THE PRACTICUM REPORT

STOICHIOMETRY

By :

Difa Rahmatika (4201419053)

Physics Education 2019

Mathematic and Natural Science Faculty

Universitas Negeri Semarang

Semarang
 STOICHIOMETRY

A. OBJECTIVES
1. To re-examining the validity of the law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier’s Law)
2. Looking for the mass relationship of the elements that are compounded
3. Determining the ratio of the number of moles between the reacting substances

B. THEORY
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical
reaction. To interpret a reaction quantitatively, we need to apply our knowledge of molar
masses and the mole concept. The mole method is the stoichiometric coefficients in a
chemical equation can be interpreted as the number of moles of each substance.
Lavoisier was the first person to make appropriate scientific observations to study
chemical changes. He weighed substances before and after chemical changes occurred.
This weighing is done not only for substances in the form of solids or liquids, but also for
gases. A large number of observations show that the mas of all substances undergoing
chemical change is the same as the weighing it does is limited to the mass limit that can be
done at the time that the mass of substances formed at the chemical change.
Because of its basic and general nature, the discovery of Lavoisier was called ‘The
Law of Conservation of Mass’. In chemical reactions the mass of substances before and
after a chemical reaction is fixed. In ordinary chemical reactions there is no change in the
mass of the substance. The mass of substance before the reaction is as much as the period
after the reaction.
The coefficient in the reaction equation states the number of atoms or molecules or
ions that react and the number of atoms or molecules or ions produced by the reaction. The
right number of reactant molecules reacting can be expressed with the reactant mass
reacting. The smallest mass of reactant is equal to the mass of one atom or one reactant
molecule that is equal to the relative atomic mass or the relative molecular mass of the
reactant in the same units.
Changes in heat can also be used to determine the acid-base stoichiometry reacted.
Heat changes in chemical reactions depend on the amount of reagents. If the number of
moles of reagents is changed while the volume is fixed, the reaction stoichiometry can be
determined from the point of maximum heat change, by reducing the temperature rise to
the composition of the mixture.

C. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS LAB

Equipment : 8. Beaker glass
1. Erlenmeyer flask 100 ml 9. Thermometer 100oC
2. Reaction tube 75x1 mm
3. Weighing balance Materials:
4. Methylated burner 1. 1 M NaOH solution
5. Stative and clamp 2. 1 M H2SO4 solution
6. Spatula 3. 0.5 M KI solution
7. Measuring cylinder 10 and 25 ml 4. 0.5 M Pb(NO3)2 solution
D. METHOD
a. Determination of the Mass of the Substance in Chemical Reaction
1. Insert 2.5 ml of KI solution into the Erlenmeyer flask and 1.5 ml of Pb(NO3)2
solution into a small test tube. Insert the tube into the Erlenmeyer flask and close
the flask! Weigh the Erlenmeyer flask and its contents. Record the mass!
2. Tilt the flask so that the two solutions can mix. What changes have happened!
3. Weigh again the Erlenmeyer and its content. Record the mass!
4. Filter the solution in a flask. Record the results!

b. Determination of the Ratio of the Number of Moles of Reagents

1. Insert 0.2M Pb(NO3)2 solution and 0.2M KI solution into 6 tubes of the same size
according to the following arrangement :
Tube A B C D E F
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 (ml) 1 2 3 5 7 9
Volume of KI (ml) 9 8 7 5 3 1
2. Stir each mixture. Then let the precipitate drop for about half an hour. Measure
the sediment height!
3. Make graph between the height of the deposit against the composition of the
mixture

c. Stoichiometry of Acid and Base

1. In 5 tubes insert 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 ml 1M NaOH solution and into 5 other
beakers enter 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 ml 1M H2SO4 solution.
2. The temperature of each solution is measured and recorded and the average value
is calculated (as the initial temperature TM)
3. After that, two kinds of solution are mixed so that the volume of the mixture of
acid and base solution is always constant 15 ml
4. Temperature changes that occur during this mixing are observed and recorded as
final temperature TA. Calculate the difference in ΔT = TA – TM. Thus the value ΔT
will be obtained for each time mixing acid and base solutions
5. Make the graph between ΔT (y axis) and the composition of the acid base volume
(y axis)

E. EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND CALCULATIONS

a. Determination of the Mass of the Substance in Chemical Reaction
Reaction between KI solutions and Pb(NO3)2
The mass of Erlenmeyer before the reaction = 80.64 grams
The mass of Erlenmeyer after the reaction = 80.30 grams

Changes in the state of the substance after filtering

Before the reaction After the reaction
 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbI2

b. Determination of the Ratio of the Number of Moles of Reagents

Tube A B C D E F
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 (ml) 1 2 3 5 7 9
Volume of KI (ml) 9 8 7 5 3 1
Height of the sediment 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.5

12

10
The Height of Sediment (mm)

6
Pb(NO3)22

4 KI

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Volume (ml)

