Legal Framework For Nuclear

Safety, Security and Safeguard

2019
Aplikasi Tenaga Nuklir
• Energi (Daya) • Non Energi (Non Daya)

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Global Nuclear Security Regime
• Nuclear Safeguard – Non-proliferation
• Nuclear Security – Counter Terrorism
• Nuclear Safety – Technical Accident Prevention

Holistic Approach

Safeguard Safeguard

Safety Security
Safety Security

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Asas Pembentukan Perundang-undangan
• Kejelasan tujuan
• Kelembagaan atau pejabat pembentuk yang tepat
• Kesesuaian antara jenis, hierarki dan materi muatan (UU 10/1997 Ketenaganukliran
• Dapat dilaksanakan
• Kedayagunaan dan kehasilgunaan
• Kejelasan rumusan
• Keterbukaan
(UU 12/2011 Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan)

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Tujuan Pengawasan Pemanfaatan Tenaga Nuklir (UU
10/1997)
• Terjaminnya kesejahteraan, keamanan, dan ketenteraman masyarakat
• Menjamin keselamtan dan kesehatan pekerja dan anggota masyarakat
serta perlindungan terhadap lingkungan hidup;
• Memelihara tertib hukum dalam pelaksanaan pemanfaatan tenaga nuklir;
• Meningkatkan kesadaran hukum pengguna tenaga nuklir untuk
menimbulkan budaya keselamatan di bidang nuklir;
• Mencegah terjadinya perubahan tujuan pemanfaatan bahan nuklir;
• Menjamin terpeliharanya dan ditingkatkannya disiplin petugas dalam
pelaksanaan pemanfaatan tenaga nuklir.
Nuclear Safety, Security & Safeguards (3S)
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Need for a Legal Framework
• Need to establish an appropriate legal framework to support the
national policy.
• Need for a comprehensive legislation establishing a regulatory body and
covering all areas of nuclear law: safety, security, safeguards and liability
for nuclear damage.
• International commitments of the State need to be reflected in national
legislation.
• Legal framework should also include the underlying environmental
protection, commercial and industrial aspects.

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Objective of Nuclear Legislation
• To ensure control over nuclear material, facilities and any other
radioactive material.
• To ensure that nuclear energy and its applications are exclusively used for
peaceful uses.
• To ensure that nuclear facilities, nuclear materials and any other
radioactive material are handled and operated safely and securely
through a system of regulatory control.
• To ensure that compensation mechanisms are in place in case of nuclear
damage.

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Concept of 3S
• The “3S” concept recognizes the interface and interrelations
between nuclear safety, security and safeguards as well as
liability for nuclear damage.
• One of the aims of the activities is to avoid inconsistent,
incompatible or incomplete pieces of legislation.

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Element of National Legislation
• National institutional framework;
• General principles of nuclear
legislation: national regulatory
framework for nuclear activities
(regulation and control);
• Radiation Protection;
• Safety and security;
• Safety of Nuclear Facilities;
• Emergency Preparedness and
Response;
• Mining and Milling;
• Transport of Radioactive Material;
• Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel;
• Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage;
• Import/export of nuclear
materials;
• Safeguards and non-proliferation;
• Physical protection; and
• Protection against nuclear
terrorism in general.
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Nuclear Safety
• The achievement of proper operating conditions,
prevention of accidents, or mitigation of accident
consequences resulting in protection of workers, the
public and the environment from undue radiation
hazards.

Protecting people and the environment against

such things as plant malfunctions, system failures or
human error.
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International Instruments
• Convention on Nuclear Safety, 1994 (INFCIRC/449).
• Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the
Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, 1997 (INFCIRC/546).
• Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, 1986
(INFCIRC/335).
• Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or
Radiological Emergency, 1986 (INFCIRC/336).
• Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, 2003
(INFCIRC/663).
• Code of Conduct on the Safety of Research Reactors, 2004
(IAEA/CODEOC/RR/2006).

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Objective
• To provide a legal framework for conducting activities related to
the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation in a
manner which adequately protects individuals, property and the
environment.

