St.

MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DHULAPALLY, SECUNDERABAD – 500 014

ADVANCED ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB

ENGLISH LAB

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD

B.TECH - III YEAR,II SEMESTER
2015-2016
St.MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE English Lab Manual

A
BLUEPRINT
FOR
ACHIEVEMENT
BELIEVE while others are doubting.
PLAN while others are playing.
STUDY while others are sleeping.
DECIDE while others are delaying.
PREPARE while others are daydreaming.
BEGIN while others are procrastinating.
WORK while others are wishing.
SAVE while others are wasting.
LISTEN while others are talking.
SMILE while others are pouting.
COMMEND while others are criticizing.
PERSIST while others are quitting
SMEC, DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES AND SCIENCE 2015-2016
ADVANCED ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB

INDEX

I Functional English

II Vocabulary Building

III Reading Comprehension

IV Writing Skills

V Group Discussion

VI Presentation Skills

VII Interview Skills

 Unit I – Functional English
Introduction: The term "functional" means providing learners with the skills and abilities they need to
take an active and responsible role in their communities, everyday life, the workplace and educational
settings. Functional English requires learners to communicate in ways that make them effective and
involved as citizens, to operate confidently and to convey their ideas and opinions clearly. The aim of
functional English is to encourage learners to demonstrate their speaking, listening, reading and writing
skills in a range of contexts for various purposes. These skills are of vital importance in building careers
and to increase an individual’s general quality of life.

How to Start a Conversation

Starting a conversation can be one of the most stressful things in life, but also one of the most rewarding.
Being good at starting conversations is essential in our career, romance and many other aspects of life, so
start mingling.

Conversation Starting Tips

• Research interesting things to talk about.

• Before you approach somebody to talk, relax.
• Ask interesting questions.
• Don't focus on seeming clever.
• Be prepared to listen.
• Avoid controversial subjects, complaining or gossip.
• Be yourself!
Starting a Conversation

You've done your prep work. Now you're out and about, and ready to mingle!

Before you approach anybody, relax.

If you're tense, you'll make other people tense. Calm down, try to think of this as an enjoyable
experience, and let your body language become very casual and welcoming. Remember, there's
really nothing to be so afraid of. Even if the conversation is a little dull or awkward, it's hardly the
end of the world.

If you spot a stranger you want to talk to, give them a quick but thorough look to see if you can
get any ideas about their possible interests. A band t-shirt is an obvious sign about the kind of
music that person likes. Look for other clues in the person's clothing.

You can also check out your surroundings for possible things to talk about.

Is there anything interesting in the area? Is there some sort of unusual art or

Architecture nearby? Do you have any mutual friends there?

Say hello and shake their hand, if the circumstances seem appropriate. In certain situations,
shaking hands could seem too formal. In other situations, it could seem too personal.

If you know you have some common ground with the person, you can start by

Focusing on that. Talk about your neighborhood, a teacher you share, something at work, etc.

If the person has nice clothing, you can start a conversation with a compliment and a question.
When You Have Nothing to Talk About "I like your coat! Where did you get that?"

Complimenting their clothing is one thing, but you should avoid commenting on the person's
physical appearance too soon. Telling somebody they have nice eyes when you just met could
seem creepy.

Don't compliment the person for something unless you really mean it. If you give them a false
compliment and they see through it, you'll look like you're trying to scam them for some reason.

Don't go into the conversation trying to sound clever. Be ready to listen.

Focus on questions to get things going. Ask about the person, and if a certain subject seems to
bring them to life, follow up on it.

If you want to have an interesting conversation, ask interesting questions. If the other person is
just answering "yes" or "no" a lot, your questions probably aren't open-ended enough.

If you're paying attention to the other person, you won't be focused on yourself, so you're less
likely to be nervous.
Responding to a conversation

Effective Responses:

1. Understanding: It is a feelings-oriented response which conveys sensitivity and

understanding. Understanding is empathy or accurately tuning into what the other person
is feeling at the time.
2. Clarification: It indicates your intent to comprehend what the other is saying, and
checking it out to ensure your perceptions. Clarification responses reinforce your desire
to see from the others point of view.
3. Self-disclosure: It is sharing something about yourself that relates directly to the
conversation your personal beliefs, attitudes values or an even an event from your past.
4. Question: Question response seeks to elicit information and allows them to develop a
point.
5. Information Giving: It involves relating facts in an objective manner without judgment or
evaluation. This response is useful in giving both positive and negative feedback.
6. Reassurance: These responses reduce anxiety, diffuse intense feeling and express
confidence.
7. Analytical: The intent of this response is to analyze, explain or interpret the other
person’s behavior and feelings.
8. Advice giving: It implies that you are in a position to know the reasons for the other
person’s problems, and what she ought, must or should do about them.
.Conclusion: Perhaps the most important tip we can offer is that old cliche: be yourself. It became a
cliche for a reason. By letting your true self show when you meet somebody, you're going to be a lot more
interesting than you would be if you tried to impress him or her with some fake persona. You've lived a
lifetime full of experiences, and there is a whole Earth around you full of fascinating things. You've got a
lot to talk about! So, don't be shy. Get out there and mingle.

Using the Right Body Language

 Body language is a form of non-verbal communication involving the use of stylized gestures,
postures, and physiologic signs which act as cues to other people. Humans, unconsciously, send and
receive non-verbal signals all the time Understanding body language

Ways to Improve Body Language

1. Don’t cross your arms or legs – Keep your arms and legs open.

2. Have eye contact, but don’t stare – If there are several people you are talking to, give them all
some eye contact to create a better connection and see if they are listening..

3. Don’t be afraid to take up some space – .

4. Relax your shoulders

5. Nod when they are talking – nod once in a while to signal that you are listening.

6. Don’t slouch; sit up straight – but in a relaxed way, not in a too tense manner.

7. Lean, but not too much – If you want to show that you are interested in what

8. Someone is saying, lean toward the person talking.

9. 8. Smile and laugh – lighten up, don’t take yourself too seriously. Relax a bit, smile and laugh
when someone says something funny.

10. Don’t touch your face – it might make you seem nervous and can be distracting for the listeners
or the people in the conversation.

11. Keep your head up - Don’t keep your eyes on the ground, it might make you seem insecure and a
bit lost. Keep your head up straight and your eyes towards the horizon.

12. Slow down a bit – this goes for many things.

13. Don’t fidget – try to avoid, phase out or transform fidgety movement and nervous ticks such as
shaking your leg or tapping your fingers against the table rapidly.

14. Use your hands more confidently – instead of fidgeting with your hands and scratching your face
use them to communicate what you are trying to say.

15. Use your hands to describe something or to add weight to a point you are trying to make.

16. Keep a good attitude – last but not least, keep a positive, open and relaxed attitude...

17. Don’t stand too close –one of the things we learned from Seinfeld is that everybody gets weirder
out by a close-talker. Let people have their personal space, don’t invade it.
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1.What are the functions of English?

2.How is English Communication Skills are Important now a days?

3.What are the advantages of starting conversations?

4.What are the advantages of closing conversations?

5.What are the advantages of responding conversations?

6.What is the difference between listening and hearing?

7What the difference is between tell and say?

8.What is Language?

9.What is the purpose of learning English Language?

10.How is Language important?

11.What is the main use of English Lab?

12.In what way English is helpful to the students?

13.What is Etiquette?

Unit II – Vocabulary Building

Introduction: Vocabulary is the study of the meanings of words, how words are used, root
words, prefixes, analogies, etc. language is power. So building a vocabulary that is adequate to
the needs of one’s reading and self expression has to be a personal goal for every writer and
speaker.

Effective Ways to Build Your Vocabulary

Learning how to build a better vocabulary can be a pleasurable and profitable investment of both your
time and effort. At least fifteen minutes a day of concentrated study on a regular basis can bring about a
rapid improvement in your vocabulary skills, which in turn can increase your ability to communicate by
writing, conversing, or making speeches.

Be Aware of Words: Reading alone may not be enough to make you learn new words. When a word is
totally unknown to you, you have to be especially aware of words that seem familiar to you but whose
precise meanings you may not really know. Instead of avoiding these words, you will need to take a
closer look at them. First, try to guess at a word's meaning from its context-that is, the sense of the
passage in which it appears; second, if you have a dictionary on hand, look up the word's meaning
immediately. This slows down your reading somewhat, but your improved understanding of each new
word will eventually speed your learning of other words, making reading easier.

