MASSEY UNIVERSITY

Institute of Fundamental Sciences

Mathematics

160.101 CALCULUS I (Distance)

Assignment 5 — Solutions

Semester Two, 2018

1. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve y = x3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, is
rotated about

(a) the x-axis;

(b) the y-axis.

Solution:

(a) Integrate with respect to x from x = 0 to x = 2. Cross sections are circles of radius
y = x3 , so the cross sectional area at x is πy 2 = πx6 . Hence the volume of the solid
is Z 2  2
6 1 7 128π
V =π x dx = π x = .
0 7 0 7
(b) Since the curve is rotated about the y-axis, we integrate with respect to y from y = 0
1
to y = 8. The cross section at y is a circle of radius x = y 3 , so the cross sectional
2
area at y is πx2 = πy 3 . Thus the volume of the solid is
Z 8 Z 8  8
2 3π 5 96π
V = A(y) dy = πy 3 dy = y3 = .
0 0 5 0 5

√ 1
2. The region enclosed by the curves y = 1 − x2 and y = 2
is revolved around the x-axis.
Find the volume of the resulting solid.
√
Solution: The curves are sketched in Figure 1. They intersect √
where 1 − x2 = 12 ,
which is equivalent to x2 = 34 . Hence the intersections are x = ± 23 . The cross-sectional
area is
!
√ 2  1 2
A(x) = π 1 − x2 −
2
 
1
= π 1 − x2 −
4

1
 Figure 1: Sketch for Problem 2.
 
3 2
=π −x ,
4
and so the volume is
Z √3 Z √
3  
2 2 3 2
√ A(x) dx = π √ − x dx
− 2
3
− 23 4
Z √3  
2 3 2 3
= 2π − x dx (since − x2 is an even function)
0 4 4
 √3
x3 2

3
= 2π x −
4 3 0
√ √ !
3 3 3 3
= 2π −
8 24
√ ! √
6 3 3
= 2π = π.
24 2

3. Find the average values on [−1, 1] of the function h(u) = 1/(3 − 2u).
Solution:

Z 1
1 1
favg = du
1 − (−1) −1 3 − 2u
 1
1 ln(3 − 2u)
=
2 −2 −1
= −(1/4)(ln 1 − ln 5) ≈ 0.40236.

2
4. Find the general solution of each of the following separable differential equations:
√
dy x
(a) = y
dx e
dv s+1
(b) =
ds sv + s
Solution:

(a) !!
3 3
√
Z Z
2x 2 2x 2
ey dy = x dx, ey = + C, y = ln +C .
3 3

(b)
dv s+1
= ,
ds s(v + 1)
Z Z Z  
s+1 1
(v + 1) dv = ds = 1+ ds,
s s
v2
+ v = s + ln |s| + C.
2

5. Consider the differential equation

dy xy sin x
= .
dx y+1

(a) Find the steady-state solution(s), if any.

(b) Find the general solution.
(c) Find the particular solution satisfying y(0) = 1.

Solution:

(a)
xy sin x
= 0, if y = 0.
y+1
(b) Z Z
y+1
dy = x sin x dx, y + ln |y| = −x cos x + sin x + C.
y
(c) If y(0) = 1, then
1 + 0 = 0 + 0 + C, C = 1.
The particular solution is

y + ln |y| = −x cos x + sin x + 1

3
6. Use Euler’s method with step size h = 0.1 to approximate the solution to the initial value
problem
dy
= y − x, y(0) = 2,
dx
at x = 0.4.
Solution: Euler’s method is yn+1 = yn + hf (xn , yn ), where f (x, y) = y − x in this
problem. The initial data are n = 0, x0 = 0, y0 = 2.

n xn y n hf (xn , yn )
0 0 2 0.2
1 0.1 2.2 0.21
2 0.2 2.41 0.221
3 0.3 2.631 0.2331
4 0.4 2.8641

Thus y(0.4) ≈ y4 = 2.8641.

Remark: This differential equation can be solved using the methods in Section 9.5 of
Stewart (not covered in this course), and the solution to the given initial value problem
is y(x) = ex + x + 1. The exact value at x = 0.4 is y(0.4) ≈ 2.8918, so our approximation
using Euler’s method is not terribly accurate. A smaller step size would give a better
answer.

7. Scientists find a large cave. They have provided the height of the roof of the cave above
the floor at 10m intervals across this width. The table shows their measurements.

Distance 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Height 0 11.4 13.2 10.8 15.1 19.8 20.1 12.9 0

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the cave at a point where the cave is 80m wide using
(i) the trapezoidal rule, and (ii) Simpson’s rule. Which method would you expect to give
the most accurate answer? Why?
Solution: Here the step size is fixed at h = 10, and the number of subintervals is n = 8.
The trapezoidal rule gives the approximation
h
IT = (f0 + 2f1 + 2f2 + 2f3 + 2f4 + 2f5 + 2f6 + 2f7 + f8 ) = 1033m2 ,
2
and Simpson’s rule gives the approximation
h
IS = (f0 + 4f1 + 2f2 + 4f3 + 2f4 + 4f5 + 2f6 + 4f7 + f8 ) = 1054.667m2 .
3
Simpson’s is expected to be more accurate because it is a higher order method (its error
is proportional to n−4 instead of n−2 ), but without more data or more information about
the function, we can’t be certain.

