall, but have wrinkled seeds, while others would be short, but have round seeds. Thus, the
tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited.

13) F1 generation
T T
T Tt Tt
T Tt Tt

F1 generation would have all tall plants

F2 generation on selfing plants in F1 generation.

T t

T TT Tt

T Tt tt
We would get 3 tall and one dwarf plant in F2 generation.

14)

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