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Ceramic Science 4RO3: Tannaz Javadi
Ceramic Science 4RO3: Tannaz Javadi
Ceramic Science 4RO3: Tannaz Javadi
Tannaz Javadi
Magnetic properties
Susceptability (χ): similar to dielectric materials, is a parameter
which expresses magnetic response of electron in a material to
the applied magnetic field and is a dimensionless quantity.
M: induced magnetization
H: magnetic field
Diamagnetic:
• Materials with small negative susceptibility (χm < 0)
• χm in Superconductors are -1 (Perfect Diamagnet).
• Atoms have no net magnetic moments
• Exposed to a field, a negative magnetization is produced (inherent effect)
• The susceptibility is temperature independent
o quartz (SiO2): -0.62x10-8 m3/kg, Calcite (CaCO3): -0.48x10-8 m3/kg,
water: -0.90x10-8 m3/kg
• Ilmenite
Ferrimagnetism
• Antiparallel alignment of moments at particular atomic sites
• Most of these materials consist of cations of two or more types (i.e.
magnetic moment of one crystal sub-lattice is anti-parallel to the other)
• The aligned magnetic moments are not of the same size.
• An overall magnetisation is produced (net magnetization is not equal
to zero) but not all the magnetic moments may give a positive
contribution to the overall magnetisation.
Example for Ferrimagnetic material
• Magnetite (Fe3O4)
• Spinel structure
• The large oxygen ions are close packed in a cubic arrangement
and the smaller Fe ions fill in the gaps.
• The gaps come in two flavors, (two magnetic sublattices)
tetrahedral site (A): Fe ion is surrounded by four oxygens
octahedral site (B): Fe ion is surrounded by six oxygens
• The spins on the A sublattice are antiparallel to those on the B
sublattice
A periodic table showing the elements and the
types of magnetism at room temperature
Diffusion
x: the position in m.
Diffusivity is a
temperature dependent C: the concentration in m3 .
parameter
Q: activation energy,
• In addition, NaCl will also have certain intrinsic sodium and chlorine vacancy
concentration (VNa′ and VCl•) due to Schottky dissociation, depending on the
temperature.
The most general driving force for atomic transport: the virtual
force that acts on a diffusing atom or species and is due to negative
gradient of the chemical potential or partial molar free energy.
substituting for Fi
compare the above equation with Fick's first law, diffusivity of species
i can be written as
NiO doped with Li2O under oxidizing conditions gives rise to oxidation
of Ni2+ ions to Ni3+ ions. Mixed presence of Ni ions in +2 and +3 states
leads to hopping type conduction of electrons between two states.
electronic conductor
ionic conductor
mixed conduction
Characteristics of Ionic Conduction
• β' and β''-alumina: very high conductive ceramics (10 - 10-1 (Ω.cm)-1,
@300 K to 675 K) Typical activation energies: ~3.5-4.5 kCal/mole.
Ionic conduction
• Ci is either constant (extrinsic) or increases as temp
increases (intrinsic)
• µi increases as temp increases (diffusion)
• σ increases as temp increases
Examples of Ionic Conductors in Engineering
Applications
Conducting ceramics are used in a variety of applications
such as:
• Happens at a specific
temperature called critical
temperature, TC.