Read: When you have become more aware of words, reading is the next important step to increasing your
knowledge of words, because that is how you will find most of the words you should be learning. The
important idea is to find things to read you can enjoy, and to read as often and as much as possible with
the idea of learning new words always in mind.

Use a Dictionary: Most people know how to use a dictionary to look up a word's meaning. Here are some
pointers on how to do this as a part of a vocabulary-building program:

Circle the words you look up: After you have done this for a while, your eye will naturally move to the
words you have circled whenever you flip through the dictionary. This will give you a quick form of
review. Read the entire entry for the word you look up

Synonyms: Synonyms are different words (or sometimes phrases) with identical or very similar
meanings.

Write the synonyms of the following:

Retreat, Compassionate, Benevolent, Zenith, Crude,

Appropriate, Sufficient, Polyglot, Potable, Optimist,
Ambidextrous, Abstain, Barbaro, Calamity, Juxtapose,
Obstacle, Ingenious, Persecute

Antonyms: The antonym of a word is a word which means the opposite.

Write the antonyms of the following:

Accelerate Ascent Immigration Arrival Optimist Helpful

Exclude Construct Top Import Busy Abundant Ability
Better Capable Damage Simple Prefix Rough Wild
Tragedy Probable Finish Sharp Satisfaction Praise Human
Polite Superior Interior

Word Roots: Some common Greek and Latin roots:

Root (source) Meaning English words
aster, astr (G) star astronomy, astrology
audi (L) to hear audible, auditorium
bene (L) good, well benefit, benevolent
bio (G) life biology, autobiography
dic, dict (L) to speak dictionary, dictator
fer (L) to carry transfer, referral
fix (L) to fasten fix, suffix, affix
geo (G) earth geography, geology
graph (G) to write graphic, photography
jur, just (L) law jury, justice
log, logue (G) word, thought, speech
monolog(ue), astrology, biology, neologism
luc (L) light lucid, translucent
manu (L) hand manual, manuscript
meter, metr(G) measure metric, thermometer
op, oper (L) work operation, operator
path (G) feeling pathetic, sympathy, empathy
phil (G) love philosophy, Anglophile
One-word Substitutes:
Monogamy : The practice of being married to more than one person at a time.
Matricide : The murder of one’s own mother
Laconic : talking briefly
Numismatics : A study of coins
Zoo : A place where animals are kept
Astronomy : A subject in whom you learn about stars and planets
Optimist : One who looks at the bright side of things?
Constellation : A number of stars grouped together
Ornithology : The study of birds
Theist : One who believes in God
Atheist : One who does not believe in God
Ophthalmologist : One who treats eye diseases.
Omnipresent : One who is present everywhere
Mint : A place where money is coined

Words often confused

Differentiate the meaning between the following pairs of words and use them in your own
affect – effect zealous--jealous desperate-disperate
object (N) -- object (V) bare—bear fecilitate-felicitate
eminent – imminent alter—altar loath-loathe
stationary – stationery insight—incite pray-prey
verbal – verbose veracious—voracious dose-doze
moral – morale compliment—complement ingenious-ingenous
judicious – judicial accept – except persecute-prosecute
Prefixes: A prefix is a group of letters at the beginning of a word which modify the meaning of a word
and frequently determine its function within a sentence.

Prefixes showing quantity

Half semiannual, hemisphere

One unicycle, monarchy, monorail

Two binary, bimonthly, dilemma, dichotomy

Hundred century, centimeter, hectoliter

thousand millimeter, kilometer

Prefixes showing negation

without, no, not asexual, anonymous, illegal, immoral, invalid, irreverent, unskilled not, absence of,
opposing, against nonbreakable, antacid, antipathy, contradict opposite to, complement to
counterclockwise, counterweight do the opposite of, remove, reduce dehorn, devitalize, devalue do the
opposite of, deprive of disestablish, disarm wrongly, bad misjudge, misdeed

Prefixes showing time

Before -antecedent –forecast- precede- prologue-After- postwar-Again-rewrite

Prefixes showing direction or position

Above, over, supervise, across, over,

transport, into, translate, below, under,
infrasonic, infrastructure, injection, subterranean, hypodermic, in front
of, proceed, prefix, behind, recede, out, erupt,
explicit, ecstasy, sympathy, immerse, encourage,
empower, around, circumnavigate, perimeter, coexist,
colloquy, communicate, consequence, correspond, sympathy,
synchronize
 Suffixes: A suffix is a group of letters at the end of a word which modify the meaning of a word and
frequently determine its function within a sentence. Take the noun nation, for example. With suffixes, the
word becomes the adjective national, the adverb nationally, and the verb nationalize.

Typical noun suffixes are -ence, -ance, -or, -er, -ment, -list, -ism, -ship, -ency,-sion, -tion, -ness, -hood,
-

Typical verb suffixes are -en, -ify, -ize, -ate

Typical adjective suffixes are -able, -ible, -al, -tial, -tic, -ly, -ful, -ous,tive,-less, -ish, -ulent

The adverb suffix is -ly (although not all words that end in -ly are adverbs—like friendly)

Analogy: An analogy is a comparison showing resemblance between two or more entities; calling
attention to these likenesses is to draw an analogy. There are four kinds of analogies
Analogy Examples
1. In is to out as Up is to Down
2. Go is to Green as Red is to Stop
3. Wheel is to Bike as Tire is to Car
4. Land is to Dirt as Ocean is to Water
5. Apple is to Tree as Flower is to Plant
6. Toe is to Foot as Finger is to Hand
7. Day is to Month as Minute is to Hour
8. Purple is to Grapes as Red is to Cherries
9. Word is to Sentence as Page is to Book
10. Small is to Large as Little is to Big
11. Three is to Triangle as Four is to Square
12. Rich is to Money as Well is to Health
13. Land is to River as Body is to Veins
14. Pig is to Port as Cow is to Beef
15. Small is to Petite as Large is to Giant
16. Panel is to Door as Pane is to Window
17. Eye is to Sight as Teeth is to Chew
18. Meow is to Cat as Bark is to Dog
19. Baby is to Adult as Puppy is to Dog
20. Mitten is to Hand as Sock is to Foot
21. Author is to Story as Poet is to Poetry
 22. Seed is to Tree as Egg is to Bird
23. Edward is to Ed as Suzanne is to Sue
24. Gas is to Car as Wood is to Fire
25. Creek is to River as Hill is to Mountain
Types of Analogies:

Non-Argumentative or Illustrative Analogies: The non-argumentative or illustrative analogies attempt

to compare one thing to another with intent to explain, not to argue.

Descriptive Analogies: The descriptive analogies are often used to create a lively description.

Explanatory Analogies: This analogy creates understanding between something unknown by relating it
to something known. It provides insight by edifying, understanding by relating what you don't know with
what you do know. Not to persuade, but to understand.

Argumentative Analogies: Argumentative analogies help us to form an inference by making a

comparison between things that are familiar to us and things that are not so familiar.

Deductive Analogies: Treating like cases alike; being consistent with our comparisons. Irrelevant reasons
should be kept out. Often deductive analogies use hypothetical or made-up comparisons in order to make
a point.

Inductive Analogies: These analogies are more for basis of predictions rather than decisions/persuasion.
This type of analogy draws comparison between cases and suggests that since the analogy hold some
respects, it is likely to hold in other respects as well.

Idioms and Phrases:

An Idiom is an expression whose meaning is different from the meaning of

its constituent words which has got a figurative meaning.

It is an important part of comprehension of English language.

It is used to enrich our vocabulary, style and expression.

Here are a few Idioms with examples:

1. To be in the air

- It's already the beginning of August, and our holiday is still in the air.

2. To know something backwards

- I can't understand why you failed the exam, when you know mathematics backwards.
3. To fit the bill

- A glass of cold beer would now just fit the bill, in this hot dry weather.

4. To mean business

- He wants to show you he means business, and he will go to any lengths to make his point.

5. With flying colors

- Michael passed his exams with flying colors. And he is as happy as a bird.

6. To pack one's bags

- If you keep treating me this way, I'll have to tell you to pack your bags and go. It's finished

between us.

7. To foot the bill

- Come on, Jeff, you promised to foot the bill! Don't lose your balance now.

8. To beat about the bush

- You were sitting for hours beating about the bush. I'll give you 5 min., come straight to the point.

9. To be a bit off color

- Mary is a bit off color today. Something is the matter with her.

