CASE STUDY ON ECOLOGY

K.L.E.F
Green fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur Dist.522502

Under guidance of: - Dr.Monima Sarma

Submitted by:

Id.No:180030347

Name: M.Sai Saran

Section :S-8

Submitted to :DR.Monima Sarma

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 DECLARATION

I declare that the Case Study entitled “…………………………………………”was carried out by

me during November 2019, and this work is not the same as that of any other and has

not been submitted for award of any other degree/diploma

Place: Signature of the Student

Date:

2
 K.L.E.F
Green fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur Dist.

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that this case study entitled “----------------------------------” by -----------

-------------------------------------is a bonafied work carried out by him/her in

Department of Chemistry.

supervisor Head of the Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to -------------------------------------------------for

encouraging and guiding me to undertake this Case Study.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to --------------------------------and

……………….our beloved course lecturers of department for their encouragement.

Place:

Date:

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 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Aim and objectives

3. Review of literature

4. Methodology

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusion
1. Diversity of 'Birds of Kangra Valley (Himachal Pradesh)

INTRODUCTION

The Himalaya is the most magnificent complex folded mountain chain

among the global mountain systems as it occupies a special position not
only from the standpoint of providing water to a large part of Indian
subcontinent, but also harboring a variety of endemic and exotic flora and fauna.
The present study is carried out to assess the bird fauna at Pong Dam Wildlife
Sanctuary, Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Among vertebrates birds
constitute a well-defined group of fauna. Birds occupy an important position in the
animal kingdom, especially in relation to man. Due to industrialization and
urbanization most of the water bodies are severely polluted, which directly or
indirectly affect the aquatic fauna & flora of the aquatic ecosystem. Pong Dam
Wildlife Sanctuary is supporting a diverse number of species of birds because of its
diverse habitats. Pong Dam is a perennial reservoir situated at 32.017°N latitude
and 76.083E° longitude at an elevation of about 450m mean above sea level. It
comprises of a total geographical area of 207 sq. Km mainly falling in Nurpur and
Dehra forest divisions. Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary is divided into two ranges
Nagrota Surian & Dhameta and each range is further subdivided into four beats.
These beats comes under three physiographic zones viz, foothills of Shiwalik,
starting of Dhauladhar range of Himalaya and Northern edge of Indo-Gangetic
Plains. Pong Dam proper comes under foothills of Shiwalik; Dhameta, Jawali,
Nagrota Surian and Nandpur-Bhatoli lies in the area where Dhauladhar range of
Himalaya starts; and Sansarpur Terrace, Dada-siba and Dehra are located at the
northern edge of Indo-Gangetic Plains. Most of the species of birds show seasonal
migrations which is one of the most spectacular events concerned with birdlife.
Many animals perform migration but, birds are the well distinguished creatures to
migrate very long distances.The purpose of migration is obvious and logical as
migration helps birds to avoid adverse climatic conditions. Every year from
October to March flocks of waterfowls (that breed in Trans Himalayan areas in
summer) undertake migration to Pong WLS to spend winter in more affable
climatic conditions. Bar headed geese, Common Pochard, Northern Pintail,
Brahminy shelduck, Northern Shoveller, etc are some of the bird species which are
the winter migrants to Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary. Population estimation of any
species is important in order to know whether a species is declining or increasing
so that proper management and conservation can be done to protect the Wildlife.
So keeping this in view present study has been carried out to assess the avifauna of
Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary.

AIM: To study the different diversity of birds in kangra valley region.

