FIRST AID is the immediate care given to a person who
have been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self –
help and home care when medical assistance is not
available.
Objectives of First Aid
• To alleviate suffering
• To prevent added or further injury or danger
• To prolong life
Roles of First Aid
• It bridges the gap between the victim and the
physician.
• It is not intended to compete with nor take the
place of the services of the physician.
• It ends when the medical assistance begins.
Emergency Action Principles (EAP)
• Survey the scene.
• Do a primary survey of the victim.
• Check Vital Body Function
 A – Airway
 B – Breathing
 C – Circulation
• Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Transfer
Facility
• Do a Secondary Survey of the Victim.
• Record all assessment & time.
Fainting occurs when the blood supply to the brain is
momentarily inadequate, causing the patient to lose
consciousness. The loss of consciousness is usually brief.
Fainting can have no medical significance or the cause
can be a serious disorder. Therefore, treat loss of
consciousness as a medical emergency until the signs and
symptoms are relieved and the cause is known.
If you feel dizzy:
• Lie down or sit down.
• Loosen tight clothing.
• If you sit down, place your head between your
knees.
• Discuss recurrent fainting spells with your
doctor.
If someone else faints:
• Position the person on his or her back. Make sure the
legs are elevated above the heart level.
• Watch the airway carefully. People who lose
consciousness may vomit. Place the person in the
recovery position.
• Check for breathing. Position your ear over the
person's mouth to listen for breathing sounds. If
breathing has stopped, the problem is more
serious than a fainting spell. Initiate
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Get
emergency medical care.
• Help restore blood flow. If the person is
breathing, restore blood flow to the brain by
raising the person's legs above the level of the
head. Loosen belts, collars or other constrictive
clothing. The person should revive quickly. If the
person doesn't regain consciousness in 1 to 2
minutes, dial or call for emergency medical
assistance.
Shock is a depressed condition of many of the body
functions due to poor circulation following a serious
injury. Shock may result from trauma, heatstroke,
allergic reactions, severe infection, poisoning or other
causes.
Signs and symptoms:
• The skin is cool and clammy and may appear pale
or gray.
• The pulse is weak and rapid. Breathing may be
slow and shallow, or hyperventilation with rapid
breathing may occur. Blood pressure is below
normal.
• The eyes lack luster and may seem to stare.
Sometimes the pupils are dilated.
• The person may be conscious or unconscious. If
conscious, the person may feel faint or be very
 weak or confused. Shock sometimes causes a
person to become overly excited and anxious.
First Aid
• Have the person lie down on his or her back and
elevate the feet higher than the head. Keep the
person from moving unnecessarily.
• Look for the signs of shock as noted above.
• Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen
tight clothing and cover the person with a
blanket. Don't give the person anything to drink.
• If the person vomits or bleeds from the mouth,
turn the person on his or her side to prevent
choking.
• Treat any injuries, such as bleeding or broken
bones, appropriately.
Wounds refers to the break in the continuity of the
tissues in the body. It is classified as:
– Scrapes
– Laceration
– Cuts
– Puncture
Bleeding refers to a large discharge of blood from the
blood vessels.
• Stop the bleeding
– Elevation
– Direct Pressure
– Tourniquet
• Clean the wound. Rinse out the wound with
clear water. Use tweezers cleaned with alcohol
to remove the particles. There's no need to use
hydrogen peroxide, iodine or an iodine-
containing cleanser. These substances irritate
living cells. If you choose to use them, don't
apply them directly on the wound.
• Apply a thin layer of an antibiotic cream or
ointment to help keep the surface moist
• Cover the wound
• Get stitches for deep wounds
• Watch for signs of infection (redness, drainage,
warmth or swelling)
• Get a tetanus shot.
Choking is the difficulty in breathing due to obstruction
in the airway. Symptoms includes difficulty to speak or
cough. First aid for choking includes back blows and
Heimlich maneuver.
Indication for Emergency Transfer
• Danger of fire or explosion
• Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia
• Serious traffic hazard
• Danger of electrocution
• Danger of collapsing walls
• Risk of drowning
• Exposure to intense cold or heat; or weather
conditions
• Pinning by machinery
Procedure of First Aid during ERT
• Ensure open airway
• Control severe bleeding
• Check for other injuries
• Immobilize injured parts
• Arrange for transportation
• Avoid subjecting the victim to any unnecessary
disturbance
Pointers for the selection of Correct Method
• Nature or severity of the injury
• Size of the victim
• Physical capabilities of the first aider
• Number of personnel and equipment available
 • Nature of evacuation route be put through rehabilitation programs. Those
under 15 years old are exempted from criminal
• Distance to be covered liability and undergo intervention. Prior to this
law, children were locked up in jails together
• Sex of the victim
with adults even for petty offenses. They were
Methods of Transfer vulnerable to abuse during arrest and detention.
An average of 10,515 children were arrested
• One-man Assist/Carries/Drag every year. (DSWD, 2014)