10. To take on board

- The jury has taken his suggestion on board. They are considering it seriously.

11. To have a change of heart

- When he saw the child sitting there, he had a change of heart. And he repented for his

ignorance

12. To fall on deaf ears

- I'm afraid your idea will fall on deaf ears. They are conservative and don't take kindly tonew ideas.
 VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1.What comes under vocabulary?

2.Why is vocabulary important?

3.What is the difference between Idioms and Phrasal verbs?

4.What is the difference between homonyms and homographs?

5.What is the difference between Acronyms and Abbreviations?

6.What are Homophones?

7.What is the use of one word substitutions?

8.What is word Ambiguity?

9.What are confusing words? How are they useful?

10.Define vocabulary?

11.What is Analogy?

12.What are collocations?

13.What are suffixes and prefixes? How are they useful?

14.What is palindrome?

Unit – III Reading Comprehension

Introduction: Reading means the level of understanding of the written word, be they in the form of
passages or assays. Reading comprehension skills separates the passive unskilled reader from the “active”
readers. Skilled readers don’t just, they interact with the text. It implies reading with comprehension.
Reading comprehension is intended to test the reader’s ability to understand, interpret and analyze texts
on different topics and his/her own range of vocabulary.

Approach to be adopted: The following guidelines will help in answering the question.

• All the questions are based on the given text, and the answers also must be based on the text.
Skim the questions first and note the key items in them.
• Read the first and last sentences of each paragraph for a possible clue to the theme of the text.
• Read the whole passage making a note of the main points, important conclusions, names,
definitions, places and numbers.
• In case, you cannot make out the meanings of given words, read the nearest sentences and try to
grasp the contextual meanings of the words.
• Learn prefixes, suffixes and roots of words so that it will be easy to understand the meanings of
words.
 • Knowledge of grammatical functions of words helps in identifying the synonyms
and antonyms of words.

• Do not read the answer choices before reading the questions.

• Use an elimination strategy to arrive at the correct answers.
• Try to read between the lines for implied meanings and views of the author.
• Don’t get stuck over any one question or part of the passage.
• Keep the answer brief and to the point.

Types of reading
Reading for Facts: Sampling requires you to examine the contents of what you are reading in slightly
more depth than rapid survey. So typically, you would look at the introduction and headings of the
material, skim over the content of each and establish in your mind the:

* Relevance of the content * Usefulness of the content * Suitability of the content

Guessing Meaning of Vocabulary from Context:

Input: In order to understand what you are reading from an English text, you need to guess the
meaning of unfamiliar words (words you do not know) from the context. This will help you read faster
and easier. Do Exercise 1 before studying how you can guess the meaning of vocabulary from context.

SKIMMING: Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you read the newspaper,
you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text. Skimming is done at a
speed three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to
read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in
your research.

There are many strategies that can be used when skimming. Some people read the first and last
paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen. You
might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations. Consider reading the first sentence of each
paragraph. This technique is useful when you're seeking specific information rather than reading for
comprehension. Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places. It might be used to review graphs,
tables, and charts.

SCANNING: Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone book or
dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In most cases, you know what you're looking for, so you're
concentrating on finding a particular answer. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page
seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to determine
whether it will answer your questions. Once you've scanned the document, you might go back and skim
it.

When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the
words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or
color. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin.
Word by word reading: This type of reading is time consuming and demands a high level of
concentration. Some material is not readily understood and so requires a slow and careful analytical read.
People use this type of reading for unfamiliar words and concepts, scientific formulae. It can take up to an
hour just to read a few lines of text.

Inferring Meaning: We understand indirectly by inference. Readers draw on their knowledge of the
language and of conventions of social communication. They draw on the factors like knowledge of the
author, the occasion, the audience. They infer unstated meanings based on social conventions shared
experience and shared values.

Critical Reading: Critical reading is the ability to evaluate the credibility of a piece of writing. All
writers have a purpose when they write, and usually, a writer will choose or emphasize facts and details
which support his or her purpose, and ignore facts which don't. A method of reading for study is called
critical reading the aim is to understand the material in some depth. The method involves five simple
steps; Survey, Question, Read, Recall and Review.

Survey: skim through to gain an overview and not key points.

Question: devise questions you hope the text will answer.

Read: slowly and carefully.

Recall: from memory, write down the main points made by the chapter.

Review: revisit your questions - compare these to your recall and establish how well the text has
answered them; fill in any gaps by further reading and note-taking.

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. Define reading comprehension?

2. What are the different types of reading?

3. What is the difference between critical and inferential reading?

4. Define the types of Questions?

5. What are the different types of Reading Comprehensions?

 Unit IV – Writing Skills
Different types of writing are:

Resume: A resume is a one or two page summary of your education, skills, accomplishments, and
experience. Your résumé’s purpose is to get your foot in the door. A resume does its job successfully if it
does not exclude you from consideration. To prepare a successful resume, you need to know how to
review, summarize, and present your experiences and achievements on one page. Unless you have
considerable experience, you don't need two pages. Outline your achievements briefly and concisely.
Your resume is your ticket to an interview where you can sell yourself!

1. Resume Essentials: Before you write, take time to do a self-assessment on paper. Outline your skills
and abilities as well as your work experience and extracurricular activities. This will make it easier to
prepare a thorough resume.

2. The Content of Your Resume

Name, address, telephone, e-mail address, web site address

All your contact information should go at the top of your resume. Avoid nicknames. Use a permanent
address. Use your parents' address, a friend's address, or the address you plan to use after graduation. Use
a permanent telephone number and include the area code. If you have an answering machine, record a
neutral greeting. Add your e-mail address. Many employers will find it useful.

Objective or Summary: An objective tells potential employers the sort of work you're hoping to do .Be
specific about the job you want. For example: To obtain an entry-level position within a financial
institution requiring strong analytical and organizational skills. Tailor your objective to each employer
you target/every job you seek.

Education: New graduates without a lot of work experience should list their educational information first.
Alumni can list it after the work experience section. You’re most recent educational information is listed
first. Include your degree (A.S., B.S., B.A., etc.), major, institution attended, minor /concentration. Add
your grade point average (GPA) if it is higher than 3.0. Mention academic honors.

Work Experience: Briefly give the employer an overview of work that has taught you skills. Use action
words to describe your job duties. Include your work experience in reverse chronological order – that is,
put your last job first and work backward to your first, relevant job. Include:

Title of position,

Name of organization

Location of work (town, state)

Dates of employment
Describe your work responsibilities with emphasis on specific skills and achievements.

Other information: A staff member at your career services office can advise you on other information to
add to your resume. You may want to add:

Key or special skills or competencies,

Leadership experience in volunteer organizations,

Participation in sports.

References: Ask people if they are willing to serve as references before you give their names to a
potential employer. Do not include your reference information on your resume. You may note at the
bottom of your resume: "References furnished on request."

Design:

These tips will make your resume easier to read and/or scan into an employer's data base.

Use white or off-white paper.

Use 8-1/2- x 11-inch paper.

Print on one side of the paper.

Use a font size of 10 to 14 points.

Use non-decorative typefaces.

Choose one typeface and stick to it.

Avoid italics, script, and underlined words.

Do not use horizontal or vertical lines, graphics, or shading.

Do not fold or staple your resume.

If you must mail your resume, put it in a large envelope.

The following are the samples of Curriculum Vitae and Resume:

 VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is Report?

2. What is the purpose of Report writing?

3. What are the characteristics of Report?

4. What type of skills report wring focus on?

5. What is a technical report?

6. What is the structure of report?

7. What are the different types of reports?

8. What is career Objective?

9. What is the difference between Resume and C.V?

10.How is Report writing useful?

Curriculum Vitae
John Smith Mobile: +
BE (Mechanical) Email: john.smith@gmail.com

PROFILE:
A versatile, analytical and hardworking Project Manager with practical hands-on approach, who always preserves to
achieve the best results. Able to collect and analyse information, digest facts / figures and quickly grasp complex
technical issues. Proven ability to manage and complete projects to the highest standards, with meticulous attention
to detail and within agreed deadlines.

CAREER HISTORY:

1. M/s Halcrow, Auckland Mar 2012 – Present

Project Manager/ Coordinator – MEP
Project Title: SIX SENSES SPA at Grand Hayat Hotel
Project Value: $ 200.8 million
Job Profile:
• Handling Electromechanical activities in Hospital and SPA projects.
• To manage execution of project with prevailing industry standards/ quality systems in most efficient, timely
and cost effective manner.
 • Manage design development / procurement / planning department for respective works such as submission
of engineering submittals, procurement of major items, MEP construction program etc.
• Liaise with Main Contractor for site works coordination.

