CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
An instrument that measures fluid flow by recording differential pressure across restric
tion placed in the flow stream and static or actual pressure acting on the system. With
an orifice meter. It consists of a differential pressure device together with a
mechanism that translates the pressure difference into a rate of flow and indicates the
result. The created pressure drop by combining a conduit and a restriction. A nozzle
(or) sharp-edged orifice can be used as the flow restriction. The pressure drop is linear
and is in direct proportion to the flow-rate of the liquid or gas. The venturi meter is a
realiable flow measuring device. It causes pressure looses and it is only suitable for
large volume liquid and it is relatively complex to construct. Orifice seems to be cost
effective so, orifice meter is used.it is also known as pipe orifice (or) orifice plate. The
plate is held in the pipe line between two flanges.In this experiment we are going to
determine the coefficient of discharge through orifice meter.

1
 CHAPTER II

PRINCIPLE

When a liquid , whose flow-rate is to be determined, is passed through an Orifice

Meter, there is a drop in the pressure between the Inlet section and Outlet Section of
Orifice Meter. This drop in pressure can be measured using a differential pressure
measuring instrument. Since this differential pressure is in direct proportion to the
flow-rate as per the Bernoulli's Equation hence the differential pressure instrument can
be configured to display flow-rate instead of showing differential pressure.

Fig2.1:orifice meter

An orifice meter is simply a cylindrical tube that contains a plate with a thin hole
in the middle of it. The thin hole essentially forces the fluid to flow faster through
the hole in order to maintain flow rate. When the fluid flows through the orifice
meter at the point of contact of orifice plate the pressure will be increased due this
pressure will be increased in the u-tube manometer right limb and due this as
pressure is inversely propotional to the volume there will be less movement of
water through the orifice meter.

2
 Fig2.2:internal construction of orifice meter

Before applying bernoullis equations a few assumptions to be made for the flow of
liquid,

1. The flow is steady

2. The flow is incompressible
3. There is no friction or losses
4. The velocities at 1 and 2 are uniform, means that they do not vary in a radial
direction.
5. The pipe is horizontal, i.e., is same at 1 and 2, i.e., z1 = z2.It is possible to have
a fluid flowing through an inclined pipe. Then the gz term does not cancel out
from LHS and RHS of the Bernoulli Equation.

Considering,

1. Continuity equation

2. Bernoulli’s equation

As density of water does not change density will cancel each other.

A1V1=A2V2

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The Bernoulli Equation gives,

From Continuity Equation

we have

Solving for V2 we have,

(or)
V2= √(2hg/((a1)2-(a2)2))

Q th=A1*A2*V2

4
 CHAPTER III

APPARATUS REQUIRED

In this experiment we are going use the following apparatus

 Orifice meter
 Steel ruler
 Stop watch
 Differential U tube meter

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 CHAPTER IV

FORMULAE USED

Actual Discharge, m3/s

Where, A = Area of the collecting tank in m2.

h = Rise of water in the collecting tank in m.

t = Time taken for ‘h’ rise of water in the collecting tank in second “s”

Theoretical Discharge m3/s,

Where, a1 = Area of the pipe in m2.

a2 = Area of the orifice in m2.

d1 = Diameter of the pipe in m.

d2 = Diameter of the orifice in m.

H = Orifice head in terms of liquid in m.

h1 and h2 = Manometric heads in m.

Sm = Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

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 Sl = Specific gravity of liquid (water) = 1

Co – efficient of discharge,

CHAPTER V
PROCEDURE

 Check that all the valves are closed for other than manometer.
 Check whether the water level in the tank is sufficient such that the suction pipe
of pump is completely immersed.
 Check for presence of air bubbles in the manometer if present remove bubbles by
opening the other bubbles.
 Take values of length, breadth of collecting tank and diameter of the pipe in
which water flows.
 Now switch on the pump.
 Open the gate valve of the pipe and allow the water to pass through the pipe.
 Record the values of the pressures in the right and left limbs and calculate “H”.
 After recording the pressure close the valve of the collecting and note down the
time taken for 5 cm rise of water using stop watch.
 Record the values as mentioned above by increasing the flow rate.
 Record the values and calculate the discharge rate through orifice meter.
 After completing the experiment close the flow valve and stop the motor

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 CHAPTERⅥ

Tabulation And Calculation

sl.no pipe orifice Manometer time Actual Q root of H Theor Q COD
dia dia reading a12- a22
(m3 / s) m
2
(m) (m) (cm) (s) (m3 / s)(No unit)
1 0.02 0.0134 6 27 0.00044 0.000281 0.756 3.8513 0.00060
1 4 27 9 0.729551
2 0.02 0.0134 9.5 20 0.0006 0.000281 1.197 4.8461 0.00076
1 47 7 0.782714

3 0.02 0.0134 15.5 18 0.00066 0.000281 1.953 6.1901 0.00097

1 7 42 9 0.680858

4 0.02 0.0134 5.3 30 0.0004 0.000281 0.6678 3.6197 0.00057

1 01 3 0.698611

5 0.02 0.0134 14 17 0.00070 0.000281 1.764 5.8829 0.00093

1 6 99 1 0.758546

Table 1:Tabulation of values for 20mm diameter pipe

sl.no pipe orifice Manometer time Actual Q root of H Theor Q

dia dia reading a12- a22 COD
(m) (m) (cm) (s) (m3 / s) m2 (m3 / s)
(No unit)
1 0.02 0.0167 9.1 11 0.00109 0.000439 1.1466 4.7430 0.00117
5 7 1 26 4 0.929388

