A REVIEW OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY WITH

ORGANICRANKINE IN DIESEL ENGINES.

ABSTRACT:
Energy in this new age now has become an integral part of sustainable human life. The domestic
or industrial energy demand keeps on increasing in spite of rapidly depleting conventional energy
resources. This problem leads to different research areas among which, one was the Waste Heat
Recovery (WHR) approach. This Article reviews the OrganicRankine Cycle for waste heat
recovery by using waste heat rejected by Diesel Engine. The review primarily focused on
OrganicRankine Cycle distinguishing some basic varying parameters like Working Fluid, Cycle
Architecture, temperature ranges and advanced expander devices that affected the thermal
efficiency of the cycle. The two most influential parameters were working fluid mixture and
expander devices. The results demonstrated that the cost effective, thermally stable and desirable
working fluid mixtures systems, mainly for decentralized power generation Systems is the primary
focus of the current research.

INTRODUCTION:
Over the past few decades, the energy crises and environmental friendly approach. It is
is on the rise mainly due to the fossil fuel environmental friendly as Waste Heat
depletion and adverse effects of burning of Recovery (WHR) does not require any
fossil fuels.Burning of fossil fuels produce additional burning of fossil fuels.
CO2, NO2,SO2 and other harmful pollutants
In any industry, there are different sources
which results in greenhouse effect, ozone
producing waste heat which can be recycled
layer depletion, extreme weathers and smog.
or recused.One of these sources are engines
So, it has become mandatory, for the sake of
mainly diesel engine. Diesel Engine, from the
clean and green environment, that burning of
fossil fuels be eliminated or limited. And due
to limited fossil fuels resources and high
taxation on conventional energy, the energy
prices all over the world are increasing. Thus,
it is needed that our existing energy
generation processes be optimized, one such
way is the Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) that
is the use of waste heat resulting from
different processes in industries to be used
again for electricity generation and other
purposes, thus leading to more economical
dawn of the conventional energy, has played
an important role in Agriculture, Transport
and electricity generation as well as it is a
major contributor of CO2 emissions in the
atmosphere. This is due to the fact that more
than 60% of combusted mixture from
combustion process goes to environment as
waste heat[1]. Thus, this waste heat can be
recovered and converted into useful work
leading to pollutants free environment and
maximum utilization of available
resources.Generally,OrganicRankine
Cycle(ORC) is employed for electricity
production from heat, employing the waste
heat from sources such as geothermal,
biomass and Engines. OrganicRankine Cycle
(ORC) is considered a feasible solution for
electricity generation because of its minimal
environmental impacts.OrganicRankine
cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used to
produce work done by employing an Organic
fluid as a working fluid instead of water. The
working fluid has low latent heat and boiling
point leading to reduced
evaporation.TheSchematic of the
OrganicRankine Cycle is much simpler than
the Steam Rankine cycle: Only one single
heat exchanger is sufficientfor the three
evaporation stages that are preheating,
vaporization and superheating. Using of
bleed steam from turbine for reheating is not
suitable for OrganicRankine Cycle because
of low temperatures and there is not much
possibility for any variation in the ORC cycle
architecture. However, to increase the
efficiency of the cycle,arecuperator can be
employed to be used as a liquid preheater
between the outlet of pump and the expander
outlet.This reduces the amount of heat
requiredfor the vaporization of the fluid in the
evaporator [2]. A simple ORC schematic is
shown in Figure 1 andTSdiagram in Figure 2:
From the Figure 1 and figure 2, it can be seen
that working of ORC is simple: The Organic
working fluid is firstly compressed by the
pump then in the evaporator heat is absorbed
by the working fluid, this heat is rejected
from diesel engine and is recovered by
evaporator as waste heat. After heat
absorption, the heated vaporized fluid
expands through turbine and lastly cools
down in the condenser again returning to
liquid state.
Now as to why the other thermodynamics
cycles are not being used for Waste heat
recovery (WHR) is due to the simplicity,
safety(low temperatures) and ability to use
diverse working fluids mainly Organic
working fluids of OrganicRankine Cycle. As
waste heat has low phase change
temperatures so the use of Organic working
fluids is optimal choice which is limited to
ORC [3]. Moreover, ORC is widely used for
Waste Heat Recovery because of its potential
of decentralized power generation system
compared to its counter conventional
thermodynamic cycles and its low
maintenance costs.