OBJECTIVES:
The present study was undertaken with the following objectives:
 To assess the nature and distribution of vegetation in and around the valley
 To assess the distribution of animal life spectra;
 To understand the productivity of the water bodies;
 To assess the biodiversity and to understand the resource potential; and
 To ascertain migratory routes of fauna and possibility of breeding grounds.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
METHODOLOGY:
An area of about 207 Km2 has been explored during the present survey in the
months of January in winter & April, 2018 in summers. During winter survey used
to start by 9:00 am in the morning due to weather conditions and early morning at
6:00 am in summers. An average 6 to 7 hrs were spent in the field daily to observe
the bird species. Birds were observed with an aid of prismatic (10*50 DPS)
Olympus field binoculars. Field identifications were carried out with the help of
various field guides (Ali and Ripley, 1983; Grimmett et. al., 2003; Kazmierczak,
2000) [3, 14, 15]. Boat survey was also carried out to cover the deep water areas.
The data recorded in each survey is analyzed for population estimation and status
of bird species.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

During present study on avifauna of Pong Dam wildlife sanctuary district of
Himachal Pradesh, 169 species of birds belonging to 48 families and 16 orders
have been recorded. Family Anatidae, the well-known family which is famous for
its migratory nature & found in large congregations, has been observed to be
represented by highest number of species of birds (17 species) in this area,
followed by family Motacillidae (11 species). Families Laridae & Muscicapidae
has been represented by 10 species each; families Scolopacidae (9 species),
Accipitridae & Alaudidae (8 species each), Charadriidae (7 species), Ardeidae &
Columbidae (6 species each), Phylloscopidae & Leiothrichidae (5 species each),
Rallidae, Corvidae, Cisticolidae & Sturnidae (4 species each) respectively.
However families Phasinidae, Megalaimidae, Psittacidae, Dicruridae, Hirundinidae
and Passeridae have found to be represented by 3 species each, and the rest of the
families are represented by either 2 species or 1 species each (as given in Table 1).
In total, the highest number of individuals of birds has been observed in winter
(43203 number of individuals). Out of which bar headed goose (27395 number of
individuals) was found to be maximum in numbers followed by common pochards
(4083 number of individuals), common coots (3350 number of individuals),
northern pintail (1625 number of individuals), common teal (1381) and little
cormorant (865 number of individuals) respectively. Dominant family Anatidae
represented by 17 species of birds, was with a total count of 36625 individuals. In
summer the numbers of individuals of birds were observed less (1105 individuals).
Out of 169 species recorded in the areas surveyed 73 species were migrants to
Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary and 96 species of birds were resident to this
area. Out of the migratory bird species recorded, 30.13% winter migrants/partial
migrants,21.91% were winter migrants, 17.80% summer migrants, 6.84% summer
migrant/partial migrant, 5.47% summer migrant/residents, partial migrants &
residents/summer migrants, 4.10% summer migrants/winter migrants & 2.7%
partial migrants/summer migrants. During winter the maximum birds have been
observed due to easy accessibility of food and shelter for migratory birds.
CONCLUSION: Present study documented information on avifauna of Pong
Dam Wildlife Sanctuary. The analysis of data reveals a total of 44,308 individuals,
distributed among 169 species belonging to 48 families and 16 orders recorded
from this region. The highest numbers of individuals i.e. 43,203 of birds were
observed in winter (with a total number of 126 species of birds belonging to 15
orders and 36 families) as compared to summer with a total of 1105 individuals
(with 122 species belonging to 15 orders and 43 families). Due to onset of winters
when the wetlands become frozen in Europe and North and Central Asia, some of
the migratory bird species like Bar headed goose, Common Shelduck, Brahminy
Duck, Common Pochard, Common coots have been observed in highest numbers
in winter here as they spend winters in more affable climatic conditions. During
winter the maximum numbers of birds have been observed as it is an ideal resting
place for migratory birds due to easy accessibility of food and shelter, whereas in
summer their number was less in this area because these birds migrate back to their
breeding places. Moreover the lower Himalaya is relatively rich in avifauna as
compared to middle Himalaya. The life of aquatic birds depends directly on
physical and chemical properties of aquatic environment. Hence, the Pong Dam
Wildlife. Sanctuary is an important resting and feeding station for migratory bird
species, keeping this in view it is our suggestions to protect and conserve this
aquatic ecosystem to sustain the bird diversity of this region.
2.) STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS ON
KONDAKARLA-AWA LAKE.

