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Velocity measurements in the near field of a radial swirler

Article  in  Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science (EXP THERM FLUID SCI) · March 1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0894-1777(97)10027-9

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 Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16 (1998) 230±236

Velocity measurements in the near ®eld of a radial swirler

1
L. Khezzar
Mechanical Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Received 8 May 1996; received in revised form 19 February 1997; accepted 25 March 1997

Abstract

Con®ned turbulent air swirling ¯ows are investigated for two con®gurations where swirl is produced by a conventional radial type
swirler. The ¯ow Reynolds number based on the bulk velocity in the downstream pipe was equal to 15,000 and the swirl number
evaluated using velocity pro®les in the downstream pipe was equal to 1.5. The ¯ow downstream of the swirler has been quanti®ed by
measurements of three velocity components and their corresponding rms values along the radial direction and for several axial po-
sitions using laser Doppler anemometry. The downstream ¯ow structure revealed the existence of an o€-axis reverse ¯ow region and
a forced-vortex type of ¯ow in the inner region and free-vortex in the outer one. The strength of the inner vortex is maintained with
downstream distance. The results represent a set of benchmark data for validation of calculation methods. Ó 1998 Elsevier Science
Inc. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Swirling ¯ow; Swirlers; Turbulent ¯ow; Fluid velocity measurements; Recirculation bubble

1. Introduction pressure gradient on the axis. More speci®cally, Escu-

Swirlers are used in gas turbine combustors to impart
rotation to the internal air ¯ow. The resulting swirling
motion ensures ¯ame stabilisation and improved mixing
between the fuel and air and thus increased combustion
eciency. Better economical design is currently motivat-
ed by the need to obtain low levels of pollutants and im-
prove the exit temperature distribution from the
combustor.
Although real swirling combustor ¯ows involve com-
bustion with combined heat and mass transfer, it is
nonetheless instructive to study model swirl combustors
under noncombusting conditions. The absence of com-
bustion allows to isolate the e€ect of real ¯ow dynamics
phenomena. Several arrangements representing di€erent
concepts of the combustor geometry have been investi-
gated earlier, under isothermal con®ned turbulent con-
ditions, such as co-axial con®ned jets of So et al. [1],
Habib and Whitelaw [2], Vu and Gouldin [3], Altgeld
et al. [4] or a single con®ned jet as that of Rhode et al.
[5]. A shared characteristic of con®ned swirling ¯ows
is the presence of a recirculation bubble in the core of
the ¯ow, either on- or o€-axis, as a result of the adverse
1
Address: College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O.
Box 33, Al-Khood, Muscat 123, Oman. Tel.: +968 515 353; fax: +968
513 416.
dier and Keller [6] found that isothermal supercritical
and sub-critical swirling ¯ows exhibit di€erent sensitivi-
ties to changes in exit conditions, and this is particularly
relevant to ¯ow computations. Generally the resulting
¯ow topology depends on the strength of the swirl mo-
tion, the particular design of the swirler itself and how
swirl is imparted and the boundary conditions of the
geometry as experienced in [7]. Under certain circum-
stances however, strong swirl may lead to damping of
turbulence transport and thus swirl e€ects can become
undesirable and designers need therefore to understand
them for better control of the resulting ¯ow features.
The research e€ort to date in the aerothermodynamic
design of combustors has had the objective of achieving
a better understanding of the complex phenomena asso-
ciated with swirling ¯ows and an improvement in the ac-
curacy and predictive capabilities of turbulence models
and computational methods as can be seen in [8±10].
It is now recognised that calculations of strongly swirl-
ing ¯ows are better handled through the use of a second
moment closure turbulence model, see [11], and that the
k±e model is inadequate to compute such ¯ows as it pre-
dicts too high rates of mixing.
The present work reports on the air ¯ow velocity ®eld
under isothermal, con®ned turbulent conditions down-
stream of a speci®c design of a model radial in¯ow swirl-
er of industrial relevance. Relatively few studies have