Literature:
As the thermodynamics properties of
working fluids have considerable impact on
overall cycle efficiency therefore the review
of waste heat recovery from Heavy duty
Diesel Truck engines using ORC lead to the
fact that Isentropic Fluid Mixture, relatively
wet or dry are optimal choice for ORC waste
heat recovery systems Moreover the optimal
working fluids can be selected on the basis of
temperature range of system operations
specifically for the Dynamic Systems along
with the size of heat exchanger owing to
small spaces and environmental and public
safety factors. The results were concluded
that the binary mixture fluids with water as
the component i.e. Fluorinol-50 can attain
upto 15% increase in thermal efficiency and
also the zeotropic fluid mixtures in
comparison with the use of pure fluids. The
future research potential was found in
investigation of mixture working fluids for
ORC Waste Heat Recovery for on road
Vehicle applications [4].
OrganicRankine Cycle (ORC) is considered
an economical solution for electricity
production from low and moderate
temperature sources like waste heat recovery.
A general review for Internal Combustion
(IC) Engine waste heat recovery summarizes
that OrganicRankine cycle are the optimal
choice for the Low or moderate temperature
waste heat recovery as The ORC can operate
efficiently (using the standard components of
Rankine cycle) employing these moderate
temperatures. Depending on the electricity
production requirement different output
machinery like turbomachinery or
displacement type expanders are used. Two
Main variables that highly impact the
efficiency of OrganicRankine Cycle for
Waste Heat Recovery were identified to be:
Working Fluid and The Cycle Expanders
[5].
There is a vast amount of the waste heat from
the exhaust of the engines especially internal
combustion engines i.e Diesel engine.
Organic cycle provides the opportunity to
recover that waste heat. A research is done in
which two different configurations of
OrganicRankine cycle were used to recover
the waste heat from the exhaust of diesel
engine with the coolant of the 12-L diesel
engine used. The process of parametric
optimization for the both configurationsi.e
(preheat and regenerative) used first. The
working fluids were the R-134a, R-123 and
R-245fa for the OrganicRankine cycle. The
key objective for the research was to increase
the thermal efficiency of the cycle and to
increase the power generation. The
experiment was conducted at different speeds
of the engine and at the full load. It was
observed that by using R-123 as the working
fluid of ORC the best results were obtained
for both the configurations of the cycles i.e
11.73% and 13.56% reduction was seen in
fuel consumption [6].
Heat energythat is present in the exhaust
gases of a diesel engines can be important
heat source forproviding morepower using
OrganicRankine cycle. A research was
conducted to measure the available heat from the
exhaust gases of the 40 kW diesel engine
generator. Effectiveness of an shell and tube heat
exchanger with water as working fluid was
carried out. Experimental techniques , computer
simulation wereutilized to optimize the design of
the heat exchanger. Than this heat exchanger then
used to observe additional power considering
actual efficiency of the turbine.There were used
two heat exchangers for this purpose. The job of
first heat exchanger was to generate vapor and of
second to generate super-heated vapor. The
Organic fluids that were used areNH3 and HFC-
134a for the experiments. Water was used as
working fluid for comparing the results. The
optimized and proposed heat exchanger produced
10%, 9% and 8% extra power by using H2O, NH3
and HFC134a as working fluids respectively [7].
These days the scientific society strongly
concerned with the problems of efficiency and
emissions reduction of IC Engines. The external
equipment of IC engine with waste heat recovery
system is effective solution to overcome these
problems. This research focuses on solutions to
the maximum possible heat recovery from the
waste heat of a IC engine to produce the
maximum amount of additional power with
decreasing the load on the engine’s condenser.