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Convention on Nuclear Safety
• The safety of nuclear installations:
• Nuclear installation defined as any land-
based civil NPP including such storage,
handling and treatment facilities for
radioactive materials as are on the same site
and are directly related to the operation of
the NPP.
• Does not apply to research reactors.
• At present 72 Contracting Parties.

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Peer Review Process
• Contracting Parties must report to Review Meetings on
how they implement each of the obligations under the
Convention (Article 20)
• Preparatory Meeting: April 1997
• Review Meetings:
• 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011
• Extraordinary Meeting scheduled for 2012, inter alia, to
analyse the relevant issues arising from the accident at the
Fukushima Daiichi NPP.

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Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management
and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
• The Joint Convention applies to:
• Spent fuel and radioactive waste when the spent fuel
results from civilian applications/ nuclear reactors.
• Uranium mining and milling wastes.
• Discharges from regulated activities.
• At present 58 Contracting Parties.
• Generally does not apply to:
• Spent fuel held at reprocessing facilities as part of a
reprocessing activity
• Waste containing only naturally occurring radioactive
materials (NORM) and which is outside the nuclear fuel
cycle
• Spent fuel and radioactive waste from military or defense
programs.

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Peer evew Process
• Contracting Parties must report to Review Meetings on how
they implement each of the obligations under the Convention
(Article 32)
• Preparatory Meeting: Dec 2001.
• Review Meetings: 2003, 2006, 2009.
• Extraordinary Meeting held in Nov 2005.
• Key Points:
• Relevant to all states (with or without a nuclear power programme)
• Specific (miscellaneous) provisions on transboundary movement of
spent fuel & radioactive waste (Article 27) and disused sealed
sources (Article 28)
• As for the CNS, “incentive” convention and “Peer Review Process”.

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Early Notification & Assistance Conventions
• Obligation to notify nuclear accidents
• Inform and assist in a nuclear accident or
radiological emergency
• Based on a system of competent authorities and
national contact points for information exchange
• Detailed information must be made known
through these contact points so as to facilitate
counter measures

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Early Notification & Assistance Conventions
• The Conventions are supplemented by:
• Bilateral agreements between neighbouring States
• Standards, practical arrangements and mechanisms

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Code of Conduct
• Instruments of a legally non-binding nature prepared at
the international level to offer guidance for the
harmonization of national laws, regulations and policies.

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Radioactive Sources Code of Conduct
• A non-binding legal instrument.
• No “Peer Review Process” but an informal review process.
• More than 100 “political commitments” given to-date pursuant
to GC resolution.
• Supplemented by import/ export Guidance (also with “political
commitments” pursuant to GC resolution).

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Research Reactors Code of Conduct
• Safety of “research reactors” i.e. nuclear reactors
used mainly for the generation and utilization of
neutron flux and ionising radiation for research and
other purposes.
• Addresses not only the role of the State and the
Regulatory Body but also the Operating Organization.

• Key Points:
• Also a non-binding legal instrument but no “political
commitments”
• Covers all stages of Research Reactors lives from siting to
decommissioning
• No “Peer Review Process” but ongoing activities including
to examine progress and to promote sharing knowledge
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International Legal Instruments on Nuclear Safety
• IAEA afety Standards Series:
• Statutory basis – Article III.A(6)
• The Safety Standards Series comprises of:
• Safety Fundamentals;
• Safety Requirements; and
• Safety Guides
• Publications of a regulatory nature covering various fields of nuclear safety
• Some important publications:
• Fundamental Safety Principles, No. SF-1 (2006)
• Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Safety, No. GSR Part 1 (2010)
• International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the
Safety of Radiation Sources, No. 115 (1996)
• Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, TS-R-1 (2009)

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Nuclear Security
• The prevention and detection of, and response to, theft,
sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other
malicious acts involving nuclear material, other
radioactive substances or their associated facilities.