INTRODUCTION

Kondakarla lake is situated northeast of Kondakarra village and is at about

35kin southwest of Visakhapatnam city and 10 km south of Anakapalle town
in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. It extends 3km in a northwest-
southeast direction and 2.5km in an east-west direction, at its maximum, and
has a total spread of about 6.5sq km. It is the largest natural fresh water lake
in Visakhapatnam district. The lake has a catchment area of about 20sqkm
and accounts for the water that comes into the lake during rainy season .
The lake is located in a semiarid tract. It is flooded with water during rainy
season from June to September and dries out almost to the bottom in
summer from April-May.
The lake supports a number of hydrophytes plants which form a
thick blanket on the surface of the lake. Besides a good variety of fresh
water fishes, the lake abounds in minor floral and faunal forms of biological
interest and importance and is serving as a veritable field laboratory for the
The lake is enclosed in between 50'~approx. 15 m not seen in the
map) and 100' (approx 30m) contours above MSL. The real challenge for the
conservation of the second largest fresh water Lake Andhra Pradesh is to
understand the management practices of the lake dependent communities and their
impact on the change in ecological state of the lake.
The Kondakarla Awa Lake, being a unique ecosystem, upon which
several thousands of families are dependent for their livelihood, needs urgent
conservation measures Chourey, (2001) for protecting it from the threats of
pollution, siltation, eutrophication and encroachments. Thus, the present study is
proposed to study the lake ecology with special reference to understand the impact
of the lake use by different user groups and initiate a long term monitoring
programme for its conservation, involving local youth, dependent 3 communities,
educational institutions, and industry in the vicinity.
AIM: To describe the ecological impacts of kondakarla Ava lake.

OBJECTIVES:
 To determine the Ecological State of the lake by its(a) water and sediments
Quality; (b)Biodiversity; (c)Siltation; (d) livelihoods and (e) Economy;
 To identify different User groups of the lakes and document the use
practices along with the best management practices;
 To develop appropriate conservation models within the frame work of the
National Wetlands Conservation Rules;
 To develop plans for the establishment of an Educational Tourism
programme involving local educational institutions;
 To initiate developing a data base for ecological monitoring of the lake.

METHODOLOGY:
The present “ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE KONDAKARLA-
AWA LAKE OF ANDHRA PRADESH” was carried out during September, 2012
to August, 2015. A freshwater lake, Kondakarla Awa, the second largest of Andhra
Pradesh was chosen for the study. The study was considered under four major
parts: Determining the Ecological Status of the lake; Understanding the
Socioeconomic Environment of the lake users and the impacts of use practices;
developing a monitoring frame work; and to propose establishment of Educational
tourism involving local educational institutions.
ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF KONDAKARLA AWA:
The ecological status of the lake was determined based upon the state of
the lake’s major ecological components – Physico-chemical Quality of the lake
waters and sediments; and the states of Lake Flora and Fauna. Towards this, a
Sampling Approach was followed and five sampling stations were selected for the
purpose.
 Selection of the Sampling Stations Five sampling stations (or sites) were
chosen across the wetland, which are situated along two main transects. Station V
is situated in the centre of the wetland intercepting the two transects. Station I, II,
III and IV are situated near the periphery of the wetland.
 Stations I - Station I is situated at the littoral zone of the lake at Kondakarla
Andalapalli;
 Stations II- Station II is situated at the littoral zone of the lake at Vadrapalli
village.
 Stations III- Station -III is situated at the littoral zone of the lake at
Avasomavaram village.
 Stations IV- Station IV is situated at the littoral zone of the lake at H-
Andalapalli
 Stations V- Station V is situated in the limnetic zone of the lake, at the 
centre of the wetland.

