SoTa veSapiZe

ekonomikis safuZvlebi
 SoTa veSapiZe

ekonomikis safuZvlebi

daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saqarTvelos

erovnuli Tavdacvis akademia, 2015

2
 S.a. veSapiZe.
ekonomikis safuZvlebi: saxelmZRvanelo. daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saqarTvelos
erovnuli Tavdacvis akademia, 2015.
“ekonomikis safuZvlebis” winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneb-
lis saxelobis erovnuli Tavdacvis akademiaSi momzadda da bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis
aris gankuTvnili. wignis ufro mniSvnelovani nawili Sedgenilia Semdeg ZiriTad wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT: jek harvei, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria; marina maSina, ekonomikis anbani;
pol krugmani, robi velsi, marTa l. olni, ekonomikuri Teoriis safuZvlebi; gregori men-
qiu, ekonomikis principebi. aseve aRsaniSnavia profesorebis a. movsesianis, s. ogni-
vcevis, e. borisovis, l. grebnevis, r. nureevis, d. valovois, v. kozirevis, a. bula-
tovis saxelmZRvaneloebi.
gansakuTrebiT unda gamovyoT qarTveli avtorebi: akademikosebi, vl. papava,
a. silagaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti l. Ciqava da
profesorebi: g. adeiSvili,g. Todua, S. qistauri, T. WiabriSvili, r. abesaZe, T. beriZe,
r. asaTiani, d. iakobiZe, r. kakulia, ე. meqvabiSvili, r. gogoxia, m. jibuti, a. jibuti,
s. pavliaSvili, n. WiTanava, m. ToqmaziSvili, o. qeSelaSvili, u. samadaSvili, T. Sengelia,
m. gvelesiani, g. jolia, n. aslamaziSvili, n. Turnava, s. fetelava, S. gogiaSvili,
e. baraTaSvili, a. griSikaSvili, r. gvelesiani, g. erqomaiSvili, m. gelaSvili, a. abralava,
l. baxtaZe, j. kaxniaSvili, p. leiaSvili, p. lemonjava, k. Rurwkaia, g. malaSxia, l. qarCava,
r. oTinaSvili, m. vaniSvili, z. Sanava, T. baqraZe, r. basaria, v. sarTania, a. sisvaZe,
n. CixlaZe, d. kvaracxelia, m. kvaracxelia, a. gvaruciZe, d. sexniaSvili, r. Sengelia,
z. lipartia, g. caava, z. gviSiani, a. siWinava, e. xaraiSvili, n. xaduri, r. javaxiSvili,
d. jangulaSvili, m. WiabriSvili, g. xanTaZe da sxvebi.
„ekonomikis safuZvlebis“ saleqcio kursis mizania sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
cxovrebis safuZvlebis Rrmad SeswavlisTvis, sinamdvilis obieqturi, miukerZoebeli
analizisTvis saWiro meTodologiuri safuZvlebis Semecneba; fundamentis Cayra mravali
(mikroekonomikis, makroekonomikis, ekonomikis principebis, menejmentis, marketingis da sxva
mravali) ekonomikuri disciplinebis SeswavlisTvis, romlebic iyeneben sazogadoebaSi mimdi-
nare procesebis ekonomikuri mxaris zogadi cnebebis, kanonzomierebebis, maTi
urTierTkavSirisa da maCvenebelTa sistemas; ekonomikuri sistemebis tipebisa da modelebis,
sabazro meqanizmis ZiriTadi elementebis Seswavla; miwodebisa da moTxovnis sabazro
Zalebis, elastikurobis, Semosavlebis, xarjebis, mogebis, samewarmeo saqmianobis mowyobis
safuZvlebis, sawarmos finansebis, konkurenciisa da monopoliis arsis, saxelmwifosa da
mTavrobis rolis, fulisa da safinanso institutebis, ekonomikis rogorc mTlianobis zogadi
safuZvlebis Semecneba.

ISBN 978-9941-0-7675-6 (PDF)

samecniero saredaqცio sabWo: akademikosi avTandil silagaZe (Tavmjdomare)

profesori Teimuraz Sengelia (viceTavmjdomare), პrofesori Tamaz zubi-
aSvili, profesori loid qarCava, asoc. Pპrofesori Tamar aTaneliSvili, asoc.
profesori madona gelaSvili.

saredaqcio kolegia: prof. qeTevan WiabriSvili (kolegiis Tavmjdomare) prof.

nino jojua (kolegiis viceTavmjdomare) prof. nana
aslamaziSvili, prof. qeTevan quTaTelaZe, prof. rusu-
dan dalaqiSvili, prof. Salva julayiZe, prof. Salva
kvezereli, asistent-profesori nino ruxaia-
mosemRvdliSvili.
recenzentები: e . m . d . profesori revaz gogoxia; e.m.k. profesori merab gvelesiani.

3
 sarCevi
Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................ 11
pirveli Tavi kursis sagani da meTodologia .................................................... 13
²ekonomikis Tanamedrove gageba “²meurneoba“ ²da „ekonomika“ ................... 13
ekonomikuri mecnierebis sagani ....................................................................................................... 13
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ZiriTadi funqciebi ................................................................. 15
ekonomikuri kanonebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi ......................................................... 16
ekonomikis kanonebis da principebis urTierTkavSiri .......................................... 16
ekonomikuri analizis doneebi ........................................................................................................ 16
zogadi ekonomikuri Teoriis principebi ............................................................................ 17
Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi ekonomikis principebi .................................................. 17
daSvebaTa roli ................................................................................................................................................ 19
“sxva Tanabar pirobebSi” daSvebis gamoyeneba ekonomikaSi.......................................... 19

pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi .......................................................................................... 21

kanonebi, romlebic metwilad mikroekonomikis sferos ekuTvnis ...........23
ekonomikuri kanonebis Taviseburebani ....................................................................................23
kanonebis moTxovnebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos
exeba ................................................................................................................................................................................23
sameurneo saqmianobis mTavari roli ...................................................................................... 24
“ratom unda daiwyoT Tqven, 21-e saukunis studentebma, ekonomikuri
mecnierebis Seswavla? “ .............................................................................................................................25
produqtis ra saxeobebs qmnis ekonomika ............................................................................. 26
sazogadoebis materialuri simdidris mdgenelebi .................................................... 29
rogoraa moxmarebis sagnebi dakavSirebuli warmoebis saSualebebTan 29
ekonomikuri problema ...............................................................................................................................30
ekonomikuri dovlaTi ........................................................................................................................ 31

ekonomikuri dovlaTis oradi xasiaTi .................................................................................. 31

ekonomikis meTodebi ...................................................................................................................................32
ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi ........................................................... 33
dialeqtikis 3 mTavari kanoni...........................................................................................................34
sistemuri midgomis meTodi ................................................................................................................. 35
logikis kanonebi ............................................................................................................................................. 37
deduqciuri da induqciuri daskvnebis gamoyeneba ........................................................ 38
kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis .......................................................................................................................... 38
danarTi a ................................................................................................................................................................ 39
“didi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT analitikur azrovnebas. Cven
vcxovrobT im droSi, roca Zalian bevri viciT, magram Rrma codna gvaklia”.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
danarTi b ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
ganwyobis Teoria ............................................................................................................................................ 41
danarTi g ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
ras aZlevs anu ra kavSiria „ekonomikasa da menejments Soris“ ............... 42
meore Tavi ekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis
zogadi daxasiaTeba ..................................................................................................................... 44
“ekonomikuri azri” da “ekonomikuri moZRvreba” ....................................................... 44
sami mTavari wanamZRvari ........................................................................................................................45
kumulaciuri da evoluciuri midgoma ......................................................................................45
yvelaze pirveli ekonomikuri azri da moZRvrebebi Tvalis erTi
gadavlebiT: ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
4
 umniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuri Teoriebi ............................................................................ 46
Zveli aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri moZRvrebani ............................................................ 47
Zveli saberZneTis ekonomikuri azri ....................................................................................... 47
klasikuri ekonomikuri mecnierebis fuZemdeblebi adam smiTi da deivid
rikardo...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis mTavari mimarTulebebi ..................50
qarTuli ekonomikuri azris warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis etapebi da
warmomadgenlebi ...............................................................................................................................................52
SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebani .................................................................52
vaxtang VI-is ekonomikuri Sexedulebani ...............................................................................54
sulxan-saba orbelianis ekonomikuri Sexedulebani ................................................. 55
ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri moZRvreba: liberalizmis qarTuli
nairsaxeobis ideologia .........................................................................................................................56
danarTi a .................................................................................................................................................................. 61
“Tvla Tumca magre-rigad ar icoda. . . angariSi Znelad SeeSleboda” 61
danarTi b .................................................................................................................................................................. 61
ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: fuZemdebeli mamebi ................................ 61
danarTi g ................................................................................................................................................................. 64
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ............................................ 64
mesame Tavi ekonomikuri sistemebi da maTi arsi .......................................... 71
ra elementebisgan Sedgeba sistema ekonomikaSi .......................................................... 71
ra struqturuli rgolebisgan Sedgeba sameurneo sistema ............................... 72
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis realuri amocana ........................................ 73
Tavisufali konkurenciis sabazro ekonomika (sufTa kapitalizmi) .....75
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika (Tanamedrove kapitalizmi anu Sereuli
ekonomika) ................................................................................................................................................................ 76
tradiciuli sistema .....................................................................................................................................78
administraciul-mbrZanebluri (centralizebul-gegmuri, komunisturi) sistema
..............................................................................................................................................................................................78
msoflios Tanamedrove ekonomikuri modelebis Taviseburebebi .............. 83
danarTi a ..................................................................................................................................................................84
Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis modelebi .................................................................................84
danarTi b ..................................................................................................................................................................87
ekonomikuri sistemebis tipebi ........................................................................................................87
sabazro ekonomika .........................................................................................................................................87
direqtiuli (marTvadi) ekonomika ................................................................................................89
Sereuli ekonomika ......................................................................................................................................... 91
meoTxe Tavi sabazro meqanizmis ZiriTadi elementebi..............................93
ra xdis motivirebuls organizaciis wevrebs Seasrulon samuSao maRal
doneze........................................................................................................................................................................... 93
moTxovnilebebis Teoriebi ................................................................................................................. 94
maslous moTxovnilebebis ierarqia .......................................................................................... 94
moTxovnilebaTa roli dovlaTis wrebrunvaSi ........................................................... 96
ekonomikuri progresis stadiebi ...................................................................................................98
vis da ras mohyavs warmoeba moZraobaSi .............................................................................98
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri institutebi ........................................................................................103
sabazro sistemis organizaciis amocanebi ...................................................................... 104
ra aris sakuTreba ......................................................................................................................................... 107
ra aris sakuTrebis ekonomikuri urTierToba ............................................................ 107
sakuTreba da Tavisufleba .................................................................................................................. 109
ekonomikuri Tu iuridiuli kategoria? .............................................................................. 110
5
 sakuTrebis fenomenis gageba samarTlebrivi Teoriebis gadasaxedidan111
konkurencia ........................................................................................................................................................... 112
konkurenciis saxeobebi da konkurentuli garemos dacva ................................ 113
keTilsindisieri da arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciaKresursebi (warmoebis
faqtorebi) ............................................................................................................................................................. 114
Kekonomikuri resursebis saxeobebi ........................................................................................... 115
bazris warmoSobis pirobebi ............................................................................................................ 116
bazris funqciebis Sinaarsi................................................................................................................. 117
danarTi a ................................................................................................................................................................ 119
sazogadoebisa da bunebis ekonomikuri urierTqmedeba ...................................... 119
danarTi b ............................................................................................................................................................... 120
realuri dovlaTis moZraoba agentebs Soris sazogadoeba........................ 120
danarTi g ................................................................................................................................................................ 121
ekonomikuri wrebrunvis umartivesi modeli .................................................................. 121
danarTi d ............................................................................................................................................................... 122
wrebrunvis modeli saxelmwifos rolis gaTvaliswinebiT ........................... 122
mexuTe Tavi miwodeba da moTxovna ........................................................................... 124
moTxovna, miwodeba, fasi .................................................................................................................... 124
moTxovna ................................................................................................................................................................ 124
moTxovnis mrudi ............................................................................................................................................125
moTxovnis kanoni ..........................................................................................................................................125
moTxovnis elastiuroba ....................................................................................................................... 126
moTxovnis elastiurobis koeficienti ............................................................................... 127
razea damokidebuli moTxovnis elastiuroba an araelastiuroba calkeul
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze ..............................................................................................................128
saerTo moTxovnis cvlileba ...........................................................................................................128
miwodeba .................................................................................................................................................................. 129
miwodebis kanoni ........................................................................................................................................... 129
Kmiwodebis mrudi ............................................................................................................................................130
miwodebis elastiuroba .......................................................................................................................... 131
saerTo miwodebis cvlileba ............................................................................................................. 131
wonasworuli fasi ........................................................................................................................................ 132
Tavisufali konkurenciis modeli .............................................................................................. 133
moTxovna da miwodeba ............................................................................................................................. 133
wonasworoba .......................................................................................................................................................134
mrudebis gadaadgileba da mrudebis gaswvriv moZraoba .....................................136
ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: alfred marSali da faswarmoqmnis
Teoria ....................................................................................................................................................................... 138
moTxovna da miwodeba grZelvadian periodSi .............................................................. 139
danarTi a ............................................................................................................................................................... 140
meeqvse Tavi Semosavali, danaxarjebi, mogeba ................................................... 141
ESemosavali, danaxarjebi, mogeba ................................................................................................ 141
Ewarmoebis faqtorebis kombinaciis arCeva .................................................................... 142
Eklebadi sargeblianobis kanoni ..................................................................................................143
Emudmivi, cvladi da saerTo danaxarjebi .......................................................................... 144
saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebi ..............................................................................................145
ekonomikuri azris istoriidan: karl marqsis (1818-1883) zedmeti Rirebulebis
Teoria ...................................................................................................................................................................... 146
meSvide Tavi mewarmeoba ........................................................................................................148
i. Sumpeteris Teoria mewarmeobis da mewarmis arsis Sesaxeb ....................148
i. Sumpeteris @~axali kombinaciebis~ damatebebi ......................................................150
6
 mTavari daskvna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom unda mivakuTvnoT mewarmeoba
resursebs ..................................................................................................................................................................150
mewarmeobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formebis Tanafardoba .................. 151
individualuri kerZo (erTpirovnuli) sawarmo ........................................................... 153
erTpirovnuli sawarmos Rirsebebi.............................................................................................154
erTpirovnuli sawarmos naklovanebebi ................................................................................154
amxanagoba (partnioroba) ..................................................................................................................... 155
amxanagobis Rirsebebi................................................................................................................................ 155
amxanagobis naklovanebebi ...................................................................................................................156
saaqcio sazogadoeba .................................................................................................................................156
aqcioneruli formis sawarmos Rirsebebi ...........................................................................157
saaqcio sawarmoTa naklovanebebi ..............................................................................................157
rogoraa organizebuli Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoeba? .............................. 158
sakuTrebisa da kontrolis funqciebis ganawileba ................................................ 160
rTuli biznesuri organizaciuli struqturebi - korporaciebi ............ 162
transerovnuli korporaciis Taviseburebebia ..............................................................163
samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa samarTlebrivi formebi da maTi
dafuZneba saqarTveloSi..................................................................................................................... 164
pasuxismgebloba, Sesatani, informaciis miRebisa da kontrolis uflebebi
........................................................................................................................................................................................... 164
mewarme subieqtis registracia ..................................................................................................... 166
sawarmos registraciis pirobebi ................................................................................................ 167
sawarmos saregistracio monacemebis cvlilebis ......................................................168
registracia ..........................................................................................................................................................168
safirmo saxelwodeba (firma) .......................................................................................................... 169
samamulo mewarmeobis istoriidan ........................................................................................... 170
danarTi a ............................................................................................................................................................. 179
ra gansxvavebaa menejersa da mewarmes Soris? .............................................................. 179
merve Tavi sawarmos finansebis zogadi mimoxilva......................................180
sawarmos finansebi ........................................................................................................................................180
sawarmos dafinansebis Sida wyaroebi .....................................................................................180
dafinansebis gareSe wyaroebi........................................................................................................... 181
moklevadiani dakrediteba ................................................................................................................... 181
grZelvadiani dakrediteba....................................................................................................................182
Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebis dafinansebis wyaroebi ..................................182
aqciebi ........................................................................................................................................................................182
obligaciebi ......................................................................................................................................................... 183
fasiani qaRaldebis bazari ..................................................................................................................184
safondo birJa ...................................................................................................................................................184
birJis gareSe bazari..................................................................................................................................184
rogor TamaSoben birJaze ...................................................................................................................184
danarTi a ................................................................................................................................................................ 185
“krediti, wminda ekonomiuris Tvisebis, imisTana ram aris, romlis ZaliTac
fuli erTis xelidam meoreSi gadadis marto im azriT, rom ekonomiuri
warmoeba ganaZlieros”. ........................................................................................................................... 185
danarTi b ................................................................................................................................................................186
„finansuri dawesebuleba igia, romelic ganagebs. . . saxelmwifos
Semosaval-gasavlis saqmeebs“.............................................................................................................186
mecxre Tavi konkurencia da misi mniSvneloba ...............................................187
konkurencia da monopolia ................................................................................................................187
sruli konkurencia .......................................................................................................................................187
7
 monopolia.............................................................................................................................................................188
sabazro fasi monopoliis pirobebSi .....................................................................................188
kanoniT nebadarTuli monopoliis saxeebi ..................................................................... 190
ra “ziani” moaqvs monopolias? .................................................................................................... 192
arasruli konkurenciis saxeebi ...................................................................................................... 193
monopolisturi konkurencia............................................................................................................ 193
fasebi monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobebSi ...................................................... 194
monopolisturi konkurencia-sikeTe Tu boroteba?.............................................. 194
oligopolia ...................................................................................................................................................... 194
msxvil sawarmoTa organizaciuli formebi oligopoliisa da
monopoliis pirobebSi ............................................................................................................................195
sabazro fasi oligopoliis pirobebSi ............................................................................... 197
monopsonia da oligopsonia ........................................................................................................... 197
bazris struqturis sxvadasxva tipebi da efeqturoba .........................................198
ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: arasruli konkurenciis Teoriis
Semqmnelebi ............................................................................................................................................................198
danarTi a .................................................................................................................................................................. 204
bazris sxvadasxva tipebis maxasiaTeblebi ....................................................................... 204
meaTe Tavi ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva: mizezebi, instrumentebi,
zomebi .................................................................................................................................................... 205
saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis roli............................................................................................ 205
saxelmwifo biujeti koncetrirebulad asaxavs qveynis ekonomikaSi Carevas
........................................................................................................................................................................................... 206
biujeti .................................................................................................................................................................... 207
sagadasaxado sistemis agebis principebi ............................................................................ 208
sagadasaxado tvirTis gadatana .................................................................................................... 211
Crdilovani ekonomika ............................................................................................................................. 211
biujetis deficiti da erovnuli vali ................................................................................. 213
vali............................................................................................................................................................................... 213
mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSebis zogadi meTodologia ...............215
danarTi a ............................................................................................................................................................. 220
vekonomikuri Tavisufleba................................................................................................................. 220
danarTi b ............................................................................................................................................................. 224
“var kvotebis winaaRmdegi. magram, var Tanasworobis momxre da Tu vxedav,
rom Tanasworoba ver miiRweva kvotebis gareSe, me maSin vxdebi kvotebis
momxre”. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 224
meTerTmete Tavi fuli da safinanso institutebi ...................................... 231
fuli da safinanso institutebi .................................................................................................. 231
f u l i ...................................................................................................................................................................... 231
rogor gaCnda fuli ..................................................................................................................................... 231
fulis funqciebi ............................................................................................................................................. 233
fulis Tanamedrove saxeebi................................................................................................................ 234
fulis msyidvelobiTi unari ............................................................................................................. 235
inflacia ................................................................................................................................................................. 237
inflaciis tipebi da mizezebi ....................................................................................................... 240
inflaciis Sedegebi ..................................................................................................................................... 243
safinanso institutebi ........................................................................................................................... 244
centraluri banki ......................................................................................................................................... 244
komerciuli bankebi .................................................................................................................................... 246
ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan ..................................................................................... 249
meTormete Tavi ekonomika rogorc mTlianoba ............................................. 251
8
 mTliani ekonomika .......................................................................................................................................251
ekonomikuri wrebrunva ............................................................................................................................251
makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi .................................................................................................... 253
danarTi a ............................................................................................................................................................... 256
Semosavlis sxva makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi ..................................................... 256
danarTi b ............................................................................................................................................................... 261
mep-s gaangariSebis sami meTodi prof. i. gurovas “msoflio ekonomikis”
saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT.................................................................................................................. 261
danarTi გ ............................................................................................................................................................... 263
makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa urTierTkavSiri ...................................................... 263
mecamete Tavi ekonomikuri zrda ................................................................................. 266
ekonomikuri zrda......................................................................................................................................... 266
ekonomikuri zrdis mdgenelebi ...................................................................................................... 267
ekonomikuri zrdis ori modeli.................................................................................................. 269
ekonomikuri zrdis winaaRmdegobani ....................................................................................... 271
ekonomikuri ciklebi ................................................................................................................................ 272
ekonomikuri ciklis fazebi .............................................................................................................. 272
ekonomikuri ciklebis mizezebi ................................................................................................... 274
dasaqmebis ekonomikuri cneba .......................................................................................................... 275
umuSevroba ............................................................................................................................................................ 276
umuSevrobis tipebi ..................................................................................................................................... 277
2008 wlis msoflio finansuri krizisi ................................................................................. 278
ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: .................................................................................... 279
jon meinard keinzi (1883-1946) ............................................................................................................ 279
danarTi a ................................................................................................................................................................281
ekonomikuri zrdis sazomebi ............................................................................................................281
danarTi b ............................................................................................................................................................... 288
Semosavlis ganawileba ........................................................................................................................... 288
meToTxmete Tavi sagareo vaWroba ............................................................................. 293
sagareo vaWrobis “”@”sazomebi”” ................................................................................................... 293
ratom vaWroben qveynebi? ..................................................................................................................... 293
absoluturi upiratesoba sagareo vaWrobaSi .............................................................. 294
SedarebiTi upiratesoba sagareo vaWrobaSi ................................................................. 295
savaWro barierebi......................................................................................................................................... 296
sagareo vaWrobis SezRudvis saxeebi ....................................................................................... 296
sagareo vaWrobaSi SezRudvebis arsebobis mizezebi ............................................. 297
axalgazrda dargebis dacvis aucilebloba (argumenti) ..................................... 298
ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia? ........................................................................... 298
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis dafinanseba ....................................................................................... 300
savaluto kursi .............................................................................................................................................. 300
rogor dgeba savaluto kursi ......................................................................................................... 300
navTobdolarebi, evrodolarebi da sxva evrovalutebi ................................. 302
sagadasaxdelo balansi: sagareo seqtoris angariSebi da maTi mniSvneloba
........................................................................................................................................................................................... 302
meTxuTmete Tavi ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebi da
skolebi ................................................................................................................................................. 308
zogadi mimoxilva ........................................................................................................................................ 308
ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebi da skolebi ............. 309
ekonomikuri Teoria da doqtrina ............................................................................................ 309
2. neoklasikuri Teoria ..........................................................................................................................310
wonasworuli fasis koncefcia ....................................................................................................... 311
9
 “zRvruli sargeblianoba” da zRvruli sidideebis koncefcia .................... 312
erTi makratlis ori piri.................................................................................................................... 313
ekonomikuri modelebi ............................................................................................................................. 313
zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis Teoria .......................................................................................... 315
neoklasikuri sinTezi...............................................................................................................................316
3. institucionalizmi - originaluri koncefcia ..................................................... 318
sami ZiriTadi idea ....................................................................................................................................... 318
ekonomikuri sistemebis evoluciis gzebi .......................................................................... 319
4. j.m. keinzi: efeqtiani moTxovnis Teoria .................................................................... 320
keinzis mier SemoTavazebuli ideebi ..................................................................................... 320
moTxovna qmnis miwodebas .................................................................................................................... 321
regulirebis instrumentebi ............................................................................................................... 322
sainvesticio multiplikatori .................................................................................................... 323
neokeinzianelTa rekomendaciebi ................................................................................................ 324
5. monetarizmi: axal midgomaTa gamoZebna ...................................................................... 324
ukan smiTisaken ................................................................................................................................................. 325
fuladi emisia - ZiriTadi meTodi............................................................................................. 325
fuladi impulsebis meqanizmi........................................................................................................... 326
fridmenis „fuladi wesi“ ....................................................................................................................... 327
6. miwodebis ekonomika ............................................................................................................................ 328
rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado politikis dargSi ...................................................... 329
laferis efeqti ............................................................................................................................................... 329
7.neoliberalizmi: koncefcia da praqtika ....................................................................... 330
ekonomikuri liberalizmis tradiciebi ............................................................................. 330
l.erhardis ekonomikuri reforma ................................................................................................ 331
f. haieki administraciuli despotizmis winaaRmdeg ............................................. 332
8. marqsistuli Teoria: konceftualuri debulebebi da Tanamedrove
Sexedulebani........................................................................................................................................................ 333
materialuri warmoeba - sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZveli ............. 333
Rirebulebis koncefcia: erTi Tu ramdenime faqtori? ...................................... 334
ki ar uarvyoT, aramed xelaxla gaviazroT marqsis moZRvreba ............... 336
danarTi a ................................................................................................................................................................337
neoliberalizmi ..............................................................................................................................................337
ZiriTadi literatura ............................................................................................................ 343

