Assistive Technologies To Improve Physical and Psychological Needs of Non Communicable Diseases

Assistive Technologies
to improve Physical and

Psychological needs of Non
Ta
Communicable Diseases
Dr. Rajeswari
Mrs. Kruthika
Mr. Sandeep Kumar K
www.acharya.ac.in
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF NCD ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Overview
 NCDs and Disabilities effecting human race
• Statistics
• Major NCD targeted
• Diabetic AD & Depression
• Stroke
• Heart ...
 Current Trends to assist NCDs

 Assistive technologies and science
• Product Based
• AI Powered Assistive Technologies
• Case study with AD
 Challenges & Solutions

 Future Perspective of Assistive Technologies.
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF NCD 2 ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NCDs and Disabilities effecting human race
 Communicable diseases
• Those where death is directly due to the action of a communicable
agent
 Non-communicable diseases
• Not transmissible directly from one person to another.
• NCDs include Parkinson's disease, auto immune diseases, strokes, most
heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease,
osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
• Nearly 70% of deaths and huge burden of disability worldwide

• Huge Societal Cost
Key facts of Assistive Technology from WHO
• Assistive technology is an umbrella term covering the systems and services related
to the delivery of assistive products and services.
• Assistive products maintain or improve an individual’s functioning and

independence, thereby promoting their well-being.
• Hearing aids, wheelchairs, communication aids, spectacles, prostheses, pill

organizers and memory aids are all examples of assistive products.
• Globally, more than 1 billion people need 1 or more assistive products.
• With an ageing global population and a rise in non communicable diseases, more
than 2 billion people will need at least 1 assistive product by 2030, with many older
people needing 2 or more.
Impact of NCD
• An estimated 1 billion people, or 15% of the world’s population, have a disability, and the
increase in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (heart disease and stroke), mental disorders,
cancer, and chronic respiratory illnesses, will have a profound affect on this population.
• According to the World Report on Disability, these diseases are estimated to account for 66.5%
of all years lived with a disability in low and medium resource countries.
• A large number of people living with NCDs are likely to develop impairments as the disease
progresses.
• According to studies, 13% to 65% of the persons living with diabetes will develop neuropathy,
leading to chronic ulcerations and amputations in 1% to 17% of them; 10 to 47% of persons
living with diabetes will develop a retinopathy leading to visual impairment .
• They may be considered to have a disability when social, economic, political or other barriers
hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.
Furthermore, many individuals with pre-existing impairments are at higher risk of developing
NCDs.
• Hence actions urgently needed to ensure that people with impairments due to NCDs have
access to treatment and appropriate, timely, affordable, and high quality rehabilitation
interventions
Current Trends to assist NCDs Contd…
https://www.samsung.com/in/microsite/good-vibes/
Prosthetic Limb
Electric Wheelchair
https://www.scootersnchairs.com/collections/electric-wheelchairs
https://www.ottobock.co.uk/keeping-active/product-overview/running-prostheses/
Smart Hearing Aid

Google glass
Wearable Walking Assistive

Exoskeleton Robot
Wearable Walking Assistive Exoskeleton

Robot helps SCI (spinal cord injury) patients
to regain fundamental abilities such as
standing, sitting, walking on flat surfaces,
walking up and downstairs, and walking on
slopes through power assistance
Wearable Walking Assistive Exoskeleton Robot (2WA–EXO)
Exoskeletons – giving people mobility

• Rather than resorting to canes and walkers, a knee replacement patient, or elderly
person, could in the future wear an exoskeleton that has machine learning
capability and responds to anticipatory movements of the body to help a
person stand up, walk or go up stairs after a joint replacement. Exoskeletons are
being tested that are wearable that would help in this area
• Exoskeletons are also being tested on patients who are paraplegic, helping them
with assistive walking and providing mobility, and ergo some freedom many of them
have not had for years
• Wearable robotics will have AI that will be able to learn from its owners and
improve over time, so that the delivery of support can be more tailored to needs of
the disabled person who owns it. Companies in Japan and the US are developing
exoskeletons, and some are in advanced stages.
Assistive Technology (AT)and sciences
• AT is any device, software, or equipment that helps people work around challenges
so they can learn, communicate, and function better.
• Adaptive technologies which covers items that are specifically designed for people
with disabilities and would seldom be used by a non-disabled person.
• Adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology. Adaptive technology often

refers specifically to electronic and information technology.
 The need for assistive products will increase “as the world’s population ages,
increasing the number of people with physical, cognitive, vision and hearing
problems.
 For people with a disability or debilitating disease like cancer, AI and robotics
hold the promise of better outcomes with technology that can deliver dignity as
well as life-saving solutions.
Examples of assistive technologies
• Hearing aids to help people hear or hear more clearly.

