POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

“GO LEGO: LESS ENERGY GIVING OBSERVATION”

A Dissertation
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research Project 1

(ELEN 4221)

by:

Calvo, Clarisse P.
Mallari, Rochelle Ann M.
Nierves, Jasmin Joy D.
Tagadtad, Jenieca C.

October 2018
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER I

Problem and Its Background

This chapter discusses the problem to be investigated and a brief overview on

Piezoelectricity and Pressure Plates/Piezoelectric Transducers.

Introduction

Based on the results of Victorian Agency for Health Information (VAHI) for the
statistics of hospital admissions of all Victorian Hospitals on the year 2017 to 2018, a total
number of 2,364, 371 were listed number of patients admitted ranges from Arpril 2017 to
April 2018.

Health refers to a state of complete emotional and physical well-being. Nowadays,

awareness to health is what the people cared the most. There are numerous ailments that
can afflict the human body, ranging from carsickness to colds which sometimes leads a
person to depression.

In 2015, the population of the United States (U.S) spent an estimated $3.2 trillion
on healthcare cost. However, despite this expenditure, a study by the U.S National
research Council, published in 2013, showed that Americans die at a younger age and
experience more illness and injury than people in other developed countries.

In 1948, the world Health Organization (WHO) defined health with a phrase that is
still used today. “Health is a state of complete physical, ental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” .

In 1986, the WHO further clarified that health is: “ A resource for everyday life, not
the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal
resources, as well as physical capacities.” This means that health is a resource to support
an individuals function in wider society. A healthful lifestyle provides the means to lead a
full time.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Furthermore, the domain of physical examination and medical procedures will

expand in the future. Methods of medical diagnosis are continuously being improved and
extended. All that results in expanding the ranges needed medical sevices and poses
new challenges for medical care. Through the advancement of technology, humans get to
used sending data wirelessly. Sending data wirelessly is easier than manual and less
hassle.

Most hospitals used the most advanced medical equipments, apparatuses, and
methods for a more accurate and precise results of a patients conditions.

Background of the Study

In the country, most of the time in the hospitals the patients fall in a line and wait
for their turn to be given a medical assistance. Patients who don’t have appointments do
sometimes so impatiently of waiting so most of them leaving. This is what frequently done
in many hospitals especially in public.

Frequently happening during there are abundant number of patients, most of the
time they tend to give a lesser medical assistance. The insufficient number of equipments,
apparatuses and workers adds up a delay for a patients to have a medical assistance.

According to Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA), six out of ten deaths were not
medically attended. Medically attended deaths are those attended by physicians, public
healthofficer, hospital authority or other medical personnel. Out of 582,183 registered
deaths, 342,702 (59.2%) were unattended and 236,904 (40.5%) were medically attended.
Among all regions, only NCR had greater number of medically attended deaths (42,045
or 7.2%) than unattended deaths.

Due to the number of deaths of medically unattended, the researchers come up to

an idea that can lessen the burden of hospitals in the emergency rooms.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Theoretical Framework

Patients who are hospitalized in intensive care unit or emergency ward need constant
monitoring to acquire their vital signs like blood pressure, electrocardiogram, oxygen
amount, body temperature etc. Doctors and health professionals study these vital signs to
detect any forthcoming health complication. They fetch data from patient by connecting
wired health equipment to the patient. Wired equipment adds complication to patients
because of difficulty in movement. Moreover, nurses have to frequently visit the patient’s
wards to take the measurements of vital signs. This would take more time for health
professionals to take measurements and operate the equipment. Furthermore, healthcare
takers have to be employed for those works. In spite of frequent visit and monitoring, in
some occasion health care takers might not able to attend during the serious health
complication of patients. Hence, the need of real-time monitoring is very crucial to health
care takers.
There are many health care technologies available in the market that offers variety of
wireless patient monitoring technologies. Selecting the best and reliable technology is very
vital.
The main target of the study was to design prototype system that could provide real time
monitoring of patients. While designing the prototype, the study also aimed at building the
reliable, durable and extremely safe system that could provide very accurate medical data
of patients or persons to be monitored. The accuracy and confidentiality of acquired data
were more emphasized in the project.
The technological advances in Information and communication technology and
electronics like traditional wired monitoring equipment have paved the way for the LEGO
. LEGO is wireless version of traditional wired monitoring equipment. Unlike other sensor
networks, LEGO has a network of biosensors nodes that are fitted to LEGO toys structure
to provide individual health parameters of an individual. The figure below depicts the
general structure of LEGO.
Firstly, LEGO equip with wireless network that uses wireless data connection for
connecting various devices associated with biosensors within the LEGO. Basically, it uses
radio waves for connection to network transmitting data from biosensors.
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Figure 1. xxxxxxxxxxxxx

The figure illustrates that LEGO has contribution from information technology, medicine
and engineering. LEGO is small scale network and its communication ranges.