10
Sesavali

Cvens sasiqadulo mamuliSvils, eris mamas - ilia WavWavaZes xalxis

siRaribidan gamosvlis mTavar sawindrad ekonomikuri codna miaCnda. Tavis
sityvaSi, romelic man warmoTqva sofel winamZRvrianT-karSi sameurneo
saswavleblis gaxsnis dros, igi glexobas mimarTavda: “codna bevrnairia. xolo
aqedam Cveni Svilebi, Tqveni Svilebi gamoitanen imisTana codnas, romelic
dedamiwis gulSi Cagvaxedebs, migvagnebinebs sad ra simdidre uZevs da ra rigis
xerxiT, ra rigis ostatobiT SeiZleba im simdidres xeli davawvdinoT, amoviRoT
da movixmaroT qveynisa da Cvenis Tavis sadRegrZelod”. mas Rrmad swamda, rom
“kaci sxvis margec unda iyos, da TavisTavisac”. [37, gv. 176]
wminda ilia marTlis am naazrevSi naTlad aris warmoCenili, rom
ekonomikurma codnam sami mTavari sakiTxi unda gadagvawyvetinos: ra, rogor da
visTvis vawarmooT?
imisaTvis, rom vupasuxoT am sam mTavar kiTxvas da gadavWraT es problemebi,
unda viswavloT ekonomikis gageba. ekonomikuri mecniereba Teoriuli mecnierebaa,
magram igi realuri cxovrebis movlenebs efuZneba. am movlenebis ganzogadebiT
mecnierebs gamohyavT maT Soris myari, ganmeorebadi kavSirebi - adamianTa
ekonomikuri qcevis kanonebi. am kanonebs abstraqtuli xasiaTi aqvT, rac imas
niSnavs, rom isini samarTliania mxolod mravali pirobisa da wanamZRvris dacvis
pirobebSi. am debulebebis codnis gareSe erovnul meurneobaSi mimdinare realuri
procesebis gageba SeuZlebelia. magram mxolod maTi gamoyenebiTac ar SeiZleba
avxsnaT sazogadoebis realuri ekonomikuri cxovrebis mTeli mravalferovneba.
sxvadasxva abstraqtuli sqemebisa da cxrilebis gamoyenebiT Cven mxolod
WeSmaritebis miaxloebas vcdilobT.
სiრთულes warmoadgens terminologiis sakiTxic. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
Cven mraval ekonomikur termins viyenebT, magram maTSi sxva azrs vdebT.
magaliTad, dRes yvela laparakobs inflaciaze, eyrdnobian ra fasebis zrdas xan
kartofilze, xan rZis nawarmze. ekonomistebisaTvis inflacia rTuli Teoriuli
kategoriaa, romelic fasebis yovelgvar zrdas ar Seicavs.
winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi statiსტიkuri monacemebi da konkretuli
magaliTebi xSirad motanilia ucxouri gamocdilebidan. maTi gacnoba saSualebas
mogvcems ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebi SevadaroT ara marto maT abstraqtul,
idealur modelebs, aramed imasac, Tu rogor mimdinareoben isini ukve
ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi.
ekonomikis Seswavlis siZneleebze saubrisas gviwevs kidev erTi SeniSvnis
gakeTeba, romelic saxelmZRvaneloebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. ekonomikuri mecniereba
ar warmoadgens erTgvarovan dasrulebul mTlians. arsebobs misi mravali skola,
mimarTuleba da ganStoeba, romlebsac ekonomikuri movlenebi sxvanairad esmiT da
sxvanairad xsnian. aris iseTi sakiTxebi, romelTa gamo dava ukve araerTi
aswleulia grZeldeba. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, aseTi sakiTxi: unda
SezRudos Tu ara qveyanam Tavisi vaWroba sxva qveynebTan da iswrafvodes
damoukideblad awarmoos aucilebeli produqtebis ZiriTadi masa Tu piriqiT,
sagareo vaWroba SezRudvebisagan maqsimalurad Tavisufali unda iyos?
am saxelmZRvaneloSi Tqven gaecnobiT ekonomikuri azris ZiriTad
mimarTulebebs da maTi Camoyalibebis istorias. dasawyisSive Cven mxedvelobaSi
gveqneba, rom bevr kiTxvebze ekonomistebs erTmniSvnelovani pasuxebis gacema ar
SeuZliaT.
11
 rogorc ekonomikis cnobil saxelmZRvaneloebSia aRniSnuli _ Tanamedrove
msoflios ideologიebi mniSvnelovanwilad Camoyalibda inteleqtualuri
gigantebis: adam smiTis, deivid rikardos, jon stiuart milis, karl marqsis, jon
meinard keinzis, milton fridmanis, jeims tobinis, robert lukasis azrebis
gavleniT.
analogiurad, qarTuli erovnuli ekonomikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebas
fasdaudebeli amagi dasdes ukvdavma SoTa rusTavelma da sulxan-saba orbelianma,
ioane bagrationma, eris mamam – ilia WavWavaZem, “kacma-saxelmwifom” - niko
nikolaZem, saqarTvelosa da misi ekonomikis ubadlo meistoriem, brwyinvale
sazogado moRvawem - ivane javaxiSvilma, saqarთvelos me-20 saukunis me-2 naxevris
STambeWdavma ekonomistebma: paata guguSvilma, vasil CantlaZem, valerian melqaZem
da sxvebma. vityviT agreTve, rom SesaniSnavi potenciisa da Rirseuli momavlis
mqone Cvens qveyanas “Tanamedrove miRwevaTa doneze” moazrovne ekonomistTa
sakmaod didi ricxvi hyavs. TiToeul maTgans istoria Tavis kuTvnil adgils
miuCens.
wina periodSi ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavla saqarTveloSi iyofoda
politikur ekonomiad, rogorc sagnis Teoriul bazad da konkretul dargobriv
ekonomikur disciplinebad, rogorc magaliTad, mrewvelobis ekonomika,
transportis, soflis meurneobis ekonomika da a.S. sxva qveynebSi miRebulia
ekonomikuri gamokvlevebis sami donis gamoyofa: abstraqtuli ekonomikuri
Teoria (bevr qveyanaSi agreTve uwodeben politikur ekonomias, Tumca es termini
am saukunis dasawyisidan sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo sul ufro nakleb popularuli
xdeba), ekonomikuri analizis safuZvlebi, romelsac zogjer gamoyenebiT
ekonomikasac uwodeben da praqtikuli ekonomikuri gamokvlevebi.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo warmoadgens ekonomikuri analizis Sesavals. igi
gvacnobs rogorc ekonomikuri Teoriis zogad cnebebs, aseve konkretul
ekonomikur movlenebsac.
ekonomikas zogjer samyaros merve saocrebas uwodeben, adamianTa mier misi
gaugebrobis dones - mecxres. ekonomikis Seswavlis dawyebiT, Tqven miiRebT
SesaZleblobas SeamowmoT am gamonaTqvamis siswore. qarTvel axalgazrdobas da
yvela mkiTxvels vusurvebT warmatebas am saqmeSi.

12
pirveli Tavi
kursis sagani da meTodologia

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 ekonomikis Tanamedrove gageba. “meurneoba“ ² da „ekonomika“;
 ეkonomikuri mecnierebis sagani da ZiriTadi funqciebi;
 ekonomikuri Teoriis kanonebi da zogadi principebi;
 ekonomikuri Teoriis meTodebi;
 sameurneo saqmianobis mTavari roli.

²ekonomikis Tanamedrove gageba.

“²meurneoba“ ²da „ekonomika“

ekonomikas axla uwodeben upirveles yovlisa ojaxis, sawarmos, qveynis da

mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobas. amavdroulad sityva “ekono-
mika” aRniSnavs mecnierebas, romelic aseT aRniSnul saqmianobas Seiswavlis.

ekonomikuri Teoria garkveuli sistemis saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT,

romelsac Tavisi Semadgeneli wevrebi anu elementebi aqvs Teoriuli da gamoyene-
biTi ekonomika aris ara yvela ekonomikuri mecnierebis, aramed misi im mimar-
Tulebebis Taviseburi sinTezi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria sameurneo
cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebis Seswavlisa da regulirebisaTvis.
saswavlo kursi “ekonomikis safuZvlebi” ekonomikur Teorias gadmoscems
sameurneo saqmianobis praqtikasTan erTianobasa da SesabamisobaSi.
ori terminis: “meurneobis” da “ekonomikis” urTierTkavSiri
ekonomikur literaturaSi xSirad gvxvdeba terminebi “meurneoba” da “ekono-
mika”. zogjer meurneobas gansazRvraven rogorc resursebis gamoyenebas, romelsac
misi mflobelebi (an sazogadieba) Tavis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad mim-
arTaven. ekonomikas (berZ. – oikoç saxli da vóμoç– wesi, kanoni, sityvasityviT
“meurneobis gaZRolis” wesebi) ki uwodeben sazogadoebis saqmianobas, agreTve ur-
TierTobaTa erTobliobas, romelic warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmare-
bis sistemaSi yalibdeba. es ori cneba erTmaneTis msgavსicaa da nawilobriv
gansxvavebulic. meurneobis safuZveli aris resursebi, romelTac adamianebi Tavi-
anTi miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben. am procesSi adamianebi sxvadasxva wesebs icaven,
romelTa erToblioba aris ekonomika. adamiani, sxvadasxva resursebs, rasac igi
warmoebis procesSi iyenebs, sxvadasxva wesebis gamoyenebiT dovlaTad gadaaqcevs.
erTmaneTis gareSe es ori termini ar arsebobs. maT Soris gansxvaveba imdenad um-
niSvneloa, rom SesaZlebelia isini sinonimebadac miviCnioT.

ekonomikuri mecnierebis sagani

yvela mecnierebas Tavisi Semecnebis obieqti aqvs. asevea ekonomikuri

mecnierebac. misi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba is aris, rom erT-erTi uZveles
mecnierebaTagania. misi sawyisebi midis Zalian Sors, saukuneTa siRrmeebSi, iq sadac
msoflio civilizaciis akvani dairwa. ekonomikuri azris yvelaze adreuli weri-
lobiTi Zeglebi moipoveba Zvel egvipteSi, Zv.w. XXII da Zv.w. XVIII saukuniT daTar-
iRebuli werilobiTi Zeglebi, Zvel babilonSi, sadac Zv.w. XVIII saukuneSi mefe
13
hamurabis (Zv.w. 1792-1750) qmnilebebi, anu e.w hamurabis kanonebis kodeqsi Seiqmna,
aseve Zvel saberძnetშi, Zvel CineTSi, Zvel indoeTSi. termin „ekonomikis“ Semota-
nas ukavSireben xan qsenofontes (431-355 Zv.w.) romelsac ekuTvnis traqtati „oiko-
nomikosi“, da xanac aristoteles (384-322 Zv. w) saxels. aseve fiqroben, rom termini
ekonomika SemoiRo berძenma poetma hesiodma jer kidev VI saukuneSi Cvens eramde,
SeaerTa ra ori sityva - „oikos“ (saxli, Sina meurneoba) da „nomos“ (vici, kanoni).
ise rom ZvelberZnulidan zusti TargmaniT ekonomika - es aris Sina meurneobis
marTvis kanonTa erToblioba, an, Tu gnebavT, SinamSenebloba. magram dro icvleba
da masTan erTad icvleba Zveli sityvebis mniSvnelobac, ekonomikis Tanamedrove
gageba farToa. Cveulebriv, ekonomikuri saqmianobis qveშ gulisxmoben adamianTa
sawarmoo anu sameurneo saqmianobas maTi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-
filebis mizniT. es sameurneo saqmianoba da misi kanonebi warmoadgens swored eko-
nomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis sagans.
sityva “ekonomika” berZnulia da niSnavs “adamians, romelic saojaxo meurne-
obas uZRveba.” ekonomika aris imis gageba, Tu rogor iReben individebi
gadawyvetilebebs da rogor urTierTqmedeben adamianebi erTmaneTTan. yvela es
gadawyvetileba da urTierTqmedeba erTad Seadgens “ekonomikas” (g. menqiu)
aseve SeiZleba moviyvanoT ekonomikis sagnis sxvadasxva ganmartebani:
ekonomika aris mecniereba adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb (alfred
marSali).
ekonomika aris mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi myof adamianTa jgufi. (g. menqiu).
amJamad dasavlur literaturaSi yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebulia ing-
liseli ekonomistis, l. robinsonis gansazRvreba sxvadasxva modifikaciebiT: “eko-
nomika – esaa mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis qcevas, mis miznebsa da Se-
zRudul resursebs Soris urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic dasaSvebs xdis
alternatiul gamoyenebas”. Tumca, Cveni azriT, es gansazRvra zedmetad zogadia.
TiTqmis igives Tqma xom SeiZleba, magaliTad, medicinazec. amasTan es formulireba
sakmaod Znelad dasamaxsovrebelia.
gTavazobT sxva gansazRvras, miRebuls p. samuelsons formulirebis
Semოკლეbisa da modifikaciis Sedegad. igi avtoria msoflioSi yvelaze popularu-
li ekonomikuri saxelmZRvaneloebisa.
ekonomika - esaa mecniereba sawarmoo resursebis, saqonlis warmoebis,
gacvlis, fulis mimoqcevisa da dovlaTis ganawilebis Sesaxeb.
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria Seiswavlis adamianTa, rogorc sameurneo
subieqtebis qcevas, ekonomikuri sistemis yvela doneze, materialuri dovlaTis da
momsaxurebis warmoebis, ganawilebis gacvlis da moxmarebis procesSi, adamianTa
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT, SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, ojaxis,
firmis da mTlianad sazogadoebis mier.
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa martivi klasifikacia, romelic maT pirobiTad sam
jgufad hyofs, aseTia:
zogadi (ekonomikuri Teoria, mikroekonomika, makroekonomika, menejmenti,
saxelmwifo regulireba da sxva);
specialuri (finansebi da krediti, faswarmoqmna, sadazRvevo saqme, sabanko
saqme, buRaltruli aRricxva da auditi, statistika da a.S.)
dargobrivi (meurneobis ama Tu im dargis ekonomika). amasTan, am klasifika-
ciaSi ekonomikuri Teoria gamodis rogorc ekonomikur mecnierebaTa rTuli
sistemis Sesavali.