• Cognitive aids, including computer or electrical assistive devices, to help people
with memory, attention, or other challenges in their thinking skills.
• Computer software and hardware, such as voice recognition programs, screen

readers, and screen enlargement applications, to help people with mobility and
sensory impairments use computers and mobile devices.
• Tools such as automatic page turners, book holders, and adapted pencil grips to
help learners with disabilities participate in educational activities
• Closed captioning to allow people with hearing problems to watch movies,
television programs, and other digital media.
• Physical modifications in the built environment, including ramps, grab bars, and
wider doorways to enable access to buildings, businesses, and workplaces.
Examples of assistive technologies Contd......
• Lightweight, high-performance mobility devices that enable persons with

disabilities to play sports and be physically active
• Adaptive switches and utensils to allow those with limited motor skills to eat,
play games, and accomplish other activities.
• Devices and features of devices to help perform tasks such as cooking,
dressing, and grooming; specialized handles and grips, devices that extend
reach, and lights on telephones and doorbells are a few examples.
Using Artificial Intelligence To Create Assistive
Technology For People With Disabilities
Robots for Autism, Alzheimer’s and Cancer
• For children with life threatening illnesses like cancer who have to be
hospitalized for long periods of time, robots can be used as companions.
Studies show that children who undergo cancer treatments often suffer from
depression, aggressive behaviour and lack of appetite.
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/02/how-robots-can-help-caregivers/252881/
• AI for disease diagnosis and treatment, drawing from a massive database of

genetic information, blood testing results and diagnostic imaging to detect
disease at the early stages and help develop tailored treatment plans for
patients.
Smart Watches
An interesting development for visual
impairment is from Samsung, which is
considering developing a smart watch
with a screen that projects onto a
user’s hand, arm or a large surface. It
could be used for the elderly
who gradually lose eyesight to provide
visibility via a wearable.
Google Glass
Google glass is a wearable computer
featuring a head-mounted display in the form
of eyeglasses. The Google glasses function
as a hands-free Smartphone, letting users
access the mobile internet browser, camera,
maps, calendar, and other apps by voice
commands
GPS for the visually impaired
Android
RightHear
It uses data from Open Street Map alongside
their own databases and with this information,
RightHear provides their users with multilingual
audio-descriptions of the environment, indoors
and outdoors.
RightHear main features are as follow:
• Informing the user about their current location on request and automatically in
predefined intervals. Also, providing the user with a link to a relevant online
destination (if applicable) like the menu at restaurants and description of exhibits at
monuments.
• Saving user points of interest as recordings. Users can be notified when they
approach these points and hear their personal recordings.
• Automatic announcements of public points of interest, street intersections, and

points saved by the user.
• Supporting third-party public transportation apps like Moovit, Uber, Lyft, Gett,
and many more. RightHear users can create their journey from their current
location to their destination and can look up schedules and routes to their
destination.
• Simulation of locations, letting users explore distant places before traveling

there.
http://www.tuvie.com/viio-travel-aid-a-great-navigation-tool-for-visually-
impaired-people-when-traveling/
 Corsair GPS : Corsair is a GPS for pedestrians. It allows you to discover places around you
and take you there. A new way of guidance has been developed by using the smartphone's
vibration feature to indicate the direction to follow. This solution is particularly useful for people
with visual impairments.
 iOS --Ariadne GPS Ariadne GPS, developed by Luca Giovanni Ciaffoni, was released in June
2011 and was one of the first GPS apps specifically designed for blind and visually impaired
users. It is based on Google map data and has the following features:
 Informing the user about their location on request and in configurable intervals.
 Letting the user save points that are important to them. The app will alert the user when
they approach the point. The users can define the alert distance separately for each
point.
 Accessible map: The user can slide their finger on the screen and the app will announce
the area or street address (depending on zoom) under their finger. Ciaffoni has
developed his own accessible map for Ariadne GPS. His solution was available before
Apple’s accessible maps came out in iOS 6.
 Import and export of points of interest.