There are existing Technology that may have connections in LEGO, which gives us an
idea to have LEGO be created providing more advance and easy to use technology of
assessing patients in healthcare industry. This existing Technology encourages us to have
a study which is LEGO (Low Energy Giving Observation).

The scope of WBAN has increased significantly with the new technology. There have
been many researches going on in the past and in the present. Various companies have
9 started to provide these services. Many medical equipment vendors are producing
telehealth monitoring equipment. E-health service is possible from the WBAN. Moreover,
it has telemedicine which means proving the health services remotely. These have several
advantages that include fast diagnosis, therapeutic care and providing comfort to the
patients.

Holter Monitor Holter monitor is a portable ECG measuring device with 4 to 7 wires that
is attached to CPU. It provides real time electrical cardiac activity to detect abnormal signs
over a time.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Dyna Vision Telemonitoring System, the Dyna Vision device. Techmedic international
has the Dyna Vision Telemonitoring System for telemonitoring. It has integrated Wi-Fi and
3G.

Health Buddy American Medical Alert Corp has developed the device known as health
buddy that transmits the patient’s data remotely to physicians.

Other Technology, IRhythmtech developed ZIO wireless Patch, a small adhesive and
comfortable patch that can be worn any time. Philips Telehealth Solutions has wireless
measurement devices for home monitoring using TeleStation. TeleStation is the
communication platform between the Philips secure server and communication devices.
Similarly Frost and Sullivan is also working on developing the remote patient monitoring
technology.

Conceptual Framework

This layer has intra communication. Is the first to perform, identifying patients through
fingerprints pattern then immediately sends data to database and create an instant profile
to be occupied by data of patient’s vital signs.

There are five primary vital signs for assessing the general physical health of a person
.The normal range of readings of vital signs is different with age, weight, gender and
overall health of a person.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

The vital signs may also incorporate other measurements known as “fifth vital sign” or
“sixth vital sign”. Early warning scores are used to combine these individual values signs
into single score.

This layer has intra communication. The communication is among the body sensors nodes
and the master node the LEGO toy itself. Sensor nodes are placed on human body as on
body sensors, wearable sensors or placed on the top of the patient’s skin. The sensor
node is capable of sensing, sampling, processing and communication.

This layer involves the ARDUINO UNO communication between the sensors nodes and
then receives by the data receiver. The ARDUINO UNO has the user interaction interface,
which identifies the patients profile and then all data will be sent through wireless
technology ARDUINO UNO and the Data Receiver will coordinate with each other
summarizing all data from sensor nodes at the same time identifying the owner of the
vitals that have been gathered. Different sensor nodes have different and also identical
communication protocols. For example, Bluetooth based sensor nodes have Bluetooth for
communication. The ARDUINO UNO is linked with Data Receiver through WLANs, or 2G
or 3G.

This layer connects the doctor or any medical practitioner. This structure has one decision
measuring Unit which does an automatic computation. It gathers and sorts out the
information. The Display device have own software device that is linked with medical
institutions for example, hospitals; where health care takers can analyses the data.

Monitoring of vital signs is done by Display with multi monitors that measure and plot the
related vital signs. The Display monitors are commonly attached into the bedside monitors
in critical care units and the anesthesia machines in operating rooms for real time
monitoring.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Statement of the Problem

The researchers are trying to identify if the Go LEGO is really a help to every patient
and to hospitals and medical centers.

The problems involved in the research are as follows:

1. Did Go Lego helped the Healthcare workers reduce interaction to patients and
more focus on valuable duties that seek more medical attentions?

2. The aim is to design an automatic wireless health monitoring system to lessen

the queuing time of every patient.

To help medical personnel to lessen their duty and also provide immediate attention.

This is to monitor the vital signs of the patient’s body which should be displayed to the
doctor’s monitor. The vital signs of the patient’s body is checked constantly and
simultaneously then record of it is kept.

