CONCLUSION

 ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENT OF COPPER= ____________g/C

 EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF COPPER= _________ g

 ATOMIC MASS OF COPPER= ___________ g

 MASS OF ONE ATOM OF COPPER= ______________ g

 PROCEDURE
Connecting the circuit

1. To the positive terminal of battery connect the positive terminal of ammeter.

2. Then connect the negative terminal of battery of ammeter to an electrode from
the copper voltmeter which would be termed an anode.
3. The negative terminal of battery should then be connected to a key, rheostat
and then to the other electrode of copper voltmeter.

Performing the task

1. Take out the middle electrode and wash it in water, and then dry it.
2. Weight the dry electrode and note its initial weight m1.
3. Put the electrode back in the voltameter.
4. We set the amount of current so as not to exceed density 1 [A/dm²].
5. Join the power supply with electrodes terminals.
6. Turn on the power supply adaptor and observe the value of current.
7. Calculate the time of electrolysis with the stop watch. It cannot be shorter than
20 minutes.
8. After electrolysis is over, turn off the power supply. Take out the middle
electrode, wash and dry it.
9. Again we weight the middle electrode and note its final mass m2.
Principle of Electrolysis

In ionic bonds, one atom loses its valence electrons and another atom gains
electrons. As a result, one atom becomes positively charged ion and another atom
becomes a negative ion. Due to opposite charge both attract each other and form a
bonding between them called the Ionic Bond. In ionic bond, the force acting between
the ions is Coulomb force which is inversely proportional to the permittivity of the
medium. The relative permittivity of water is 80 at 20 °C. So, when any ionic bonded
chemical is dissolved in water, the bonding strength between ions becomes much
weaker and hence its molecules split into cations and anions moving freely in the
solution.

How to prepare fresh CuSO₄ solution:

To prepare the solution dissolve about 25g of CuSO₄ crystals in 100 cm³ water. Add a
few drops of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) to make it more conducting.
Current Density of Copper

Current Density of Copper (Cu) is 6 mA or 0.006 A.

One Faraday and Equivalent Weight of an Element

One Faraday is the charge on one mole of electron.

Equivalent Weight of an element is ratio of its atomic mass to its valency.

Also, one Faraday is the amount of charge required to deposit an equivalent weight
of any element at electrode
Faraday’s First Law and Electrochemical Equivalent

As the result of the experiments with electrolytes Faraday formulated a law defining
the dependence between the quantities of the substances being isolated during
electrolysis and the moved electric charge.

The amount of mass deposited on electrodes is directly proportional to the charge

passed through the electrolyte.

Where:

M∝Q M- Mass of electrolyte deposited on electrode

I-Current intensity
M = Z.Q
Q- Charge flowing through electrolyte
M = Z.It
t- Time of electrolysis

Z- coefficient defined as electrochemical equivalent

Copper Voltameter

Voltameter is a vessel in which the

process of electrolysis is carried out.
Copper Voltameter consists of a glass
vessel containing aqueous solution of
CuSO₄.

CuSO₄ acts as a electrolyte. The two

copper plates immersed in the
electrolyte acts as Anode and Cathode.
 THEORY
Electrolyte in an electric field

At the moment when the electric field is applied to the electrolyte, e.g. through
dipping the electrodes connected with the voltage source, electrostatic forces start
to act on ions. These forces cause cations (positive ions) to move to the positive
electrode (anode).

This phenomenon is an arranged movement of electric charges, so current is

flowing in the electrolyte.

The direction of current is same as direction of movement of cations. The whole of

phenomena occurring in electrolyte during the flow of current is called
ELECTROLYSIS.

In our practice electrolyte is water solution of copper sulphate. When ions reach
electrodes they precipitate on them or react with the solvent.

The concentration of solution will not change. The only change will be diminished
mass of anode and increased mass of cathode. As we use copper electrodes then
the reaction .
MATERIAL REQUIRED
 A Copper Voltmeter  Stop Watch
 6 V battery (D.C. mains)  Balance
 Ammeter  Weights
 Rheostat  Freshly prep.
 Simple Key Cuso₄ solution
 Sand Paper
 AIM
To measure electrochemical equivalent
from copper electrode, equivalent
weight, mass of copper and mass of
one atom of copper using a copper
voltmeter.
 INTRODUCTION
Electrolytes and Ionic Conduction

Generally said, electrolytes are substances which are built of atoms and their groups
with charges of counter signs called ions. Coulomb forces are acting amongst them.

Electrolytes are salts dissolved in water, bases and acids. If we dissolve or melt such
a substance, coulomb forces diminish and slight energy (e.g. thermal movement of
ions) can break ionic bonds- this process is called dissociation.

While in metals conductivity

was connected with the
movement of small unitary
mass electrons, in case of
electrolytes charge bearers are
hard ions

Conduction of electrolytes must be connected with transport of mass.

The dissociation process aims at a complete dissolution of a substance in solvent.

Nevertheless because of processes of recombination of ions, by set temperature,
given type of the substance and concrete solvent a permanent state of balance
between the process of dissociation and the process of recombination is established
– at the same time the same amount of particles dissociate and recombine.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to my mentor Ms. Hema Sangal for her
encouragement and for all the facilities she provided
me for project work. I extend my hearty thanks to
Mr. Joginder for his constant encouragement

YUVRAJ AHUJA
 CHEMISTRY PROJECT
REPORT
Aim: To measure electrochemical equivalent from
copper electrode, equivalent weight, mass of copper
and mass of one atom of copper using a copper
voltmeter.

SUBMITTED BY:-

TEACHER INCHARGE
NAME: Yuvraj Ahuja SESSION:
CLASS: XII-B

ADM. NO. : 11022

2019-20 MS. HEMA SANGAL
 INDEX

Certificate ……………………………………………………………
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………
Introduction ………………………………………………………..
Aim ……...……………………………………………………………..
Material Required ……………………………………………….
Theory ...………………………………………………………………
Procedure ……………………………………………………………
Observation …………………………………………………………
Observation Table ……………………………………………….
Calculations …………………………………………………………
Conclusion …………………………………………………………..
Precautions …………………………………………………………
Bibliography…………………………………………………………
 CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that YUVRAJ AHUJA,
student of class XII-B, admission no.
11022, has completed this project on
time during academic year 2019-20
under my guidance and supervision.

Signature of Internal Examiner

(Ms. Hema Sangal) Signature of External Examiner