2. M/s Victorinox LTD., Dublin 2010 – 2012

Project Manager – Plumbing & HVAC
Project Title: FERRAR WORLD
Project Value: $ 550 million
Job Profile:
 Handling Electromechanical activities of Plumbing and HVAC in High rise building and Theme Park
projects
 Reviewing the contract drawings and specifications.
 Ensuring timely submission of all submittals (Material and Drawing).
 Follow up and timely implementation of Main Contractor/ Consultant review comments in timely manner.

3. M/s Worley Parsons, South bay 2009 – 2010

Sr. Project coordinator – MEP
Project Title: WARE HOUSES, SHOW ROOMS & OFFICE BUILDINGS at IMPZ
Project Value: $ 45 million
Job Profile:
 Handling Electromechanical activities of Plumbing, Electrical and HVAC in Villa, Warehouse, Showroom
and Office building projects
 Participating in execution and planning activities with Construction Manager and Planning Manager /
Taking clearance and handing over areas to other Contractors / Obtaining work front from other Package
Contractors / Preparation of monthly bills.

4. M/s Wade Adams Contracting L.L.C., Dublin 2007 – 2009

MEP Engineer
Project Title: INTERNATIONAL MEDIA PRODUCTION ZONE (IMPZ)
Project Value: & 40 million
Job Profile:
 Handling Electromechanical activities of irrigation, Storm Water, Sewerage and Fire fighting pumping
stations in Infrastructure and Development projects.
 Reading technical data, preparation of documents, sending out inquiries, getting quotations, take-off
quantities, making comparisons.
 Providing technical assistance to field engineers on “Turnkey projects”.
 Studying contractual obligations, identify, negotiate and finalize subcontractors.

5. M/s Deeko W.L.L., Brisbane 2005 – 2006

Engineering Manager
Reporting to the Managing Director, responsibilities included heading & handling a team of engineers and
technicians to give engineering back up in expansion of the capacity of the plant.
Job Profile:
 Setting up of tool room and workshop.
 Training technicians, operators and maintenance personnel.
 Development on imported and indigenous machines, press tools, forming tools and vacuum forming
moulds.
 Designing material handling systems and all types of conveyers.
Achievements:
  Centralization of compressed air distribution system leading to savings up to BD 6000 per annum (5–6%)
 Redesigning and reorientation of chillers to increase the capacity by 10% leading to savings up to
BD1200/month
 Revived central HVAC system of factory and administrative building
 Complete setting up of Vacuum-forming division from inception stage to stabilization of production
consisting of Vacuum Forming, Extrusion, Scrap crushing, Pelletizing and Pneumatic conveying including
utilities

6. M/s HBL NIFE Power Systems Ltd., Yorkshire 2003 - 2005

Manager-Engineering
Job Profile:
 Heading & handling a team of engineers and technicians to give engineering back up to R&D group
engaged in developing Mono-block VRLA maintenance free batteries
 Responsible for the handling the building of special purpose machines, development on imported and
indigenous machines, press tools for ductile materials (lead) & rotary dies for battery plates
 Responsible for Designing material handling systems and all types of conveyers (Belt, Bucket, Screw and
Pneumatic)
Achievements:
 Design and development of Pneumatic Powder transfer system Lead sub oxide.
 Design and development of Storage, Batching, Dry blending, Paste mixing, system for Lead sub oxide.

7. M/s. VANTECH Industry Ltd., Baltimore 1999 - 2002

Assistant Manager - Maintenance & Projects
Job Profile:
 Handling the Operation and Maintenance of Utilities
 Handling the Maintenance of Process plant equipment and Formulation unit machinery
Achievements:
 Conversion from Coal to Husk (FBC Boiler).
 Fabrication and Erection of coal and Ash handling systems, water softener and Boiler chimney.

8. M/s RCC Pvt. Ltd., Sheffield 1997 - 1999

Sr. Maintenance Engineer
Job Profile:
 Operation and maintenance of Utilities.
 Maintenance of 4HI Cold Rolling Mills& Heat treatment Furnaces.
Achievements:
 Automation through Pneumatics and hydraulics.

9. M/s Winchester Agro Industries Corporation, London 1995 - 1997

Project Engineer
Job profile:
 Execution of Government financed Lift Irrigation Projects.
 Preparation of project schemes involving intake wells, elevated reservoirs, sumps & Pump houses, Water
pipelines (UPVC, HDPE, G.I. & Carbon Steel) and water distribution systems.
 Pump selection, pipe sizing and calculation of frictional loss.

QUALIFICATION / EDUCATION:
1990 – 1994 B.Sc.(Mechanical) Joint Program in Product Design, Art and Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University

TRAININGS / CERTIFICATIONS:
2011 – 2011 Certificate on “Manage Projects Professionally” from PMCC (London) Pvt. Ltd. C. No.
 PMCC-M-6422/02/02/2011.
2000 – 2000 Certificate on “Action Centred Leadership” from Ideas Management Consultants, Oman.
C. No. 2846/10, dated01-11-2010.
2000 – 2000 Certificate on “Programmable Logic Controller” from Central Institute of Tool Design,
Sheffield. S. No. LCA/99-2000/91, dated 22-09-2000.
1997 – 1997 Diploma in Mechatronics and its Application (Low cost Automation), from Central
Institute of Tool Design, Sheffield. S. No. LCA/97/46, dated 08-12-1997.

IT Skills:
Engineering Design ProE, AutoCAD 2013
Project Planner Primavera P6
Office package MS Office 2007

Personal details:
Father’s Name Wilbur Smith
Date of Birth 27-02-1972
Gender Male
Languages English (native), French & German
Permanent Address B 33/29, 4 th Avenue, Ford Shire, London - 221005
Hobbies Listening to music, Drawing & playing cricket
Skype ID: john.smith72
 John Smith
Address: B 33/29, Ford shire Mobile: +11
4th Avenue, London 221005 Email: john.smith@gmail.com

CAREER OBJECTIVE:
Looking for a challenging career which demands the best of my professional ability in terms of technical and
analytical skills, and helps me in broadening and enhancing my current skill set and knowledge.

SYNOPSIS:
A Project Management professional with B.Tech Degree in Mechanical with Mecha-tronics Specialization from
Oxford University, London.
Design Knowledge of Building Services and conversant with relevant standards.

KEY SKILLS:
• Well versed in Building services design. Thorough knowledge of ASHRAE, SMACNA, DW144, NFPA,
NEC etc.
• Thorough in AutoCAD, Rivet and Piping design software.
• Analytical, good at problem-solving and excellent in maintaining interpersonal relationships
• Good verbal and written skills.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:
1990 – 1994 B.Sc.(Mechanical) Joint Program in Product Design, Art and Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University

TRAININGS / CERTIFICATIONS:
2011 – 2011 Certificate on “Manage Projects Professionally” from PMCC (London) Pvt. Ltd. C. No.
PMCC-M-6422/02/02/2011.
2000 – 2000 Certificate on “Action Centred Leadership” from Ideas Management Consultants, Scotland.
C. No. 2846/10, dated01-11-2010.
2000 – 2000 Certificate on “Programmable Logic Controller” from Central Institute of Tool Design,
Sheffield. S. No. LCA/99-2000/91, dated 22-09-2000.
1997 – 1997 Diploma in Mechatronics and its Application (Low cost Automation), from Central
Institute of Tool Design, Sheffield. S. No. LCA/97/46, dated 08-12-1997.

SOFTWARE Skills:
Engineering Design ProE, AutoCAD 2013
Project Planner Primavera P6
Operating Systems Windows 20000/XP/7/8
Software MS Word, PowerPoint, and Excel

1. M/s Halcrow, Auckland Mar 2012 – Present

Project Title: SIX SENSES SPA at Grand Hayat Hotel
The Project involves construction of a SPA as a part of extension of the existing Hotel
Role: Project Manager - MEP
• Handling Electromechanical activities in SPA project.
• Liaising with client, consultant and subcontractor for variations and material submittal and approvals.
2. M/s Victorinox LTD., Dublin 2010 – 2012
Project Title: FERRARI WORLD
The project involves construction of first and only Theme Park by FERRARI involving miniature race course,
High speed roller coaster and decked with the designs of Italian country side
Role: Project Manager – Plumbing & HVAC
• Handling Electromechanical activities of Plumbing and HVAC in a Theme Park project
• Liaising with client, consultant and subcontractor for variations and material submittal and approvals.

