ENGG1300 FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICS

Bending Internal Force

Introduction

2
Introduction

3
Introduction

4
Internal Forces in Beams
• Internal forces on
cross-sections of
bending beams
m F

A B

FA m
M
A
The internal forces on cross-section
FS m-m can be simplified as shear
m
F FB
force and bending moment acting at
m
M cross-sectional centroid.
B
FS
m
5
Symmetric Bending

• Beam: a structural element which takes bending as the main form

of deformation.

• Symmetric bending: all external forces & moments acting in the

symmetric longitudinal plane (beam axis being bent from a straight
line to a curve within the symmetric longitudinal plane).

6
Types of Beams

Simply supported beam Cantilever beam

Beam with an overhang Compound beam

Types of Supports and Reactions

Fixed support Hinged or pinned support Roller support

FRx FRx
MR
FRy FRy FRy

8
Determinacy of Beams
• Statically determinate beams • Statically indeterminate beams

- Cantilever beam - Simply supported cantilever beam

- Simply supported beam - Continuous beam

- Overhanging beam - Fixed beam

9
Sign Convention of shear Force and Bending Moment

• Shear force
- Positive: left up / right
down (clockwise loop) FS
FS FS FS

• Bending moment
- Positive: upper half
M M M M
under compression /
lower half under tension
(top concave / bottom
convex)

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Example 4.1
• Find the shear force and bending moment at the left and right
cross-section at point C. F
A B
• Solution： C
FA a a
FB

F
1. Reaction forces at the supports FA = FB =
2. Internal forces (assuming 2
positive) at the right cross-
section of C. FSCA
F A
FSCA = FA =
2 MCA
Fa FA
M CA = FA  a =
2
11
3. Internal forces (assuming F
positive) at the left cross- A B
C
section of C.
a a
F
FSCB = − FB = − FSCB
2 MCB B
Fa
M CB = FB  a =
FB

Note: For a concentrated force acting at C, the change of bending

moment is zero while that of shear force is equal to the
magnitude of the concentrated force.

12
Example 4.2
• Find the shear force and bending moment at the left and right
cross-section at point C. Fa
A C B

• Solution： FA
a a
FB
1. Reaction forces at the supports
F
FA = FB =
2
FSCA
2. Internal force at the right A
cross-section of C.
FA MCA
F
FSCA = FA =
2
Fa
M CA = FA  a =
2 13
 Fa
3. Internal force at the left A C B
cross-section of C.
a a
F
FSCB = FB =
2 FSCB

Fa B
M CB = − FB  a = − MCB
FB
2

Note: For a concentrated moment acting at C, the change of shear

force is zero while that of bending moment is equal to the
magnitude of the concentrated moment.

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Direct Calculation of Shear Force

• The shear force at a beam cross-section is equal to the net of the

external forces collected from either side of the cross-section.

• Upward net from left portion or downward net from right portion
results in positive shear force at the cross-section.

• All forces acting on a beam, including the reaction forces at the

supports, must be taken into consideration.

15
Example 4.3
• Directly calculate the shear force F1 F3 F4
at cross-section C without the q

explicit use of method of section. A B

C

FB
• Solution： FA F2

- Based on the left portion from cross-section C:

FSC = FA − F1 + F2 − F3

- Based on the right portion from cross-section C:

FSC = − FB + ql + F4

Note: in practice, we pick the portion with simpler loadings.

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Direct Calculation of Bending Moment

• The bending moment at a beam cross-section is equal to the net of

the external moments with respect to the cross-section centroid,
collected from either side of the cross-section

• Clockwise net from left portion or counter clockwise net from right
portion results in positive bending moment.

• All forces acting on a beam, including the reaction forces at the

supports, must be taken into consideration.

17
Example 4.4
• Directly calculate the bending moment at cross-section C without
the explicit use of method of section.

• Solution： F1 M1
C
A B
- Based on the left portion from
cross-section C F2
FA FB
M C = FAd A − F1d1 − M1

- Based on the right portion from cross-section C

M C = − FB d B + F2d 2

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Diagram of Shear Forces & Bending Moments
• Equation of shear forces and bending moments

- Equation of shear forces: FS = FS(x)

- Equation of bending moments: M = M(x)
- x: denotes the position of cross-section.