0894-1777/98/$19.00 Ó 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

PII: S 0 8 9 4 - 1 7 7 7 ( 9 7 ) 1 0 0 2 7 - 9
 L. Khezzar / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16 (1998) 230±236
been conducted on turbulent ¯ows generated by radial
in¯ow swirlers. Emphasis is on the near ¯ow ®eld gener-
ated by such a swirler in two geometrical con®gurations.
Laser Doppler anemometry is used to obtain the de-
tailed velocity measurements in the downstream swirling
¯ow. A further objective of this work is to obtain accu-
rate ¯uid velocity measurements that can be used as a
benchmark set of data to assess the accuracy of calcula-
tion methods.
The experimental setup and ¯ow geometry are de-
scribed in the following section together with the mea-
surement technique. The results are presented and
discussed next, followed by the conclusions.
2. The experimental method
2.1. Flow con®guration
The geometrical details of the model swirler, which
was carefully machined from Plexiglas, are given in
Fig. 1. The swirler possesses eight arms, equally distrib-
uted around the circumference of its plate, as shown in
Fig. 1. The axial width of each radial inlet passage, de-
®ned in the ®gure, is 4 mm.
The steady ¯ow air circuit is a suction system driven
by a centrifugal exhauster. The air, drawn from the stag-
nant surrounding room atmosphere, enters the test sec-
tion and hence the swirler in the radial direction. It
consists of a test section, an adapter followed by a 2 in
plastic pipe and a standard BS ori®ce plate meter. A
U-tube water manometer was connected to pressure
taps located both upstream and downstream of the plate
and allowed monitoring of the ¯ow rate through the test
section. The exhauster was operated at constant speed
and the air ¯ow rate through the test section was regu-
lated by a valve located between the ori®ce meter and
the exhauster. Two test sections were used and Fig. 2 il-
lustrates both of them. Both test sections incorporated
the radial swirler in two di€erent manners. In the ®rst
one, which will be referred to hereafter as case 1, the
Fig. 1. Details of the swirler, dimensions in mm.
231
Fig. 2. Test section description, dimensions in mm.
swirler is directly connected to a fairing, then a perspex
downstream pipe with a length of 350 mm, and internal
and outside diameter of 84 and 90 mm, respectively. In
the second one, referred to as case 2, the con®guration is
similar to case 1 in all respects except that a short per-
spex pipe, shown in Fig. 2 by the dotted line, of 46
mm inside diameter and 27 mm in length, is inserted be-
tween the swirler and the fairing. The short-pipe insert
or spool pipe is supposed to represent the pre-chamber.
In order to provide an outlet boundary without re-
verse ¯ow an aluminium ba‚e of 54 mm diameter and
4 mm thickness was located at a distance of 100 mm
from the end of the downstream pipe in all cases. The
ba‚e was rigidly located with a central rod of 100 mm
in length which was ®rmly maintained in its position
by a number of rods arranged in a spider form and ®xed
to a circular ring pushed in the downstream pipe. The
contraction between the 84 mm diameter pipe and the
2 in. extract pipe was a€orded by a Plexiglas adapter
(not shown).
2.2. Experimental technique
The laser Doppler anemometer consisted of a Spec-
tra-Physics Argon-Ion air cooled laser operating at
514.5 nm with a power output of 250 mW, a transmit-
ting optical unit and a receiving unit, and was operated
with forward collected scattered light o€-axis. The sys-
tem was mounted on a milling table which could be tra-
versed in the three spatial directions with a precision of
0.05 mm. A rotating di€raction grating-based unit was
used. It consisted of a focusing, a collimating and an
imaging lens. The collection part of the system consisted
of a DANTEC (55 ´ 34) PM optics and a Burle Indus-
tries 4526V1 photomultiplier tube. The output of the
photomultiplier tube was ampli®ed prior to processing.
The principal characteristics of the optical arrangements
are summarised in Table 1.
The output signal of the photomultiplier was pro-
cessed by a frequency counter signal processor (TSI
1990C) which was interfaced to a 386 IBM PC to obtain
ensemble averaged mean and rms velocities from a sta-
tistically sucient number of samples (4000). Correc-
tions for the refraction of the beams at the cylindrical
walls of the test section were applied for the swirl com-
ponent of velocity.
232 L. Khezzar / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16 (1998) 230±236