3. M/s Worley Parsons, South bay 2009 – 2010

Project Title: WARE HOUSES, SHOW ROOMS & OFFICE BUILDINGS at IMPZ
The project involves construction of Warehouse, Showroom and Office buildings for the media related
industries.
Role: Sr. Project Coordinator - MEP
• Handling Electromechanical activities of Plumbing, Electrical and HVAC in Warehouse, Showroom and
Office building projects

4. M/s Wade Adams Contracting L.L.C., Dublin 2007 – 2009

Project Title: INTERNATIONAL MEDIA PRODUCTION ZONE (IMPZ)
This project provides the basic Infrastructure and Development in a 60 acre land. The development will lead to
future construction of High-rise buildings, Stadium, Golf course, Industrial Free Zone for media related
products.
Role: MEP Project Engineer
• Preparation, Submission & Approval of Shop Drawings
• Material submittals and follow up of approvals

5. M/s Winchester Agro Industries Corporation, London 1995 - 1997

Project Title: Lift Irrigation System
This system provides water to the highland farmers enabling them to cultivate second crop during dry season.
Role: Project Engineer

FIELDS OF INTEREST:
• Low cost Automation
• Robotics
• Engineering & Development
• Material handling & Conveyor systems design
• Building Services – HVAC & NFPA

EXTRA-CURRUCULAR ACTIVITIES:
• Won first prize in school drama
• Organised various cultural programmes in a club
• Won prizes in quiz competition

STRENGTHS:
• Determined to learn with a practical approach
• Good communication skills
• Enthusiastic and can produce results under deadline constraints

PERSONAL DETAILS:
Father’s Name: Wilbur Smith
Date of Birth 27-02-1972
Gender Male
Languages Enlish, French & German
Permanent Address B 33/29, Ford Shire, 4 th Avenue, London 221005
Hobbies Listening to music, drawing, playing cricket
Skype ID: john.smith62

E- Correspondence

E-Mail messages: E-mail is the medium of communication that sends and receives messages
through specially designed computer networks. E-mail can be used both as a means to reach out
to people outside an organization and to send information within organizations. These are faster
than letters and memos. They are used for quick transmission of information and ideas.

Characteristics:
• Concise- fewest possible words are used
• Correct- accurate format and structure should be used
• Clear- simple, familiar, direct and specific words, appropriate linkers and transitional
signals should be used to form sentences and paragraph.
• Conversational tone- tone should be formal but conversational.
• Single theme- a single theme should be developed logically with subordinating related
ideas.
Advantages:

1. Speed: it reaches its destination instantaneously.

2. Low cost: it is less expensive.

3. Quick distribution: messages can be sent to more than one person at the same time.

4. Flexibility: we can edit, revise, modify and redesign the message.

5. Easy attachments: it is easy to attach files, resumes, scanned copies of testimonials,

transcripts and other documents.
E-Mail format:

 To: Receipt e-mail id.

 CC (carbon copy): copies of your letter to other people.

 BCC (blind carbon copy): line for people who want to keep their privacy.

 Subject Line: title of the message

 Attachment: the recipient has to download them in order to read them.

 Official e-mail letters: senders address, date, recipients name and address, salutation,
subject line, complimentary close, senders name and designation.

TECHNICAL REPORT

Introduction: A report is a formal communication written for a specific purpose; it includes a

description of procedures, collection and analysis of data, their significance. The conclusions drawn from
them and recommendations or suggestions if required.A technical report is a written statement of facts of
a situations, project, process or test. They are investigative in nature for they are written after studying or
surveying a subject area, a situation, the working of industry, an organization, a department etc.

Kinds of Reports?
1. Progress Reports: Ongoing projects or activities.

2. Evaluation Reports: Analysis and assessment of the subjects.

3. Feasibility Reports: About the future of the projects, in other words, implementability of the policies
or projects.

Sections of technical report:

1.Cover page:
To : Name of the person to whom the report is addressed or sent.

From : Name of the person, who prepares the report.

Title : A brief statement of the subject of the report.

Date : Date of the submission of the Report.

Place : Place where the report is made.

2.Acknowledgments: Thanking the persons who either helped or supported in preparing the report.

3.Introduction:
4.Contents: It’s an index page. Answers to the questions, such as
• Who instructed to prepare the report?

• What was asked to investigate?

• When was to submit the report?

• What are the other instructions to prepare the report?

5.Methodology: It includes surveys, interviews, methods of data collection, procedures for investigation,
criteria for survey, etc.

6.Description: It is the main part of the report. It is often divided in to convenient sections or paragraphs.
Data is presented in an organized form; discussions, analysis and results will follow.

7.Conclusion: It includes the significance and meaning of the report that has been prepared.

8.Recommendations: It includes comments, suggestions, remedial measures, advantages, disadvantages,

requirements, cost implications solutions, etc. based on results and finding of the report.

9.Appendices: Details of the supporting material or data, kept separate from the main body of the report.

10.References: A list of reference books, journals, magazines, previous reports, documents or any other
sources of information is made at the end of the report.

A specimen Report: You are a sales supervisor of hair oil manufactures. The manager asked you to
carry out a survey and send a report detailing the sales of the product, the reaction of the customers,
the reasons for the low scales in the market.

Cover page:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my sincere thanks to Ritesh who has encouraged me to undertake this survey. I also feel grate
full to all the colleagues and my friends without whose cooperation and support this report would not
have become a reality

Contents:

No Contents Page
 1. Acknowledgement 2

2. Introduction 3

3. Methodology 4

4. Description 5-6

5. Conclusion 7

6. Recommendations 8

7. Appendices 9

8. References 10

Introduction: The present report has been prepared following the instructions received from the
Manager, Care Hair Oil Manufactures Pvt.Ltd., Hyderabad, on 20 February, 2006. As per the given
instructions, a detailed survey has been carried out in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad
over a period of ten days. The reaction of the consumers and the reasons for the low sales have been
analyzed and presented in detail in the present report for the perusal of the manager.

Methodology:

1. A team of sales executives has been formed for visiting houses in the colonies; with the help of
questionnaire, the reaction of the consumers recorded by a video on each day in a randomly
selected colony of the twin cities.
2. From big shopping centers to petty retail provision stores, all the shopkeepers have been
enquired and their views have been recorded.
3. Now, a separate list of consumers’ likes and dislikes complaints and complements, and
suggestions and recommendations about the product has been prepared.
4. Obvious reasons for the low sales of the product from the shopkeepers has been prepared.

Description:
On the basis of the reactions of the consumers and views of the shopkeepers, it is understood
that the product ‘Care Hair Oil’ needs to be improved in its quality besides the prices should be
decreased in order to promote the product.

Out of one thousand, eight hundred and fifty housewives were reluctant to use Care Hair Oil on
two grounds. First, the oil is stickly and fragrant less. Second, its price is unaffordable. They also have
complained that the product is not arresting the hair fall nor is supporting the healthy hair growth. They
suggested that the product should be available in all affordable quantities from 10 ml to 250 ml like
other popular hair oil brands.The shopkeepers have strongly felt for widespread publicity and attractive
prize winning schemes to promote the sales of the product. They even have asked for promotional
commissions or rewards to be given to them.
Conclusion:

All the consumers seek increase of the quality and decrease of the prices of the product. And all the
shopkeepers advise to publicize the product on a large scale and to introduce a prize-winning scheme
for promoting the sale of the product.

Recommendations:

1. The quality of the product can be increased by reducing the stickiness and
adding fragrance.

2. The product can be promoted by widespread publicity.

3. The attention of the consumers can be drawn by introducing prize winning schemes, such as
lucky draws, ‘buy two and get one free’ etc.
4. The Product can be made consumer-friendly by packing in small quantities – packing in 10
ml sachets.
Appendices:1. Papers related to methodology- questionnaires, prints of e-mails written

Suggestions, remarks etc.

2. A copy of quality report prepared by the laboratory.

3. A VCD recorded during the interaction with the consumers.

References:
1. The previous report prepared on the consumers’ reaction.