14
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ZiriTadi funqciebi

gamoyofen xuT ZiriTad funqcias, romelsac ekonomikuri mecniereba adamianTa

sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi asrulebs.
samecniero-SemecnebiTi funqcia. ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlisas, adamia-
ni Seimecnebs adamianTa sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan mxares, materialuri dovlaTis
da momsaxurebis warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlis da moxmarebis procesebs, romel-
Ta gareSe adamianTa sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs.
kritikuli funqcia. realur cxovrebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs meurneobriobis
Zalian mravalnair formebTan, romelTagan zogi metad, sxvebi ki ufro naklebad
efeqtiania. Sesabamisad, mecnierebaSi erთi da igive sakiTxis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebani, araerTgvarovani midgomebi da gadawyvetilebani arsebobs. am pi-
robebSi ekonomikurma mecnierebam unda mogvces rogorc ekonomikuri cxovrebis,
aseve Teoriuli koncefciis obieqturi kritikuli anu pozitiuri Sefaseba.
praqtikuli (pragmatuli) funqcia. ekonomikuri mecnierebis praqtikuloba ima-
Si gamoixteba, rom saxelmwifos, firmis, nebismieri sxva sameurneo subieqtis
yoveli xelmZღvaneli, Tavisi saqmianobisas Segnebulad, an mis gareSe, xelmZRva-
nelobs misi principebiT da kanonebiT. ra Tqma unda, ekonomikuri mecnierebis pra-
qtikuli aspeqtebi primitiulad ar unda gavigoT, mocemuli mecniereba ver Segvas-
wavlis saojaxo meurneobis, mebaReobis, miwaTmoqmedebis gaZRolas, is ar gvaZlevs
imis receპts, Tu rogor movipovoT navTobi da gazi, rogor vmarToT firma da mi-
si personali. am miznebis misaRwevad Cven gvWirdeba sxva specialur mecnierebaTa
codna. ekonomikuri mecniereba ekonomikis warmatebiT ganviTarebis wanamZRvaria
rogorc mikro aseve makro doneze da ara amaze meti.
progzostikuli funqcia. ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvela mxaris siRrmiseuli
Seswavla calkeul adamians, firmas da mTlianad sazogadoebas aZlevs movlenebis
ganWvretis, momavali ekonomikuri viTarebis mecnierul prognozis saSualebas ro-
gorc mikro, aseve makro doneze. ekonomikuri cxovrebis ama Tu im dasrulebul
ekonomikur saqmianobas xSirad gauTvaliswinebel anu moulodnel, winaswar
guluzrax Sedegebamde mivyavarT. samarTliania mosazreba, rom codnas mivyavarT
ganWvretamde, ganWvretas – pozitiur saqmianobamde.
meTodologiuri funqcia. literaturaSi SeiZleba xSirad SevxvdeT samarTli-
an mtkicebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri Teoria ara marto Teoriaa, aramed
meTodic erTgvari inteleqtualuri instrumenti, azrovnebis teqnika. cnobili ame-
rikeli ekonomisti pol heine samarTlianad SeniSnavs: “ekonomistma realuri
samyaro ara ukeTes, umravles SemTxvevaSi ki menejerebze, meqanikosebze, saerTod
saqmian adamianebze uaresad icis. magram ekonomistebma ician, rogor arian erTma-
neTTan urTierTdakavSirebulni sxvadasxva sagnebi”.
ekonomikuri mecniereba meTodologiur aspeqtSi gvaswavlis ara marto imas,
ra unda vakeToT, aramed imasac, რა ar SeiZleba vakeToT. ეს უkanasknelი ara nak-
leb mniSvnelovania, vidre pirveli.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis damaxasiaTebeli funqcionaluri Tavisebureba aris,
rom is ganixilavs realuri cxovrebis im sakiTxebs, romelic exeba yvelas da
TiToeuls cal-calke. aq gamonaklisi araa. msoflioSi arcerT adamians ar SeuZ-
lia saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis problemebis abstragireba anu Tavis daRweva,
arcerT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia ar gadawyvitos ekonomikuri cxovrebis organi-
zaciis urTulesi problemebi. ekonomikuri zarebis xmebi yvelas da TiToeuls
exeba.
15
 zogadi daskvna: ekonomikuri mecniereba gvexmareba gavigoT garemomcveli
sameurneo cxovreba, SevafasoT movlenaTa sargeblianoba da ziani; gvaswavlis e-
konomikuri movlenebis Semecnebis axal wesebs; dabolos, saSualebas gvaZlevs gan-
vWvritoT Cveni praqtikuli saqmianobis zogierTi Sedegi, ganWvreta ki gonivrul
moqmedebas ganapirobebs; gvaZlevs mravali socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri
problemis gadaWris gasaRebs, gasaRebs da ara recepts.
ekonomikuri kanonebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi

bunebis, sazogadoebis da azrovnebis yvela kanoni obieqturi a – isini ar-

seboben imisgan damoukideblad, viciT Tu ara Cven maTi arseboba.
ekonomikur kanonebs axasiaTebs ori mTavari Tavisebureba (gansakuTrebulo-
ba):
jer erTi, ekonomikuri kanonebis gamovlenis subieqturi forma, rac imas niS-
navs, rom isini adamianebis azrebisa da qmedebebis, maTi qcevebis gverdis avliT ki
ar moqmedeben, aramed maTi gavleniT.
meore, ekonomikuri kanonebis dinamiuroba, anu istoriuli xasiaTi, anu is,
rom kanonebis moqmedeba sxvadasxva istoriul etapze cvlilebebs ganicdis.

ekonomikis kanonebis da principebis urTierTkavSiri

Kkanoni - cxovrebis mdinarebis, misi dinebis mimarTulebis maCvenebeli cneba,

amsaxveli fenomeni. Tu gsurs rom gadarCe, am dinebas unda mihyve. Tu ar mohyvebi,
es imas niSnavs, rom dinebis, cxovrebis kanonebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT mie-
marთebi. es ki, faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. aseTi adamiani, firma, sazogadoeba
mTlianad, gardauvali damarcxebisTvisaa ganwiruli. maS, rogor unda vipovoT
Cveni gadarCenis gzebi? upirveles yovlisa unda SevimecnoT, kanonis moTxovnebi
ras migvaniSnebs, rogor orientirebs gvTavazobs, ras gviCvenebs, saiT wasvla
SeiZleba, saiT ar SeiZleba, romeli saqmianoba, qceva mogvitans sasargeblo Sedegs
da ra dagvazaralebs. Semdeg, amis safuZvelze, unda SevZloT da gamovimuSavoT
ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo wesebi, anu principebi, romliTac unda dReniadag
vxelmZRvanelobdeT, vasrulebdeT, vicavde maT, raTa sasurveli gziT ise viaroT,
rom Secdomebi ar dauSvaთ da gadarCenis gezi ar gavimrudoT.

ekonomikuri analizis doneebi

dResdReobiT, umetesad ekonomikuri analizis 3 dones gamoyofen: mikroekono-

mika, makroekonomika, saerTaSoriso ekonomika. aris iseTi dayofac, romlis
mixedviTac gamoiyofa ekonomikuri analizis 5 done:
 mikroekonomika
 mezoekonomika
 makroekonomika
 msoflio ekonomika (megaekonomika)
 hiperekonomika.
I. mikroekonomika – analizis safuZvlad aღebulia umciresi sameurneo er-
Teuli, calkeuli firma, gaerTianeba.

16
 II. mezoekonomika - swavlobs erovnuli ekonomikis an erovnuli meurneobis
dargebis, gansazRvruli qvesistemebis (agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi, regionuli
ekonomika და ა.შ.) kanonebsa da qcevas.
III. makroekonomika - swavlobs qveynis ekonomikas mTlianad. mak-
roekonomikuri obieqtebia: sazogadoebis Semosavali da simdidre, ekonomikuri
zrdis tempebi da faqtorebi. makroanalizi imisTvisaa gamiznuli, rom gadawyvitos
Semdegi saerTo ekonomikuri problemebi: brZola inflaciasTan, umuSevrobasTan,
saqmiani aqtiurobis stimulireba da sxva.
IV. megaekonomika - Seiswavlis mTlianad msoflio ekonomikis kanonebsa da
qcevas.
V. hiperekonomika - romelsac uaxles ekonomikur Teoriasac uwodeben,
Seiswavlis filosofiisa da bunebismetyvelebis koncefciebs ekonomikaSi (siner-
getikuli ekonomika, fizikuri ekonomika და ა.შ.).

zogadi ekonomikuri Teoriis principebi

termini “principi” ucxouri warmoSobisaa da Semdegi mniSvnelobebi aqvs:

principi [laT. principum safuZveli < princeps pirveli] 1) rაიme Teoriis,
swavlebis, mecnierebis, msoflmxedvelobis, politikuri organizaciis amosavli
debuleba; 2) adamianis Sinagani rwmena, romelic ganapirobebs mis mimarTebas
sinamdvilisadmi, qcevisa da moRvaweobis normebi; 3) რაიმე xelsawyos, meqanizmis da
sxv. moqmedebis safuZveli; 4) 30-40 wlis mZimed SeiaraRebuli romauli qveiTi
jaris meomari; principis sxvadasxva periodSi Seadgenda sabrZolo rigis pirvel
an meore xazs, maTi ricxvi, rogorc wesi, 1200 kacs Seadgenda.
mecnierebi ganixilaven ekonomikis sam, xuT, Svid, aT, Tormet gansxvavebul
princips. yvela maTgani mniSvnelovani da angariSgasawevia. ekonomikis principebi
codnis sistematizaciis procesSi iqmnebian. yovel avtors ekonomikis prიncipebSi
SeuZlia igulisxmos ekonomikis, rogoრc mecnierebis ZiriTadi debulebebis an
ekonomikis, rogorc meurneobis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebis garkveuli
erToblioba.
saqarTvelos universitetebSi ekonomikis principebis swavleba gr. menqius
amave saxelwodebis cnobili saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT mimdinareobs.

Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi ekonomikis principebi

ganvixiloT ZiriTadi ekonomikuri principebi romelsac iyenebs “ekonomikis

safuZvlebi”. es principebia:
 Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTqmedebis
 mikro da makroanalizis erTianobis
 realuri istorizmis (gansxvavebul istoriul pirobebSi ekonomikis kanonebi
araerTgvarovnad moqmedeben).
nebismieri mecnierebis Seswavla unda iwyebodes misi principebis, kanonebisa
da meTodebis SeswavliT. ekonomikis erT-erTi mTavari principia – Teoriisa da
praqtikis urTierTqmedeba.
Teoria warmoadgens racionaluri azrovnebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ka-
nonzomierebisa da kanonebis Semecnebis Sedegs. igi aucilebeli pirobaa swori gad-
awyvetilebebis misaRebad, romlebic Seexeba materialuri resursebis gamoyenebas,
17
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciis saSinao da sagareo bazarze. ekonomikuri
Teoriis codna ganaTlebas matebs adamians, anviTarebs ekonomikur azrovnebas,
aiolebs warmatebis miRwevas. amasTan, praqtikasTan mWidro kavSiris gareSe Teor-
ia kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas. swored praqtika aZlevs Teorias socialur
dakveTas kvlevisaTvis, aZlevs masalas samecniero analizisaTvis da bolos
gamoaqvs daurRveveli da samarTliani “ganaCeni” nebismieri TeoriisaTvis.
j.m. keinsma kapitalizmis istoriaSi umZimesi krizisis dasaZlevad Seqmna saba-
zro ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo regulirebis berketebis Rrmad Carevis Teoria.
aucilebeli iyo omiT gapartaxebuli ekonomika raime axals Seecvala. swored aman
misca biZgi “socialuri sabazro ekonomikis” modelis შეmuSavebas. CvenSic,
realurma sinamdvilem uCvena, rom administraciul-mbrZaneblurma sistemam sa-
kuTari Tavi amowura. amasTan dakavSirebiT gaCnda administraciul-mbrZanebluri
sistemidan sabazrო ekonomikaze gadasvlis problemebis გადაჭრის aucilebloba. es
amocana, romlis amoxsnac jer ar dasrulebula, udides stimuls warmoadgens Te-
oriuli azris ganviTarebisaTvis.
Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi ekonomikis meore mniSvnelovani principia mikro
da makroanalizis erTianoba. am principis gamoyenebis udidesi mniSvnelobis da-
samtkiceblad martivi analogia gamodgeba. rodesac tyes Soridan vuyurebT, Cans
mxolod misi moxazuloba, sidide, magram ar Cans calkeuli xe-, buCqi, miwis safari.
yvelaferi es marto axlodan SeiZleba dainaxo. am SemTxvevaSi ki tyis saerTo mox-
azulobas ver moavleb Tvals. ekonomikis Seswavlisas zustad amgvar analogias
vamCnevT. mxolod mikroekonomikisa da makroekonomikis Tanmimdevrulad
Catarebuli analizi gvaZlevs saSualebas შეგვექმნას met-naklebad sruli STabeWd-
ileba sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaze.
TiTqos cxadia, rom ekonomikis praqtikuli funqcia mdgomareobs im rek-
omendaciebis gacemaSi, romlebic Seexeba sabazro ekonomikaSi marjved, xelsayreli
pirobebiT CarTvas, biznesSi maRali Sedegebis miRwevas. \nobelis premiis laureati
pol samuelsoni gamoyofs yvela meurneobisaTvis saerTo sam centralur prob-
lemas:
1. ra unda vawarmooT da ra raodenobiT?
2. rogor unda mimdinareobdes saqonlis warmoeba, e.i. unda muSaobdes, ra
resუrsebiT da ra teqnologiiT?
3. visTvis aris gaTvlili warmoebuli saqoneli?
pasuxobs Tu ara am kiTxvebs mikroekonomika? erTi SexedviT - pasuxobs,
radganac zustad mikroekonomika amuSavebs rekomendaciebs sawarmoTa da firmebis
praqtikuli moRvaweobis dargSi.
magram sameurneo moRvaweobis analizis ufro Rrma midgomisas aRmoCnda, rom
samuelsonis mier dasmul sakiTxebze amomwuravi pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia mak-
roekonomikuri informaciis gareSe. imis gansazRvra, Tu ra da ra raodenobiT un-
da damzaddes, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu cnobilia mTeli sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebebi, gaTvaliswinebulia sazogadoebrivi warmoebis Camoyalibebuli
dinamika da perspeqtivebi. aranakleb mniSvnelovania monacemebi sazogadoebaSi
arsebul zrdis faqtorebze, maT kombinaciebze, ekonomikis socialur, dargobriv da
aRwarmoebis struqturaze, meurneobis dabalansebis doneze, mosaxleobis
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis raodenobaze da a.S. da bolos, kidev erTi principi –
realuri istorizmi. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gansxvavebul istoriul
pirobebSi ekonomikis kanonebi araerTgvarovnad moqmedeben. sabazro kanonebi

18
moqmedeben iq, sadac saqonlis gacvla xdeba. magram SeuZlebelia erTnairad miudge
im sabazro urTierTobebs, romlebic aTasi wlis win arsebobdnen da romlebic
Camoyalibdnen Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, gaviTvaliswinoT is realuri ekonomikuri
situacia, romelic axasiaTebs qveynebs, romlebic administraciul-mbrZanebluri
sistemidan sabazro sistemaSi gadadian.
magaliTad, unda ganvasxvavoT, rogor moqmedeben ekonomikuri sistemebi awyo-
bili konkurenciisa da jer kidev dauZleveli monopolizmis pirobebSi.

daSvebaTa roli

daSvebebi samyaros gagebas aadvilebs. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis

efeqtebis Seswavlisas SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom msoflio Sedgeba mxolod ori
qveynisagan da TiToeuli qveyana mxolod ori saxis saqonels awarmoebs. ra Tqma
unda, realuri msoflio aTobiT qveynisgan Sedgeba da TiToeuli qveyana miliono-
biT sxvadasxva saxis saqonels awarmoebs. magram mxolod ori qveynisa da ori sax-
is saqonlis arsebobis daSvebiT vaxdenT Cveni azrovnebis koncentrirebas. mas
Semdeg, rac SeviswavliT saerTaSoriso vaWrobas ori qveynisa da ori saxis
saqonlisagan Semdgar warmosaxviT samyaroSi, bevrad gagviadvildeba saerTaSo-
riso vaჭrobis gageba im urTules msoflioSi, romelSic vcxovrobT.
mecnieruli azrovnebis didi xelovneba – fizikaSi iqneba es, biologiasa Tu
ekonomikaSi – imis gadawyvetaa, Tu rogori daSvebebi unda gavakeToT. magaliTad,
davuSvaT, rom Senobis saxuravidan vagdebT ara marmarilos burTulas, aramed re-
zinis burTs. Cveni fizikosi maSinve gaacnobierebs, rom daSveba xaxunis ararsebobis
Sesaxeb am SemTxvevaSi naklebad mizanSewonilia: xaxuni bevrad meti ZaliT
moqmedebs rezinis burTze, vidre marmarilos burTulaze. daSveba imis Sesaxeb, rom
miziduloba vakuumSi moqmedebs, marTebulia marmarilos burTulis vardnis
Seswavlisas, magram ar aris marTebuli rezinis burTis vardnaze dakvirvebis
dros.
ekonomistebic aseve gansxvavebul daSvebebs iyeneben sxvadasxva kiTxvaze pasux-
is gasacemad. vTqvaT, vswavlobT, ra xdeba ekonomikaSi, rodesac mTavroba brunvaSi
arsebuli dolarebis raodenobas cvlis. irkveva, rom am analizis mniSvnelovani
nawili exeba imas, Tu rogor reagirebs fasebi. ekonomikaSi mraval saqonelze fasi
iSviaTad icvleba. magaliTad, gazeTebis fasebi mxolod ramdenime weliwadSi
erTxel icvleba. am faqtis codnas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos im daSvebebze, rom-
lebsac drois sxvadasxva periodSi politikis cvlilebebis Sedegebs vswavlobT.
magaliTad, politikis moklevadiani efeqtebis Seswavlisas SegviZlia davuSvaT,
rom fasebi TiTqmis ucvlelia. SegviZlia, ukiduresi da xelovnuri daSvebac ki ga-
vakeToT imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela fasi sruliad ucvlelia. magram politikis
grZelvadiani efeqtebis SeswavlisTvis albaT davuSvebT, rom yvela fasi sruliad
moqnilia. amdenad, iseve, rogorc fizikosi akeTebs marmarilosa da rezinis bur-
Tebis vardnis Seswavlisas sxvadasxva daSvebebs, ekonomistic cvlis DdaSvebebs,
rodesac Seiswavlis fulis raodenobis cvlilebis moklevadian da grZelvadian
efeqtebs.

“sxva Tanabar pirobebSi” daSvebis gamoyeneba ekonomikaSi

ekonomikur analizSi farTo gamoyeneba ჰpova ekonomikuri procesebis mod-
elirebam. Mmodelireba TavisTavad warmoadgens realuri movlenebis da pro-

19
cesebis kvlevis meTods xelovnurad Seqmnili Teoriuli agebis analizis meSve-
obiT. igi gvaZlevs sinamdvilis gamartivebul asaxvas. modelirebis amocanaa gam-
oikvlios faqtorebis da ekonomikuri pirobebis (wanamZRvrebis) cvlilebaze
gavlena, ganWvritos am cvlilebis Sedegebi da Teoriulad daasabuTos da-
sakvirvebeli (Sesaswavli) damokidebulebebi. gamoyenebuli Teoriuli agebuleba
obieqtis analizis saxiT _ esaa modelebi, romlebic TavisTavad realuri
movlenebis gamartivebuli konstruqciebia.
sinamdvilis sqematurad amsaxveli modeli emyareba realobis gamartivebas,
magram ar amaxinjebs mas. modelis agebisas gamoyenebuli komponentebi gam-
oyenebisas unda iyos martivi, Tumca imavdroulad sakmaod realuri. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, modeli _ esaa Teoriuli ageba, romelic aris gamartivebulad, em-
piriulad Sesaswavli realuri urTierTkavSiris aRwera. magaliTad, geografiuli
ruka mocemuli teritoriis reliefis modelia.
modelirebis, rogorc ekonomikuri analizis _ problemis mkafio formuli-
reba, ubraloeba da operaciuloba (SesaZlebloba warmovadginoT urTierTkavSiri
formalizebuli saxiT) _ meTodis Zlieri mxareebis aRniSvnisas saWiroa yuradReba
mivaqcioT misTvis damaxasiaTebel SezRudvebsac. jer erTi, nebismieri modelis
ageba emyareba SemoRebul varaudebsa da SerCeul cvladebs, rasac ukve TavisTavad
Seaqvs subieqturobis elementi. meore, emyareba ra varaudTagan erT-erTs, modeli
uaryofs yvela danarCens, rac sinamdvilis mniSvnelovani deformaciaa. mesame,
vinaidan modelis analizi xorcieldeba principis `sxva Tanabari pirobebis dros~
Sesabamisad, hipoTezis formiT gamoxatuli daskvnebi warmoadgens calkeuli
faqtoris gavlenaze dakvirvebis Sedegs, amitomac eqneba SezRuduli mniSvneloba.
yovelive es siZneles qmnis modelirebis safuZvelze gamoyvanili hipoTezebis
faqtobrivi damtkicebisas. ekonomikur TeoriaSi daSvebebis gamoyenebis gareSe
fons advilad ver gavalT. ekonomikur Teoriaს, iseve rogorc nebismier Teoriaს,
ar Seswevs unari asaxos cxovrebis mTeli მრავალფეროვნება da amitom daSvebebzea
agebuli. es daSvebebi realur sameurneo cxovrebaze warmodgenebs amartivebs. ma-
gram isini amave dros mTlianad sameurneo cxovrebis mravali Teoriuli
debulebis ukeT gagebaSi gvexmarebian. ამგვარად, ekonomistebi Cveulebriv uSveben,
rom momxmareblebi TavianTi Semosavlebis (egreTwodebuli samomxmareblo biuje-
tebis) farglebSi moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis maqsimizebisken iswrafvian.
sinamdvileSi, aseTi qceva momxmarebelTa umravlesobisaTvis aris tipiuri.
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia daSvebaა “sxva Tanabar pirobebSi” (laT. –
ceteris paribus). is gulisxmobs, rom gansaxilveli cvladebis cvlilebisas danar-
Ceni cvladebi rCeba ucvleli. ase, Tu ganixileba fasebis cvlilebis zemoqmedeba
saqonlis gayidvis moculobaze, maSin igulisxmeba, rom saqonlis xarisxi, myidvel-
Ta moTxovnebi da sxva danarCeni rCeba ucvleli.
daSveba xSirad saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT movxazoT, anu davaxasiaToT
movlenis sazRvrebi. swored ase, ekonomikaSi gavrcelebulia daSvebebi
“moklevadian periodSi” da “grZelvadian periodSi” (an “moklevadian per-
speqtivebSi” da “grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi”), romlebic SesaZleblobas iZleva
sxvadasxvagvarad Sevxedod ekonomikur movlenebs da gadawyvetilebac miviRoT
იქიდან გამომდინარე, Tu drois romeli periodi ganixileba. მაგალითად,
moklevadian periodSi firmam SeiZleba ganicados danakargebi, მაგრამ miuxedavad
amisa ar daixuros, radgan misi zaralianobis mizezebi SeiZleba atarebdes