The proposed waste heat recovery system is
based on a Supercritical OrganicRankine Cycle
using R245fa as the working fluid. Internal
regainingis used to further improve the cycle
performances and increase the waste heat
recovery. The observations of the new waste heat
recovery system showed that up to 19.73% of
power increased for the IC engine can be
achieved without the burning of the additional
fuel. In order to quantify the estimation of the
performances for proposed cycles the design of
the typical, high efficiency, a waste heat recovery
system based on double pressure water steam
cycle for the same engine's conditions was
performed. This comparison of performances
between the steam cycle and
theSupercriticalOrganicRankine Cycle R245fa
cycles confirmed a high potential for the designed
cycles[8].
Almost 20 - 30% of the heat energy available to
an I.C engine is converted to the useful work. The
remaining energy is lost by exhaust gases. A
research study used OrganicRankine Cycle to
harness the waste heat energy. The working fluid
of the ORC acted as the coolant for the exhaust
gases. The energy that was absorbed by the
working fluid was then used to rotate
theturbine.Heat balance test was conducted on
the diesel engine. Then it was estimated that the
amount of work availableat 50% of rated load.
R123,R245ca and R245fa were used as the
working fluids for the OrganicRankine cycle. It
was observed that recovery of the heat using ORC
and by utilizing the components of suitable
packaging dimensionsincreased the engine output
power without increasing the fuel consumption
[9].
As the diesel engines change roughly 40% of the
fuel energy into power accessible at the
crankshaft, while the rest some portion of the fuel
energy is lost as coolant, exhaust gases and other
waste heat. AnOrganicRankine cycle (ORC) can
be utilized to recoup this waste heat. In this paper,
the attributes of a framework joining a diesel
engine with an ORC which extract the waste heat
from the fumes gases are studied. On engine test
bench the performance graph of the diesel engine
is estimated and the amount of heat lost in the
fumes gases are determined over the engine's
whole working regions. In view of this
information, the working parameters of ORC are
characterized, and the performance of a joined
diesel engine-ORC framework is assessed over
this whole region. The outcomes demonstrate that
the net intensity of ORC is 6.304kW at evaluated
control point and a limit of 10% decrease in brake
explicit fuel utilization can be accomplished.[10].
OrganicRankine Cycle is currently arising as
another better solution for the waste heat
recovery. By utilizing this innovation to extract
the heat from the diesel engine will likewise help
in decreasing the fuel utilization. In the
OrganicRankine cycles dry or isentropic fluids
can be utilized due to their working extents and
critical temperature ranges. In this examination,
R134a and R22 are utilized as the working fluids.
By looking at the outcomes at various pressures
and temperatures, the fluid to be utilized in the
experimentation is chosen. Accessible diesel
engine from the high school research center setup
is exposed to the recovery of heat. Analysis
shows that in same operational conditions ,R134a
demonstrates better execution when contrasted
with R22. This proficiency shows the measure of
heat recovered from the total heat available in
exhaust gases[11].
System of exhaust heat recovery changes the heat
losses that occurs in the exhaust area of engines
into work. This innovation decreases the exhaust
emission in engines. This review paper broadens
the arrangement of different strategies on EHR in
diesel engine. Regardless of their indigenous
advantage for different technologies , it has some
constraint over applications to various context.
From the recent researches and flow investigates
the variety in use of exhaust heat from the diesel
engine is assessed and contrasted to discover
which methodology is reasonable to achieve high
effectiveness in heat recovery for power
generation purpose. At last a novel technique for
an EHR system is proposed to expand high level
of heat recovery in diesel engine from the
exhaust gases[12].
Heavy duty Diesel Engine (HDDE) are between
the greatest supporters of CO2 discharge and
surrounding contamination as they are the most
widely utilized innovation for business vehicles
and ship drive applications, just as, together with
responding gas motors, for little medium-
estimate disseminated stationary power age. New
discharge enactments in the on and off interstate
segments, such as EURO VI and Tier 4 last, with
respect to NOx and Particulate Matter (PM), are
additionally getting to be step by step
increasingly stringent. Consequently, in the most
recent years, worries about further engines
advancement and effectiveness improvement are
of essential significance and a few innovations
have been examined and executed. This audit is
intended to give an outline of the OrganicRankine
Cycle (ORC) innovation to recover wasted
thermal energy in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines
(for example fumes gas, EGR, coolant circuit,
charge air cooling, oil circuit) with specific
spotlight on vehicle applications for on and off
parkway divisions (for example whole deal
trucks, earth-moving machines, horticultural
tractors). Moreover, numerous diverse engine
working profiles regarding torque and speed are
assembled and revealed for an assortment of
normal vehicles, so as to portray the best
framework configuration point for the chosen
application.[13].