2. The News paper reports on the oil products available in the market.

Portfolio Writing :A professional portfolio is a tangible collection of items (artifacts) that charts your
professional growth and illustrates the best examples of your most relevant skills and experiences. While
a resume states what you can do, a portfolio enables you to demonstrate examples of your qualifications.
The process of putting together your portfolio helps you to determine who you are, what you like to do,
what you do best, and how you want to present yourself to your targeted audience. It is a valuable tool
that you can use throughout your career to assess your professional development, interview effectively,
negotiate job offers, prepare for performance appraisals, navigate career transitions, and track
professional growth. Employers value proof of your qualifications. Job seekers who use portfolios often
receive more job offers at higher starting salaries!

Creating a Portfolio

Step 1: Collect items that showcase your skills and abilities in various skill areas. At the end of each
college semester or during each year of employment, collect and file evidence of activities, work,
assignments, internships, accomplishments, special training and workshops. Here are some examples of
where you can draw these artifacts from:

Community/Club Activities
Classroom/College Experiences

Academic/Extracurricular Recognition

Special Interests/Life Experiences

Professional Memberships/Development

Special Skills/Certifications/Licensure

Work/Internship Related Skills

Service/Volunteer Work

Step 2: Select artifacts that best demonstrate your accomplishments, but be concise and don’t include
everything you’ve ever done. Select materials that you are most proud of and that demonstrate
achievement towards your goals.

Step 3: Connect materials to achievements with summaries or reflection papers that highlight your
learning. For example: If you participate in a leadership workshop, connect the pamphlet with a written
summary of what you learned or how you grew.

Step 4: Sort your portfolio materials by learning outcomes into 8 areas of skill development. The
following skills are based on the top 10 qualities that employers seek and each one links to examples of
artifacts to consider including in each skill category:

Step 5: Assemble a "working portfolio" by purchasing a professional looking binder, divider tabs, clear
sheet protectors, and creative paper and card stock for photos and captions. Use high quality paper for
layout pages and strive for consistency and professionalism throughout. Remember: Your portfolio
should not resemble a scrapbook project.

Step 6: Filter your comprehensive "working portfolio" into a targeted "presentation portfolio" when
showcasing it to potential employers or graduate schools. A "presentation portfolio" is more streamlined
and tailored to the requirements of your career or educational interest. For example: A presentation
portfolio for a scholarship application might include items related to leadership, service learning or
academic achievements. In this instance you would only include artifacts that are necessary for that
objective.

Step 7: Interview effectively by using your portfolio to enhance your answers during the interview. This
way, you are not just telling the employer that you are qualified for the job; you are showing proof!
Construct 10-15 specific examples that target the employer’s needs for the position. Use the SIR
Approach for your examples; this is a model for constructing good examples and stands for Situation,
Input, and Result. Know your portfolio; be able to quickly locate items that back up each of your “SIR's".
Respond to the question you are asked, providing a specific example using the SIR Approach. Inform the
interviewer(s) that you have an example to share from your portfolio and inquire if it's okay to
demonstrate it. Explain the relevance of the document and pass the artifact around so everyone can
review it. Let all the examples collect and put them back in your portfolio at the end of the interview.
After the interview, do not leave your portfolio behind. Instead you might want to create a mini portfolio
to leave behind.

Writing Research Papers

1. Choose a topic.
2. Do some background reading to learn more about your topic. This will give you a preliminary
understanding of your subject and make you aware of various sub-topics which might be of
interest to you.
3. Keeping in mind the background reading you have done, narrow the topic. Consider carefully
your instructor's specific assignment criteria and any length requirements.

4. Develop a working thesis statement.

DATA COLLECTION:

1. Gather potential sources (make the reference librarian your friend!); be sure to check the
following:

On-line card catalogue-general bibliographies-indexes (newspaper indexes, books and

collections, periodical guides)-EBSCOHost (indexes journal articles)-carefully evaluated Internet
Sources-interviews with "experts"

2. Select the most relevant sources to your topic, keeping in mind any specific requirements as to
the number and type of sources your professor expects.

3. Compile a working bibliography in proper MLA or APA format

4. Read through selected source material; test out your working thesis and revise it if necessary.

5. Begin to determine categories of information that will allow you to define, elaborate, and
support your thesis.

Organizing the data:

1. Develop the final thesis and refine your working outline.

2. Get ready to write: put your notes in the same order as your outline and think carefully about
your readers and how their expectations may affect your tone and style.

3. Write the rough draft. Be careful to clearly state your thesis at the end of your introduction, to
follow the organizational structure in your outline, and to incorporate source material to support
and develop the points you are making.

4. Check your documentation carefully; avoid plagiarism.

5. Consult others: see your professor, visit the Writing Center, solicit a friend's or colleague's
feedback.

6. Revise and rewrite.

7. Carefully check the format of the manuscript and of in-text citations.

8. Prepare the final copy of the Works Cited (MLA) or the References (APA) page.

9. Proofread carefully!
Analysis: It is the ability to gather relevant data and information and apply methods of
synthesis, critical thinking and data deduction to locate and understand patterns or connections in
that information.

Unit V - Group Discussion

INTRODUCTION: A Group Discussion is a forum where people sit together; discuss a topic with the
common objective of finding a solution for a problem or discussing an issue that is given to them.

Dynamics of Group Discussion:

In a GD an idea or a perspective which provides a scope of r entirely new dimensional discussion

is always highly appreciated

Intervention: it is a common feature we come across in GD. It is important how we intervene.

There are several steps to be kept in mind while you intervene in a GD.
• Never be emotional
• Use appropriate vocabulary and phrases
• Use pleasant body language
• Keep in mind that you are doing it only to convey your opinion
• Not prejudice against the other team members.
Summarizing:
1. No new point should be taken up
2. Should not share his or her viewpoint along
 3. Should be brief and concise
4. Should incorporate all the important points spoken.
Voice Modulation:

1. Pitch: Vary the pitch according to the importance of the expression we are using.
2. Pace: Adjust the speed according to the situation. It should not be too fast and not too
slow.
3. Power: Power speaks for itself. Motivation of an audience calls for the ability to increase
the power of our voice.
4. Pause: Pause from time to time. Pause can be effectively used to create anticipation.
Body Language:
• Physical appearance.
• Head position
• Eye contact
• Gesture
• Stance
• Facial expression
Relevance: to have logical floor it is important that we identify with what other participants are
speaking. To have a relevant flow of thought and discussion, the following points should be kept
in mind.

Give prior preparation of the topic.

Arrange the prepared data in a sequence.

Don’t panic.

Matter should be relevant to the topic
Fluency and coherence:
Vocabulary should be simple and general. Some phrasal verbs, idioms and proverbs will add
extra boost to your fluency. Never rush and be at ease. Speak a loud and clear. Talk plainly,
briefly, naturally, sensibly, truthfully and purely.
Coherence:
• Clarify the purpose, goal or thesis of your talk.
• Have the focus of your talk so clear that you can recite.
• Know the point of your talk
• Limit yourself to relatively few main ideas
• Fully develop these few main points
 • Make rhetorical choices that maximize the communication of your purpose
• Use an organizational pattern that helps the group to follow and predict where you are
headed with your topic.
OBJECTIVES OF GROUP DISCUSSION:

A Group Discussion has three main objectives. They are to test

1. The candidate’s knowledge of the subject.
2. His ability to communicate with others.
3. His behaviour in the group, which may reflect his personal traits, leadership qualities, attitudes, spirit
of accommodation, tolerance, self-confidence etc.
TYPES OF GROUP DISCUSSION: Group Discussion can be divided into two broad categories based on the
topic/issue given for discussion. They are:
Case- based Group Discussion (also called Case Studies): Most of the management institutes (as a part
of their admission process) as well as most organizations (as a part of their campus recruitment process)
use Topic- based Group Discussions. There are a few institutes or organizations that use Case studies in
the Group Discussions in their selection process.
TOPIC- BASED GROUP DISCUSSIONS: In topic-based GDs, the group members are given a topic to
discuss. A topic is typically in the form of a statement (some times the topic may not be a complete
statement.. The Topic-based Group Discussions are of two types:
Knowledge-based: These are such that you need to have some knowledge about the topic to be able to
speak on the topic. Knowledge- based topics mostly cover current economic issues. It is mainly focused
on the following topics:
a) Economic topics
b) Social topics
c) Political topics
d) Sports/Films related topics
e) IT based, etc.
f) Legal topics
Non-knowledge-based:

These do not require a knowledge base in any specific area for you to be able to talk about them.
Common, day- to- day knowledge is sufficient to do a good job of talking about such topics. Your
worldly knowledge and common sense will help you in speaking on the topic. It is sub-divided into two
categories:

CASE-BASED GROUP DISCUSSIONS (CASE STUDIES):In case studies, a short description of a

situation (called a case) is given to all participants. The case will be a problem situation that requires a
solution. The participants have to study the case, analyze the problem and discuss their views about the
problem solution to the problem with other members of the group.
MODERATOR:

The moderator stands in the background and observes the participants’ confidence, tact, temperament,
alertness ability to convince others with their line of thinking and argument.