 Parkinson's Disease Balancing application
• Parkinson’s disease is a term used for the neurodegenerative brain disorder
in which the person suffers due to losing of balance or falling along with a
number of other symptoms.
• The researchers of the University of Houston are currently in which they
have come up with a smartphone application that helps in the countering
the effect with the help of biofeedback rehabilitation wearable
• They use a belt that is made up of vibrating actuators that can easily map
out the real-time movement of a user. The data collected will help in guiding
the patient with exercises that help in boosting confidence and improving
the stability of a posture on daily basis.
 Cognitive Hearing Aids
• You can simply imagine a device where it will not only help you to hear
noises but will be able to tune into waves of the brain to see what actually
want to listen.
• Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science
Researchers have made it a reality, and working on it
• The device can track your brain waves and read the activities of the brain
that can determine the voice a person is more willing to hear too.
• This is best in a case when multiple people are talking at once and people
got confused.
• The team is currently trying to come up with the ways to improve such a
device.
 Smarter Glasses
• Developed by the team of University of Oxford, UK, including neuroscientists and

computer vision scientist.
• They have built up an augmented reality glass that focuses on a specific part of
sight.
• This has increased the contrast of the image and has highlighted their features
with the help of AR. This project will be on the market in the coming year and
Google is helping with the research work while investing $658,000 grants on it.
https://twitter.com/OxUInnovation/status/1009738738610724864
Case Study with Computer Aided Diagnosis for
Alzheimer's disease
CBIR system using Capsule Networks and 3D CNN for Alzheimer's disease
diagnosis
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible disorder of the brain related to loss
of memory, commonly seen in the elderly and aging population.
Implementation of revolutionary computer aided diagnosis techniques with
Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) has created new potentials in
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in relevant image retrieval and training for
detection of progression of AD in early stages. This work proposed a CBIR
system using 3D Capsule Network, 3D-Convolutional Neural Network and
pre-trained 3D-autoencoder technology for early detection of Alzheimer’s.
Case Study with Computer Aided Diagnosis for
Alzheimer's disease
• A 3D-Capsule Networks (CapsNets) is capable of fast learning, even for small

datasets and can effectively handle robust image rotations and transitions.
• It was observed that an ensemble method using 3D-CapsNets and a convolutional
neural network (CNN) with 3D-autoencoder, increased the detection performance
comparing to Deep-CNN alone.
• CBIR using the proposed model was found to be up to 98.42% accurate in AD

classification.
• CapsNet is a promising new technique for image classification, and further
experiments using more robust computation resources and refined CapsNet
architectures may produce better outcomes.
 Kruthika, K. R., Rajeswari , H. D. Maheshappa, and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. "CBIR system using Capsule
Networks and 3D CNN for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis." Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 14 (2019): 59-68.
 Kruthika, K. R., Rajeswari , H. D. Maheshappa, and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. "CBIR system using Capsule
Networks and 3D CNN for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis." Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 14 (2019): 59-68.
Multistage classifier-based approach for Alzheimer's disease
prediction and retrieval
The definite cause and cure of the disease are still unavailable. The symptoms might be more
manageable and its treatment can be more effective, when the impairment is still at an earlier
stage or at MCI (mild cognitive impairment). AD can be clinically diagnosed by physical and
neurological examination, so there is an need for developing better and efficient diagnostic
tools for AD. In recent years, content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have been widely
researched and applied in many medical applications. Combining an automated image
classification system and the radiologist's professional knowledge, to increase the accuracy of
prediction and diagnosis, were the main motives. In this paper, a multistage classifier using
machine learning, including Naive Bayes classifier, support vector machine (SVM), and K-
nearest neighbor (KNN), was used to classify Alzheimer's disease more acceptably and
efficiently. For this, MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) scans were processed by Free Surfer,
a powerful software tool suitable for processing and normalizing brain MRI images. We also
applied a feature selection technique - PSO (particle swarm optimization) to many feature
vectors in order to obtain the best features that represent the salient characteristics of AD. The
results of the proposed method outperform individual techniques in a benchmark database
provided by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Institute (ADNI).
Alzheimers disease (AD). The demographic information of the
Standard ADNI1 complete 2 year 1.5 T dataset is given in the
table
Block diagram of proposed model for Alzheimer
classification.
Schematic representation of the CapsNet architecture
Alzheimer classification accuracies on the basis of
various CapsNet architectures.
Loss values of epochs in proposed architecture.
Challenges and solutions in low- and middle-income
countries
• Gaps in the need and demand for assistive technologies