4
 Z 1
8. The exact value of the integral cos(x) dx is sin(1). The Trapezoidal rule is to be used to
0
approximate the value of sin(1) by approximating the integral using numerical integration.
Use the error formula for the Trapezoidal rule to estimate how many subintervals n would
be required to guarantee that the error in the approximation is less than 10−8 .
Solution: The error bound in the Trapezoidal rule is
M2 (b − a)3
E≤ .
12n2
Here |f 00 (x)| = | − cos(x)| which on the interval [0, 1] takes on its maximum value of 1 at
the left hand endpoint. Thus M2 = max0≤x≤1 |f 00 (x)| = 1. We will achieve the required
error bound if r
1 −8 1 × 108
≤ 10 ⇒ n ≥ ≈ 2886.75.
12n2 12
The next integer larger than this, i.e. 2887, will be enough subintervals.

9. Determine whether the following improper intervals converge. If the integral converges,
give the value of the integral.
Z ∞
1
(a) dx
1 x3
Z ∞
1
(b) x− 3 dx
1

Solution:

(a) This integral is convergent:

Z ∞ Z b
1 1
dx = lim dx
1 x3 b→∞ 1 x
3
 b
1
= lim − 2
b→∞ 2x 1
 
1 1 1
= lim − 2 = .
b→∞ 2 2b 2

(b) This integral is divergent:

Z ∞ Z b
− 13 1
x dx = lim x− 3 dx
1 b→∞ 1
" 2 #b
3x 3
= lim
b→∞ 2
1
2
!
3b 3 3
= lim − = ∞.
b→∞ 2 2

5
10. (a) Find the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for

g(x) = x2 e−x .

(b) Use your answer to part (b) to approximate the definite integral
Z 1
x2 e−x dx.
0

Solution:

(a) The first three terms of the Maclaurin series for ex is given by
2
x
X f (k) (0) 1 2
e ≈ xk = 1 + x + x.
k=0
k! 2!

Replacing x with −x gives the following series for e−x .

1
e−x ≈ 1 − x + x2 .
2
Multiplying this by x2 we obtain
1
x2 e−x ≈ x2 − x3 + x4 .
2

(b)
1 1  3 1
x4 x5
Z Z  
2 −x 2 3 1 4 x 1 1 1 11
x e dx ≈ x − x + x dx = − + = − + = .
0 0 2 3 4 10 0 3 4 10 60

Z π
11. Use MATLAB to approximate sin x dx
0

(a) by using the Trapezoidal rule

(i) with n = 8
(ii) with n = 128
(b) by using Simpson’s rule
(i) with n = 8
(ii) with n = 128
Z π
(c) Compare your answers in (a) and (b) with the actual value of sin x dx.
0

6
Solution:

(a) (i) >> format long

Trapezoidal Rule
>> n=8;a=0;b=pi;
>> h=(b-a)/n;
>> x=a:h:b;
>> y=sin(x);
>> w=[1,2*ones(1,n-1),1];
>> S=h*sum(y.*w)/2
S =
1.974231601945551
Z π
So sin x dx ≈ 1.974231601945551
0
(ii) >> n=128;a=0;b=pi;
>> h=(b-a)/n;
>> x=a:h:b;
>> y=sin(x);
>> w=[1,2*ones(1,n-1),1];
>> S=h*sum(y.*w)/2
S =
1.999899600184204
Z π
So sin x dx ≈ 1.999899600184204
0

(b) (i) Simpson’s Rule

>> n=8;a=0;b=pi;
>> h=(b-a)/n;
>> x=a:h:b;
>> y=sin(x);
>> w=[1,2*ones(1,n-1)+2*mod([1:n-1],2),1];
>> S=h*sum(y.*w)/3
S =
2.000269169948388
Z π
So sin x dx ≈ 2.000269169948388
0

(ii) >> n=128;a=0;b=pi;

>> h=(b-a)/n;
>> x=a:h:b;
>> y=sin(x);
>> w=[1,2*ones(1,n-1)+2*mod([1:n-1],2),1];
>> S=h*sum(y.*w)/3
>> S
S =
2.000000004032258

7
 Z π
So sin x dx ≈ 2.000000004032258
0
(c)
Z π π
sin x dx = − cos x

0 0

= − − 1 − (−1) = 2

Tn Sn ET ES
n=8 1.974231601945551 2.000269169948388 2.576839e-02 2.691699e-04
n=128 1.999899600184204 2.000000004032258 1.003998e-04 4.032258e-09