20
droebiT, moklevadian xasiaTs. grZelvadian periodSi zaralis arseboba migviyvans
daxurvamde, firmis gakotrebamde.

pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi

“sazogadod, debulebebi samyaros Sesaxeb ori tipisaa. erT-erTi tipi, poziti-
uria. pozitiuri debulebebi aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. isini samyaros gvixatavs iseTs,
rogoric is aris. debulebaTa meore tipi, normatiulia. normatiuli debulebebi
sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa. isini exeba imas, Tu rogori unda iyos samyaro.
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba pozitiursa da normatiul debulebebs Soris imaSi
mdgomareobs, Tu rogor vafasebT maT marTebulobas. pozitiuri debulebebis da-
sabuTeba an uaryofa principulad SesaZlebelia damadasturebeli faqtebis
Seswavlis gziT. ekonomists SeuZlia Seafasos polis debuleba im monacemebis
gaanalizebiT, romlebic dakavSirebulia minimaluri xelfasebisa da umuSevrobis
droSi cvlilebasTan. ormatiuli debulebebis SefasebisaTvis ki ara mxolod
faqtebia saWiro, aramed garkveuli faseulobiTi orientirebic. normas debulebeb-
ze ver vimsjelebT mxolod faqtebis gamoyenebiT. imis gadawyveta, romeli poli-
tikaa kargi da romeli – cudi, mxolod mecnierebis saqme ar aris. aq monawileobs
agreTve Tqveni Sexedulebebi zneobaze, religiasa Tu politikur filosofiaze.
ra Tqma unda, pozitiuri da normatiuli debulebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
reba SesaZlebelia. Cveni pozitiuri Sexedulebebi samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb
Cvensave normatiul Sexedulebebze moqmedebs. Tu polis gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb,
rom minimaluri xelfasi umuSevrobas iwvevs, WeSmaritia, man, SesaZloa, gvibiZgos
normas daskvnis – rom mTavrobam unda gazardos minimaluri xelfasi – uaryofis-
ken. magram normatiul daskvnebs ver gamovitanT mxolod pozitiuri analizidan.
normatiuli daskvnebisTvis saWiroa rogorc pozitiuri analizi, ise faseulobaTa
awon-dawonვa.
daimaxsovreT es gansxvaveba pozitiur da normatiul debulebebs Soris.
ეkonomiსტებis didi nawili mxolod imis axsnas cdilobs, Tu rogor muSaobs eko-
nomika. magram xSirad ekonomistebis mizania ekonomikis muSaobis gaumjobeseba.
rodesac xedavT, rom ekonomistebi normatiul debulebebs ayalibeben, advili mi-
saxvedria, rom maT gadakveTes mijna, romelic mecniers politikosisagan ga-
nasxvavebs”. (g. menqiu).
ekonomikuri analizi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri sinamdvilis da
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebis aRweris poziciidan, magram is SeiZleba
gakeTdes rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis poziciidanac gadawyvetilebis arCevis vari-
antis Taobaze. amitom asxvaveben ekonomikuri analizis or tips: pozitiurs da nor-
matiuls.
pozitiuri analizi mimarTulia cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis dadgenisken
da miznad isaxavs ama Tu im cvladis cvlilebis Sedegis ganWvretas. igi dakavSire-
bulia kiTxvebze pasuxis ZiebasTan: `ra saxis damokidebuleba gvaqvs mocemul
SemTxvevaSi?~ da `rogori Sedegi iqneba erTi cvladis Secvlisas?~ Tuki saubaria
mwarmoeblebis qcevaze, maSin pozitiuri analizi Semoifargleba damokidebulebis
gansazRvriT produqciis sabazro fassa da gamoSvebis moculobis arCevans Soris,
agreTve prognozuli mtkicebiT firmis reagirebis Taobaze (mis mier gamoSvebis
moculobis Secvla) fasis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT. pozitiur analizs, romelic
dakavSirebulia sinamdvilis aRwerasTan da romelime cvladis cvlilebis Sedegis
prognozul ganWvretasTan, ar aqvs SefasebiTi msjeloba miRebuli Sedegis Sesaxeb.

21
 pozitiuri analizi mxolod ayalibebs warmodgenas ekonomikur qcevaze, magram ar
axdens mis Sefasebas.
normatiuli analizi dakavSirebulia miznobrivi miTiTebebis SemuSavebasTan
da SefasebiTi xasiaTis mtkicebebTan. misi arsia gansazRvros saukeTeso alter-
natiuli varianti, igi gamoixateba kiTxvebze pasuxis saxiT: `rogor unda iyos?~ an `
ra aris ukeTesi?~. mtkiceba, rom moqalaqeTa Semosavlebis progresuli dabegvra
ufro samarTliania, vidre gadasaxadis erTnairi ganakveTis gamoyeneba, iseve,
rogorc piruku mtkiceba _ normatiuli analizis aSkara magaliTebia. aris ra
SefasebiTi Sinaarsis mixedviT, normatiuli mtkicebebi asaxavs subieqtur azrs,
oRond igi emyareba ara ekonomikur kanonzomierebebs, aramed faseulobiT
normebs, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben adamianebi normatiuli analizis procesSi.
magaliTad, zemomoტanili normatiuli msjelobis Sinaarsi damokidebuli iqneba
imaze, rogor azrs deben cnebaSi `samarTlianoba~. garda amisa, normatiul
mtkicebas aqvs გanawesis (miTiTebis) xasiaTi da ara winaswarmetyvelebis, rogorc
pozitiuris. amitom ar SeiZleba misi damtkiceba an uaryofa realuri sinamdvilis
faqtebiT. Tumca, normatiuli analizi sakmaod sasargebloa rogorc ekonomikuri
politikis instrumenti, romelSic amocana dadis miznis miRwevis saukeTeso xerxis
arCevamde miRebuli kriteriumebis Tanaxmad.
pozitiur da normatiul analizs Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. pozitiuri
analizi, avlens ra kanonzomierebebs, gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT normatiuli
miznebis realizaciis saSualebebis optimaluri arCevani. normatiuli analizi,
romelic dakavSirebulia rekomendaciebis SemuSavebasTan, xSirad xdeba sagnis
arCevis mizezi pozitiuri analizisTvis(nax.1.1).

Nnax. 1.1. pozitiuri da normatiuli analizis SedarebiTi

daxasiaTebis struqtura

pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi

pozitiuri normatiuli
(ra aris) (ra unda iyos)

-movlenebs Seiswavlis ise, - SefasebiTi msjeloba da

rogorc isini faqtobrivad
sinamdvileSi arian:
- mecniereba, romelic
movlenebsa da procesebs war-
moadgens Sefasebebis gareSe.
Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra unda iyos;
- mecniereba, romelic
iZleva rekomendaciebs maszed,
Tu ra da rogor unda
gakeTdes

22
 kanonebi, romlebic metwilad mikroekonomikis
sferos ekuTvnis

zogi kanoni metwilad mikroekonomikis sferos ekuTvnis. aseTebia, magaliTad:

 moTxovnis kanoni
 miwodebis kanoni
 warmoebis faqtorTa damatebiTi xarjebis efeqtianobis dacemis anu klebadi
ukugebis kanoni

ekonomikuri kanonebis Taviseburebani

ekonomikis kanonebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba TqvenTvis cnobili fizikis an

qimiis kanonebisagan. isini ZiriTadad WeSmaritia mxolod gansazRvrul, ara
yovelTvis mkafiod gamokveTil pirobebSi da aranaTel varaudebSi. bevri
ekonomikuri kanoni warmoadgens statistikuri dakvirvebebis Sedeges gansazRvrul
istoriul monakveTSi. maTi gadatana sxva drois intervalebSi da miT umetes gam-
oyeneba situaciis momavali ganviTarebis prognozirebisaTvis Zalze problematu-
ria. bevri kanoni, aRiarebula erTi ekonomikuri skolis CarCoebSi, sakamaToa an
srulebiT uaryofilia sxva skolebis mier. kanonTa nawili ukve warmoadgens mxo-
lod istoriul interess, vinaidan ekonomikuri pirobebi Seicvala da droTa
ganmavlobaSi gamovlinda maTi SezRuduloba.
ekonomikuri Teoriis ageba, gansxvavebiT fizikisagan, srulebiT araa orien-
tirebuli boris cnobil principze, romlis Tanaxmadac, yovelma axalma Teoriam
unda STanTqas Zveli, romelic xsnis movlenebis imave klass gansazRvrul pirobeb-
Si. amasTan saWiroa, rom axali Teoriis kanonebi gadaiqcnen Zvelad im pirobebSi,
risTvisac es Zveli Teoria iyo gankuTvnili. Magaliთad, ainStainis fardobiTobis
specialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi gantolebebi gadaiqceva Cveulebriv niutonis ka-
nonebad mcire siCqareebis dros sinaTlis siCqaresTan mimarTebaSi. kvanturi
meqanikis gantolebebi da kanonebi emTxveva klasikuri fizikis kanonebs sakmarisad
didi masis obieqtebis SemTxvevaSi.
ekonomikaSi ar SeiniSneba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa agebis ZiriTadi
principic, romelsac uwodeben okamis samarTebels. am principis Tanaxmad, Teoria-
Si ar SeiZleba SevitanoT axali cnebebi (kategoriebi), sanam arsebuli movlenebisa
da saeqsperimento monacemebis nakrebis axsna SeiZleba Zvelis safuZvelze.
ekonomistebi xSirad da msubuqad, yovelgvari aucileblobis gareSe axdenen axali
cnebebis Semotanas, naklebad ufardeben ra maT Zvlebs. albaT momavalSi ganxor-
cielebuli ekonomikis maTematizacia migviyvans mis mkacrad aqsiomatur agebamde,
rac damaxasiaთebeli iyo ufro Zvel sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTaTvis, rom-
lebic amavdroulad dakavSirebulni iyvnen mniSvnelovnad ufro martivi
obieqtebiT.

kanonebis moTxovnebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis yvela sferos exeba

ekonomikuri kanonebi sxvadasxvagvaria. arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic sazoga-

doebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos exeba. maT saerTo ekonomikur kanonebsac
uwodeben. es kanonebia:
23
  Rirebulebis kanoni
 dagrovebis kanoni
 fuladi mimoqcevis kanoni

Rirebulebis kanoni gamoxatavs fasis damokidebulebas saqonlis warmoebaze

daxarjul sazogadoebrivad aucilebel SromasTan. unda aRiniSnos, rom ar
SeiZleba am kanonis primitiulad axsna. principSi, rac ufro meti Sromaa daxar-
juli saqonlis warmoebaze miT ufro metia misi fasi. magram yidva-gayidvis pro-
cesze gavlenas axdens ara marto Sromatevadoba, aramed sxva mravali faqtoric:
saqonlis xarisxi, moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardoba, gamyidvelisa da
myidvelis monopoliზაციის done, fasebis saxelmwifo politika, gamoSvebuli
qaRaldis fulis raodenoba da a.S. amitom, realuri fasi TiTqmis yovelTvis gan-
sxvavdeba Rirebulebisagan, magram Rirebuleba yovelTvis rCeba im saSualo pozi-
ciad, romlis garSemoc meryeobs fasebi.
dagrovebis kanoni gvauwyebs, rom sameurneo moRvaweobisagan miRebuli
Semosavlis nawili aucileblad unda moxmardes mis gafarToebas, investiciebs.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri zrda an damuxruWdeba, an saerTod SeCerdeba.
dagroveba gafarToebul aRwarmoebas uzrunvelyofs. am faqtoris gareSe firma da
mTlianad qveyanac ki dakargavs simyares da konkurentunarianobas, sabolood da-
marcxdeba.
fuladi mimoqcevis kanoni gamoxatavs obieqtur kavSirs mimoqcevaSi არსებულ
qaRaldis fulis raodenobasa da fasebis dones Soris. kanoni gvamcnobs, rom fu-
lis myidvelobiTi unari myaria maSin, rodesac misi raodenoba Seefardeba bazris
moTxovnilebebs fulis გarkveul raodenobaზე. es raodenoba pirdapir Seefardeba
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis jams da fulis brunvis (mimoqcevis) siCqaris
ukuproporciulia.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, metwilad mikroekonomikis sferos ekuTvnis
moTxovnis kanoni, miwodebis kanoni da warmoebis faqtorTa damatebiTi xarjebis
efeqtianobis dacemis kanoni. obieqturi ekonomikuri kanonebis gaTvaliswineba
warmatebuli sameurneo moRvaweobis aucilebeli pirobaa.

sameurneo saqmianobis mTavari roli

istoria gvaswavlis, rom Cveni Zalian Soreuli winaprebi araviTar meurne-

obas ar uZRvebodnen. Tavis gamosakvebad isini eweodnen Semgroveblobas,
nadirobas da TevzWeras. magram arsebis aseTi wesi saWiro raodenobis saarsebo
saSualebebs ar iZleoda. pirvelyofili adamiani ganwiruli iyo SimSilisa da
sicocxlis dabali xangrZlivobisTvis (40 weliwadi).
am Cixuri situaciidan gamosavali ipoves 10 aTasi wlis winaT. Tu cxovelebi
imiT kmayofildebian, rasac bunebaSi pouloben, adamianebma TviTon iswavles
maTTvis saWiro da sasargeblo yvela nivTis warmoeba. daiwyes ra sameurneo saqmi-
anoba, maT maRali materialuri sulieri kultura Seqmnes. 100 saukunis ukan adami-
anebma meurneobis gaZRola daiwyes, rom TavianTi Tavi uzrunvelეyoT aucilebeli
sasicocxlo dovlaTiT.
ratom eweva adamiani sameurneo saqmianobas? ratom interesdeba adamiani
ekonomikurad? ekonomika ganapirobebs adamianTa Seucvlel interess. misgan yvela
elodeba im amocanebis gadawyvetas, romelzec damokidebulia misi cxovreba da
keTildReoba.
24
“ekonomikuri interesi “
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mizezi, romelic ubiZgebs adamianebs dakavdnen
sameurneo saqmianobiT da miiRon saSualebebi yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisTvis.
mraval adamians ainteresebs saerTaSoriso sameurneo kavSiri, kerZod, iseTi
kiTxvebi, rogorebicaa: rogoria sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cxovrebis done da xarisxi
da riT aixsneba aseTi sxvaoba? meurneobis romeli organizaciaa umjobesi da ro-
meli emsaxureba adamians ukeT? rogor viTardeba savaluto urTierToba qveynebs
Soris? risTvis erTiandeba ekonomikurad dasavleTevropuli da sxva qveynebi?
TviT am kiTxvaTa arasruli CamonaTvali, romlebic aRelvebs adamianebs, saSu-
alebas iZleva mivideT Semdeg daskvnamde. yoveli adamianisTvis mniSvnelovania
kargad gaaacnobieros Tavisi ekonomikuri interesebi, naTlad dainaxos maTi ganx-
orcielebis gzebi da saSualebebi. ginesis rekordebis wigni gvaმcnobs, rom 1971
wels, kunZul mindaoze (filipinebi) “aRmoaCines” gamoqvabulis adamianTa Temi.
isini ar eweodnen soflis meurneobas, ar gaaCndaT saojaxo meurneoba, ar
sargeblobdnen borbliT da meTuneobiT.
ekonomikis mTavari daniSnuleba adamianis sicocxlisunarianobis da keTil-
dReobis amaRlebaa. swored am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sainteresod wers cnobili
amerikeli mecnieri gregori menqiu Tavis wignSi “ekonomikis principebi”.
“ratom unda daiwyoT Tqven, 21-e saukunis studentebma, ekonomikuri
mecnierebis Seswavla? “

“ratom unda daiwyoT Tqven, 21-e saukunis studentebma, ekonomikuri mecniere-

bis Seswavla? amisaTvis sami mizezi arsebobs.
pirveli mizezi isaa, rom ekonomika samyaros SecnobaSi dagexmarebaT. ekono-
mikasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba bevri kiTxva, romelmac, SesaZloa, Tqveni cno-
bismoyvareoba gaaRizianos. ratomaa binis povna niu-iorkSi ase Zneli? ratom Rirs
TviTmfrinavis bileTi naklebi, roca mgzavrs SabaTi Ramis gaTeva uwevs? ratom
uxdian jოn keris amdens filmSi monawileobisTvis? ratom aris cxovrebis done
ase dabali afrikis bevr qveyanaSi? ratom aris zog qveyanaSi inflaciis done ma-
Rali, sxvagan ki fasebi stabiluria? ratom aris samuSaos povna ioli garkveul
wlebSi sxva wlebTan SedarebiT? es mxolod nawilia im kiTxvebis grZeli siisa,
romlebze pasuxis gacemaSic ekonomikis kursi dagexmarebaT.
ekonomikis Seswavlis meore mizezi is aris, rom misi daxmarebiT ukeT gaigebT
ekonomikur procesebs. cxovrebis gzaze mravali ekonomikuri xasiaTis
gadawyvetilebis miReba mogixdebaT. sanam studenti xar, unda gadawyvito, ramden
wels darCebi saswavlebelSi. roca muSaobas daiwyeb, Tavad gadawyvet, Semosavlis
ra nawils daxarjav, ramdens Seinaxav da rogor daabandeb Sens danazogs. erT dRes
SeiZleba mcire sawarmos an didi korporaciis saTaveSi aRmoCnde da gadasawyveti
gqondes, rogori fasebi daado Sens produqcias. mosazrebebi, romlebic Camoyali-
bebulia winamdebare wignSi, am gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi dagexmarebaT. SesaZloa,
Tavad ekonomikis Seswavlam ar gagamdidroT, magram imis saSualebas ki namdvilad
mogcemT, rom Tqven mcdelobebi warmatebiT ganaxorcieloT.
ekonomikis Seswavlis mesame mizezi isaa, rom misi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xde-
ba ekonomikuri politikis potencialisa da limitebis gaanalizeba. rogorc amo-
mrCeveli, exmarebiT im politikuri Zalis arCevas, romelic sazogadoebrivi re-
sursebis ganawilebas akontrolebs. roca wyvetT, romel politikur Zalas dau-
WiroT mxari, SesaZloa aRmoaCinoT, rom uamravi SekiTxva gebadebaT ekonomikas-