Raising fuel costs and future carbon dioxide
emanation limits are making a recharged
enthusiasm for strategies to build the thermal
efficiency of engines past the breaking point of
in-barrel methods. One promising component
that achieves the two destinations is the change of
engine waste heat to an increasingly helpful type
of vitality, either mechanical or electrical. This
paper audits the utilization of internal combustion
engines fumes squander heat recuperation
concentrating on OrganicRankine Cycles since
this thermodynamic cycle functions admirably
with the mid-range grade vitality of the fumes.
Determination of the cycle expander and working
liquid are the essential focal point of the audit,
since they are viewed as having the biggest effect
on framework execution. Results show a
potential fuel economy improvement around 10%
with current refrigerants and progressions in
expander innovation, two designs were presented
for simultaneousheat recovery from exhaust
gases and coolant. An improvement procedure
was connected for the arrangements in which the
objective was to boost the work generation and
thermal proficiency[14]
On combustion of air-fuel mixture ,over 60% of
energy isn't utilized to create the mechanical
work and is discharged into nature as waste heat.
In this way, the transformation of waste heat from
diesel engine into helpful work alongside engine
advancement is to improve the proficiency and
thermal administration systems. This research
paper is to go for giving a diagram of the most
recent innovation of the engine- OrganicRankine
Cycle system in the utilization of waste heat from
the heat sources with various temperatures, with
specific fixation on diesel engine. About 25% of
most extreme heat effectiveness is found from the
literature survey as utilizing traditional
independent engine OrganicRankine Cycle
system. however, about 90% of heat
effectiveness is accounted for from joined
recuperation arrangement of waste heat
sources[15]
Diesel engine are by a wide margin the most well-
known methods for impetus on board dispatches.
It is evaluated that around half of their fuel
vitality utilization is disseminated as second rate
heat. The OrganicRankine cycle innovation is a
well-established answer for the vitality
transformation of warm power from biomass
ignition, geothermal repositories, and waste
warmth from modern procedures. Be that as it
may, its monetary practicality has not yet been
exhibited for marine applications. This paper
goes for assessing the capability of utilizing
OrganicRankine cycle systems for waste warmth
recuperation on board transports. The appropriate
vessels and motor warmth sources are identified
by assessing the complete recoverable vitality.
Different cycle structures, working fluids, parts,
and control methodologies are examined. The
financial possibility and coordination on board
are additionally assessed. Various innovative
work regions are identified so as to handle the
 difficulties restricting a far reaching utilization of manufactures of truck meet the limitations of co2
this innovation in at present working vessels and exhaust. Available heat in the exhaust gas of a
new-structures. The outcomes demonstrate that diesel engine can be vital heat source to provide
OrganicRankine cycle units recouping heat from some extra power using separate OrganicRankine
the fumes gases of motors utilizing low-sulfur cycle(ORC) .OrganicRankine cycle (ORC)is the
powers could yield fuel funds somewhere in the most prospective technology of WHR. Waste
range of 10% and 15%. Alternative heat should need to be recovered in both exhaust
manufacturing procedures and materials, gases and the coolant this paper is a
progresses in the plan strategies for the ORC unit comprehensive review of literature about the
segments, and new procedure integration of the ORC systems used to recover heat from diesel
units inside the vitality arrangement of the ship, engine. Advanced configurations are confluent
thinking about the potential future utilization of cascade expansion (CCE) system Organic split
elective powers, are expected to additionally cycle(OSC),ORCwith a ejector with a
upgrade the financial reasonability of ORC regenerator and a dual loop OrganicRankine
systems and encourage their coordination ready. cycle with and without regeneration. IC engine
New working fluids will likewise be examined so and cooling water contains sufficient heat energy
as to diminish the flammability chance related for the implementation of a secondary cycle. This
with the ORC unit, and to comply with the research provide an improvement In the
increasingly restrictive guidelines on their efficiency of theORC[17].