Table 1 and downstream of it, for case 2. As shown in Fig. 2,

Optical characteristics of LDA con®gurations
Laser
Wavelength (nm)
Power (mW)
Beam exit diameter
Optics
Focusing lens (f/mm)
Collimating lens (f/mm)
Imaging lens (f/mm)
Frequency shift (MHz)
Half angle intersection ()
Measuring volume
Length (lm)
E€ective length (lm)
Diameter (lm)
Fringe spacing (lm)
The air ¯ow was seeded with silicone oil droplets of
up to 3 lm diameter, generated in a blast-type atomiser
and introduced with almost zero momentum in the ple-
num region surrounding the inlet to the swirler so as to
produce minimum disturbance to the inlet ¯ow.
Possible sources of measurement uncertainties, see
[12], include velocity bias and velocity gradient broaden-
ing which is only important in regions of large mean ve-
locity gradients. Employing o€-axis collection, high
frequency shift and a small pinhole on the photomulti-
plier these uncertainties were reduced to insigni®cant
levels. The timing uncertainty in the TSI counter
equipped with a 1 GHz clock is also negligible. The sta-
tistical uncertainty due to ®nite sample size was at most
equal to 2.5% for the mean velocity in regions of high
turbulence intensity and up to 3% for the rms velocities.
The overall uncertainty in the measurement of mean and
rms velocities is estimated to be not more than 5% and
10%, respectively.
the reference position corresponds to the intersection
of the fairing with the downstream pipe. The velocity re-
514.5 sults have been normalised by the bulk velocity Ub , cal-
250 culated from the pro®le at the exit annular space, in the
0.8 downstream pipe which was equal to 2.53 m/s for cases 1
and 2. Prior to each set of measurements the symmetry
80 of the ¯ow was checked at selected stations downstream
300 and upstream of the reference location and found to be
300 within 2% in the mean velocity and therefore only half-
6 diameter pro®les are shown.
4.73
The axial velocity component for case 1 and its cor-
776
responding rms are depicted in Fig. 3 for di€erent axial
300 locations. They reveal the existence of an o€-axis recir-
64 culation region with a maximum reverse velocity equal
3.122 to around twice the bulk velocity at, x ˆ 10 mm, and de-
cays subsequently to levels equal to the bulk velocity.
The reverse ¯ow region extends at x ˆ 10 mm from a ra-
dial position of r/R ˆ 0.2 to a position of r/R ˆ 0.7. This
radial extent subsequently narrows in the downstream
direction. The radial pro®les of the axial mean velocity
suggest, thus, the presence of two recirculating bubbles
of annular shape occupying over 80% of the radius of
the pipe at x ˆ 10 mm as observed by Faler and Leibov-
itch [13]. The inner weak vortex is formed of relatively
slow moving ¯uid. This structure of two nested vortices
which circulate in an opposite manner was also ob-
served, albeit in laminar water ¯ow, by Bornstein and
Escudier [14], who used a radial in¯ow van swirler.
The maximum axial positive velocities occur in the outer
part of the ¯ow near the wall, whereas the central region
is characterised by small absolute positive velocities,