25
Tan dakavSirebiT. ra aris alternatiuli sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi arsi? ra
Sedegebi moaqvs sxva qveynebTan Tavisufal vaWrobas? rogoria garemos dacvis sau-
keTeso gza? rogor axdens saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti gavlenas ekonomikaze? es
da msgavsi SekiTxvebi yovelTvis awuxebT politikosebs meriebSi, ofisebSi, samT-
avrobo organizaciebsa da TeTr saxlSi.
amgvarad, ekonomikis principebi SeiZleba mraval cxovrebiseul situaciaSi
gamoiyenoT. mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ras gaakeTebT momavalSi – gazeTs ikiTxavT,
kompanias CaudgebiT saTaveSi Tu ovalur ofisSi ijdebiT – Tqven yovelTvis kma-
yofili iqnebiT imiT, rom ekonomikas swavlobdiT.“ [20]

produqtis ra saxeobebs qmnis ekonomika

dovlaTs ekonomistebi uwodeben yvelafers, ris miTvisebasac adamianebi

isurvebdnen, rac maTTvis sargeblobis momtania – realuri an moCvenebiTi. kerZoT
dovlaTi SeiZleba vuwodoT purs, wyals, haers, materialuri da aramaterialuri
dovlaTiT (magaliTad, miwiT) sargeblobis uflebas. Sesabamisad, antidovlaTs,
uwodeben imas, ris miTvisebasac adamianebi ar moisurvebdnen, rasac isini sazianod
miiCneven. kerZod, antidovlaTi SeiZleba vuwodoT avtomobilis gamonabolqv ga-
zebs, marilian wvimebs, qarborbalas, Zravis xmaurs, magnitur qariSxals. zogjer
gviwevs ara dovlaTTa Soris arCevanis gakeTeba, aramed antidovlaTTa Soris. ga-
moTqmac arsebobs: “ori borotebidan naklebs irCeven”.
ar arsebobs erTiani sazomi: ra aris “kargi” da ra aris “cudi”. is, rasac erTi
adamiani dovlaTad aRiqvams, meorem SeiZleba antidovlaTad miiCnios. magaliTad,
erTi da igive wvima glexisTvis SeiZleba dovlaTi iyos, mogzaurisTvis ki dabr-
koleba. nawarmi, romelic nikotins Seicavs, alkoholi, sxva nivTiereba, romelic
adamianis fsiqikaze zemoqmedebs, misi momxmareblebisaTvis dovlaTad aRiqmeba,
garSemo myofTaTvis ki xSirad rogorc boroteba.
amitom, ekonomistebi, rogorc wesi iyeneben mxolod erT termins – “dovla-
Ti”, romelSic gulisxmoben materialur da idealur nivTebs, nivTis Tvisebas,
process, - erTi sityviT yvelafers, rac SeiZleba ase Tu ise miviTvisoT, gamoviye-
noT dovlaTad Tavis Tavis sxva adamianebis an organizaciebis sazianod.
nebismier Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi cirkulirebadi dovlaTis mravalfero-
vneba ganuzomlad didia. Tanamedrove produqciis klasifikatori 20 milionze meti
dasaxelebis produqciis nomenklaturas iTvlis. sinamdvileSi, raTqma unda, yvela
am saganTan saqme aravis ar hqonia. maTi didi nawili iwarmoeba da moixmareba sa-
warmoebSi da piradi moxmarebis sferoSi arasodes ar gamodis. miT umetes, firme-
bSi, rogorc wesi, dovlaTis TiToeuli saxeobis nakadi da maragi cal-calke aR-
iricxeba, ramdenadac konkretul konkurentuli sawarmoo procesSi sruliad
gansazRvruli sagnebi gamoiyeneba da erTis Secvla sxvebiT an xarisxis Semcirebas
gamoiwvevs, an kidev danaxarjebis raodenobis gazrdas. aseT aRricxvas saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebSic ewevian.
dovlaTs Soris gamoyofen urTierTSemcvlelebs, anu substitutebs (ingl. si-
tyvidan substitute- Secvla) da urTierTSemavseblebs, anu komplementarebs (inglisu-
ridan complement- damateba). urTierTSemcvlelebs miekuTvneba ara marto mravali
samomxmareblo dovlaTi da sawarmoo resursi, aramed satransporto momsaxureba
(matarebeli, TviTmfrinavi, avtomobili), momsaxurebis sferoebi (kino, Teatri,
cirki) da a.S. urTierTSemavsebeli dovlaTis magaliTia magida da skami, avtomo-
bili da benzini, kalami da qaRaldi. dovlaTi SeiZleba iyos erTmaneTis mimarT

26
neitraluric. dovlaTis urTierTSemcvelobis da urTierTSemavseblobis gageba
mniSvnelovania nebismier ekonomikaSi agentebis (subieqtebis) qcevis da fas-
warmoqmnis kanonzomierebaTa gasagebad sabazro ekonomikaSi.
dovlaTi SeiZleba iyos:
a) erT an mravaljeradi gamoyenebis. pirvelis Sesaxeb Cveulebriv amboben, rom
is moixmareba, qreba, mere ki, rom isini gamoiyeneba, TandaTanobiT cvdeba.
zogoerTi nivTisTvis, magaliTad kvebis produqtebisa da sayofacxovrebo
teqnikisaTvis, sirTules ar warmoadgens maTi pirveli an meore jgufisTvis
mikuTvneba. sxvebisTvis, magaliTad tansacmlisTvis, SesaZloa warmoiSvas
surTule. garda amisa, warmoebul xangrZlivi moxmarebis dovlaTis
calkeul jgufSi Cveulebriv gaoyofen Senobebs da nagebobebs (uZrav qoneba),
ramdenadac yvela sxva dovlaTisgan gansxvavebiT isini ar floben mobilu-
robis, adgilsamyofelis Secvlis Tvisebas.
b) pirdapiri (samomxmareblo) da iribi (sawarmoo), romelic Tavis mxriv, iyofa
realurad da finansurad. arasakmarisi samomxmareblo dovlaTis misaRebad
saWiroa iribi dovlaTi – resursebi.
g) axlandeli realurad arsebuli dovlaTi (awmyoSi arsebuli) da iseTi, rom-
lis gamoyeneba SegveZleba mxolod samomavlod. meurneobriobis azri xSirad
imaze daiyvaneba, rom resursebi, romelic axla (awymoSi) arsebobs, gamoviyenoT
momavalSi dovlaTis Sesaqmnelad.
d) daculi da daucveli. absoluturad daucvelia momsaxureba, ramdenadac isini
moixmareba uSualod warmoebis procesSi. magaliTad, satransporto momsax-
ureba, sivrceSi gadasaadgileblad mdgari raime, srulad moxmarebuli aRmoC-
ndeba zustad im momentSi, roca es gadaadgileba dasrulebulia. nakleb daculia
malfuWebadi kvebis produqtebi, magaliTad axali Tevzi, xorci.
absoluturad daculTan axlosmdgomia – egreTwodebuli keTilSobili li-
Tonebi, magaliTad oqro, vercxli. realuri, fizikuri dovlaTis didi nawili
droSi mcired daculia, gare garemos mavne zemoqmedebas ganicdis. arsebobs
agreTve dovlaTi, absoluturad daculi da droSi raodenobrivi zrdis unaris
mqonec. mas miekuTvneba fuli da finansuri kapitali (finansebi, fasiani qaRaldebi).

27
 uZravi moZravi

daculi daucveli

mravaljeradi erTjeradi
gamoyenebis gamoyenebis
axlandeli urTierTSemcvleli

dovlaTi

(antidovlaTi)
samomavlo urTierTSemavsebeli

pirdapiri iribi

realuri finansuri (fuladi)

Nnax1.2. obieqtebis mixedviT dovlaTis klasifikacia ekonomikur Te-

oriaSi

finansur kapitals aqvs Tviseba Tavis mesakuTres moutanos damatebiTi fuli

drois garkveuli Sualedis gavlis meSveobiT. am gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad finansuri
kapitalis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, magaliTad, yvela vadiani anabari.
obieqtebis mixedviT dovlaTis klasifikacia ekonomikur TeoriaSi, mocemulia nax1..2-ze.

Tu sxvadaxva saxis dovlaTis ganxilvas SevajamebT, SeiZleba gavakeToT

saerTo daskvna. dovlaTi (antidovlaTi) SeiZleba iyos nivTi, misi Tviseba,
cvlileba da nivTis sivrcesa da droSi gadaadgileba, sxvadasxva saxis energia,
yovlisSemZle informacia. garda amisa, dovlaTi SeiZleba iyos sakuTrebis sruli
an nawilobrivi ufleba sxva dovlaTze. magaliTad, gayidvis ufleba dovlaTia,
gaicvalos ufro sasargeblo dovlaTze, gadasces is sargeblobaSi naRd
safuZvelze. mokled, terminiT “dovlaTi (antidovlaTi)” SeiZleba aRvniSnoT
yvelaferi, rasac adamiani, romelic gadawyvetilebas iRebs, TavisTvis mniSvnelov-

28
nad Tvlis. Cveulebriv es aris is, rac ama Tu im subieqtebs interesebs da maT
cxovrebaze axdens gavlenas.

sazogadoebis materialuri simdidris mdgenelebi

sazogadoebis materialuri simdidre Sedgeba (cxrili1.1):

• bunebrivi, bunebis mier Seqmnili dovlaTi (tye, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, ve-
luri kenkra, soko da sxva);
• ekonomikuri dovlaTi, romlis Semoqmedad gvevlineba adamiani.
ori saxeobis ekonomikuri dovlaTia:
I. moxmarebis sagnebi, rac uSualod gankuTvnilia adamianis sicocxlisaTvis
(sakvebi, tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, sacxovrebeli, samgzavro transporti da
sxva misTanani).
II. warmoebis saSualebebi, anu yvelaferi, rac ganapirobebs adamianisTvis sa-
sargeblo produqtebis Seqmnas (magaliTad, navTobis, liTonis mopoveba, in-
strumentebi, Carxebi da sxva mravali). warmoebis saSualebebi SeiZleba movi-
povoT “bunebis sakuWnaodan” (sasargeblo wiaRiseuli) an vawarmooT qveynis
SigniT (Carxebi liTonis dasamuSaveblad da a.S.).

cxrili1.1
sasargeblo dovlaTisa da simdidris wyaroebis saxeobebi

rogoraa moxmarebis sagnebi dakavSirebuli warmoebis saSualebebTan

davuSvaT, zogierT axalgazrda adamians uyvars purfunTuSeulis nawarmi. ma-

gram SeuZliaT ki, rom maT upasuxon Semdeg martiv sakiTxs: saidan iwyeba da romel
etapebs gaivlis am nawarmis Seqmna, vidre isini momxmareblebamde miaRwevdnen?
cxadia, am kiTxvaze advilad upasuxeben soflis mcxovrebni, romlebmac kargad
ician, warmoebis romeli saSualebebi unda Seqmnan Tavdapirvelad, rom sabolood
misgan sakvebi produqtebi miiRon. sakiTxi exeba sameurneo saqmianobis Semdeg
etapebs:
• mindvrebze moiyvanon marcvlovani kulturebi (xorbali, Wvavi da sxva);
• fqvilburRuleuls sawarmoebSi marcvlisagn awarmoon fqvili;
• puris qarxnebSi gamoacxon purfunTuSeulis nawarmi;
• mza produqtebi miitanon maRaziaSi.
zemoaRniSnulidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna.
1. moxmarebis sagnebis Seqmna SeiZleba mxolod Sesabamisi warmoebis saSu-
alebebis kargad gamarTuli warmoebis safuZvelze.
2. rogorc wesi, sameurneo saqmianobaSi sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebi
monawileoben, sadac aucilebeli materialuri saSualebebi Tanmimdevrulad
29
 gamoiyeneba adamianis piradi moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili saboloo
dovlaTis Sesaqmnelad.
gaxdebiT ra specialistebi, ra Tqma unda, sasargebloa icodeT, saqmianobis
Tqvens mier arCeul sferoSi rogor iqmneba warmoebis saSualebebi, da Semdeg
maTgan etapobrivad rogor mzaddeba moxmarebis sagnebi.

ekonomikuri problema

“fexi ise gaSale, sabani mogwvdebodeso”, “wvima movida, magram qveyanas ver
gaswvdao”, “erTi Txilis guli cxra Zmam gaiyoo”, “Wama qonebaze hkidiao”, “Tavs
zemoT ver gadaxtebio”, “Roris yurisgan abreSumis safules ver Sekerav”, “kokasa
Sigan raca dgas, igive warmodindebis”. ra bevri andaza da sxva yoveldRiuri gam-
onaTqvami usvams xazs Cveni survilebis kerZo Seusabamobas maTi dakmayofilebis
SesaZleblobebTan. sakmarisia davfiqrdeT, ramdeni damatebiTi nivTis yidvas Sev-
ZlebdiT, Cveni Semosavlebi ufro meti rom yofiliyo: moduri tansacmeli, axali
aveji, prestiJuli manqana, mogzauroba sazRvargareT, videokamera... am sias bolo
ar uCans, ramdenadac, es moTxovnilebebi rom dakmayofildes kidec, aucileblad
axali gaCndeba.
ai, swored es aris ekonomikuri problema (economic problem) SeuzRudavi anu
ganusazRvreli survilebi da SezRuduli anu gansazRvruli saSualebebi (nax.1.3).
Cven verasodes ver davZlevT am siZneles, magram Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT, mi-
viRoT rac SeiZleba meti imisgan, rasac vflobT, rac xelT gvaqvs, rac Cvens
gankargulebaSia. e.i. Cven yovelTvis ekonomia (economics) anu momWirneoba gviwevs.
imisaTvis, rom ukeT gavigoT, ras moicavs cneba “momWirne ekonomikuri meur-
neobrioba” (economicsing), ganvixiloT gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi. aseTi
magaliTi ufro xelsayrelia, vidre is erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, vinai-
dan, termini „ekonomika”, rogorc dasawyisSi ukve aRvniSneT, berZnulidan Tu
vTargmniT, niSnavs “saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolas”.

nax.1.3. ekonomikuri problema

daukmayofilebeli
survilebi

survilebi rom-
lebic SeiZleba
dakmayofildes

ufaso dovlaTis iSviaTi resursebis

meSveobiT meSveobiT
30
rakiRa Cven raRacas virCevT, maSasadame, Cven gviwevs raRacaze uari ganvacxadoT,
raRaca msxverplad gaviRoT. raRacis miReba nebismier sferoSi raRac sxva raimeze
uaris Tqmas niSnavs. amitom Cven vlaparakobT alternatiul danaxarjze (apportuni-
ty cost), e.i. raRac sxva raimes Rirebulebaze , romelzedac uaris Tqma gviwevs (ufro
zustad, sxva ukeTes variantze). praqtikaSi ekonomikuri problema niSnavs ara im-
denad srul uars erT saqonelze meoris sasargeblod, ramdenadac gad-
awyvetilebis miRebas cota didi raodenobiT meti erTi saqonlis da cota naklebi
raodenobis meore saqonlis arCevis Sesaxeb

ekonomikuri dovlaTi

“ufaso” da “iSviaTi” dovlaTi. mxolod mcire dovlaTia imdenad didi raode-

nobiT, rom misTvis arcerTi adamiani arcerT TeTrs ar gadaixdis. erT-erTi aseTi
dovlaTia haeri. kidev erTi magaliTi: zogierT wlebSi yurZnis an vaSlis mosava-
li imdenad didia, rom baRebis mflobelebi yvela msurvels sTavazoben: “aiReT,
ramdensac SeZlebT”-o. aseT dovlaTs ewodeba ufaso (free). magram dovlaTis
umetesoba iSviaT (scarce) dovlaTs miekuTvneba, e.i. is SeiZleba miviRoT mxolod
raimeze uaris TqmiT. Tu gvinda rom mas daveufloT, mogviwevs ekonomiis gaweva,
amitom mas ekonomikur dovlaTsac (economic goods) uwodeben. Tumca erTxel da
samudamod dadgenili sazRvari ekonomikur da araekonomikur dovlaTs Soris ar
arsebobs. iSviaToba umetesad moTxovnazea damokidebuli.
amgvarad, dovlaTs ewodeba ekonomikuri, Tu misi daufleba subieqtisaTvis sxva
dovlaTis dauflebaze uaris Tqmis Sedegia. magaliTad, atmosferuli haeri
ekonomikuri dovlaTi araa, xolo haeri kondicioneriT, haeris gama-
sufTaveblebiT aRWurvil SenobaSi, ekonomikuri dovlaTia – misTvis gadaxda mog-
viwia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas nakadulis wylis milsadenis wyalTan Sedarebisas.
ramdenadac milsadenis wyali cudi ar unda iyos xarisxiT, vidre nakadulis, mxo-
lod is aris ekonomikuri dovlaTi. misi saWiro dros da saWiro adgilze miwodeba
milsadenis gayvanis, wyalsaqaCi sadgurebis mSeneblobis, wylis gasufTavebis
nagebobaTa, kanalizaciis sistemis danaxarjebis Sedegia.

ekonomikuri dovlaTis oradi xasiaTi

warmoebis saSualebebsa da moxmarebis sagnebs Soris kavSiri praqtikaSi ufro

rTuli aRmoCndeba, vidre es dasawyisSi SeiZleba mogveCvenos. saqme is aris, rom
zogierT ekonomikur dovlaTs oradi xasiaTi aqvs. misi erTi nawili gamoiyeneba
rogorc warmoebis saSualeba, meore nawili ki, rogorc moxmarebis sagani. aviRoT,
vTqvaT, Saqris fxvnili. misi umetesi nawili gamoiyeneba warmoebis saSualebis sax-
iT sakonditro nawarmis, murabisa da sxva sakvebi produqtebis damzadebisas. meore
nawili ixarjeba piradi moxmarebis saxiT. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT marilis, daW-
erili Tevzis, xorcis da sxva produqtebis Sesaxeb.

31
ekonomikis meTodebi
ekonomikis meTodebSi garkveva “meTodis” raobis SeswavliT unda daiwyos.
masze warmodgenas gvaZlevs ucxouri warmoSobis Semdegi terminebi:
meTodi [Zv. berZ.  gamokvlevis xerxi] რაიმეს Seqmnis an damzadebis
xerxebis erToblioba. miznis miRwevis an konkretuli amocanis gadaWris xerxi,
moqmedebis viTareba; realobis Teoriuli an praqtikuli Semecnebis (aTvisebis)
xerxi; filosofiaSi filosofiuri codnis agebis an dasabuTebis xerxi.
meTodika [< Zv. berZ. ] 1) რაიმე samuSaos Catarebis saSualebebis da
mizanSewonili xerxebis Catarebis erToblioba; 2) pedagogiuri mecnierebis dargi,
romelic Seiswavlis garkveuli sagnis swavlebis kanonzomierebebs, mag. inglisuri
enis.
meTodistebi [Zv. berZ.  gamokvlevis xerxi] 1) რომელიმეsagnis
swavlebis meTodikis specialistebi; 2) meTodisturi eklesiis mimdevrebi, romelic
XVIII s-Si gamoeyo anglikanur eklesias da wamoayena ZiriTad moTxovnad religi-
uri miTiTebebis Tanmimdevruli “meToduri” aRsruleba da morCileba.
meTodologia [meTodi+...logia] 1) swavleba swavlis samecniero xerxebze; 2)
რომელიმე mecnierebis meTodebis erToblioba, mag. kvanturi meqanikis m.
meToduri [Zv. berZ. ] mkacrad Tanmimdevruli, sistematuri, rac
zedmiwevniT icavs winaswar gansazRvrul grafiks; ar uSvebs gegmidan gadaxedvas,
zustad daculi.
gamoyofen ekonomikis mraval meTods, romelTagan Zalzed mniSvnelo-
vania:
 SedarebiTi analizis meTodi;
 mecnieruli abstraqciis meTodi;
 grafikuli gamosaxvis meTodi;
 ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi.

SedarebiTi analizis meTodi niSnavs kerZo da zogadi ekonomikuri

maCveneblebis Sedarebas, maT Sejerebas saukeTeso Sedegebis miRebis mizniT.
nebismieri mewarme valdebulia Seadaros Tavisi firmis xarjebi konkurentis
xarjebs, ganixilos Tavisi moRvaweobis sxvadasxva alternatiuli variantebi. ra
aris ufro xelsayreli, centralizebuli sainvesticio fondis formirebisaTvis
sawarmos mogebis dabegvris maRali normis dadgena Tu misi Semcireba, riTac
sawarmo TviTon gaifarToebs sainvesticio moRvaweobis moculobas, kargad cno-
bili midgoma „xarjebi - Sedegebi”, ZiriTadad SedarebiTi analizis meTodzea da-
fuZnebuli.
mecnieruli abstraqciis meTodi gulisxmobs ekonomikur movlenaTa Secnobis
procesSi naklebad mniSvnelovani movlenebisagan ganyenebas da sagnis an movlenis
mTavari jgufis gamoyofas.
magaliTad, moTxovnis kanonis axsnisas analizdeba mxolod moTxovnisa da
fasis urTierTdamokidebuleba, danarCen pirobebs (fasebis saxelmwifo politika,
bazris Sevsebis done, Sinagani da sagareo konkurenciis moqmedeba, bazris infra-
struqturis ganviTareba da a.S.) yuradReba ar eqceva. mTavari faqtoris dadgenis
Semdeg abstraqcia ivseba droebiT gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebis Sesabamisi
TvalTaxedviT Catarebuli kvleviT.