RESULTS & DISSCUSIONS:

The ecological state of the lake was delineated, based on the state of various
physical, chemical and biological parameters of the lake waters. These parameters
were monitored for a period of two years, during 2012 - 2015, through monthly
sampling at 14 selected sampling points of five stations of the lake. In the present
report, results for the five main stations are reported as the mean of the sampling
points of the station.
In case of the present study on lake, the major problems appear to be
high siltation, pollution from agricultural fields and habitations situated in the self
catchment area of the lake and also from the mass use of wetland peripherals for
washing clothes. The soils of the self catchment area being sandy silt loams get
easily eroded with every rain as the area is with meagre vegetation cover. The
vegetation in this region has been subjected to severe exploitation for fuel and
other needs. So is the case with the areas of wetland periphery, where the tree
cover is totally absent because of clear felling. Thus, the rate of erosion is very
high and contributes to the siltation of the lake. Trees were cut near
AndalapalliKondakarla village to construct mud roads for tourists. Encroachments
in peripheral areas by farmers have replaced littoral vegetation mainly rooted
emergent plants either with paddy or sugarcane. This has affected natural filtration
of silt by peripheral vegetative strip. Siltation of the wetland is highest at Stations
IV, which is connected to the inlet receiving waters from the river Sarda and self
catchment area as well. Due to the silt accumulation, the water holding capacity at
Station IV has reduced to a large extent that the wetland bed is exposed for 4 to 6
months every year, where even cultivation is done during that period.

CONCLUSIONS:
Kondakarla 'ava' a 600 ha. Perennial freshwater wetland is a relatively less known,
non-descript lake, despite its good taxonomic potential from view point of
diversity and distribution of zooplankton elements, besides overall wetland
biodiversity. Observations on the lake dimensions, ambient lake water quality, its
tropic status vis-a-vis plant nutrients, general/composition and ecology of the
zooplankton community and macrophytes have been incorporated. In all, > 71
species under five major zooplankter - groups - Rotifera (44 sp), Cladocera (14 sp),
Copepoda (5 sp.) Ostracoda (5 sp) and others (1 sp.) were identified. While
Copepods predominate, rotifers and cladoceran fauna exhibit rich diversity, in their
overall species content, in this primarily oligotrophic lake type.
3. Studies on the ecological impacts of Kolleru Lake
(Eutrophication).

INTRODUCTION
Kolleru Lake is the largest freshwater lake and is located in Andhra Pradesh.
Kolleru is located between Krishna and Godavari delta and covers an area of
308 km². The lake serves as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for these two
rivers.Kolleru Lake is a shallow freshwater wetland, a natural depression, the
bed level being 3 ft below MSL, between the Godavari and Krishna deltaic
systems in Andhra Pradesh. Kolleru its connection with the Bay of Bengal through
a .60 km long, intricately meandering tidal channel called Upputeru— a
typical characteristic of coastal lagoons. Apparently, this lagoon has
prograssively fallen inland with the advancement of the Krishna and Godavari
deltas on both sides of it.

The Kolleru has turned into a freshwater body_ The lake continued to exist
through thousands of years after its formation, in spite of sedimentation through
inland streams and reduction in the flushing capacity of Upputeru due to the over
exteasion of its course by progressive advancement of the coastline far away into
the sea.

Aquaculture was introduced into this predominantly agriculture and fishing

based economy of the lake by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. A large
number of fish seed hatcheries have been established. It is estimated that the total
water-spread area of fish ponds in the lake. Thousands of fish tanks were
dug up fide the wetland converting the lake into a mere drain. Apart from this
the farmers had converted the land use pattern of the lake. This had a lot of
impact in terms of pollution leading to even difficulty in getting drinking water
for the local people. The like is losing out due to large...scale reclamation of
land for agriculture and construction of a network of fish ponds and roads. So
government directed the state to remove all sorts ofencroachment including the
fish tanks. This caused a huge hue and cry among the fishermen comn-
unity. From then the government is undertaking many projects to restore back
the glory of the lake.