3. Results

The experimental results consisted of measurements

of averaged mean and rms components in the axial, ra-
dial and tangential directions, for the two geometrical
con®gurations studied of cases 1 and 2. All the measure-
ments were obtained at a Reynolds number based on the
downstream pipe diameter and ¯uid bulk velocity equal
to 15,000. The swirl number obtained from the pro®les
at x ˆ 10 mm was equal to 1.5 and was calculated using
the relation
R
UWr2 dr
R : …1†
R U 2 r dr
Integration of the axial velocity pro®les in all cases
produced volume ¯owrates which varied by less than
10% and values of this magnitude were found only for
pro®les with steep velocity gradients. The velocity pro-
®les were obtained at axial positions downstream of
the reference location for case 1 and both upstream Fig. 3. Axial velocity, Mean and rms, case 1.
 L. Khezzar / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16 (1998) 230±236
which vary from 0.316Ub at x ˆ 10 mm to negative near
zero at x ˆ 200 mm, suggesting a rear stagnation point
for the bubbles structure in a similar fashion to the ¯ows
of Faler and Leibovitch [13]. The gradual pipe wall ex-
pansion and the recirculating toroidal bubbles which
provide blockage to the ¯ow are both responsible for
the acceleration of the axial ¯ow near the wall of the
downstream pipe and the removal of the expansion re-
circulation zone, see [3,5]. In Fig. 3, it can be observed
that, the radial distribution of the rms velocity is not
uniform. Because of high gradients of mean velocity
near the wall and along the centre line, the correspond-
ing rms velocities reach a maximum of 3.04Ub at x ˆ 10
mm in the outer part of the ¯ow, show two relative
peaks near the wall and along the centre line, and decay
in the downstream direction to adopt a uniform pro®le
with a marked decrease near the axis at x ˆ 200 mm with
a value of around 0.9Ub . The decay is relatively rapid
and is indicative of di€usion and dissipation. In the case
of combustion being present, predicting its e€ect would
be tentative, however, as previously observed by other
workers, see [7], it can be expected to enlarge the recir-
culation zone and lead to higher levels of turbulence in-
tensities.
The maximum mean swirl velocity in Fig. 4 has a val-
ue of about 14Ub at x ˆ 150 mm. The pro®les are similar
in shape at all the stations and adopt a peak down-
stream at a radial position of 0.4R, which marks the
end of a forced-vortex region. The swirl velocity pro®les
clearly exhibit an inner solid-body rotation and an outer
free-vortex structure. The combination of the inner and
outer structure tends to but never approaches a Burger's
vortex velocity distribution with downstream distance.
Fig. 4. Swirl velocity, mean and rms, case 1.
233
The approximation to the Burger's velocity distribution
as given by the equation
R …r2 =R2 †