32
 ekonomikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba grafikuli gamosaxvis meTodi. igi gvexmareba
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri maCveneblebis Tanafardobis aRqmaSi, ekonomikuri situaci-
is cvlilebebis gavlenis Sedegad maTi “qcevis” SefasebaSi. magaliTad SeiZleba
aviRoT laferis mrudi, romelic gamoxatavs sabiujeto Semosavlebis
damokidebulebas gadasaxadebTan. grafikuli gamosaxva Zalze moxerxebulia mikro-
analizisaTvis. mas aqvs erTi Tavisebureba: ekonomistebi xSirad cvlian cvladebis
mdebareobas da abscisTa RerZe aTavseben damokidebul cvlads, damoukidebels ki -
oridinatTa RerZze, rogorc, magaliTad, ლaferis mrudzea.
amgvarad, grafikuli gamosaxvis meTodi gvexmareba naTlad warmovidginoT
ekonomikuri situaciebis ganviTareba, xSir SemTxvevaSi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
saboloo sizustiT gamovxatoT damokidebuleba ekonomikur parametrebs Soris.

ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi

ekonomikuri problemebis Seswavlisa da gadawyvetis mZlavr Tanamedrove

meTods warmoadgens maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi, e.i. ekonomikuri movlenis
aRwera formalizebul enaze maTematikuri simboloebisa da algoriTmebis dax-
marebiT. jer-erTi, aseTi kompaqturi warmodgena amaRlebs rTuli ekonomikuri
problemebis Tvalmisawvdomobas, afarToebs Semecnebis sferos da xSirad axal
warmodgenas gvaZlevs ekonomikis obieqtur kanonzomierebaze. meorec, maTematiku-
ri modeli gasagebia eleqtronul gamomTvleli manqanisaTvis (egm), romelic Tavs
uyris auracxel monacemebs, formaluri logikis kanonebze dayrdnobiT, statisti-
kisa da maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT ekonomistebs ganumeorebel anali-
tikur SesaZleblobebs aZlevs, urTulesi gaTvlebis Sedegad mianiSnebs maT iseTi
Sefasebebisa da daskvnebis Sesaxeb, romlis miRweva adre Seuძlebeli iyo. garda
amisa gadawyvetilebaTa dagrოvebisa da praqtikul SedegebTan maTi Sedarebis
Sedegad, kompiuters SeuZlia maTematikuri wesebiT SecdomebSi kanonzomiereba aR-
moaCinos da Seitanos koreqtura gaTvaliswinebul rekomendaciebSi.
magram miRebuli Sedegebis sarwmunooba upirveles yovlisa maTematikuri
modelis realuri ekonomikuri procesebisadmi adeqvaturobazea damokidebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelis yoveli pirobiTi
aRniSvna movlenaTa aRwerisa da gamoTvlebis simartivisatvis gamoiyeneba, man un-
da asaxos mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebi da ekonomikuri pro-
cesebis ganviTarebis kanonebi. Tu amas mivaRwevT, maSin miRebuli modeli iqneba
homoforuli, anu iseTi, romelic aRwerili movlenebisa da procesebis
realurTan maqsimalurad miaxloebul suraTs iZleva. modelis homomorfuloba
(berZ. homos - Tanabari, erTgvarovani da - morphe saxe, warmoSoba) miiRweva
ekonomikuri obieqtis sistemuri analizis meTodiT, romliTac ganisazRvreba misi
mTlianobis sazRvrebi, arsebiT (yvelaze gavleniani) maxasiaTeblebi da maTi
cvlilebis diapazonebi.
Tanamedrove ekonomisti maTematikuri modelirebisas sistemur analizs
gverds ver auvlis, roca obieqti an movlena ganixileba rogorc gareSe wrisagan
gancalkevebuli elementebis mTliani erTianoba. sistemidan elementis amoReba
mkvlevaris azriT ise cvlis mis mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs, rom igi originalobas
kargavs da sxva sistemad gadaiqceva. sistemis mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa xdeba misi
ganviTarebisa da elementebs Soris myari urTierTqmedebebis (kavSirebis) mizniT.
amgvarad, mkvlevaris subieqturi Sexeduleba sistemas garemosagan ganacalkevebs
masSi im elementebis gamoyofiT, romelTa gareSe igi ver iarsebebs da adgens maT
33
Soris kavSirebs, e.i. realuri obieqti yvela araarsebiTisagan iwmindeba. Tu ele-
mentis saxiT arCeulia ekonomikuri faqtori, masin misi sididis cvlilebam gavlena
unda moaxdinos sistemis saerTo maxasiaTeblebis cvlilebaze, romelic argumentis
saxiT aris miRebuli. elementebis da argumentis parametrebis cvlilebaTa dia-
pazoni arsebobis sferoTia (garemoTi) SemosazRvruli. kavSirebi gamoixateba fun-
qcionalur damokidebulebaTa saxiT; maTi maTematikuri gamosaxva gantolebaTa pa-
kets (sistemas) gvaZlevs, rac sakuTriv ekonomikuri kavsirebis matematikur models
warmoadgens.
eyrdnoboda ra ingliseli mecnierebis, didi politekonomistis jon stiuart
mils, kembrijis universitetis profesoris eduard frimanis da sxvaTa
moZRvrebebs, ilia WavWavaZem ekonomikuri kvlevis meTodebi Semdegnairad daalaga:
- “SedarebiTi meTodi”. - azris advilad gadacema da “sabuTianoba“. - avtoritetebis
damowmeba. - safexurebrivi kvleva. - saqmis “Sinagani avkargianobis” Seswavla. -
sistemuri kvlevis meTodi. - statistikuri masalebisadmi midgoma. - simarTleze da
ara umravlesobaze, an umciresobaze, dayrdnoba. - abstraqtuli azrovnebis mniS-
vneloba. - ekonomikuri kvlevis gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba.

dialeqtikis 3 mTavari kanoni

yvela mecniereba kvleva-Ziebisas iyenebs dialeqtikis 3 mTavar kanons. es ka-

nonebia:
 dapirispirebaTa erTianobisa da brZolis (SeTanxmebis) kanoni;
 raodenobrivi cvlilebebis TvisobrivSi gadasvlis kanoni;
 “uaryofis uaryofa”.
yvela mecniereba efuZneba aseve logikas, induqciisa da deduqciis meTodebs ....
ekonomikis urTules sakiTxebSi garkvevisaTvis saWiroa vicodeT ganviTarebis
zogadi Teoriis safuZvlebi, romelsac misma Semqmnelma XIX saukunis udidesma
mecnierma da filosofosma hegelma uwoda dialeqtika. am mecnierebam yvela rTuli
sistemis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb bevrad gauswro sxva saerTo kvlevebs. hegelma gam-
oyo dialeqtikis sami mTavari kanoni.
dialeqtikis wamyvani kanoni – “dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis
kanoni” – ganviTarebas xsnis ori sapirispiro, magram urTierTSemavsebeli Zalis
brZolis arsebobiT: siTbo da sicive, sibnele da sinaTle, sikeTe da boroteba,
proletari da kapitalisti – yoveli bunebrivi da istoriuli procesisaTvis
SeiZleba ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego sawyisis povna, romelTa brZoliT aixsneba
misi ganviTareba. amaSia dialeqtikuri midgomis arsi. dapirispirebulobani
imavdroulad erTiania am procesSi. e.i. erTis mowyveta meorisagan SeuZlebelia.
dialeqtika aRwers ara imdenad realurad mimdinare procesebs, ramdenadac kaco-
briobis cxovrebis kanonzomierebebs da am procesebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobebs.
gamartivebulad Tu vityviT, aRniSnuli kanoni Semdeg Tanmimdevrul azrovne-
bas moiTxovs. jer gansaxilvel procesSi unda gamovyoT ori urTierTdapirispir-
ebuloba, ukiduresoba da aRvweroT procesi, rogorc TandaTanobiTi siWarbe,
dominireba xan erTi ukiduresobis, xan meoresi.
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri dinamikuri procesis ganlageba
ukidures, urTierTsawinaaRmdego Semadgenlebad. TiToeuli maTganis gamokvleva,

34
xolo Semdeg procesis nebismieri msvlelobis warmodgena, rogorc SeTavseba, anu
hegelis mixedviT, brZola.
dialeqtikis meore kanoni – “raodenobriobis gadasvla TvisebriobaSi” –
bevrad martivia gasagebad sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa sferoebSi. ufro
rTulia maTSi garkveva sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi. es kanoni ubralod gveubneba,
rom yoveli Tvisebrioba, dafiqsirebuli Cveni grZnobaTa organoebis mier, ro-
melmac asaxva hpova enaSi, ganmtkicebul statikur cnebebSi, icvleba gansazRvruli
raodenobrivi maCveneblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, wyali uaryofiTi temperaturis
dros xdeba myari, xolo temperaturis awevisas gadadis airis mdgomareobaSi.
sinaTles 500 angstremis sigrZis talRiT aRviqvamT rogorc mwvanes, xolo talRis
sigrZis gazrdisas igi TandaTanobiT gadadis wiTelSi da a.S. ase rom, yovel pro-
cesSi SeiZleba da saWiroa vipovnoT zogadi raodenobrivi parametrebi, pasux-
ismgebelni xarisxobriv cvlilebebze.
dialeqtikis mesame kanoni, romelic lamazad da gaugebrad wodebulia – “uar-
yofis uaryofad”, laparakobs ganviTarebis yvela procesis gansazRvrul ganmeo-
rebaze. es, vfiqrobT, kacobriobis mier miRweuli yvelaze Rrma ganzogadebaa sis-
temebis ganviTarebis procesebis Seswavlisas. Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, ka-
noni “uaryofis uaryofa” ganviTarebis yvela dinamikuri procesis talRiseburi
qanqaris msgavsi xasiaTis deklamirebas axdens.

sistemuri midgomis meTodi

dRes mecnierebi yvelaze misaRebad meTodologiur pluralizms miiCneven. ami-

tom ar SeiZleba erTi xelis aRebiT romelime meTodisaTvis upiratesobis
miniWeba. unda gamoviyenoT yvela is meTodi, romelic mopovebuli masalebis ana-
lizs xels Seuwyobs. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia SedarebiTi analizis
meTodi, mecnieruli abstraqciis meTodi, grafikuli gamosaxvis meTodi,
ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi da sxva. rogorc ityvian, mexsiereba
TariRebiTa da faqtebiT unda gaajero da maSin SeZleb Seni wina istoriis Se-
fasebas, ufro zustad ki – gadafasebas. axlaxans gamocemul didebul wignSi –
“qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria” (Tbilisi, 2003), cnobili
qarTveli profesori giorgi nadareiSvili aRniSnavs: “istoriul-samarTlebrivi
xasiaTis masalas Tu Teoriis nisliT davabnelebT, sasurvel Sedegs ver miviRebT.
rogorc i. goeTe ityoda, uferulia aq Teoria, magram cxovrebis oqros xe ki mar-
ad mwvanea. Teoria faqtebs ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes”.
ekonomikis sagnisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs msofliomeur-
neobrivi movlenebisa da procesebisadmi sistemur midgomas. am meTodis
Tanamedrove eniTa da midgmebiT gagebas eZRvneba akademikos iveri frangiSvilis
statia – “sistemuri midgoma, sistemuri azrovneba da marTvis sakiTxebi”.
sistemuri kvlevis meTodebis gasagebad mogvyavs vrceli amonaweri zemoT aR-
niSnuli naSromidan:
“sistemuri midgoma aris samyaros da misi obieqtebis movlenebisa da pro-
cesebis Seswavla sistemuri kvlevis meTodebiT, maTi mTlianobisa an maTSi mimdi-
nare im procesebis saerTo Tu specifiur kanonzomierebaTa integrirebulobis
kuTxiT, romlebic maT warmogvidgens rogorc sistemas. sistemur midgomas,
Cveulebriv, viyenebT SedarebiT rTuli da efeqtiani sistemebis analizis, Secnobisa
da sinTezisaTvis.

35
 sxvadasxva problemis mimarT sistemuri, mTlianobiTi midgoma efuZneba
faqtorTa arsebis, rolis, mniSvnelobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis gaazrebas
maTs erTianobaSi, anu kompleqsSi. es SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs kompleqsurad da
yovelmxriv SeviswavloT problema, gamovyoT prioritetebi da movaxdinoT sis-
temis ZiriTadi parametrebis optimizacia. magaliTad, qveynis erovnuli usafrTx-
oebis sistemologia viTardeba iseTi mecnierebebis Sesayarze, rogorebicaa
politologia, samxedro mecniereba, sociologia, informatika, ekologia, ekonomi-
ka.
dRes, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare sistemuri krizisebis xanaSi, sis-
temuri midgomis mniSvneloba izrdeba, vinaidan am krizisebs SeiZleba
daupirispirdes mxolod maTTan brZolis sistemuri meTodebi. es midgoma aris
saSualeba imisa, rom amovicnoT sistemur winaaRmdegobaTa xasiaTi, gamovavlinoT
urTierTkavSirebis sirTule da SevimuSavoT problemebis gadawyvetis strategia.
qveynis erovnuli interesebis mimarT sistemuri midgoma qveynis aRorZinebisa
da misi ekonomikuri da samxedro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mTavari pirobaa.
am midgomis gamoyenebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs globaluri
problemebis Seswavlisas. am problemebs (ekologiurs, socialurs, ekonomikurs,
samxedros, teqnogenurs, uSiSroebisas) da maTs sistemur gaazrebas zogadsakaco-
brio mniSvneloba aqvs. isini imdenad kompeqsuri xasiaTisaa, rom maTi gadawyvetis
mcdeloba dadebiT Sedegs ar mogvcems, Tu erTdroulad ar movaxdineT zemoqmede-
ba am sistemis mraval parametrze.
sistemuri azrovnebis mizania sworad da mTlianobaSi (sistemurad) aRiqvas
garemo, mTlianobaSi gaiazros dakvivebiT mopovebuli informacia, Seimecnos mate-
rialuri da aramaterialuri samyaros kanonebi da kanonzomierebebi, iswavlos
adamianis saqmianobaSi – uwinaresad, rTuli sistemebis Seqmnasa da marTvaSi – am
kanonTa da kanonzomierebaTa gamoyeneba.
bevr Zlier specialists, CvenTanac da sxvaganac, Camouyalibda gansakuTrebu-
li sistemuri azrovneba, - Cveva iazrovnos ise, rom mTlianad suraTad xedavdes
obieqts Tu process. sistemur azrovnebas mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels adamianis in-
tuicia da faruli (miRmuri) codna.
Tu axal obieqts vikvlevT da amisaTvis ar gvyofnis arsebuli modelebi, maSin
sistemuri azrovneba, mTlianobiT midgoma, intuicia da faruli (miRmuri) codna
gvexmareba SevimuSaoT axali, ufro efeqtiani modelebi. mecnierebas ar gaaCnia
sazomi, romliTac sistemuri azrovnebis dones gazomavda, magram SeiZleba
vamtkicoT, rom sistemurma azrovnebam ukve miaRwia ganviTarebis im safexurs,
rodesac adamiani mis xelT arsebuli kognituri modelebis gamoyenebiT axerxebs
Caswvdes rTuli teqnikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, fsiqikuri Tu sxva problemebis
arss (Tvisebriobas).
sistemuri azrovneba, romelSic intuicia da faruli (miRmuri) codnis faqto-
rebi mZlavrobs, iyenebs rogorc induqciur, ise deduqciur meTodebs. SedarebiT
Cveuli deduqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs imas, rom jer ganisazRvreba kompleqsu-
ri sistemuri problemebi, Semdeg ki iZebneba am problemebis kompleqsuri gad-
awyveta. xolo induqciuri sistemuri analizis dros piriqiT, Tavdapirvelad eZe-
ben axal ideas an principulad axal kompleqsur gadawyvetas, Semdeg ki cdiloben
es gadawyveta moiargon Sesabamis problemas.
sistemuri azrovnebis paradoqsebia mTlianobis da ierarqiulobis para-
doqsebi. mTlianobis paradoqsTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac sistemis aRwera Sesa-
Zlebelia misi danawevrebiT iseT “mTlianobebad” – iseT nawilebad, romeli na-

36
wilebic jer kidev inarCuneben sistemis mTlianobiT Tvisebebs. anu es is
SemTxvevaa, rodesac mTlianobis Tvisebebs, romlebsac sistema atarebs, garkveul
zRvramde misi danawilebisas inarCuneben gamoyofili nawilebic. meore mxriv,
nebismieri mTlianobiTi sistema ufro maRali rangis sistemis – zesistemis elemen-
tia, anu misi qvesistema da misi aRwera SesaZlebelia am kuTxiT (rogorc qvesistem-
isa). ierarqiulobis paradoqsi amaSi mdgomareobs.
rac ufro rTulia sistema da rac ufro sustad aris igi formalizebuli,
naTelia, rom miT ifro efeqtiani iqneba sistemuri azrovnebis efeqtianoba. sis-
temurma azrovnebam yvelaze ufro metad asaxva pova programirebis Tanamedrove
meTodebsi, informatikasa da telekomunikaciaSi, fsiqologiaSi, biologiaSi,
filosofiaSi”.

logikis kanonebi

vixilavT ra ekonomikis meTods, unda aღვniSnoT, rom es saganic, iseve

rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba, emyareba logikas, romelic warmogvidgeba sxva
mecnierebaTa safuZvlad. amitom msoflio ekonomikis Seswavlis procesSic
aucilebelia gamoviyenoT logikis ZiriTadi kanonebi da daskvnebi. rogorc cno-
bili qarTveli filosofosebi, prof. devi beWvaia da prof. eTer Rvineria, TavianT
naSromSi – “Tanamedrove pedagogiuri Teoriebis filosofiuri safuZvlebi” – aR-
niSnaven, arsebobs moTxovnebi, romlebic unda akmayofilebdnen yovelgvar
msjelobas, martivad rom vTqvaT, romelTa mixedviTac unda azrovnebdes norma-
luri adamiani. aseT kanonebs azrovnebis ZiriTad kanonebs uwodeben. maთi dacva
aucilebeli, TumcaRa, arasakmarisi pirobaa bWobis marTebulobisa Tu siswori-
saTvis. gansjis siswores, maT garda, sakuTari kanonebic aqvs.
igiveobis kanoni. igi msjelobisas azrovnebis, bWobis garkveulobis
moTxovnaa. gansjis procesSi yoveli cneba, yoveli sityva unda vixmaroT erTi da
imave mniSvnelobiT. sagnebis aRniSvnis gareSe sityvis mniSvnelobis Secvla, Tundac
igi Sesabamisi sagnis SecvliT iyos ganpirobebuli, dauSvebelia. mokled rom
vTqvaT, cnebis Sinaarsis igiveoba, garkveuloba, misi erTi azriT xmareba msjelo-
bis procesSi – ai, rogor gamoixateba igiveobis kanonis azri.
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. igi Tanmimdevruli azrovnebis, bWobis,
TavisTavadobis, Tavis TavTan Tanxmobis moTxovnaa. Cvens azrebs Soris, msjelo-
baSi Semaval winadadebebs Soris ar unda iyos winaaRmdegoba. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, Tu romelime sagnis Taobaze raimes vamtkicebT, igive imave sagnis Sesaxeb
ar unda uarvyoT (imave dros, imave azriT), e.i. azrTa kavSiri ar SeiZleba iyos
swori, azrTa msjeloba ar SeiZleba iyos Tanamimdevruli, Tu is winaaRmdegobas
Seicavs.
gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es kanoni, gansjis, bWobis Tavis TavTan Tanxmobis
moTxovnaa. gamoricxuli mesamis kanonis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia ori erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdego winadadebidan uarvyoT erTic da meorec, radgan ori erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdego winadadebidan erTi aucileblad WeSmaritia. magaliTad, es vardi an
wiTelia, an ar aris wiTeli, mesame SemTxveva gamoricxulia.
sakmao safuZvlis kanoni. rogorc mkvlevarebi amtkiceben, aristotelem es ka-
noni icoda, magram ratomRac ar CaTvala saWirod misi kanonad gamocxadeba. am
kanonis mixedviT, arc erTi winadadeba ar SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti, Tu ar arsebobs
37
sakmao safuZveli imisa, ratom aris am winadadebaSi aRwerili swored aseTi vi-
Tareba da ara sxvagvari. xSirad es kanoni gagebulia rogorc moTxovna – WeSma-
ritad ar miviCnioT winadadeba misi dasabuTebis gareSe. sakmao safuZvlis kanoni
daufiqrebeli da zerele bWobis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. ganaTlebis filoso-
fiis warmomadgenlebi logikis konstruqciebisa da kanonebs eyrdnobian.

deduqciuri da induqciuri daskvnebis gamoyeneba

sinamdvilis Semecnebis procesSi iyeneben agreTve deduqciur da induqciur

daskvnebs. tradiciuli logikis mier miRebulia deduqciuri daskvnis is gan-
sazRvreba, romelic aristoteledan momdinareobs. deduqciuria daskvna, romelic
zogadidan kerZosaken (an metad zogadidan naklebad zogadisaken) gadadis. iseT
daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebis WeSmariteba aucileblobiT ganapirobebs danas-
kvnis WeSmaritebas, deduqciuri daskvna ewodeba.
deduqciuri daskvnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi Taviseburebebi:
1. Tu deduqciuri daskvnis wanamZRvrebi WeSmaritia, maSin misi daskvnac aucile-
blad WeSmaritia.
2. Tu deduqciuri daskvnis wanamZRvrebidan erT-erTi mainc mcdaria, maSin
danaskvნi SeiZleba mcdaric iyos da SeiZleba WeSmaritic.
3. Tu deduqciuri daskvnis danaskvნi mcdaria, maSin misi winadadebebidan erTi
mainc (SesaZloa yvela) mcdaria. ase rom ar iyos, maSin xom pirveli Tavise-
burebis ZaliT danaskvნic WeSmariti iqneboda.
4. Tu deduqciuri daskvnis danaskvნi mcdaria, maSin misi wanamZRvrebidan WeSma-
ritia, zogierთia WeSmariti, an arc erTi ar aris WeSmariti. rac Seexeba in-
duqciur daskvnas, misi ramdenime forma arsebobs (sruli, arasruli). ga-
nasxvaveben arasruli induqciis or saxes – popularuls da mecnieruls.
mecnieruli induqcia aris ramdenime sagnisa Tu movlenisagan gakeTebuli das-
kvna saganTa an movlenaTa mTliani klasis codnaze; erTeulidan, kerZodan gam-
omdinare zogadze miRebul daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebidan danaskvნi logikurad
ar gamomdinareobs, magram romlis wanamZRvrebic garkveuli xarisxiT adastureben
danaskvნs, ewodeba induqciuri daskvna. logikosTa azriT, induqciasa da deduqcias
Soris dapirispireba arsebobs, magram mas (dapirispirebas) aqvs gamonaklisic.
logikis, rogorc bWobის sisworis, gamarTulobis pirobebisa da kanonebis Sems-
wavleli mecnierebis miznebi da amocanebi sxvadasxvagvaria. imisda mixedviT, Tu
rogor Camoyalibdeba da dakonkretdeba igi, ganisazRvreba kvlevis meTodebi. amis
gamo logika iyofa or nawilad: deduqciur da induqciur logikad.