• Gaps in research, product design and technology transfer
• Gaps in the evidence
• Gaps in access to assistive technologies
• Product development and adoption
Solutions to improving access to assistive technologies in low-

and middle-income countries
• Increasing awareness and demand
• Financing and delivery
• Multisectoral action
• Closing the evidence gap
Future perspective of assistive technologies
• Launch and Evolution of WHOs GATE initiative to improve access

to high-quality, affordable assistive technology for everyone
through bringing together assistive products stakeholders
representing UN Agencies, international organizations, donor
agencies, professional organizations, academia and consumer
groups
• Innovative, cost effective devices through emerging technologies in
the informatics and computational arena like Smart Wearable
devices for hearing,navigation,diagnosis etc.,
Enhanced AI Powered Technologies
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317880442_Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare_past_present_and_future
References
• Rajib Rana et al.,”Automated Screening for Distress: A Perspectivefor the Future”, European
Journal for Cancer Care, 2019
• Jiang F et al.,” Artificial intelligence in healthcare: past,present and future”, Stroke and
Vascular Neurology, 2017
• Tangcharoensathien et al.: Improving access to assistive technologies, WHO South-East Asia

Journal of Public Health,September 2018
• Krutika KR, Rajeswari et al., CBIR system using Capsule Networks and 3D CNN for
Alzheimer's disease diagnosis”,Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 2019
• Krutika KR,Rajeswari et al., Multistage classifier-based approach for Alzheimer's disease

prediction and retrieval ”,Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 2019
• https://medlineplus.gov/mobilityaids.html.
• https://www.ispoint.org
• Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program(n.d.).Accommodations solutions:

Cognitive. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
References
• Center on Technology and Disability(2018).Assistive technology 101. Retrieved September 28,

2018.
• Georgia Project for Assistive Technology.(2014).Page turners. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
• American Foundation for the Blind.Sreen readers and text-to-speech synthesizers. Retrieved
October 8, 2018.
• Georgia Project for Assistive Technology. (2014). Positioning aids. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
• https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/assistive-technology
• https://juxtamagazine.org/2019/02/23/maximizing-the-potential-of-technology-through-
assistive-products-the-launch-and-evolution-of-the-whos-gate-initiative/
• Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services. (2012). Accelerating adoption of assistive technology to reduce physical
strain among family caregivers of the chronically disabled elderly living at home.
• Appendix B. Family caregiver guide to assistive technologies and home

modifications. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
• Missouri Assistive Technology.Kids assistive technology (KAT). Retrieved October 18, 2018.
THANK YOU
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF NCD ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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Assistive Technologies

to improve Physical and

 Current Trends to assist NCDs

 Challenges & Solutions

• Nearly 70% of deaths and huge burden of disability worldwide

• Assistive products maintain or improve an individual’s functioning and

• Hearing aids, wheelchairs, communication aids, spectacles, prostheses, pill

• Globally, more than 1 billion people need 1 or more assistive products.

Smart Hearing Aid

Wearable Walking Assistive

Wearable Walking Assistive Exoskeleton

Wearable Walking Assistive Exoskeleton Robot (2WA–EXO)

Exoskeletons – giving people mobility

• Adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology. Adaptive technology often

• Hearing aids to help people hear or hear more clearly.

• Computer software and hardware, such as voice recognition programs, screen

• Lightweight, high-performance mobility devices that enable persons with

• AI for disease diagnosis and treatment, drawing from a massive database of

• Automatic announcements of public points of interest, street intersections, and

• Simulation of locations, letting users explore distant places before traveling

 Import and export of points of interest.

• Developed by the team of University of Oxford, UK, including neuroscientists and

• A 3D-Capsule Networks (CapsNets) is capable of fast learning, even for small

• CBIR using the proposed model was found to be up to 98.42% accurate in AD

• Gaps in the need and demand for assistive technologies

Solutions to improving access to assistive technologies in low-

• Launch and Evolution of WHOs GATE initiative to improve access

• Tangcharoensathien et al.: Improving access to assistive technologies, WHO South-East Asia

• Krutika KR,Rajeswari et al., Multistage classifier-based approach for Alzheimer's disease

• Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program(n.d.).Accommodations solutions:

• Center on Technology and Disability(2018).Assistive technology 101. Retrieved September 28,

• Appendix B. Family caregiver guide to assistive technologies and home

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