AIM: To describe the ecological impacts of KOllERU Lake.

OBJECTIVES:
 To create high resolution Geo-spatial Data at 1:10000 scales
for the catchment areas, upper catchment areas, surroundings
and 1:4000 scale for the lake area.
 To demarcate scientifically the boundary of the lake.
 To reconstruct the evolutionary history of the lake and the
associated geometry.
 To document the special status of fauna and flora of the lake
and its environs.
 To identify the point and non-point sources of pollution and
their influence on the lake serenity and biodiversity.
 To design and develop strategies for the conservation and
restoration of the ecosystems of the lake.
 To enhance implementation of an Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM) approach for the development of a
strategic integrated management action plan for the Kolleru
Lake and Upputeru River Estuary ecosystem, with special
emphasis on Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS), modelling,
training and capacity building.
  Develop IWRM enhancing methods to better understand the
ecosystem goods and services of the Kolleru Lake and
Upputeru River estuary ecosystem.

METHODOLOGIES:
Study area:
Kolleru, the largest fresh water body in India, is lo-cated between latitudes 16132
0and16147 0N and long-itudes 81105 0and 81127 0E (Fig. 1). It functions as
a£ood-balancing reservoir between two deltas andsupports vulnerable avian
species such as the spoon-bill sandpiper (Euryhorhynchus pygmies), Grey peli-can
(Pelecanus philippensis) as well as greater£amingos (Phenicopterus rubera) and
lesser £amingos(Phoeniconaias minor). It is situated between the del-tas of two
major rivers, Godavari and Krishna, in An-dhra Pradesh state, which is the leading
state inaquaculture farming with a culture area of111560 ha and a production of
53124 tonnes in2003^2004 (MPEDA 2004). The entire area of thelake comprises
vast plains interspersed with pools ofwater with tree species such as Borassus
£abellifer,Acacia nilotica etc. The lake is covered by litt oral vegetation,
predominantly hydrophytes. It is fed directly by two seasonal rivers, the Budimeru
and the Tami-leru, besides 30 in£owing drains and channels. Ithas a variety of
wetland habitats ranging f rom coast-al freshwater lagoons to seasonal
freshwatermarshes/pools. Although the lake is about 35 k m in-land from the
current coast line, it was a coastal la-goon in the geological past, believed to have
beenformed around 6000 years BP, when the shorelin was far inland along the
southern (seaward) marginof the lake, as evident from the presence of a series
ofsandy beach-dune ridges right up to the southernmargin of the lake, near
Kaikalur and A kividu towns.

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

This study assessed the changes in land use patternof Kolleru Lake arising from
various activities suchas aquaculture, agriculture and settlements. Geogra-phical
Information System analysis using satellitedata indicated that there was a drastic
reduction inthe lake area and profound change i n its appearance.

CONCLUSIONS:
It is clearly evident from the information gathered from presently available
literature that freshwater like management needs committed and
focused integrated management strategies. Unless. constant monitor ing of var
ious facets of restoration and past restoration measures is carried out on a
regular basis, covering various components none can ensure sustenance of
lake's health. The outcome of these studies should be made use of by the district,
state and central government a.drninistrative authorities to ensure organized
restoration of the flesh water Kolleru Lake and arresting salinity of the Lake
waters. Details included in the present write up need to be supplemented by
ongoing studies by various organizations to have a comprehensive understanding
of freshwater lake ecosystem and its impact on bicdiversity.
Assessment of Environmental Impacts related to ITC paper mills
(Rajahmundry)