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis

1. ekonomikis romeli disciplinebis sinTezia Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi

ekonomika?
2. moiyvaneT ekonomikis sagnis sxvadasxva ganmarteba.
3. CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT ekonomikur mecnierebaTa 3 jgufi martivi
klasifikaciis mixedviT.
38
 4. CamoTvaleT da ganmarteT ekonomikuri mecnierebis ZiriTadi funqciebi.
5. daaxasiaTeT praqtikis roli Semecnebis procesSi.
6. ganmarteT, ras niSnavs ekonomikis kanonebis da principebis urTierTkavSi-
ri.
7. CamoTvaleT და daaxasiaTeT rogor SeiZleba davyoT ekonomikuri
mecnierebani ekonomikuri analizis siRrmis donis mixedviT.
8. CamoTvaleT da ganmarteT ekonomikuri Teoriis principebi.
9. daaxasiaTeT yvela meurneobisaTvis saerTo romel sam problemas gamoyofs
nobelis premiis laureati ekonomikaSi pol samuelsoni.
10. ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisgan pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi.
11. ganmarტeT, raSi mdgomareobs sameurneo saqmianobis mTavari roli.
12. ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan dovlaTi da antidovlaTi.
13. daaxasiaTeT risgan Sedgeba sazogadoebis materialuri simdidre.
14. daaxasiaTeT ras niSnavs ekonomikuri problema.
15. ganmarteT, ras niSnavs alternatiuli danaxarji?
16. ras ewodeba ekonomikuri dovlaTi?
17. CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT ekonomikis meTodebi.
18. daaxasiaTeT ras niSnavs sistemuri midgomis meTodi.

danarTi a

“didi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT analitikur azrovnebas. Cven

vcxovrobT im droSi, roca Zalian bevri viciT, magram
Rrma codna gvaklia”.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi,

mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi da biWvinTisa
da cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti, uwmindesi
da unetaresis ilia II

Zalian bevrs vfiqrobT Cvens warsulze, awmyosa da momavalze. warsuli viciT,

es ukve moxda; dRes vxedavT, rac aris da axla gvmarTebs, momavali davinaxoT.
momavals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi davinaxavT, Tuki Cvens warsulsa da awmyos
sworad gavaanalizebT. es sami dro – warsuli, awmyo da momavali – erTmaneTze
aris gadabmuli, mWidrod dakavSirebuli. xSirad ukve momxdari faqtis Semdeg
vfiqrobT, ram gamoiwvia igi. am dros winaswar unda gvqondes ganWvretili, Tu ra
SeiZleba mohyves ama Tu im saqciels, winaswar unda davinaxoT, saiTken mivdivarT
da avirCioT gza erisa, qveynisa, eklesiisa; Tanac iseti gza unda SevirCioT, sadac
iqneba uSfoTveloba, mimtevlebloba, urTierTgageba, - es gza erTaderTia da igi
ertad gadaarCens adamians, ersa da qveyanas!
xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac Cven ukve momxdari faqtis Semdegac ver
vaanalizebT movlenas. aseve xSirad gvaviwydeba sakuTari Secdomebi.
ramdeni ram gadagvxda Tavs da arc erTi faqti ar gaanalizebula! es realoba
ar SeiZleba imiT avxsnaT, rom analizis unari ar gvaqvs. ubralod, amis saWiroebas
ver vxedavT da saTanado yuradrebas ar vaqcevT.
vfiqrob, didi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT analitikur azrovnebas.
39
 Cven vcxovrobT im droSi, roca Zalian bevri viciT, magram Rrma codna
gvaklia. yvelafers vexebiT, magram ar vaanalizebT, siRrmiseulad ver აღვიქვამთ;
yvelaferi zerele da zedapirulia. Cveni Tvalsawieris gasafarToeblad televiz-
iiTa da presiთ vkmayofildebiT, maშin, rodesac wignebs unda vkiTxulobdeT! ra
Tqma unda, unda vkiთxulobdeT biblias, saRvთismetyvelo wignebs, magram amasTan –
istorias, literaturas, poezias, filosofias, antropologias, logikas, fsiqolo-
gias!
aucileblad unda vifiqroT siRrmiseuli codnis SeZenaze, imaze, rom codnisa
da Rrma azrovnebis gareSe saqarTvelo ver iarsebebs! mecniereba da teqnika dRes
udides nabijebs dgams win, Tumca zneoba CamorCa da es misaxedia...
mecnierebis axal miRwevebs ar unda CamovrCeთ, unda gvesmodes, saiTken midis
yvelaferi, sad mihyavs xalxi, risken gvibiZgebs. rodesac mecnieri ama Tu im sa-
kiTxze muSaobs, mas albaT keTili miznebi aqvs, magram SesaZloa misi codna da Se-
qmnili teqnika borotebisTvis gamoiyenon, - Tundac birTvuli iaraRi gavixsenoT.
maSasadame, adamianisTvis ar aris sakmarisi, hqondes zerele, zedapiruli
codna. adamiani aucileblad unda iyos romelime erTi dargis specialistი; Rrmad
unda hqondes Seswavlili Tundac erTi filosofosi, erTi romelime didi pi-
rovnebis cxovreba da moRvaweoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT gamიCnda idea, romelic
minda dRes SemogTavazoT. survili maqvs, rom yovelma Cvenganma Sesaswavlad
aiRos romelime sakiTxi, iqneba es filosofiuri, istoriuli, samedicino, soflis
meurneobis Tu sxva da Rrmad Seiswavlos igi, gaxdes misi specialistი, misi eqsper-
ti. anda Seiswavlos literatura, romelic ama Tu im sakiTxze dRemde iyo gamoce-
muli.
amitom yvelas geZlevaT locva-kurTxeva, airCioT romelime pirovneba,
vTqvaT, daviთ aRmaSenebeli an Tamar mefe da rac ki aris gamocemuli maთ Sesaxeb,
zedmiwevniT SeiswavloT. ase gavxdebiT ama Tu im sakiTxis specialistebi. Tu erTad
SevkrebT Semdeg am codnas, erTmaneTs SevavsebT da Cvens sazogadoebas daunjebuli
eqneba seriozuli codna, romelic momavalSi Cvenc gamogvadgeba da Cvens xalxsac,
Cvens ers. SeiZleba erTi da igive sakiTxi dasamuSaveblad mravalma mecnierma,
mravalma adamianma aiRos. amisi ar unda SegveSindes, radgan ama Tu im sakiTxze
arsebobs sxvadasxva wyaro, sxvadasxva wigni; Tu erTi ver miagnebs mas, meore ipo-
vis da erTmaneTs Seavseben; Sedegad ki karg codnas miviRebT.
mec vifiqre, vin unda amerCia Sesaswavlad da SevCerdi netar avgusტineze, igi
yovelTvis Zalian mainteresebda, axalgazrdobidanve, is didi moazrovne gaxldaT.
wmindani episkopos ambrosi mediolanelis dros cxovrobda. netari avgustine
Zalian Taviseburi da Tavisufali pirovneba iyo.
es adamiani SemdgomSi gaxda didi filosofosi da maswavlebeli, romelsac
dawerili aqvs “konfesiones” – aRsarebani. man Txzulebad dawera Tavisi aRsareba,
sakuTari cxovrebis gza.
ai, aseTi Tema avirCie CemTvis. kidev erTxel mogmarTavT yvelas: Tqvenc
ifiqreT. SeiZleba, sxvadasxva dargSi gaaRrmavoT Tqveni codna, magaliTad, medici-
naშi. vinc mediciniT dainteresdebiT, cxadia, yvelafers ver daZlevT. magram
SeiZleba romelime erT viwro dargSi SeiZinoT codna, gaamaxviloT yuradreba,
vTqvaT, yurze an yelze, an cxvirze, an kanze, an tvinze, an gulze da sxva. es Zalian
saintereso sakiTxebia. didi fizilogi pavlovi ambobda: adamians aqvs ori goneba –
mcire da didi; mcire – tvinia da didi – gulio.

40
 RmerTma inebos, rom ufalma gagvixsnas mcire da didi gonebac, RmerTma mog-
ceT Zala, madli, rom codnis SeZena SeZloT.

“sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,

mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposisa da biWvinTisa
da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis
ilia II-is sakvirao qadageba
yovladwminda samebis sapatriarqo taZari, 5 ianvari, 2014 weli

danarTi b
ganwyobis Teoria

garemo pirobebi qmnian ganwyobas da TiTqo imorCileben kidec mas, magram

mxolod erTi SexedviT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi msoflio fsiqologiaSi gam-
oCnda qarTveli mecnieri dimitri uznaZe, romelic SeewinaaRmdega manაmde miRebul
azrs, rom ganwyoba calkeul fsiqikuri procesebis amxsneli iseTive mcire Teori-
aa, rogorc aRqma, azrovneba, emocia, nebeloba da misi efeqtis axsna TiTqos sxva
didi Teoriis safuZvelze iyos SesaZlebeli. am dapirispirebaSi dimitri uznaZem
ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri didi Teoria Seqmna. man ganwyoba daaxasiaTa
rogorc adamianis garkveuli qcevisaTvis momzadebis mdgomareoba, winaswari Sina-
gani mzadeba garkveuli saqmianobisaTvis, Tumca SesaZlebelia mas es sulac ar
hqondes gacnobierebuli.
am TeoriiT xdeba adamianis fsiqikuri aqtivoba, misi moqmedebisa da
cnobierebis wvdoma da Semecneba. aRmoCnda, rom temperamentisa da xasiaTis tipebs
safuZvlad udevs ganwyobis tipebi. es azri jer kidev me-19 saukunis samocian wlebSi
brZana wminda gabriel episkoposma “cdiseul fsiqologiis safuZvlebSi”. faqtiu-
rad ganwyoba Suamavlis rols TamaSobs adamianis cnobierebasa da garemos Soris.
sabolood, dimitri uznaZe askvnis, rom adamianis fsiqologia misi mTliani fe-
nomenis, misi ganwyobis safuZvelze unda aigos, xolo misi calkeuli fsiqologiuri
procesebi misi qcevis ganwyobas, formirebasa da moqmedebas emsaxurebian. ufro
martivad rom vTqvaT: Tu adamiani swored, damajereblad ganewyo ama Tu im saqmisa
Tu sakiTxis mimarT, es araTu daemorCileba garemo pirobebsa Tu arsebul
mdgomareobas, aramed daimorCilebs kidec mas.
ese igi mTavaria adamianma Seicnos ganwyobis Teoriis Zala. CauRrmavdes sa-
kuTar Tavs da gadawyvitos, rom saqarTvelos misi daxmareba sWirdeba dRes.
ganewyos ase: ras mivcem me saqarTvelos. am dros cnobieri Tu qvecnobieri fsiqi-
kuri Zalebis gaaqtiureba moxdeba da misi garemo pirobebiT Seqmnili mdgomareoba
daemorCileba mas, mis survils, mis ganwyobas. anu, Seudgeba iseTi saqmis aRs-
rulebas, rac manაmde warmoudgenlad miaCnda. magram imisaTvis rom emsaxuro, unda
giyvardes, giyvardes TavganwirviT. imisaTvis rom giyvardes, unda icode. Cven ki
araferi viciT Cvens შesaxeb, ara Tu fsoflxatiT, SinasaxiT, SuaguliTa da wy-
arosTvaliT ar vicnobT Cvens samSoblos, aramed CvenTvis ucnobia misi zedapiri,
Tvalwarmtaci mTa da bari.

41
 statistikuri monacemebiT dadginda, rom Cveni mosaxleobis 80%-s ara aqvs
nanaxi zemo svaneTi da fSav-xevsureTi, es uZvelesi sabrZanisi mistier tomTa.
maS modiT, vaRiaroT: Cven ar vicnobT Cven samSoblos.
wyaro: http://gutani.ge/category/საქართველოს-ხერხემალი/4-განწყობის-თეორია
danarTi g

ras aZlevs anu ra kavSiria „ekonomikasa da menejments Soris“

menejeris mizani: mwarmoeblurobis maRali donis miRweva

erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari mizani, romlis miRwevasac cdiloben organizaciebi da maTi

TanamSromlebi, momxmareblisTvis produqciis an momsaxurebis SeTavazebaa. indra nuuis, mTavari
finansuri menejeris, umTavres mizans kompaniis ZiriTad biznesSi msoflioSi PepsiCo-s poziciis
gamyareba warmoadgens. eqimebis, meddebis da saavadmyofos administraciis mTavari mizania, gazardon
saavadmyofos momsaxurebis xarisxi, raTa avadmyofebi droulad gamojanmrTeldnen. Sesabamisad,
McDonalds-is restornis menejeris umTavresi mizania iseTi burgerebis, frisa da Seiqebis
warmoeba, raSic xalxi fuls gadaixdis da amavdroulad, kmayofili iqneba.

naxazi 1.1.
efeqturoba, yairaTianoba da mwarmoebluroba organizaciaSi

yairaTianoba
dabali maRali
yairaTianobis dabali done/ maRa- yairaTianobis maRali done/
li efeqturoba maRali efeqturoba
maRali menejeri irCevs swor miznebs, magram menejeri irCevs swor miznebs da maT
maT misaRwevad resursebs cudad misaRwevad resursebs kargad iyenebs.
efeqturoba

iyenebs. Sedegi: klients moswons produqcia,

Sedegi: klients moswons produqcia,
magram ver iZens siZviris gamo.
yairaTianobis dabali done/
dabali efeqturoba
dabali menejeri irCevs araswor miznebs da
maT misaRwevad resursebs cudad
iyenebs.
Sedegi: dabali xarisxis produqcia,
romelic klients ar moswons.
romlis xarisxi misaRebia, xolo fasi
- xelmisawvdomi.
yairaTianobis maRali done/
dabali efeqturoba
menejeri irCevs arasaTanado miznebs
da maT misaRwevad resursebs kargad
iyenebs.
Sedegi: maRali xarisxis produqcia,
romelic klients ar moswons.

organizaciis mwarmoebluroba (performance) aris sazomi, ramdenad yairaTianad da

efeqturad iyeneben menejerebi resursebs momxmareblis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad da organi-
zaciis miznebis misaRwevad. organizaciis mwarmoebluroba izrdeba yairaTianobisa da efeqturobis
zrdasTan erTad (ixileT naxazi 1.1).
yairaTianoba (efficiency) aris sazomi, ramdenad kargad da nayofierad iqna gamoyenebuli
resursebi dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. organizacia aris yairaTiani, roca menejeri amcirebs
gamoyenebuli resursebis raodenobas (rogoricaa, muSaxeli, nedleuli da saTadarigo nawilebi) an
dros, romelic saWiroa garkveuli raodenobis saqonlis sawarmoeblad an momsaxurebis gasawevad.
magaliTad, McDonalds-magamoigona ufro yairaTiani fritiuri, romelic ara marto amcirebs
momzadebisas gamoyenebuli zeTis raodenobas (30%-iT), agreTve aCqarebs Semwvari kartofilis
momzadebis process. indra nuuim gadawyvita kvebis qselebis aqciebis gayidva da PepsiCo-s ualko-
holo sasmelebis biznesze aqcentis gakeTeba. menejeri valdebulia uzrunvelyos organizaciisa da

42
TanamSromelTa muSaoba ise, rom yairaTianad Sesruldes yvela is saqmianoba, romelic saWiroa
momxmareblisTvis saqonlis an momsaxurebis SesaTavazeblad.
efeqturoba (effectiveness) – aris menejeris mier kompaniisTvis dasaxuli miznebis mar-
Tebulobisa da miRweuli miznebis xarisxis Semowmeba. organizacia aris efeqturi, roca menejeri
irCevs Sesabamis mizans da Semdeg aRwevs mas. magaliTad, ramdenime wlis win McDonalds-is
menejerebma gadawyvites sauzmis servisis damateba meti momxmareblis mozidvis mizniT. es idea
sakmaod Wkvianuri aRmoCnda, radgan dReisaTvis sauzme McDonalds-is mogebis 30%-s Seadgens.
mwarmoeblurobis maRali donis mqone organizaciebi, rogoricaa MacDonalds, Wal-Mart, Intel,
Home Depot da the March of Dimes, erTdroulad efeqturebic da yairaTianebic arian, rogorc es
naxaz 1.1-zea naCvenebi. efeqturia menejeri, romelic irCevs swor mizans da aqvs resursebis
yairaTianad gamoyenebis codna.
ratom unda viswavloT menejmenti?

dResdReobiT ufro da ufro meti studenti ibrZvis biznesis administracii kursebze mo-
saxvedrad. ratom aris menejmentis Seswavla aseTi popularuli?
pirvel rigSi, nebismier sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi resursebi faseulia da arasakmarisi.
aqedan gamomdinare, rac ufro efeqturad da yairaTianad gamoiyeneben organizaciebi am resursebs,
miT ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebi da Sedegebi eqneba sazogadoebas. menejerebi arian adamianebi,
romlebic wyveten rogor gamoiyenon sazogadoebis yvelaze Rirebuli resursebis didi nawili,
iqneba es _ kvalificiuri muSaxeli, nedleuli (rogoricaa magaliTad, navTobi da miwa) kompi-
uterebi, sainformacio sistemebi da finansuri aqtivebi, romlebic uSualod axdenen gavlenas
sazogadoebis da adamianebis keTildReobaze. imis gageba, Tu ras da rogor akeTeben menejerebi,
pirdapir kavSirSia sazogadoebis funqcionirebasTan da simdidris dagrovebasTan.
meore, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri adamiani ar aris menejeri da arc apirebs gaxdomas,
TiTqmis yvela Cvengans aqvs Sexeba menejerebTan, radgan sazogadoebis did nawils aqvs samsaxuri
da hyavs ufrosi. ufro metic, bevri muSaobs gunduri principiT da kolegebTan uwevs urTierTo-
ba. menejmentis Seswavla adamianebs exmareba sakuTar ufrosTan da kolegebTan urTierTobaSi. igi
maT aswavlis, rogor miiRon gadawyvetileba, dagegmon, organizeba gaukeTon konkretul saqmiano-
bebsa da resursebs, rac sabolood xelmZRvanelis yuradRebas miiqcevs da mis mxardaWeras gam-
oiwvevs. maT, vinc jer araa maRal Tanamdebobaze, menejmenti aswavlis, rogor gauZRves kolegebs,
moagvaros maT Soris arsebuli konfliqtebi da gazardos jgufis mwarmoebluroba.
mesame, nebismier sazogadoebaSi adamianebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven Zalian mniSvnelo-
vani resursis – maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurisa da saintereso karieris mopovebaSi. menejmentis
codna erT-erTi mniSvnelovania am orive miznis misaRwevad. saerTod, rac ufro sainteresoa sam-
saxuri, miT metad rTuli da sapasuxismgebloa is. nebismieri adamiani, romelsac unda saintereso,
mudmivad ganviTarebadi samsaxuri, Seecdeba ganiviTaros menejeruli unar-Cvevebi da dawinaurdes.
roca adamiani win midis organizaciul ierarqiaSi, misi xelfasic swrafad izrdeba, ara aqvs mniS-
vneloba, sad muSaobs is: skolaSi, did kompaniasa Tu araSemosavlian, samedicino dawesebulebaSi.

wyaro: [41, I Tavi]

43
 meore Tavi
ekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis
zogadi daxasiaTeba

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:

 “ekonomikuri azri” da “ekonomikuri moZRvreba”;

 ekonomikuri Teoriis warmoSoba
 da ganviTareba;
 Eekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi
 mimarTulebani;
 mcire eqskursi qarTuli ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi.

