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Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions and Equations
chemical change: produces one or more new substances with new properties,
characteristics, etc�
the new substance can longer be returned to its original form
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into
new substances with different physical and chemical properties.
DEMO
Symbol Meaning
(s) Solid
(l) Liquid
(g) Gas
(aq) Dissolved in water (aqueous solution)
--> yields
? reversible reaction
?, heat reactants are heated
Catalyst added to speed up a rxn
Homework
1. What is a chemical reaction?
2. When water boils on a stove does a chemical change or physical change take
place?
3. Give four examples of evidence that suggests a chemical change is occurring.
4. When propane gas, C3H8, is burned with oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide
and water. Write an unbalanced formula equation including physical states for the
reaction.
5. What does �Mn� above the arrow in a formula equation mean?
6. What symbol is used in a chemical equation to indicate �produces� or �yields�?
7. Solid silicon and solid magnesium chloride form when silicon tetrachloride gas
reacts with magnesium metal. Write a word equation and an unbalanced formula
equation including physical states.
8. Magnesium oxide forms from magnesium metal and oxygen gas. Write a word equation
and an unbalanced formula equation including physical states.
9. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is produced through the reaction between tetraphosphorus
decoxide and water. Write an unbalanced formula equation including physical states
for the reaction.
10. Aluminum reacts with oxygen to produce aluminum oxide. Write an unbalanced
formula equation including physical states for the reaction.
8.2 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Notice that in a chemical reaction, ATOMS ARE NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED, THEY
ARE CONSERVED (Law of Conservation of Matter). The atoms are just rearranged and
connected differently. All atoms present in the reactants must be accounted for
among the products. In other words, there must be the same number of each type of
atom on the product side as on the reactant side of the arrow. This is called
BALANCING THE CHEMICAL EQUATION for the reaction. When balancing an equation the
identities (formulas) of the compounds must never be changed. In other words, the
subscripts in the formula cannot be changed, nor can atoms be added or subtracted
from a formula. The correct way to balance is to use COEFFICIENTS: the number in
front of a chemical formula (must be simplest integers).
HINTS
1. Balance by inspection
2. Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
3. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last
4. Balance using polyatomic ions to save time
5. Odd-Even Technique (Use fractions to balance then multiply by 2).
6. 7 diatomic elements ONLY WHEN ALONE (H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
More Examples
1. Solid mercury II oxide decomposes to produce liquid mercury metal and gaseous
oxygen
2. Solid carbon reacts with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide
Write the formula equation for the following reactions and balance:
2. When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide.
3. Barium oxide reacts with water to form barium hydroxide.
4. Zinc reacts with copper (II) nitrate to form zinc nitrate and copper.
5. When heated, calcium sulfite decomposes to form calcium oxide and sulfur
dioxide.
6. Iron reacts with sulfuric acid to form iron (II) sulfate and hydrogen gas.
7. Manganese (II) iodide decomposes when exposed to light to form manganese and
iodine.
8. Lead (II) acetate reacts with zinc to produce zinc acetate and lead.
Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a reaction of a carbon-based compound (Hydrocarbon) with
oxygen.
Carbon-based cmpd + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
A + X --> AX
Decomposition Reactions
One substance breaks down to form two or more simpler substances.
AX --> A + X
1. Metallic carbonates, when heated, form metallic oxides and carbon dioxide.
2. Metallic hydroxides, when heated, decompose into metallic oxides and water.
3. Metallic chlorates, when heated, decompose into metallic chlorides and oxygen.
4. Some acids, when heated, decompose into nonmetallic oxides and water.
A + BX --> AX + B
Y + BX --> X + BY
The possibility of a single replacement reaction taking place depends upon the
relative activities of the elements involved. Refer to the activity series chart
(handout or page 281 textbook) to complete reactions.
4. Replacement of halogens.
AX + BY --> AY + BX
Some chemical reactions do not fit nicely into one of the four categories of
chemical reactions. This different class of reactions is called REDOX reactions,
which will be discussed, in later chapters.
� Spectator ions remain unchanged in the solution as aqueous ions. They do not
react. CANCEL THEM OUT
2K+ (aq) + 2I� (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO31- (aq) ( PbI2(aq) + 2K+ (aq) +
2NO31-(aq)
� The net ionic equation is the chemical equation that shows only the net change.
2I�(aq) + Pb2+ (aq) ( PbI2(s)
DO MORE EXAMPLES
potassium sulfate and barium nitrate
sodium carbonate and calcium chloride
� Solubility Rules
�
1. All salts of Group IA, and ammonium are soluble.
�
2. All salts of nitrates, chlorates and acetates are soluble.