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Differential Approximation
Differential Approximation
If I write out the equation of the tangent line through this point:
1
f x = a=0
2x
1 1
f a = f 0 = =
20 2
1 1 1 1
f ' a = f ' 0 = = = =
2 20
3
2 8 22 2 4 2
3rd Substitute:
1 1
L x = x0
2 4 2
So, if I wanted an approximate linearized value for x = 0.01 (i.e. an estimate)
1 1
L0.01 = 0.01 would be a good guess
2 4 2
Example: Find the linear approximation of the function g x = 3 1 x at a = 0 and use it to
approximate 3 0.95 and 3 1.1
1 1 1
g ' 0 = = =
3 10
3 2 31 3
3rd Substitute:
1
L x = 1 x0
3
1
L x = 1 x
3
4th Approximate
For our approximation :
3 0.95 compare to 3 1 x
0.95 = 1x
x = 0.05
1
So: L x = L0.05 = 1 0.05
3
= 1
1 5
3 100
5 295
= 1 =
300 300
59
= 0.9833
60
Likewise
3 1.1 compare to 3 1 x
1.1 = 1x
x = 0.1
1
So: L x = L0.1 = 1 0.1
3
= 1
1 1
3 10
1 31
= 1 =
30 30
1.0 3
dy
= f ' x notation
dx
Key: = f ' x
dy
dx
dependent independent
From Before:
f x f af ' axa
dx = xa
Let:
x = adx
(a)
2
A = r
dA d
= r 2
dr dr
dA
= 2 r
dr
dA = 2 r dr
dA = 2 24 cm0.2 cm
2 2
dA = 9.6 cm 50.15 cm
(b)
2
dA 9.6 cm
= = 0.4 (about twice that of the radius)
A 24 cm2
More Examples:
1. Approximate 99.8
Notice that 100 99.8
100x where x = 0.02 makes 99.8
1
Choose f x = 100 x = 100x 2
Linearize around a = 0
1
1
f ' x = 100 x 2 1
2
2
2. Approximate 8.06 3 = 3 8.062
2
Notice that: 8 = 8 = 64 = 4 = 4
3 3 2 3 3 3
2 2
and 8 3 8.063
2
Choose: f x = 8 x 3 x = 0.06
Linearize around a = 0.
1
2
f ' x = 8 x 3 1
3
2 2
f 0 = 80 = 8 = 4 3 3
1
2 2 1
f ' 0 = 80 3 = =
3 32 3
L0.06 = 4
1 6
3 100
2
= 4
100
= 4.02
2
So: 8.06 3 4.02
3. (From Homework) 21. The edge of cube was found to be 30 cm with a possible error in
measurement of 0.1 cm. Use the differentials to estimate the maximum possible error, relative
error, and percentage error when computing: (a) the volume of the cube and (b) the surface area
of the cube.
C = 2 r dC
= 2
84 cm = 2 r dr
And
42 dC = 2 dr
r= cm
0.5 cm = 2 dr
2 2
dA
A = 4r
= 4 2r
A = 4 42
cm
dr 7056 2
dA = 4r 2 dr A= cm
Maximum Error:
dA = 4 42 cm 0.5 cm
84 2
dA = cm
Relative Error:
84
dA 84
= = = 0.0119
A 7056 7056
4
V= r3
3
dV 4
= 3 r 2
dr 3
2
dV = 2 r 2 dr
Maximum Error:
2
dV = 2
42
cm 0.5 cm
1764
dV = 2
cm 3
Relative Error:
1764 3 1764
cm 2
dV 2 1
= 3
= = = 0.0179
V 4
3
42
cm 78,784
2
56