W ˆA 1 ÿ eÿB …2†
r
was only satisfactory for the inner core region, when a
curve ®t was attempted. In the outer region, there was
a notable discrepancy between the measured data and
the above equation as noticed previously in [14]. The
swirl velocity pro®le approaching but never completely
attaining a Burger's vortex is a common feature of single
swirling ¯ows with radial in¯ow, see [3,14], which, from
a calculation scheme's point of view, can be captured by
a full Reynolds stress closure but one that remains inad-
equately accounted for by the k±e turbulence model, as
shown by Hogg and Leschziner [8]. Examination of the
axial development of the swirl velocity pro®les reveal
that the strength of the inner vortex is maintained up
to a downstream distance of x ˆ 150 mm. If the inner
core is delimited by the radial position of the local max-
imum swirl velocity as postulated above, one can ob-
serve that almost no expansion of the inner core can
be detected. In the outer region, however, the axial gra-
dient of the tangential velocity is signi®cant and is re-
sponsible for the onset of reverse ¯ow in that region.
A simpli®ed analysis based on the quasi-cylindrical ap-
proximation to the radial component of the momentum
equation leads to the following expression for the axial
pressure gradient
    Z
@P @P @ R qx2
 ÿ dx: …3†
@x rˆ0 @x rˆR @x 0 r
If the second term on the right-hand side decays contin-
uously with axial distance as is the case here, an adverse
pressure gradient is set up, with the consequence of re-
verse ¯ow. Various other explanations, not entirely sat-
isfactory, for the occurrence of a recirculating bubble in
swirling ¯ows have been formulated in addition to the
simpli®ed one given above. One that particularly de-
serves mention is given by Brown and Lopez [15], who
have shown, on the basis of theoretical considerations,
that in an axisymmetric swirling pipe ¯ow, the produc-
tion of negative azimuthal vorticity which is dominated
by inviscid mechanisms leads to divergence of the
streamlines and consequently to a recirculating bubble.
The corresponding rms velocities reach maximum
values of 2.5Ub in the outer part of the ¯ow over the ®rst
30 mm and decay with downstream distance to less than
0.9Ub at x ˆ 150 mm. In a similar fashion to the axial
component the centre line values of the rms velocities re-
main relatively high, with downstream decay only im-
portant in the outer core region, where viscous
di€usion it seems, is more predominant.
The radial velocity component and its corresponding
rms values are represented in Fig. 5 for three axial sta-
tions. The mean pro®les are similar in shape, with posi-
tive and negative values and a maximum nearly equal to
the bulk velocity. The distribution of the negative and
positive values along the radius con®rms the presence
of the nested counter-rotating vortices. The rms pro®les
234 L. Khezzar / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16 (1998) 230±236
Fig. 5. Radial velocity, mean and rms, case 1.
have peaks on the axis and in the vicinity of the outer
wall which are associated with gradients in the corre-
sponding mean velocity pro®les. The levels are almost
equal to those of the swirl rms velocities at the same ax-
ial locations.
Fig. 6 presents mean axial velocity pro®les for three
axial locations one upstream at x ˆ )25 mm and two
downstream of the fairing at x ˆ 10 and x ˆ 50 mm for
Fig. 6. Axial velocity, mean and rms case 2.
case 2 and are similar in shape to those of case 1 in
the downstream pipe. They reveal the existence of an
o€-axis reverse ¯ow region and indicate also the pres-
ence of counter-rotating vortices, which extend up-
stream of the fairing inside the spool pipe. Because of
blockage provided by the latter, large positive values
of the axial velocity are observed near the wall and rel-
atively low positive values in the central part of the ¯ow.
The mean velocity on the axis, this time, is greater than
zero approaching twice the bulk velocity value at
x ˆ )25 mm. The rms velocity values in the spool pipe
are higher than in the downstream pipe and decay there-
after in the downstream direction.
The swirl mean velocities with their corresponding
rms values for case 2 are shown in Fig. 7. Large mean
swirl velocities exist in the spool pipe with maximum
values equal to about 20 times the bulk velocity and a
shape signi®cantly di€erent from those which exist in
the downstream pipe. The pro®les measured at
x ˆ )25 mm and x ˆ )38mm are almost identical. It
can be seen that the tangential mean velocity distribu-
tion is of forced-vortex type in the entire spool pipe.
Downstream of the fairing, the mean velocity distribu-
tion adopts a pro®le similar to the one in case 1, see
Fig. 4, i.e. forced vortex in a smaller inner region up
to r/R ˆ 0.2 and thereafter a free-vortex shape. The
mean swirl velocity pro®les are steeper in case 2 than
in case 1, but the strength of the inner core vortex, is still
well preserved at x ˆ 30 mm. The drastic change in
shape of the mean swirl velocity pro®le in passing from
the spool pipe to the downstream pipe results because of
the e€ect of ¯ow divergence encourged by the slopping
wall of the fairing, the larger diameter of the down-
stream pipe and the blockage provided by the bubble.
Fig. 7. Swirl velocity, mean and rms, case 2.
 L. Khezzar / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16 (1998) 230±236 235

The implication for a ¯uid particle originating from the

spool pipe is a reduction of the mean swirl velocity in the
outer diverging part of the ¯ow in the downstream pipe
by virtue of conservation of angular momentum. The
corresponding rms velocities in the spool pipe have a
maximum near the pipe wall and decay downstream of
the fairing, to reach similar levels as in case 1.
The mean and rms values of the radial velocity are
shown in Fig. 8. The mean velocity is important in the
spool pipe, because of the close proximity of the outlet
of the swirler, where its positive maximum is up to four
times the bulk velocity at a radial position of r/R ˆ 0.8
and then decays downstream.
Examination of the level of the rms velocity compo-
nents in the axial, tangential and radial directions, as
shown in Figs. 3±5, reveals the existence of an anisotro-
pic turbulent ®eld especially in the inner region of the
¯ow up to r/R ˆ 0.4. This is usually the case with strong-
ly swirling ¯ows and implies for the calculation of such
¯ows the use of a turbulence model that can mimic the
presence of anisotropy in the turbulent ®eld.
Pro®les of the mean and rms values of three compo-
nents of velocity in the exit plane represented by the an-
nular space between the ba‚e and tube wall are
presented in Fig. 9 for case 1. The same pro®les within
experimental errors were measured for case 2. It can
be seen that the ¯ow is predominantly in the down-
stream direction with a uniform swirl velocity distribu-
tion of the tangential component in the annular space
between the ba‚e and the wall of the pipe. The boun-
dary values of velocity are thus given in sucient detail
to be used in numerical simulation exercises.
Fig. 9. Velocity distribution at exit plane.