INTRODUCTION:
Industrialization is necessary for the economic development of a
country. Apart from directly contributing to income and employment generation,
industrialization induces output and employment growth indirectly through its
linkages with other sectors. However, industrialization can also lead to worsening
of environmental conditions. This is mainly for two reasons. First, industry uses
natural resources as raw materials, that is, there is larger scale of natural resource
exploitation. Secondly, it also generates pollution and degrades the environment
which may also reduce the productivity of people and industrial units create the
problem of negative externalities leading to inefficiency and market failure.
ITC’s Paperboards and specialty papers Division is India’s largest,
technologically advanced and most eco-friendly, paper and paperboards business.
The business caters to a wide spectrum of packaging, graphic, communication,
writing, printing, and speciality paper requirements through its four world-class
manufacturing units, 8 sales offices and a network of more than 60 dealers in India,
along with a robust international trade network of distributors/agents and 6
finishing operations close to the market for providing faster service to the
customers.
Having pioneered many speciality applications, ITC’s paperboards and
speciality papers business enjoys market leadership in the value –added
paperboards segment. and also has a significant share of the Indian fine papers
market. It is the largest exporter of coated boards from India.

AIM:
The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of paper production on
environment with reference to the Paper Mill. The impact on environment will be
examined in terms of loss of agricultural productivity and damage to health. Impact
of Paper Industry on Environment.
 OBJECTIVES:

 The environmental impact of paper is significant, which has led to changes

in industry & behaviour at both business and personal levels.
 Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years
with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture.
 Plantation forest from where the majority of wood for pulping is obtains is
generally a monoculture and this raises concerns over the ecological effects
of the practice.
 Pollution caused by paper mills releases gases.
 One concern about recycling wood pulp paper is that the fibbers are
degraded with each and after being recycled four or five times the fibbers
become too short and week to be useful in making paper.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
The pulp and paper industry is a chemical process industry with major impact on
the environment. The potential pollutants from a pulp and paper mill can be
classified into four categories –liquid effluents, air pollutants, solid wastes and
noise pollution (Mohanty & Srivastav, 1998). The major pollutants in a pulp and
paper industry are the various gases like sulphur compounds and nitrogen oxides
emitted to the air, and chlorinated and organic compounds, Dr Bhupen Kumar
nutrients and metals, which are discharged to the wastewater. Pulp and paper
production, consumption and wasting have many negative environmental and
social impacts. The pulp and paper industry is among the world’s largest
generators of air and water pollutants, waste products and the gases that cause
climate change. It is also one of the largest user raw materials including fresh
water, energy and forest fibbers. Pulp and paper mills use and generate materials
that may be harmful to the air, water and land. The pulp and paper industry is the
largest industrial process water user in the U.S. (U.S. department of Commerce,
2000). A typical pulp and paper mill used 4000-12000 gallons of water per ton of
pulp produced in the US. Pulp and Paper industry has been considered as one of
the major polluting industries in the world (Sharma N & Chakravarty H, 2008).
Pulp and paper mills pollute water, air and soil. The pulp and paper industry is the
third most polluting industry in North America. Gopalaratnam N (1996) points out
some of the important environmental issues associated with the paper industry.
These issues are- Large use of water and discharge of coloured effluent, presence
of chlorinated by products in the effluent system, odour control, acid deposition
and stack emission, solid waste. He further mentions that paper industry is also
responsible for denudation of forests. Ghosh & Ghosh (2008) stated that pulp and
paper mills have been categorized amongst one of the major energy intensive and
highly polluting.