Scope and Limitations

• The types of communication will only work for shorter distance and
duration.
• The RF module used in this project can transmit measured data from sensing
device.
• Study focus only on improving the Health Monitoring System and Patient's
queuing time.
• Such Devices are used for sensing purposes to monitor health.

Significance of the Study

This research is about the effectiveness of pressure plates in harnessing

electricity, it serves as an alternative solution for problems involving energy loss,
alternative source of electricity and energy conservation. It helps the following:
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The School has certain problems regarding the high tuition fees, more
accurately on the electricity fee, because of great consumption of electricity. This
research helps schools, more importantly their owners to ensure lower energy
fees, also for the benefit of the student and the school to have more comfortable
rooms and facilities.

The society needs to find an alternative way of generating electricity and

to control it. In this research, energy is simply generated by the pressure of
footsteps. Power stored on energy banks can be of use to some buildings it can
also run machines and other appliances. Hence, it helps society to have an
alternative source of power and also conserve electricity.

For students, technology plays a big part in their life most likely gadgets.
Gadgets like cell phones, tablets and laptops are powered by electricity; with the
help of this research students can now charge their gadgets in places where there
are pressure plates. Also, this research helps students to understand proper
conservation of electricity and theories about Piezoelectricity.

Definition of Terms

Electricity. A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles

(such as electrons and protons), either statically as an accumulation of charged or
dynamically as a current (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015).

Energy. The capacity of the physical system to perform work (About.com

website, 2015).

Generator. A machine that converts one form of energy to another, especially

mechanical energy to electrical energy as a dynamo, or electrical energy into
sound, as an acoustic generator (Dictionary.com website, 2015).
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Piezoelectricity. Piezoelectricity is a charge that accumulates in certain solid

materials in response to mechanical stress (Wikipedia, 2015).

Piezoelectric materials. Piezoelectric materials are materials that exhibit

electric properties under mechanical stress (Wikipedia, 2015).

Power Bank. A power bank is a device used to put energy into a secondary
cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it (Shenzhen
Xpadsp Technology Co. Ltd., 2013).

Pressure Plates/ Piezoelectric Transducer. A piezoelectric transducer is a

device that transforms one type of energy to another by taking advantage of the
piezoelectric properties of certain crystals or other materials. When a piezoelectric
material is subjected to stress or force, it generates an electrical potential or
voltage proportional to the magnitude of the force (WiseGeek: Clear Answers for
Common Questions).

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter discusses some related literatures and studies about pressure
plates and the concept of piezoelectricity.

Foreign Literatures

Pavegen looking to harness energy from pedestrian footsteps

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Based on an article published on Techxplore last May, 28 2015 by Iris

Gonzales, a company called Pavegen has launched a Crowdcube Project looking
for investors in its footfall energy harvesting technology. The company has been
making and selling its flooring product for several years, but thus far, it has been
able to take on only small projects. With investment funds from Crowdcube the
company hopes to pave the way for much larger installations.

The flooring the company makes captures energy from footsteps falling on
it via a combination of electromagnetic induction and flywheel energy storage
technologies. The system works well enough to produce up to 7 watts of electricity
from one person walking across a short space. They claim their assemblage and
combination of technologies is something that has never been done before and
would like to see it used in places that could benefit from it—namely high traffic
pedestrian routes.

The ultimate goal, company reps have told the press, is to figure out a way
to produce their flooring that allows for selling it at near the same cost as regular
flooring. Once that happens, it could be purchased and installed the same way that
people are used to doing it currently, but they would gain the advantage of
electricity being generated by people walking on it.

Thus far, the company has installed their flooring under a small soccer pitch,
a small walkway at Heathrow airport, Federation Square in Australia and multiple
other small venues. They suggest a larger installation such as Oxford Street in
London, would allow for powering all the lighting along the street, and note they
have designs worked out for systems able to generate megawatts of power—
entranceways to office buildings come to mind, or larger parts of airports—
anywhere a lot of people walk over long periods of time.

The company is also looking at moving into capturing kinetic energy from
cars moving over roadways, noting that efforts to use roads as solar collectors,
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likely will not work due to the rough environmental conditions—but a system that
captures the kinetic energy produced by cars rumbling over pavement might work.
They also plan to add data collection to their flooring by capturing foot traffic
volume, walk patterns and other information that could be useful to retail outlets
(Gonzales, 2014).