Protection of people and the environment from malicious

acts that could result in the exposure of the public to
ionizing radiation
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International Law on Nuclear Security
• Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM).
• The Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
• Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.
• UN Security Council Resolutions 1540 and 1373
• Obligations are binding for all States.
• Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources.
• Safeguards Agreements, Additional Protocols; the Agency’s safeguards
system.

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CPPNM
• The CPPNM has a threefold scope of application:
• the physical protection of nuclear material during international transport;
• the criminalisation of offences;
• international co-operation and information exchange.
• The Amendment of 2005 extends the scope of the CPPNM to nuclear
facilities and material in peaceful domestic use, storage as well as
transport.

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Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
• Rights and Obligations of All States Parties
• Inalienable right to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for
peaceful purposes.
• Nuclear-Weapon States (NWSs)
• Not to provide nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices to NNWS
• Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (NNWSs)
• Not to acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices
• Accept Agency safeguards on all nuclear material in the State
• Conclude SA within 18 months

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International Convention for the Suppression on Acts
of Nuclear Terrrism
• Adopted by the UNGA on 13 April 2005
• Details offences relating to unlawful and intentional possession and use of
radioactive material or a nuclear explosive device or radioactive material dispersal
or radiation-emitting device, and use or damage of nuclear facilities
• States Parties are required to adopt measures as necessary to criminalize these
offences
• States Parties are “to make every effort to adopt appropriate measures to ensure
the protection of radioactive material, taking into account relevant
recommendations and functions of the International Atomic Energy Agency”

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Other Non-Binding Instruments
• Legal and Governmental Infrastructure for Nuclear, Radiation, Radioactive
Waste and Transport Safety
• International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing
Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources
• Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources
• Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources
• Code of Conduct on the Safety of Research Reactors
• Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
• Safety Requirements on Preparedness and Response to a Nuclear or
Radiological Emergency
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 Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach
Information data-banks, Illicit Trafficking Database, analysis of
information, programme feed-back
Needs assessment,
Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plans, Interaction with
analysis and information
general public.

Security Infrastructure
Maintaining Accountancy, SSAC, registry of sources
confidentiality Prevention
Physical protection
of information (first line of defence)
Detection and Monitoring, interdiction and seizure
Threat assessment and response
Detection & Response Law Enforcement, intelligence
(second line of defence) Mitigation and Recovery
Radiological emergency response
Radiological Event

Nuclear Security Support

(Knowledge Base, Legal Framework) 29
IAEA Guidance
• Fundamentals – “principles”
• Recommendations – “what”
• Prevention
• A) nuclear materials and facilities (being also rev. 5 of INFCIRC/225)
• B) radioactive, non-fissile, materials
• Detection and response
• Transport (integrated in A) and B))
• Implementing Guides – “how”

• Technical Guidance/Reference Manuals

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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Safeguards
• The measures pursuant to the Statute, to prevent loss or
diversion of materials, specialized equipment or principal
nuclear facilities.

Preventing the diversion of nuclear materials for the

production of a nuclear weapon that could ultimately lead
to expose people and the environment to ionizing
radiation.
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National Verification
• SSAC obligation:
• account for and control of nuclear material.
• collect and maintain information on nuclear and related activities.
• provide information to IAEA (reports, declarations).
• Domestic Level
• Making sure that no one in a place under state’s control is circumventing the
national safeguards requirements “with the full knowledge of the facts” or
“without the full knowledge of the facts”

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Nuclear and Radioactive Materials
• Radioactive Materials
• Nuclear Materials Radioactive
• Uranium
• Plutonium
• Thorium
Nuclear Material
• Includes metals, alloys and chemical compunds
• Does not normally include ore and ore residue
• Fissile Materials Fissile
• Weapons-usable
• Dual use

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Uranium

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Plutonium

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Nuclear Safeguards

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NPT and CSA
• The Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) led to
Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements (CSAs).
• Under a CSA, Safeguards are applied to all nuclear activities within a state
• All non-nuclear weapons state (NNWS) parties to the NPT are expected to
conclude a CSA with the IAEA.
• IAEA Safeguards for a CSA are documented in Information Circular
(INFCIRC) 153