PROCEDURE:

There are generally five to ten people in a group discussion. The candidates who assemble for a
discussion are assigned serial numbers such as 1, 2, 3 and so on. Clear instructions are given that they
should not disclose their names. They bear the number tags during the course of discussion and numbers
addresses each.

STRATEGIES:

Once the topic for discussion is chosen, the candidate has to decide either to speak in favour of the topic
or against the topic .The candidate should have sufficient facts either to contradict or to support the issue.
The language should be simple and lucid. The candidate should be tactful while contradicting the views
of other participants.

Time allotted:

Normally, each group is given 15 to 20 minutes for discussing the topic. However there can be variations
in the time that is allowed for the discussion. In some cases, the Group Discussion may be terminated
much earlier or it can be extended to 30 minutes or more.

How to improve your performance in Group Discussion:

Now that we have understood what Group Discussions are all about and what the moderator looks for in
the participants, let us understand how you can enhance your performance in a GD. There are definite
ways of improving your participation and performance in a Group Discussion. There are three different
aspects that you should take care of to improve your performance in GDs. They are:

Building your knowledge base

Generating ideas about the topic

Improving your participation in GD

Displaying Positive Body Language

Respecting the opinions of other participants

Being polite with the other participants

?
 UNIT VI – PRESENTATION SKILLS

Introduction: Presentation and reports are ways of communicating ideas and information to a group. A
presentation carries the speaker’s personality better and allows immediate interaction between all the
participants. A good presentation has

1. Content 2. Structure

3. Packaging 4. Human element

CONTENT

It contains information that people need. Presentations must account for how much information the
audience can absorb in one sitting.

STRUCTURE

It is a logical beginning, middle and end. It must be sequenced and placed so that the audience can
understand it. The speaker must be careful not to loose the audience while discussing the main point of
the presentation.

PACKAGING

It must be well prepared. The audience is at the mercy of the presenter

HUMAN ELEMENT

A good presentation will be remembered because it has a person attached to it. But you still need to
analyze, if the audience needs would be better met by the presentation.

I.VOICE: the voice is probably the most valuable tool of the presenter. It carries most of the content that
the audience takes away. One of the oddities of the speech is that we can easily tell others what is
wrong with their voice. Eg.too fast, too high, too soft etc., but we have trouble listening to and changing
our own voices.

There are four main terms used for defining vocal qualities.

• VOLUME: how loud the sound is, good speakers lower their voice to draw the audience in, and
rise it to make a point.
• TONE: the characteristics of a sound. A voice that carries fear can frighten the audience, while a
voice that carries laughter can get the audience to smile.
• PITCH: how high or low a note is.
• PACE: this is how long a sound lasts. Talking too fast carries the words and syllables to be short,
while talking slowly lengthens them. Varying the pace helps us to maintain audience interest.
II.THE BODY: your body communicates different impressions to the audience. People not only listen to
you, they also watch you. Slouching tells that you are indifferent or you do not care even though you
might care a great deal. On the other hand displaying a good posture tells your audience that you know
what you are doing and care deeply about it. Also a good posture helps you to speak more clearly and
efficiently.
Throughout the presentation display

EYE CONTACT: this helps to regulate the flow of communication. It signals interest in others and
increases the speaker’s credibility. Speakers who make eye contact open the flow of
communication and convey interest concern warmth and credibility.

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: smiling is a powerful cue that transmits happiness, friendliness, warmth
and liking. So if you smile frequently you will be perceived as more likable, friendly and
approachable. Smiling is contagious and others will react favorably. They will be more
comfortable around you and will want to listen to you more and more.

GESTURES: if you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring and stiff. A
lively speaking style captures attention, makes the material more interesting and facilitates
understanding

POSTURE AND BODY ORIENTATION: standing and leaning forward communicates that you are
approachable, respective and friendly. Interpersonal closeness results when you and your
audience face each other. Speaking with our back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling should
be avoided as it communicates disinterest.

PROXIMITY: cultural norms dictate comfortable distance for interaction with others. You should
look for signals of discomfort caused by invading others space. Some of these are- rocking, leg
swinging, tapping,, and gaze aversion. Typically in large rooms space invasion is not a problem.
In most instances there is too much distance. To counteract this move around the room to
interaction with your audience. Increasing the proximity enables you to make better eye contact
and increases the opportunity for others to speak.

VARY YOUR VOICE: one of the major criticisms of speakers is that they speak in a monotone
voice. Listeners perceive this type of speaker as boring and dull. People report that they learn
less and loose interest more quickly when listening to those who have not learnt to modulate
their voices.

III.TENSION; The main enemy of a presenter is tension which ruins the voice, posture and spontaneity.
First do not fight nerves, welcome them. Then you can get on with the presentation instead of focusing
in on being nervous. Performing some relaxation exercises can reduce tension.

IV QUESTIONS: Always allow time at the end of the presentation for questions. Pause for about six
seconds to allow the audience to gather their thoughts. When answering direct your remarks to the
entire audience. To reinforce your presentation, try to relate the question back to the main points.

PREPARING THE PRESENTATION: Great presentations require some planning. A presentation follows the
same basic guidelines as preparing for a meeting. Such as acquiring a room, informing participants, etc.
the second step is to prepare the presentation. A good presentation starts out with introductions that
needs an objective that is, the purpose or goal of the presentation. Next, comes the body of the
presentation. Jotting down the main points on a set of index cards is the best method. After the body
comes the closing. This is where you ask for questions, provide a summary and thank the participants for
attending.

VIVAVOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the do’s and don’ts of G.D?

2. What is the significance of G.D?

3. What is structure of presentation?

4. What is the Etiquette we should follow in presentation skills?

5. what are the types of presentation?

 UNIT VII – INTERVIEW SKILLS

Concept and process: Interview is an opportunity for both the employee and the applicant to gather
information. The employer wants to know, if the applicant have the skills, knowledge, self-confidence
and motivation necessary for the job. The interview is a two way exchange of information. He or she
also wants to determine whether you will fit in with the organizations’ current employers and
philosophy.

Process: most interviews will incorporate the following stages:

1. Type of interview
2. How to start an interview
3. Establishing rapport
4. Exchanging information
5. Closing the interview
6. Follow-ups after the interview
7. Conclusion.

Pre-Interview Preparation:
• Study yourself
• Know the occupation
• Know the organization
• Prepare questions
• Controlling interview jitters
• Interview attire
• Etiquette
• 10 ways to make sure you do your best
• Pre-interview strategies

Opening strategies:

A. Entrance and introduction: the best way to enter an interview room is to knock, ask for permission to
enter and then wait for a while before you actually sit down.
 Be focused
 Maintain eye contact
 Introduce yourself clearly
 Smile
 Be expressive. Avoid using monotone.
 Pronounce words clearly
 Be concise
 Stay focused and to the point
 Be direct
 Use appropriate hand gestures to emphasize key points.

B. Attitude and Response: Interviewers will give a lead to the candidates. So try and take cues form the
tonal variations, facial expressions and thrust of questions for the interview pane.
Ten things the interviewer looks in you

Family background Experience General Ability Interpersonal skills

Stability Initiative Education Confidence Aptitude
Answering Strategies:

a) Make a list of points about yourself that you want the interviewer to know.
b) Consider each question an opportunity to provide some of the information so incorporate
relevant information.
c) Pause a couple of seconds before you respond to each question
d) If you do not understand an question, ask for clarification.
e) Always expand the answer.
f) Be very positive.
g) Do not be afraid to repeat important points.

Interview through Tele-conferencing: Use of telephone interviews as a way of identifying and recruiting
candidates is called tele conferencing. The three basic types of telephone interviews are:

a) You initiate a call to the Hiring Manager and he or she is interested in your background. The call
from that point is an interview.
b) A company calls you based upon a previous contact. You will likely to be unprepared for the call,
but it is still an interview.
c) You have a pre-test time with a company representative to speak further on the phone.