METHODOLOGIES:
The study is based on both secondary and primary data. The secondary data are
collected from various sources. The main source of secondary data is the
Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited, Negron Paper Mill unit. The census data of
the Government of India, 2001 is also collected to know the demographic profile
of the study area. The primary data were collected through a sample survey. The
sample has been selected through a two-stage sampling design. In the first stage,
eleven villages have been purposively selected keeping in consideration the
representation of villages within a radius of ten kilometres at different distances
from the mill. In selecting the villages the direction from the mill is also considered
so that data can be gathered from villages located in east, west, north and south. In
the second stage roughly ten percent farm households from each of the selected
villages were randomly selected for survey. Total number of households thus
surveyed is 110. Data thus collected have been processed and analyzed using
Microsoft Excel and SPSS 11.0. Besides, using usual statistical tools of average,
ratio, and percentage, some customized tools have also been used. For instance, to
capture the economic status of the sample households in a summary measure, an
index of economic status has been designed. This index itself is an average of two
constituent indices, namely, the index living conditions and the index of
consumption standard. The index of living standard has then been computed for a
household by taking the average of the four item indices i.e., indices of house type,
electrification status, drinking water source and place of defecation. Index of
consumption standard have been similarly computed from a households possession
of (a) transportation related consumer durables such as bicycles, two wheelers four
wheelers, and/or power tiller, tractor (b) other consumer durables namely radio,
television and refrigerators. Households have been given scores on the level of
possession, which have been converted to item indices by dividing the households’
scores by the maximum possible score in the category, and the item indices
Have arithmetic mean. Finally, the index of economic status has been constructed
by taking average of the indices of living condition and consumption standard.
Besides this index, association and correlation about different factors especially
those relating to health status with economic status and distance from the location
of the industry have been worked out. To estimate the environmental damages of
production activities of the mill, the Damage Cost Approach is used. The Damage
Cost Approach measures the actual damage caused by pollution. For the Damage
Cost Approach, environmental damages are identified. In this study, the Damage
Cost Approach is used to investigate the impact of the pollution generated by the
paper mill. There can be four components of this approach namely loss of
agricultural productivity, damage to health, adverse effect on property and
accelerated corrosion. Here, the damages are estimated in terms of loss of
agricultural productivity and damage to human health only. To investigate the
effect of pollution on agricultural productivity and on the health of the people of
the study area, multiple regression analysis is carried out.

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on environment
which are collectively known as paper pollution. Pulp mills contribute to air, water
and land pollution. Discarded paper is a major com[potent of many landfill
sites, accounting for about 35 percent by weight of municipal solid waste before
recycling Even paper recycling can be a source of pollution due to the sludge
produced during de-inking.
According to Canadian citizenspeople need paper products and we need
sustainable, environmentally safe production? The amount of products and paper is
enormous, so the environmental impact is also very significant. It has been
estimated that by 2020 paper mills will produce almost 500,000,000ons of paper
and paperboard per year, so great forts are needed to ensure that the environment is
protected during the production, use and recycling disposal of this enormous
volume of material.
Pulp and paper is the third largest industrial polluter to air, water, and land in both
Canada and United States and releases well over 100 million kg of toxic pollution
each year.

Worldwide, the pulp and paper industry is the fifth largest consumer of energy,
accounting for four percent of the entire world’s energy. The pulp and paper
industry uses more water to produce a ton of products than any industry.

AIR POLLUTION:
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are all
emitted during paper manufacturing. Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide are
major contributors of acid rain, whereas CO2 is a greenhouse gases responsible for
climate change.

RECYCLED PAPER AND PAPER MILLS

Recycling is an alternative use of landfills and recycled paper is one of the less
complicated producers in the recycling industry. Although there is not a landfill
and fill crisis at this point in time, it is commonly believed that measures should to
be taken in order to lower the negative impacts of landfills, for many hazardous
elements are produced and spread because of this enclosure of trash. Most recycled
paper is priced higher than freshly made paper, and this tends to plays deciding
factor for the consumer.
Because most of the recycled pulp is purchased in an open market, virgin paper is
produced cheaper with the pulp that was made byte specific paper mill. Virgin
paper contains no recycled content and is made directly from the pulp of trees or
cotton. Materials recovered after the initial paper manufacturing process are
considered recycled paper.

CONCLUSION:
“The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference
documents with general and industry specific examples of Good International
Industry Practice (GIIP). In simpler terms, the EHS is what helps develop the
federal regulations on industries and companies that require factories that have the
potential to cause a great amount of harm to society and the environment. These
Guidelines for the environment, health and safety list out the specific rules for the
paper mill industries that explains what they need to follow in order to limit the
pollution that is consequently distributed and by the mills”.

THE END