4. Practical signi®cance

Evidently, isothermal swirling ¯ows have been and

Fig. 8. Radial velocity, mean and rms, case 2.
are still being investigated and although much progress
has been achieved, many of their features remain poorly
understood. For example, questions on what governs
the presence of an on-axis or an o€-axis recirculating
bubble and its spatial extent cannot be easily answered.
It is also known that such ¯ows remain dicult to pre-
dict in all their details (see [11,16]).
The practical signi®cance of the present work can be
discussed under the above two comments. First, data is
presented that describes the velocity ®eld generated by a
typical model swirler of industrial relevance. Second,
most of the previous work on the numerical simulation
of swirling ¯ows made use of inlet boundary conditions
located downstream of the swirler, in axisymmetric ge-
ometries. The present con®guration allows the computa-
tions to be performed with inlet boundary conditions
prior to entering the swirler and thus the solution do-
main would include the swirler. Although, it is generally
accepted that predictions can be sensitive to the location
at which computations are initiated. Nonetheless, from
a practical point of view, this represents a viable prac-
236 L. Khezzar / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16 (1998) 230±236
tice, since in general, detailed inlet conditions will not be
available. It is therefore hoped, that such an exercise
should permit assessment of the extent to which reliable
¯ow predictions in the absence of combustion, including
the swirler in the solution domain, can be obtained.
5. Conclusions
The present work investigated a turbulent con®ned
swirling ¯ow in the near ®eld of a model radial swirler
with two di€erent geometrical con®gurations. A combi-
nation of an o€-axis recirculation zone with low positive
mean velocities on the axis of the tube was observed in
both con®gurations of cases 1 and 2. The resulting com-
plex ¯ow®eld contained a pair of counter-rotating vor-
tices with relatively high turbulence intensity but low
mean velocities inside the inner core. The swirl velocity
pro®les revealed a forced vortex in the inner region
and a free vortex in the outer one. The strength of the
forced vortex was maintained with downstream distance
in the measurement region. In case 2, the ¯ow ®eld in the
spool pipe assumed a forced-vortex distribution over the
entire pipe with high swirl velocities and adopted down-
stream a smaller radius inner core than in case 1. The
pro®les of the rms components of the velocity con®rm
the anisotropy of the turbulence ®eld especially within
the vortices region.
The ¯ow is of sub-critical nature and this fact as-
sumes particular signi®cance for the location of the out-
let boundary conditions in calculation exercises.
However, detailed velocity distributions at the exit plane
in the annular space between the ba‚e and pipe wall,
were obtained and can thus be used to set up computa-
tional models for validation of calculation methods of
such ¯ows.
Nomenclature
A Constant
B Constant
r Radial position
R Downstream pipe radius
R0 Upstream pipe radius
U Mean axial velocity component
u0 Axial rms velocity component
Ub Bulk velocity
V Mean radial velocity component
v0 Radial rms velocity component
W Mean swirl velocity component
w0 Swirl rms velocity component
x Axial position
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Acknowledgements
This work was carried at Imperial College of Science
Technology and Medicine while the author was a visit-
ing researcher. Financial support provided by the DTI
is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks go to Professor
J.H. Whitelaw of Imperial College, London and Mr.
Roy Norster of European Gas Turbines Ltd., for useful
discussions.
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