1. Assist to walk  In 2012, RA 10630 was passed to amend the

2. Pack strap carry previous law. The new legislation allows children
3. Fireman’s carry as young as 12 years old to be held criminally
4. Piggyback carry liable for serious crimes such as rape and murder,
5. Lover’s carry among others. The law also mandates that local
6. Inclined drag government units establish “houses of hope” or
7. Blanket drag Bahay Pag-asa to offer rehabilitation, diversion,
8. Fireman’s drag and intervention.
9. Clothes drag
1. Strain theory - holds that crime is caused by the
• Two-man Assist/Carries difficulty faced in achieving socially valued goals
by legitimate means by those in poverty
1. Two-man assist to walk 2. Differential theory - it suggests young people are
2. Two-man carry by extremities motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers
3. Two-man fireman’s carry with assistant and learn criminal skills from them.
4. Two-man hand as litter 3. Labelling theory - the idea is that once labeled as
5. Two-man four hand seat deviant a young person may accept that role and
be more likely to associate with others who have
• Three or More Carry been similarly labelled.
4. Male phenomenon - youth crime is
 Move the victim only if his ABC’s are stable. dispropotionately commited by young men.
 As much as possible, let the victim move on his
own.
 Always ask the permission from the victim and Classification of Delinquency
keep him informed of your actions.
 Observe ergonomics in lifting and transfer. 1. Social Delinquents - Youths who hate the
authority specially those who have control of
their behavior. They are always in conflict with
Juvenile Delinquency - is an act or misbehavior that is what is right and does it with friends.
different from the normal procedure of rules and 2. Neurotic Delinquents - A youth who always acts
regulations, customs and traditions; and culture being alone by internalizing his or her own conflicts
committed by the youth. The term was developed so that and is largely preoccupied with his or her own
young offenders could avoid the disgrace of being feelings. He/she suffers insecurity in life.
classified as criminals in the police logbook. 3. Asocial Delinquents - A youth who acts as cold,
brutal and vicious quality for which s/he does not
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE feel anything.
CHILD : Article 19 - Protection from Abuse and Neglect: 4. Accidental Delinquents - A youth who has an
No one should hurt the child in any way. Adults should identifiable in character but happens to be at the
make sure that the child is protected from abuse, wrong place and time to commit delinquency.
violence and neglect. Even the PARENTS have no rights
to hurt the child.
Common Offenses Committed by the Youth
 Republic Act 9344 or the Juvenile Justice Law of
2006 sets the minimum age of criminal liability at  Stealing
15 years old – meaning those between 15 to 18
years old may be detained in youth centers and  Truancy
  Vagrancy

 Sexual aberration

Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

 Biological causes - hereditary defects, feeble

mindedness, physical defects, glandular
imbalance. A survey of criminal patients
demonstrated some of them having an extra “y”
chromosome

 Social causes - broken family (death of parents,

separation of parents, disturbed home
conditions) and poverty

 Others - cinemas and television, absence of

recreation, urbanization and industrialization,
slum dwelling

Family-related Delinquency - Lack of harmonious

relationship existing between parents and children.

 Runaway parents - Parents who left their

children in an orphanage.

 Vicious parents - Parents who expose their

children to vices.

 Aiders - Parents who encourage their children to

be delinquents.

 Triangular - Parents who engage in extra-marital

relationships.

 Inadequate - Parents who are not capable of

supporting their children.

Needs of youth

– Acceptance
– Security

– Faith

– Independence

– Guidance

– Control

– Love