Future cities may harvest energy from human footsteps

(CNN) From footfalls to climbing stairs, to opening doors, the cities of the
future will look at ways of tapping energy from all the mechanical energy we
expend going about our daily lives.

When looking at the amount of kinetic energy produced in the average

metro station at rush hour, or even on the dance floors of nightclubs, harvesting
electricity from human activity makes sense.

The technology that makes it possible – the piezoelectric effect – is more

than 130 years old: in 1880, the brothers Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered that
placing crystals under pressure produced an electric charge.

Today, manufacturing technology has made it possible to place

piezoelectric devices in the most unlikely places and one company, Pavegen, has
developed power-generating systems for pavements, football fields and even
school corridors.

“People walk up to 150 million footsteps in their lifetime,” Pavegen CEO

Laurence Kemball-Cook told CNN. “When I was walking through a busy train
station in London I thought what if The researchers can convert the energy from
every single person walking at the station into a meaningful amount of power.”
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The company’s footfall harvesting technology – a deflecting pad covered

with the type of soft ground surface commonly found in playgrounds – can produce
up to 7 watts of energy with each step.

Collecting this energy, Kemball-Cook says, is enough to power lights and

other small devices for minutes at a time from a mere one hundred or so footfalls.

The technology is most effective in areas with high traffic, producing an

efficient solution that matches supply with demand.

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for instance, the company installed 200 kinetic tiles
into a local football pitch in Morro da Mineira – a favela plagued by blackouts. The
Pavegen tiles work day and night alongside solar panels to power the lights for up
to 10 hours on a full battery, creating the world’s first ever people-powered football
pitch.

“It’s not only a way of inspiring future generations into energy savings but it
shows we need different energy mixes,” Kemball-Cook said. “Some people walk
40,000 steps a day, so there’s a lot of potential in those wasted footsteps.

Some people walk 40,000 steps a day, so there’s a lot of potential in those
wasted footsteps “Most people go to a gym so why are we plugging in those
treadmills? Why not have those self-powered to charge your cellphone? To power
the aircon in the building? Use the energy in a new way?”

The company this year installed 36 tiles to create two people-powered

dance floors at the 20th Essence Festival, placing digital screens in front of the
dance floors to display the amount of energy produced during each dance off.

Energy-harvesting technology has even been developed for miniature

applications including self-powered contact lenses that use blinking as their power
source. Much like Google glasses, the battery-free contact lenses could deliver
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information to a user that would be projected before a users’ eyes as if it were

thrown up on a screen.

Despite the one-off niche applications, Pavegen has ambitious plans for the
sector as a fully scalable 14aluminium producer. Analysts estimate the energy
harvesting industry could be worth as much $30 billion by 2018 (CNN website,
2015).

Foreign Studies

In 2008, a piezoelectric floor was installed in the Tokyo railroad. As

passengers walk on the station’s floor, kinetic energy is generated. This energy is
then used to power the ticket gates and station signage.

Toulouse, France has also experimented with piezo electricity. Instead of

using the technology in flooring, the French installed the piezoelectric sensors in
sidewalks. The stored energy for above passersby is then used to power street
lamps.

Innowattech, an Israeli tech firm, is working on installing piezoelectric

sensors in Israel’s highways. They call their design “Innowattech Piezo Electric
Generator” (IPEG). Their generators will harvest energy from the weight, motion,
vibration, and temperature changes of roadways. The collected energy will then
be stored and routed to a power grid. Innowattech claims that enough electricity
can be produced from a 4 lane highway to power 2500 homes (Geraldez et.al.,
2014).

Local Literature

Based on an article published by The Philippine Star written by Iris

Gonzales last October 12, 2014, the power generation arm of the Aboitiz Group,
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is starting a campaign to encourage more electricity consumers to practice energy

conservation measures as a power shortage looms next year.

Global Energy demand seen to double in 2050

According to the World Energy Council, future energy supply most double
to meet the demands of all households worldwide by 2050 while total fuel demand
in all transport modes will increase to 30 percent above 2010 levels to as much as
82 percent.

Asian countries have expressed concern about future energy needs, amid
increasing pressure for more energy, water and food, to keep up with increased
population growth, according to Shell’s Future of Energy Survey 2013.

Thailand, the Philippines and India top a list of nine Asian countries that
have expressed concern about future energy needs, according to Shell.

The results emerged from a series of Shell-commissioned Future Energy

surveys in which 80 percent of the respondents ranked longer-term future energy
needs alongside everyday concerns like public education and cost of living as
important.