The Structure and Content of Agreements Between the Agency and

States Required in Connection with the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
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Nuclear Weapon State (UK, US, France, Russia, China)
• Five Nuclear Weapon State parties to the NPT have concluded “Voluntary
Offer Agreements”
• NPT does not require Safeguards in the nuclear weapon states (NWS)
• Major industrialized non-nuclear weapon states objected (unfair competitive
advantage)
• NWS offered to accept Safeguards on all nuclear activities, except national
security
• Compromise solution to limit cost:
• NWS submit lists of “eligible facilities”
• IAEA selects which facilities to inspect
• Framework for NPT Article VI
• 1993 U.S. placed materials “excess to defense needs” under IAEA Safeguards
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National Legal Framework for 3S
2019

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Kerangka Hukum Indonesia Untuk 3S
• UU No 10 Tahun 1997 Tentang Ketenaganukliran
• Keputusan Presiden
• Kepres 49/1986 tentang Pengesahan Convention On The Physical Protection Of Nuclear Material
• Kepres 80/1993 tentang Pengesahan Amendment of Article VI of The Statute of The International Atomic Energy
Agency
• Kepres 81/1993 tentang Pengesahan Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident.
• Kepres 82/1993 tentang Pengesahan Convention On Assistance In The Case Of A Nuclear Accident Or Radiology
Emergency.
• Kepres 106/2001 tentang Pengesahan Convention on Nuclear Safety (Konvensi tentang Keselamatan Nuklir).
• Peraturan Presiden (Perpres)
• Perpres 46/2009 tentang Pengesahan Amendment to The CPPNM.
• Perpres 84/2010 tentang Pengesahan Joint Convention on The Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on The Safety
of Radioactive Waste Management (Konvensi Gabungan tentang Keselamatan Pengelolaan Bahan Bakar Nuklir
Bekas dan tentang Keselamatan Pengelolaan Limbah Radioaktif.
• Perpres 74/2012 Tentang Pertanggungjawaban Kerugian Nuklir.
• Peraturan Pemerintah (PP)
• Perka Bapeten

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Kerangka Hukum Indonesia Untuk 3S
• UU
• Kepres
• Perpres
• Peraturan Pemerintah (PP)
• PP 58/2015 tentang Keselamatan Radiasi Dan Keamanan Dalam Pengangkutan Zat
Radioaktif.
• PP 2/2014 tentang Perizinan Instalasi Nuklir dan Pemanfaatan Bahan Nuklir.
• PP 61/2013 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Radioaktif.
• PP 54/2012 tentang Keselamatan Dan Keamanan Instalasi Nuklir.
• PP 46/2009 tentang Batas Pertanggungjawaban Kerugian Nuklir.
• PP 29/2008 tentang Perizinan Pemanfaatan Sumber Radiasi Pengion Dan Bahan Nuklir.
• PP 33/2007 tentang Keselamatan Radiasi Pengion dan Keamanan Sumber Radioaktif.
• Perka BAPETEN
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Tugas Makalah
• Buatlah kajian tentang:
• Kerangka Regulasi Keselamatan, Keamanan dan Safeguard di Indonesia
• Makalah:
• Max 10 halaman A4 dengan jarak ketikan 1 spasi (ukuran file max 5 MB).
• Kerangka makalah:
• Judul
• Nama Lengkap dan Nomor Mhsw Lengkap
• Abstrak: berisi ringkasan pendahuluan, ringkasan pembahasan dan kesimpulan.
• Pendahuluan: berisi latar belakang, permasalahan, pendekatan yang digunakan.
• Pokok-pokok Bahasan: judul bab/sub-bab disesuaikan dengan judul makalah.
• Pembahasan: berisi analisis dan pembandingan.
• Kesimpulan: berisi ringkasan temuan terpenting.
• Daftar Pustaka: wajib disusun menggunakan reference manager seperti Mendeley atau Zotero.
• Laporan:
• Makalah dikirim ke email: sihana_dr@yahoo.com (paling lambat 31 Agustus 2019)

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