Video-Conferencing: Video interviews are becoming more commonplace in the workplace. As hiring
becomes more global, both for employees and candidates. Video conferencing is a way to expedite the
interview process.

Planning for Video-conferencing:

• Make sure the table is clean

• Do not tap your pen or shuffle papers
• Make eye contact
• Use the picture-in-picture feature.

The interview process: The applicant will have 30 seconds to read the question and two minutes to
respond. Process will be the same as in personal interview. Same questions will be asked.
• Be prepared if the far site has some synchronization problem

• Don’t read questions or answers off of cue cards

• Don’t take for too long at any one time
• Speak up if you have problem with video picture or audio
• Look at the camera full-on, head up
• Be aware of the time and make sure you can cover the agenda in the allotted interview time.
 Letters remain hugely important in our everyday lives. People still feel the need to have
something confirmed in writing and a letter can add the all important personal touch. But there are pitfalls
to letter writing. Below are our top tips for getting your letter right.

1. Define your purpose

Before you begin writing a business letter, ask yourself:

• Why am I writing this letter – what has led up to it?

• What do I hope to get out of it (my maximum aims)?
• What do you expect to get out of it (my realistic aims)?
• What is the best way to achieve this?
• What information do I need to provide? For example, dates of previous letters, dates you saw
advertisement, dates of appointments, addresses of shops and people, names of people involved,
reference or account numbers.
• What arguments do I need to use?
2. The first paragraph

The first paragraph of the letter should introduce the subject matter and either state or imply your purpose
in writing.

3. The body of the letter

The body of the letter should consist of one or more paragraphs. It should develop clearly and logically
the argument and facts of the case. If there is more than one paragraph, each paragraph should focus on a
separate aspect of the subject matter and there should be clear links between paragraphs.

4. The final paragraph

The final paragraph should leave the reader in no doubt about your attitude towards the subject of the
letter. It may, for example, spell out what you would like to see happen. It should be positive and
unambiguous.

5. Achieve the right tone

Although the reader of your letter may be unknown to you, it is important to achieve a suitable tone in
your writing and not to be too casual or too formal. So, as far as possible:

Avoid Jargon whenever possible.

Use shorter sentences rather than longer ones.

Avoid using the passive. For example write, ‘We sent you that letter by mistake’,

rather than the more pompous, ‘Our letter was sent in error’.

Don’t let your feelings get the better of you.

Don’t try to be too clever.

 Be clear and to the point, but don’t be too blunt.

6. Adopt a clear layout

Adopt a letter layout that is clear and consistent. For example, if you put a comma after the person’s name
in the greeting, include one after Yours faithfully/Yours sincerely; either indent the paragraphs or leave a
space between them, without indentation.

7. Sincerely or Faithfully?

If you are writing to someone whose name and title you do not know, use the greeting Dear Sir or
Madam, and the ending Yours faithfully, signing yourself with your initials and surname.If you are
writing to a named person, address them as Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms, and end Yours sincerely, followed by
your first name and surname.

If you have met them or spoken to them by phone, or otherwise feel that you have some acquaintance
with them, address them by their first name and sign yourself Yours sincerely, using your first name. If
you need some extra inspiration then we have sample letters for almost every occasion from letters of
resignation to letters of condolence, letters of complaint to letters booking a holiday. We also have plenty
of useful phrases to get your letter started, finished, and on the right track.

The Format – The Main Parts

A business letter is more formal than a personal letter. It should have a margin of at least one inch on all
four edges. It is always written on 8½"x11" (or metric equivalent) unlined stationery. There are six parts
to a business letter.

1. The Heading. This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on the last
line. Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for a phone
number, fax number, E-mail address, or something similar. Often a line is skipped between the address
and date. That should always be done if the heading is next to the left margin It is not necessary to type
the return address if you are using stationery with the return address already imprinted. Always include
the date.

2. The Inside Address. This is the address you are sending your letter to. Make it as complete as
possible. Include titles and names if you know them.

This is always on the left margin. If an 8½" x 11" paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9" business
envelope, the inside address can appear through the window in the envelope. An inside address also helps
the recipient route the letter properly and can help should the envelope be damaged and the address
become unreadable. Skip a line after the heading before the inside address. Skip another line after the
inside address before the greeting.

3. The Greeting. Also called the salutation. The greeting in a business letter is always formal. It normally
begins with the word "Dear" and always includes the person's last name. It normally has a title. Use a first
name only if the title is unclear--for example, you are writing to someone named "Leslie," but do not
know whether the person is male or female.The greeting in a business letter always ends in a colon. (You
know you are in trouble if you get a letter from a boyfriend or girlfriend and the greeting ends in a colon--
it is not going to be friendly.)

4. The Body. The body is written as text. A business letter is never hand written. Depending on the letter
style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs. Skip
a line between the greeting and the body. Skip a line between the body and the close.

5. The Complimentary Close. This short, polite closing ends with a comma. It is either at the left margin
or its left edge is in the center, depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same
column the heading does. The block style is becoming more widely used because there is no indenting to
bother with in the whole letter.

6. The Signature Line. Skip two lines (unless you have unusually wide or narrow lines) and type out the
name to be signed. This customarily includes a middle initial, but does not have to. Women may indicate
how they wish to be addressed by placing Miss, Mrs., Ms. Or similar title in parentheses before their
name. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate. The term "By direction" in
the second line means that a superior is authorizing the signer. The signature should start directly above
the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the signature line. Use blue or black
ink.

Ten Tips for Writing Effective Cover Letters

1. A creative, well-written cover letter is often the best way to make your résumé stand out from the
endless sea of applicants and find its way into the “must read” pile of the person making the hiring
decisions. Here are 10 simple tips to help your cover letter wow: Make yourself stand out. Get the
competitive edge by writing a cover letter that focuses on your unique and exceptional qualities. What
makes you an ideal candidate? Be strategic, persuasive, and concise.

2. Target the right person. Sending your letter to the proper person can make all the difference. Avoid
generic addresses such as “To Whom It May Concern” or “Dear Sir or Madam.” Instead, call the
company and find out the name and title of the person who does the hiring for the job that you’re
interested in. Remember to ask for the correct spelling of his or her name.

3. Stay simple. Keep your cover letter brief. Never send a letter that is more than a page in length; half a
page is ideal. Be sure to use clear, professional language while steering away from buzzwords, acronyms,
jargon, or anything overly personal.

4. Make it shine. The overall visual impression of your cover letter can be just as

important as what’s written upon it. Make sure to use crisp, quality stationery. Match the style of copy on
your cover letter with the style of your résumé. Stick with one font and avoid solid walls of text that make
the reader’s eyes bounce right off the page. Break your text into digestible morsels with lots of white
space.

5. Be an attention getter. Don’t waste your first paragraph by writing a dull introduction. Grab the
employer's attention from the start by pointing out how you can make a difference in a way no other
candidate can. Keep in mind that you have only about one to two seconds to get your initial point across
before the reader moves on to the next letter.

6. Sell yourself. Don’t expect to wow a prospective employer with a lengthy checklist of what you’ve
done in the past. Instead, position your accomplishments in terms of how you could bring the same
benefits to their company. Your cover letter needs to answer the question “What’s in it for my company?”
Clarify how your expertise will benefit them directly.

7. Hire a proofreader. Never underestimate the negative effect of bad writing, which can greatly hurt
your chances of landing a new position. Invest in your career by hiring a professional writer or editor to
check your cover letter for spelling, grammar,and overall readability.

8. Avoid exaggeration. There’s nowhere to hide when you finally land in an interview and the
prospective employer wants to know what you meant by “best in the world.”Avoid saying anything that
sounds like hyperbole, which can project the wrong image and damage your credibility. And remember
never to speak poorly of former employers or coworkers.

9. Close encounters. Don’t depend on the employer to take action. Request an interview and tell the
employer when you will follow up to arrange it. 10. Don’t forget the follow-up. After sending in your
cover letter and résumé, it’s imperative that you follow up. You’ll greatly increase your chances of getting
an interview if you call the employer directly after writing, rather than just sitting back and waiting for a
call.

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1.What are various types of interviews?

2. What is telephonic interview? How do you prepare?

3. What is face to face interview?

4. what is a panel/group interview?

5. How do you develop interview file?

6. What are the different types of interview questions?

7.What is the importance of asking tell me something about yourself?

8.What is interview? what are the do’s and don’ts?

9.What is career Objective?

10.what is walk in interview?