In the Philippines, nearly nine in 10 or 87 percent of respondents consider

future energy needs to be an important issue alongside other important issues
such as employment, public education, and environment and pollution.

“Nearly three quarters (74 percent) of Philippine respondents believe the country
should derive its future energy from solar, followed by hydro energy, wind power
and natural gas,” according to the FOE survey on the Philippines (Shadbolt, 2015).

Local Studies
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A study from the Polytechnic University of the Philippines named

“PowerSteps: the development of a walkway energy generator employing the
piezoelectric effect using Rochelle Salt crystals” created their own pressure plate/
piezoelectric transducer using Rochelle Salt, a piezoelectric material. They’ve
concluded that copper sheets and 16 luminium foils are best in harnessing
generated power from the Rochelle salt crystals. The best output they’ve produced
is 4.88 volts that made the LED bulb to shine bright. This result was conducted by
jumping on the pressure plate with 784.8 N in three minutes (Geraldez, et.al,
2014).

In-Wheel Piezoelectric Generator For Lighting Applications of Mining

Trolleys (2011)

Electricity has been a necessity in today’s culture. This is why harvesting

allowable form of energy become relevant. There are many ways of
generating alternative energy. One example is through a transducer called
the piezoelectric crystal. The piezoelectric crystal generates electric
charges on its surface when mechanical strain is applied to it. That is why
piezoelectric crystals are ideal for heavy weight pressure. A perfect example
for this kind of pressure is the weight in the wheels of a mining trolley. Since
these carts carry very intense mining loads, the weight can be maximized
by inserting a piezoelectric transducer to the wheels to harvest energy. The
potential generated from the wheels can be used in the lighting of the mining
trolley and having this kind of energy, the consumption of electrical energy
may be minimized from power line companies. The purpose of this study is
to generate energy using piezoelectric crystals by applying great pressure
to it through the wheels of a mining trolley. This will serve as an alternative
power source in supplying energy to the lighting of the mining trolleys. With
this objective, the study aims to minimize energy consumption from power
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plants and instead generate energy in a more efficient and practical way
(Besinio, et.al, 2011).
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CHAPTER III

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter presents the research design and the instruments used in this
study.

Research Design

This research makes use of Quasi-Experimental Research design.

Experimental research provides answers that can be obtained through
experimentation. Quasi-Experimental research is similar to Experimental research,
but without the random assignment. The researchers will test and experiment on
how much energy a pressure plate can produce by harnessing footsteps.

Research Methodology

Pressure plates will be installed on strategic locations such as: stairs for
stomping, corridors for walking and tracks for running to gather electricity. Pressure
plates will then be wired to power banks to store the energy generated. Using the
data-gathering table, an observer will then monitor the pressure plates for a period
of time to determine the energy generated by pressure plates on each activity.

Research Instrument

Instrumentation will include the data observation and comparison with other
researches done with regards to the amount of energy produced by pressure
plates. The researchers will use a table to gather data in the said experiment.
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Activity Duration Output

Pressure Plate 1 Walking

Pressure Plate 2 Running

Pressure Plate 3 Stomping

Table 1: Data-gathering table

Data-Gathering Procedure

The researchers have made a step-by-step procedure on how they will

measure the electricity produced by the pressure plates.

1. Installing of Pressure Plates on strategic locations which will harness

electricity.
2. The researchers will gather data through different references like books,
thesis, and other studies published about pressure plates. They will also
use online references to gather more data.
3. To determine the effectiveness of pressure plates in harnessing electricity,
the researchers will gather data produced by the experiment by using a
multi-tester to measure how much electricity will be produced by the
pressure plate.
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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Yirka, B. (2015, May 28). “Pavegen looking to harness energy from pedestrian
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Print

Besinio, et.al. (2012, May) “In-Wheel Piezoelectric Generator For Lighting

Applications of MiningTrolleys (2011)”. De La Salle University : ECE : In-
Wheel Piezoelectric Generator For Lighting Applications of Mining Trolleys
(2011). Ed. Alan Landa. De La Salle University. Print.

Geraldez, et.al. (2014, March) “PowerSteps: the development of a walkway energy

generator employing the piezoelectric effect using Rochelle Salt crystals”.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines. Print.

Gonzales, Iris. (2014, October) “AboitizPower leads drive to encourage energy

conservation”. The Philippine Star. Print.