2 0.02 0.0167 13.5 10 0.0012 0.000439 1.701 5.7769 0.00143

5 7 91 0.839351

3 0.02 0.0167 11.5 12 0.001 0.000439 1.449 5.3319 0.00132

5 7 21 0.757845

4 0.02 0.0167 14.5 11 0.00109 0.000439 1.827 5.9871 0.00148

5 7 1 31 2 0.736265

5 0.02 0.0167 4.8 16 0.00075 0.000439 0.6048 3.4447 0.00085

5 7 32 2 0.879772

Table 2: Tabulation of values for 25 mm diameter pipe

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Length of collecting tank=0.6m

Breadth of collecting tank=0.4m

Height(h)=0.05m

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

Actual Discharge, m3/s

=0.6*0.4*0.05/27
3
=0.000444 m /s

=3.14*10-4

=1.41*10^-4
g=9.81m/s2
H=6*(13.6-1)*10-2
=0.756

Theoretical Discharge m3/s,

=3.14*10-4* 1.41*10^-4*

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 =18.515*10^-8/2.805*10^-4
=6.07*10^-4

Co – efficient of discharge,

=4.44*10-4/6.07*10-4
=0.73

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 CHAPTERⅦ
OBSERVATION
From the above calculation graph has been plot between H Vs Discharge

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig7.1:Model Graph

TABULATED GRAPHS:

0.0012

0.001

0.0008

0.0006 Actual Q
Theor Q
0.0004

0.0002

0
0 5 10 15 20

Fig7.2:Graph for diameter 20mm

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0.0016

0.0014

0.0012

0.001

0.0008 Actual Q
Theor Q
0.0006

0.0004

0.0002

0
0 5 10 15

Fig7.3:graph for dia 25 mm

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 CHAPTERⅧ

INFERENCE

The flow rate of given fluid is measured by means of reducing its pressure using gate
valve. In this orifice meter I had learnt what is an orifice meter and internal structure
of orifice meter and pressure control in it and coefficient of discharge through it and
how it is calculated.

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 CHAPTERⅨ

RESULT

The co - efficient of discharge for given orifice meter has been determined and it has
been verified that the values are less than one.

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 CHAPTERⅩ

ADVANTAGES

 It is cheap and easy method to measure flow rate.

 It has predictable characteristics and occupies less space.
 Can be used for measure flow rate at large pipes.
 Orifices are small plates and easy to install/remove.
 Orifice meter can be easily maintained.
 Measures a wide range of flow rates.
 They have a simple construction.
 They have easily fitted between flanges.
 They are most suitable for most gases and liquids.
 They are inexpensive.
 Price does not increase dramatically with size.

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 CHAPTERⅪ

DISADVANTAGES

 They are large in size and hence where space is limited, they cannot be used.
 Expensive initial cost, installation and maintenance.
 As per study orifice meter Cannot be used in pipes below 7.5 cm diameter.
 Maintenance is not easy.
 Cannot be altered for measuring pressure beyond a maximum velocity.
 The vena-conctra length depends on roughness of the inner wall of the pipe and
sharpness of the orifice plate.
 Pressure recovery at down stream is poor.
 Gets clogged when the suspended fluids flow.
 Orifice meter gets corroded.
 Orifice meter has less strength.
 Coefficient of discharge is low.

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 CHAPTERⅫ

APPLICATIONS

 Concentric orifice plate is used measure flow rate of pure fluids.

 Eccentric and segmental orifice plates are used to measure flow rate of fluids
containing suspended materials such as solids, oil mixed with water, wet steam.

 In this Natural Gas applications.

 Water Treatment Plants.
 Oil Filtration Plants.
 Petrochemicals and Refineries.

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 CHAPTERⅫI

CONCLUSION

Here by I conclude that in this project learned what is an orifice meter and
internal construction of orifice meter and principle and advantages and dis
advantages related to the venturi meter and bernoullis principle and applications
of venturi meter and coefficient of discharge through the orifice meter.And
dependent and independent conditions of orifice meter.
What is Differential measurement principle and types of orifice plate.

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 REFERENCES

1. www.ddc-online.org/Input-Output-Tutorial/Flow.html
2. https://www.che.iitb.ac.in/online/system/files/92/course_details/FM+308.pdf
3. www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/chap14_03.html
4. https://www.slideshare.net/AshvaniShukla/orifice-plate-
60346915?next_slideshow=1
5. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/orifice-meter
6. http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1241
7. http://scharfautomation.com/blog/2015/10/03/orifice-meter/
8. https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/white-paper-fundamentals-of-
orifice-meter-measurement-daniel-en-43736.pdf
9. RK RAJPUT (2010). a textbook of fluid mechanics
10. Wikipedia
11. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young,
Theodore H.Okiishi, John Wesley & Sons, Inc, 3rdEdition, 19983.
12. Applied Fluid Mechanics, Robert L. Mott, Pearson Prentice Hall, 6thEdition,
20064.
13. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Philip M. Gerhart, Richard J.
Gross, John I.Hochstein, Addison, Wesley Publishing Co, 2ndEdition, 1993

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