Graph 1 Relation of sediment height versus composition of the mixture

c. Stoichiometry of Acid and Base

Volume of NaOH (ml) Volume of H2SO4 (ml) TM (oC) TA (oC) ΔT (oC)
0 15 29 29 0
2.5 12.5 29 30.5 1.5
5 10 29 3 5
7.5 7.5 29 35.5 6.5
10 5 29 35 6
12.5 2.5 29 36 7
15 0 29 29 0
 8

5
ΔT (0C)
4
NaOH
3
H2SO4
2

0
0 5 10 15 20
Volume (ml)

Graph 2. Relation of ΔT versus composition of acid and base

F. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

a. Determination of the Mass of the Substance in Chemical Reaction
According to the experimental data, the mass of the substance before the
reaction and after the reaction are slightly different. The mass after the reaction is less
than the mass before the reaction. We accidentally spilled out a little bit of substance.
If we didn’t spill out the substance, the mass would be the same. The mass after the
reaction has the same value with the mass after the reaction.
When the substance is left for a while, yellow sediment are formed. The yellow
sediment is PbI2. This is the chemical reaction how the yellow sediment are formed
2KI + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbI2

b. Determination of the Ratio of the Number of Moles of Reagents

According to the experimental data the ratio of the number of moles is
comparable to the coefficient of the reactions. The coefficient in the reaction equation
states the number of atoms or molecules or ions that react and the number of atoms or
molecules or ions produced by the reaction. The right number of reactant molecules
reacting can be expressed with the reactant mass reacting.
2KI + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbI2
The optimum value of the sediment height is on the C and D mixture. They
have the highest value than others. Their sediment height is 11 mm. The D mixture
contains 5ml Pb(NO3)2 and 5ml KI. The C mixture contains 3ml Pb(NO3)2 and 7ml KI.

c. Stoichiometry of Acid and Base

The chemical reaction from the acid and the base :
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
According to the experimental data, the optimum value of ΔT contains 1.5 ml
NaOH and 2.5 ml H2SO4. The value of ΔT are different each other, according to the
composition of the mixture.
Heat changes in chemical reactions depend on the amount of reagents. If the
number of moles of reagents is changed while the volume is fixed, the reaction
 stoichiometry can be determined from the point of maximum heat change, by reducing
the temperature rise to the composition of the mixture

G. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Conclusion
 The substances’ mass before and after the reaction is the same
 The mole ratio of the reacting agent according to the reaction coefficient, as well as
the reaction substances
 Heat changes in chemical reactions depend on the amount of reagents

Suggestion
 Be careful when do the experiment
 Read more books or other references to know more about what the stoichiometry is

H. REFERENCES
Keenan, Kleinfelter,, Wood, Hadyana Pudjatmaka.1980. Kimia untuk Univeritas.
Knoxville : The University of Tennese.
Sukarna, I Made. 2003. Kimia Dasar I. Yogyakarta : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
Petrucci, Hardwood, Herring, Madura. 2008. Kimia Dasar : Prinsip-Prinsip dan
Aplikasi Modern. Jakarta : Erlangga,
IS,Kasmadi, Luhbandjono,Gatot. 2004. Kimia Dasar I. Semarang : Universitas Negeri
Semarang.
Chang,Raymond, Overby,Jason. 2011. General Chemistry. New York : McGraw-Hill.
 ANSWER THE QUESTION
Questions
1. In the experiment of determining the mass of substance in a chemical reaction, did
a chemical event occur? If there is mention! How do the mass of substances after
the reaction compare to before the reaction?
2. Based on Graph 1,
a. Show the composition of the volume reagents what is the highest sediment
yield?
b. Calculate the number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 and the number of moles of KI
found in the volume of solution that produces the highest sediment
c. The number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 and KI that reacts is compared as easy and
round numbers. What is the comparison?
3. Based on Graph 2,
a. What is the volume of NaOH and H2SO4 mixture that shows the highest ΔT
price?
b. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH and H2SO4 in the volume that
produces the highest ΔT!
c. The number of moles of NaOH and H2SO4 reacting is proportional to as simple
and round numbers. What is the comparison?

Answers
1. Yes, it did. Because this is make the new substances and has the new characteristic
than before.
In chemical reactions the mass of substances before and after a chemical reaction is
fixed. In ordinary chemical reactions there is no change in the mass of the
substance. The mass of substance before the reaction is as much as the period after
the reaction.
2. Graph 1
a. It is contains the 5 ml Pb(NO3)2 and the 5ml KI
b. Moles of Pb(NO3)2 = MxV = 0.5 x 5 = 2.5 moles
Moles of KI = MxV = 0.5 x 5 = 2.5 moles
c. Ratio of Pb(NO3)2 : KI = 1 : 2
3. Graph 2
a. The 12.5 ml NaOH and the 2.5 ml H2SO4
b. Moles of NaOH = MxV = 1x12.5 = 12.5 mol
Moles of H2SO4 = MxV = 1x2.5 = 2.5 mol
c. Ratio of moles of NaOH : H2SO4 = 2 : 1
DOCUMENTATION