natural effect.[16]
Waste heat recovery of engine recently has
fascinated ever more concerns. It can estimate
engine thermal efficiency and help the
Sr. PUBLICATION AUTHORS NAME YEAR OF Journal Findings
No. NAME PUBLICATI
ON
1. Waste Heat Recovery H. Teng, 2007 SAE Instead of pure fluids, the
of Heavy-Duty Diesel G. Renger, Technical zeotropic fluids and binary
Engines by C. Cowland. Paper Series. mixture fluids such as
OrganicRankine FLOURIINOL-50 as
Cycle Part II: working fluid can attain
Working Fluids for upto15% increase in
WHR-ORC thermal efficiency. Further
study is required for mixing
of different working fluids
mainly for road on vehicle
applications.
2. Review of C. Sprouse, 2013 Applied Working fluid and change in
OrganicRankine C. Depcik, Thermal architecture of ORC (mainly
cycles for internal Engineering use of output devices like
combustion turbines or displacement type
engineexhaust waste Expanders) is to be further
heat recovery. discussed for their cost
effectiveness and thermal
efficiency.
3. A comprehensive study B. Mojtaba, 2013 Thermal By using R134a as working
on waste heat recovery S. Javan, Science fluid more better results were
from internal M. Tahani obtained.
combustion engines Future Recommendations:
using Organic Rankine By use of different coolants
cycle
of R134x series more better
results are expected.
4. Waste heat recovery S N. Hossain 2014 10th By using the combination of
from exhaust of a diesel S. Bari International H2O, NH3& HFC-134a
generator set Journal on The efficiency increased up
usingOrganic fluids Mechanical to (8-10)%
Engineering Future Recommendations:
By using different
combinations of chemicals
with HFC-134a at different
rpms of engine more better
results can be obtained.
5. Design of waste heat O. Rudenko, 2015 3 rd By use of R245fa in dual
recovery systems based L. Moroz2, International loop Supercritical ORC we
on supercritical orc for M. Burlaka, Journal on cannot only increase the
powerful gas and diesel C. Joly ORC Power efficiency but also it is more
engines Systems long lasting.
Future Recommendations:
More work can be done on
the design of Waste Heat
Recovery Systems i.e by
changing diameters of LPT
and HPT impellers more
better results can be
obtained.
6. OrganicRankine Cycle MS. Nazeer, 2016 International The highest boiling point of
System for Waste S. Santhosh, M.Althaf, Journal of the refrigerant that is
HeatRecovery from M. Riyas, Research in observed is ofR123 that is
Twin Cylinder Diesel S.Thekkummuri Mechanical about 27.85 oC
Engine Exhaust Engineering Future Recommendations:
By the use of the refrigerants
having high boiling points
are more durable and gives
more efficiency
7. Performance analysis of M Ghilvacs , T Prisecaru , 2016 IOP In combined system of WHR
exhaust heat recovery H Pop1 , V Apostol , M Conference with ORC the net output power
using OrganicRankine Prisecaru, E Pop , Gh Series is increased by 6 – 8 % .
cycle in a passenger car Popescu , C Ciobanu , A Future recommendations:
with a compression Mohanad and A By using easy transient
ignition engine Alexandru operations and light
 materials the efficiency can
also be increased.

8. Waste Heat Recovery Mr. Shashank Shetty, Dr. September,2016 International In same operational conditions
on IC Engines Using Sanjay Bokade. Ms. Journal of ,R134a demonstrates better
Organic Rankine Cycle Amruta Gokhale Scientific & execution when contrasted with
Engineering R22.so the efficiency of the
Research Diesel engine and the combined
ORC setup is increased and the
consumption of fuel is reduced.
Future recommendations:
The further work can be
done by using different
working fluids at different
load and time conditions to
enhance the efficiency.

9. Review on Exhaust heat Mohamed Shedid, Moses November 2017 International The using of fins is more
Recovery System in Sashi Kumar Journal of appropriate in order to extract
Diesel Engine Advanced maximum heat,instead of using
Engineering porous materials and foam .