• Diagram of shear forces and bending moments

- Abscissa: cross-section position (x)

- Ordinate: shear forces (FS) / bending moments (M)

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Example 4.5
• Draw the diagram of shear forces and bending moments
x1 F x2
A C B

FA a a
FB
• Solution:
F
1. Reaction force at the supports: FA = FB =
2
2. Equation of internal forces
F
FS ( x1 ) = FA = x1  [0, a ) Positive: left & upward
2
F
FS ( x2 ) = − FB = − x2  [0, a ) Negative: right & upward
2
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 FS
0.5F

0.5F
Fx1
M ( x1 ) = FA x1 = x1  [0, a ) x1 F x2
2 C
A B
Positive: left & clockwise
FA a a
Fx 2 FB
M ( x2 ) = FB x2 = x2  [0, a )
2
Positive: right & counter clockwise

M 0.5 Fa
21
Example 4.6
• Draw the diagram of shear forces and bending moments
x1 Fa x2
A C B

a a
FA FB
• Solution:
1. Reaction forces at the supports FS 0.5F
F
FA = FB =
2
2. Equations of internal forces -0.5Fa
F F
FS ( x1 ) = ; FS ( x2 ) =
2 2
Fx Fx
M ( x1 ) = 1 ; M ( x2 ) = − 2
2 2 M 0.5Fa
22
Example 4.7
q
• Plot the diagram of shear
A B forces and bending moments
• Solution:
ql 2 x ql 2
l 1. Reaction forces at the
FS supports
• ql / 2 2. Equation of internal forces
ql
FS ( x) = − qx
2
ql x
• M ( x) = x − qx
−ql / 2 2 2
2
q  l  q l2
=− x−  +
• 2 2 8
(0  x  l )
M q l2 / 8
3. Diagram of internal forces 23
Relations among Loads, Shear Forces and Bending Moments

q( x)
q( x) M ( x) M ( x ) + dM ( x )

x dx

FS ( x) FS ( x) + dFS ( x)

FS ( x ) + q ( x ) dx − FS ( x ) − dFS ( x ) = 0
1
M ( x ) + dM ( x ) − q ( x ) d 2 x − M ( x ) − FS ( x ) dx = 0
2
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Relations among Loads, Shear Forces and Bending Moments

FS ( x ) + q ( x ) dx − FS ( x ) − dFS ( x ) = 0
dFS ( x ) x2

q ( x) = , FS2 − FS1 =  q ( x ) dx
dx x1
1
M ( x ) + dM ( x ) − q ( x ) d 2 x − M ( x ) − FS ( x ) dx = 0
2
dM ( x ) x2

FS ( x ) = , M 2 − M1 =  F ( x ) dx
S
dx x1
dM 2 ( x )
q ( x) =
dx 2
Sign convention of q(x): up positive / down negative.
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Relations among Loads, Shear Forces and Bending Moments

• Without distributed load: q(x) = 0

dFS ( x )
q ( x) = =0 FS ( x ) = const
dx
Note: the slope of the diagram of shear forces is zero.

dM ( x )
= FS ( x ) = const M ( x ) = ( const )  x + ( const )
dx

Note: the slope of the diagram of bending moments is constant.

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Relations among Loads, Shear Forces and Bending Moments

• With uniformly distributed load: q(x) = const

dFS ( x )
q ( x) = = const FS ( x ) = ( const )  x + ( const )
dx
Note: the slope of the diagram of shear forces is constant.

dM ( x )
= FS ( x )
dx
M ( x ) = ( const )  x 2 + ( const )  x + ( const )

Note: M(x) is a second order polynomial of x.

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Relations among Loads, Shear Forces and Bending Moments

Loads Diagram of shear forces Diagram of bending moments

No load FS  0 FS  0 FS  0
(P=0 & q=0)
FS  0

Uniformly distributed q0 q0 q0 q0

q=const

Concentrated load Discontinuous Fs C

(P)
C Continuous but not
C
differentiable M
Concentrated moment Discontinuous M
(m)
Const C
C

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Example 4.8
• Draw the diagram of shear forces and bending moments.
A q
B
• Solution: C
l
FA
l
FB 2
ql FS ql / 2
FA =
8
5ql
FB = −ql / 8
8
−ql 2 / 8

M 29
Example 4.9
• Draw the diagram of q
shear forces and bending A B
moments.
l l
• Solution: FA FB
2 2
3ql FS 3ql
FA = 8
8
ql
FB = 3l 8 •x = l 2
x =•
ql
8 −
8

• •
M
9ql 2 ql 2
128 16 30
Example 4.10
• Draw the diagram of q qa qa 2 / 2
shear forces and bending
moments. A B

• Solution: FA a a a FB
FS
qa
FA = qa
FB = qa
−qa
−qa 2 / 2

M qa 2 / 2
31
Example 4.11
• Draw the diagram of qa 2 / 2 q
shear forces and bending A
moments. B
• Solution: q
a a FB
FA
FA = qa FS qa
2 qa / 2
FB = qa
2 −qa / 2

qa 2 / 8
M
qa 2 / 2
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