Research and Future recommendations:
Science In order to enhance the EHR
(IJAERS) and to save the cost of fuel in
future ,other methods such as
vortex generators, nanofluids,
using the PCM as heat storage
source can be used .
10. Review of Md. Abdul Raheem 2017 Emission of low carbon
OrganicRankine Junaidi, dioxide increases the
cycles for internal S. Irfan Sadaq thermal efficiency of
combustion engine engines.
exhaust waste heat Future Recommendations:
recovery
Demonstrate a potential Fuel
Improve 10% economy with
modern refrigerants.
11. A review of waste Simone lion, November 2017 by using ORC to increase the
heat recovery and Constantine N, fuel efficiency
OrganicRankine Michos,IoannisVlaskos, Future recommendations:
Cycles (ORC) in on- Cedric Rouaud, by resolving these issue of
off highway vehicle RodolfoTaccani ORC such as
Heavy Duty Diesel packaging,weight,space etc
Engine applications we use ORCcommercially.
12. Waste heat recovery Anh Tuan Hoang 2018 Applied About 25% of most extreme
from diesel engines Energy heat effectiveness is found from
the literature survey and, about
 based on Organic 90% of heat effectiveness is
Rankine Cycle accounted from joined
recuperation arrangement of
waste heat sources,
Future recommendations:
By using small size diesel
engines in combined diesel
engine-ORC systems along
with other suitable working
fluids can be considered in
future, to obtain high-efficiency
in combined-ORC system.
13. A review of the use of M. E.Mondejar, J. G 2018 Recover heat from exhaust
OrganicRankine cycle Andreasen, gases of engines by using
power systems for L. Pierobon, U. low-sulfur fuels and save
maritime applications Larsen,M.Thern, between 10%to 15% fuels.
F.Haglind, Future recommendations:
investigating new working
fluid which shall reduce the
flammability risk.
14. Waste Heat Recovery Alok Manas , Dubey November,2018 IC engine exhaust and
from Exhaust of cooling water increases its
Diesel Engines using efficiency.
Novel Future recommendations:
OrganicRankineCycle By use of different
Configurations configurations such as
Organic split cycle (OSC),
and confluent cascade
expansion (CCE) system,
ORC with an ejector and a
regenerator we get a better
result.

CONCLUSION:
This article reviewed the advancements in Waste heat Recovery(WHR) using OrganicRankine
Cycle(ORC) in Diesel Engines in the last decade. Diesel Engine being at the core of world energy
generation systems is not very optimized in itself as about 60% of its combusted mixture is rejected
as waste heat into the environment. Thus, the optimal solution is Waste Heat recovery, aimed at
maximum utilization of available energy resources while minimizing the environmental impacts.
OrganicRankine Cycle(ORC) is a feasible solution for waste heat recovery mainly because of its
ability(working Fluids property) to accept low or moderate temperature sources and only one
among other thermodynamic cycles which can achieve possibly about 30% thermal efficiency
from moderate temperatures sources. The review found a number of basic repetitive parameters
which influences the overall thermal efficiency of Waste heat recovery(WHR) Systems. The most
repetitive and influential parameters are:
  Working Fluids.
 Thermodynamic Cycle Architecture.
 Expander Technologies.
 Shape Modifications of Expander Devices.
The variation in the working fluid was found to be most impactful to thermal efficiency with trend
shifting from pure fluids(water) to Organic fluids (FLOURIINOL-50, Fluorinol-85etc.) to fluid
mixtures(water plus Organic fluids) and lastly fluid mixtures used with different coolants(R134x
coolants). The further research could be done in finding the cost effectiveOrganic fluids and
potential fluid mixtures with least environmental impacts, low volumetric fluids,high critical
temperature and nearly isentropic properties.The advancement in expander devices is the second
influential factor in OrganicRankine Cycle, with advancement in shape modification of
components. The review showed that scroll and screw expanders are widely used mainly for small
scale applications with about 70% thermal efficiency. The further research could be done in shape
modification of impeller, less space occupation option, unified performance indicators, less
weight, better thermal management and economical aspects. Overall, the future potential of
OrganicRankine cycle for the decentralized power systems could be further investigated with
prime focus on space, weight and thermal stability of system.

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