“ekonomikuri azri” da “ekonomikuri moZRvreba”

“mecnierebis ganviTareba unda SevadaroT ara romelime qalaqis
gardaqmnas, sadac Zveli Senobebi umowyalod ingreva, raTa adgili
dauTmos axal nagebobebs, aramed zoologiur saxeobaTa evolucias,
romlebic ganuwyvetliv viTardeba da bolos da bolos gamoucdeli
TvalisaTvis gamoucnobi xdeba, magram romlebSic gamocdili Tvali yovelTvisaRmo-
aCens gasul saukuneTa gaweuli muSaobis kvals”.
a. puankare “mecnierebis Sesaxeb”

ekonomikuri azri – friad farTo cnebaa. esaa masobriv cnobierebaSi

arsebuli warmodgenebi da religiuri Sefasebebi, miTiTebebi, sameurneo ur-
TierTobebs rom exeba da mecnierTa Teoriuli konstruqciebi, politikuri partie-
bis ekonomikuri programebi.... ekonomikuri azris sfero mravalferovania, igi
fiqris, daskvnebisa da praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis asparezia: aq ekonomikis zog-
adi kanonzomierebebicaa da ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis Taviseburebebic, war-
moebis ganTavsebis problemebic da fuladi mimoqcevac, kapitaldabandebaTa
efeqtianobac da sagadasaxado sistemac, Semosavlebisa da gasavlebis aRricxvis
warmarTvis meTodebic da ekonomikis istoriac, sameurneo kanonmdeblobac –
yvelas ver CamoTvli.
mTel am rTul erTobliobaSi, misi calkeuli elementebis gadaxlarTviT
SeiZleba garkveuli pirobiTobiT gamovyoT ekonomikuri moZRvreba – Teoriuli
koncefcia, romelic asaxavs ekonomikuri cxovrebis ZiriTad kanonzomierebebs,
aRwers mis subieqtebs Soris urTierTobas, romelic dovlaTis Seqmnis,
ganawilebis da gacvlis mamoZravebel Zalebs da mniSvnelovan faqtorebs avlens.
ekonomikuri moZRvreba bevrad axalgazrdaa ekonomikur azrze. ekonomikur
moZRvrebaTa istoria XVI saukunidan iwyeba; misi saTaveebi mtkicedaa dakavSirebu-
li kapitalisturi sasaqonlo meurneobis CamoyalibebasTan.
ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria moicavs sxvadasxva samecniero skolis umniSvne-
lovanes Teoriuli debulebaTa da meTodologiur mokle aRweras, romelTac
mniSvnelovani kvali datoves ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoriaSi. esaa swored
aRwera, gadmocema da ara ama Tu im koncefciis kritikuli garCeva, ara maTi
Rirsebebisa da nakovanebebis gamovlena, arc Sefasebebis dasma. misi mizania –
44
mkiTxvels misces codna ekonomikuri Teoriebis Sesaxeb, romlebic iqmneboda
aseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi im mecnierTa mier, nebismier SemTxvevaSi Cvens pativis-
cemas da AaRiarebs rom imsaxureben

sami mTavari wanamZRvari

ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoriis gagebisTvis saWiroa vixelmZRvaneloT
Semdegi wanamZRvrebiT:
jer erTi, ekonomikur SexedulebaTa istoria yvelaze kargad SeiZleba gaigo,
Tu mas ganvixilavT ara rogorc ideaTa abstraqtul istorias, aramed rogorc am
ideebis Semqmneli adamianebis inteleqtualur istorias. ekonomikuri azris isto-
riis Secnobis saukeTeso saSualeba is aris, rom Tavad Cven wavikiTxoT did
ekonomistTa naSromebi, mTlianad ar verwmunoT ekonomikuri mecnierebis arcerT
profesional istorikoss.
meore, sworad rom gaigos warsuli drois mecnierTa Zlieri da susti mxaree-
bi, mkiTxveli unda flobdes Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoriis safuZvlebs.
mesame, unda moveridoT mcdar daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, dRes sayovelTaod
miRebuli ekonomikuri Teoriebi yvelaze ukeTesi da yvelaze sworia. rameTu
Tanamedrove ekonomikur TeoriaTa sagani sakmaod swrafad icvleba, saukeTesoeb-
Sic ki xSirad unda SevitanoT arsebiTi cvlilebebi.

kumulaciuri da evoluciuri midgoma

unda ganvasxvavoT ekonomikur SexedulebaTa istoriaze kumulaciuri da evoluciuri
azri. kumulaciuri Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, ufro gviani ekonomikuri Teoriebi Zvelebis
gaumjobesebaa. maTSi wydeba zogierTi winaT gadauWreli amocana, swordeba winamorbedTa
Secdomebi, yalibdeba axali problemebi. amitomac Zveli Teoriebi gvWirdeba, ZiriTadad,
axalTa ukeT gagebisaTvis. aseT Tvalsazriss arsebobis sruli ufleba aqvs, da igi SesaniS-
navad aris asaxuli ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriis Sesaxeb erT-erT saukeTeso wignSi:
“Tanamedrove Teoria dafarulia dRes gadaWril, magram guSindel problemaTa naiare-
vebiT, dRes gamosworebuli, magram guSindeli SecdomebiT, da arc SeiZleba igi mTlianad
iyos gagebuli, Tu mas ar miviCnevT warsulis memkvidreobad” (m. blaugi. ekonomikuri
azrovneba retrospeqtivaSi.)
magram SesaZlebelia sxvanairi Sexedulebac ekonomikur TeoriaTa istoriaze, ro-
melsac SeiZleba evoluciuri ewodos. igi gamomdinareobs imidan, rom ekonomikuri qcevis
kanonebi ucvleli ar rCeba, isini arsebiTad icvleba droSi. amitom istoriulad
sxvadasxva droSi ekonomistebi swavloben sxvadasxva ekonomikuri realobas, amitomac ax-
ali ekonomikuri Teoriebi ar SeiZleba iyos Zvelis ubralo gaumjobeseba. kargi axali
Teoriebi mxolod nawilobriv iyeneben Zvel Teoriebs, romelTa calkeuli fragmentebi
droebiT moukiTxavi (gamouyenebeli) rCeba.
evoluciur cvlilebaTa Sedegebi Cveulebriv ganuWvretelia. swored imitom, rom ar
warmoadgens gansakuTrebul interess erT istoriul droSi, SeiZleba saintereso iyos
meore droSic. da maSin Zveli ekonomikuri idea SeiZleba moulodnelad aRmoCndes mim-
zidveli imaTTvis, vinc cdilobs Seqmnas axali modelebi ekonomikuri qcevis axali
xerxebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT maSin Tu mas axleburad gavaSuqebT ufro gviani war-
modgenebis enaze. ekonomikur mecnierebaTa istoria am SemTxvevaSi gagebuli unda iyos ara
rogorc did Tu mcire Tanamimdevrul gaumjobesebaTa procesi, aramed rogorc axsnis Ses-
aZlo alternatiuli xerxebis SenarCevi, romlis Rirebuleba icvleba droTa ganmav-
lobaSi.
evoluciuri poziciebidan ekonomikur mecnierebaTa istoria ganxilulia ara rogorc
muzeumi, romelSic SeiZleba gavixsenoT didi winamorbedebi, aramed rogorc samuSao
magida, romelzec SeiZleba wavawydeT axal saintereso ideebs, romlebic ar hqoniaT
uaxloes winamorbedebs, ekonomikas sul sxva kuTxiT rom swavlobdnen.
45
 arsebobs Tu ara progresi ekonomikur mecnierebaSi. kumulaciuri TvalsazrisiT
progresis arseboba niSnavs imas, rom “analitikuri instrumentebi ganuwyvetliv ixveweba
da izrdeba, empiriuli monacemebi mudmivad grovdeba da wesrigdeba, ... ekonomikuri sistem-
is muSaoba ufro kargad esmiT, vidre winaT” (m. blaugi. ekonomikuri azrovneba retro-
speqtivaSi) evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT progresi ekonomikur mecnierebaSi niSnavs ara
marto amas, aramed Rrma gamouyenebel ideebis ricxvis zrdasac, romlebic SeiZleba sasar-
geblo gamodges mouodnelad warmoSobili axali ekonomikuri realobis gagebisaTvis. ma-
gram, rogorc wesi, es ideebi alternatiulia da ar SeiZleba maTi gaerTianeba erTiani
Teoriis farglebSi.
ramdenime sityva unda vTqvaT ekonomikur gamokvlevaTa meTodologiis
Sesaxeb. principSi, igi ar gansxvavdeba bunebismetyvelebis mecnierebaTa meTod-
ologiisagan, romelic efuZvneba eqsperimentebsa da hipoTetur–deduqciur meTods
(ix. v.n. kostiukovi. mecnieruli kvlevis meTodologia, kievi, 1976). magram, raki eqs-
perimentebi ekonomikaSi, rogorc wesi, ganuxorcielebelia, xolo evoluciur
cvlilebaTa tempi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba cvlilebaTa temps bunebaSi, ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs statistikur – droebriv analizsa
da istoriul-modelur da wminda modelur midgomas.

yvelaze pirveli ekonomikuri azri da moZRvrebebi

Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT:
 adrindeli epoqis ekonomikuri azri (hamurabis kanonebi, konfuci, kau-
tilias mecniereba Semosavlebis Sesaxeb);
 qsenofonte, platoni, aristotele, Toma aqvineli;
 merkantilistebi (u. peti, j. loki);
 fiziokratebi (r. kantilioni, d. gurne, f. kene);
 klasikuri ekonomika (a. smiTi, d. rikardo);
 marqsistuli Teoria (k. marqsi);
 neoklasikuri ekonomika (k. mengeri, s. jevonsi, l. valrasi, a. marSali);
 neoklasikuri sinTezi (jon hiqsi, pol samuelsoni);
 institucionalizmi (t. vebleni, u. mitCeli, j. gelbreiTi);
 keinziaizmi (j. keinsi);
 monetarizmi (m. fridmani).

umniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuri Teoriebi

vinaidan ekonomika moicavs adamianis saqmianobis mniSvnelovan mxareebs,
ekonomikur problemebze Teoriuli msjelobani uyvardaT jer kidev Zvelebs, ro-
melTac Tanamedrove adamianisagan saerTod ganasxvavebda bevrad didi survili,
SeecnoT garemomcveli samyaros realoba. ukve didma berZnebma, platonma da aris-
totelem Cauyares safuZveli ekonomikas, rogorc mecnierebas. platonis cnobil
“saxelmwifoSi” Semotanili iyo iseTi dRemde gansjis sagnad qceuli bazris regu-
lirebis zomebi, rogoricaa “fasis meryeobis sazRvrebi”, xolo aristotelem
ganWvrita ra Semdgom aTaswleulTa paeqrobani, Tvlida, rom gacvla aTanabrebs
moTxovnilebebs da ara danaxarjebs. es postulati gaxda marJinalisturi revolu-
ciis safuZveli ekonomikur mecnierebaSi mxolod XIX s-is bolos. ra Tqma unda,
Zvel moazrovneTa genialur aRmoCenebTan erTad maTi ekonomikuri Sexedulebani
Seicavda mraval iseT debulebas, romelTac dRes SeuZlia mxolod Rimili gam-
oiwvios. rac ar unda iyos, gavida 23 saukuneze meti.

46
 Sua saukuneebisa da axali drois yovel did moazrovnes, dawyebuli Toma
aqvinelidan kalvinamde, gaaCnda Tavisi Sexedulebebi ekonomikur sakiTxebTan da-
kavSirebiT, vinaidan maT gareSe filosofiuri da religiuri sistemebi cxovrebis-
gan mowyvetili aRmoCndeboda.

Zveli aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri moZRvrebani

babiloni: babilonis mefis hamurabis kanonebis krebuli, kodeqsi. Seiqmna daaxloebiT
1760 wels Cvens welTaRricxvamde. kanonebi icavda monobas da monaTmflobelebis inte-
resebs. vaWroba saerTod, maT Soris, monebiT vaWrobac, normalur movlenad iyo miCneuli.
kanoni iTvaliswinebda mevaleTa dacvas mevaxSeebisgan. monaTmflobels ganusazRvreli
uflebebi hqonda miniWebuli: monis sikvdiliT dasja, umkacresi sasjeli gaqcevisaTvis,
gaqceulis Sefarebisa da xelSewyobisaTvis da a.S. kanonTa krebuliT irkveva, rom am pe-
riodSi babilonSi saqonlur-fuladi urTierTobani maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli.
KCineTi: Zvel CineTSi ekonomikuri azri gadmocemulia konfucisa da misi mimdevrebis
SromebSi. konfuci (551-479 ww. Zv.w.) Tavis naSromSi “saubrebi da msjelobani” icavda dide-
bulTa privilegiebs: amarTlebda monobas, gonebrivi Sroma didebulTa, aristokratTa
xvedrad gamoacxada, fizikur Sromas “ubralo xalxis” – monebis mowodebad Tvlida. dide-
bulebs mouwodebda zomieri fufunebisken, rac progresuli iyo. konfucianelebis ideebs
exmaureba ucnob avtorTa traqtati “guan-Zi” (IV-III s.Zv.w.), sadac monaTmflobelobis ganmt-
kicebas ekonomikaze saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis gaZlierebiT xsnidnen (marcvleulis mara-
gebis Seqmna, stabiluri fasebi, spekulaciis mospoba, glexebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba,
glexebis stimulirebis mizniT marcvleulze fasebis gazrda da sxva). vaWrebisa da mevaxSee-
bis interesebze maRla miwaTmflobelebis interesebs ayenebdnen.
indoeTi: Zvel indoeTSi ekonomikuri azri warmodgenilia saxelmwifo moRvawisa da
mecnieris kautilias naSromSi “arthaSastra”, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs “mecnierebas
sargeblobis (xeiris), praqtikuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb”. zogierTi Targmanis mixedviT –
mecnierebas Semosavlebis Sesaxeb. traqtatis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo farTod unda ereodes
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda vaWrobas. mefes piradad unda mieRo
monawileoba vaWrobebSi (bazrobebSi), Seeqmna sasaqonlo maragebi sezonuri fasebis regu-
lirebis mizniT ganeviTarebina sagareo vaWroba, saeqsporto saqonels erqva “mefis
saqoneli”, dawesebuli iyo aseTi saqonlis warmoebis stimulebi.

Zveli aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri

azris Taviseburebani

Zveli saberZneTis ekonomikuri azri

qsenofonte (444-356 ww. Zv. w.) – qsenofonte Tavis naSromSi – “ekonomikos”, icavs
naturalur meurneobas. gonebriv Sromas xelmZRvanelis, mmarTvelis, xolo fizikurs
– monis damaxasiaTebel Sromad Tvlida, rasac Sromis bunebriv danawilebad miiC-
nevda. qsenofontem SeamCnia kavSiri Sromis danawilebasa da bazris warmoSobas So-
47
ris. pirvelma gamoiyena termini “ekonomika”. qsenofontes miaCnda, rom yvela
saqoneli flobs sasageblo Tvisebebs (saxmar Rirebulebas) da aqvs unari, gaicva-
los sxva saqonelze (sacvleli Rirebuleba). qsenofontes ekuTvnis sityvebi:
“qarTvelebi brZolas iwyeben simReriT da simReriTve amTavrebeno”.
platoni (427-347 ww.Zv.w.) – platoni monas Tvlida molaparake Sromis iaraRad.
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Sromis danawilebas, mas Tvlida adamianis Tandayolil
unarad: ibadebian meCeqmed, mepured, TerZad da maT Soris myardeba ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobani. platonma Seqmna moZRvreba idealuri saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. misi ideiT,
saxelmwifoSi 3 wodeba unda yofiliyo: 1. filosofosebi (saxelmwifos marTvis fun-
qciiT); 2. meomrebi, samxedroebi (teritoriebis dacva da gafarToeba); 3. miwaTmoqmed-
ni, xelosnebi da vaWrebi (meurneobis warmarTva).
aristotele (384-322 ww.Zv.w.) – aristotele iyo platonis mowafe da aleqsandre
makedonelis aRmzrdeli. igi SromebSi “politika” da ”aTenis politika” ga-
nasxvavebda politikas da ekonomikas. misi azriT, “politika” aris mecniereba sax-
elmwifos mowyobis Sesaxeb, xolo “ekonomika” meurneobis mowyobas swavlobs. aris-
totelem simdidris, dovlaTis warmoeba dahyo 2 nawilad: 1. saxmar RirebulebaTa
erToblioba, romlis wyaroa warmoeba, miwaTmoqmedeba, xelosnoba da 2. fulis
dagroveba, romlis wyaroa mimoqcevis sfero, vaWroba. pirvels, anu, bunebriv sim-
didres aqvs sazRvari – moxmareba; meores, fulad formaSi gamoxatul simdidres –
ara aqvs sazRvari, usazRvria. aqedan gamomdinare, aristotelem moZRvreba simdidris
Sesaxeb dahyo 2 nawilad: ekonomikad da qrematistikad. ekonomika, rogorc termini,
marTalia, ekuTvnis qsenofontes, magram ekonomikuri procesebis asaxsnelad
pirvelad aristotelem gamoiyena. “oikos” berZnulad niSnavs – saxls, meurneobas,
“nomos” moZRvrebas, kanons. sityvasityviT ekonomikaSi gulisxmobda meurneobis
gaZRolis wess, xerxs, meTods.
ekonomikisa da qrematistikis dapirispirebiT aristotele mianiSnebs saqonlis
saxmari da sacvleli Rirebulebis, fulis, mogebis da sxva ekonomikuri kate-
goriebis Sesaxeb, iZleva ekonomikuri analizis saintereso cdebs, riTac arsebiTad
gaxda mecnierebis istoriaSi pirveli ekonomisti.

Zveli samyaros ekonomikuri azris

Taviseburebani

pirveli wminda ekonomikuri Teoriebi da ekonomikuri skolebi gaCnda mxo-

lod XVII s-is bolos. maSin (XVII-XVIII saukuneebis bolo) ekonomikur TeoriaSi
Tanmimdevrulad batonobda ekonomikis ori ZiriTadi Teoriuli mimarTuleba:
merkantilizmi (ital. mercante - vaWari) da fiziokratia (berZn. physis – buneba + kratos
- Zalaufleba).
merkantilistebi. maT Soris gamoirCevian pirveli profesionali ekonomisti,
fizikis doqtori da anatomiis profesori u. peti (1623-1687) da gamoCenili in-
48
gliseli filosofosi j. loki (1632-1704), romlebic erovnuli simdidris SeqmnaSi
pirvel adgils aniWebdnen vaWrobas. isini Tvlidnen, rom saxelmwifo miT ufro
mdidaria, rac ufro metia sxvaoba gatanil da Semotanil saqonlis Rirebulebas
Soris da ibrZodnen eqsportis wamaxalisebeli zomebisaTvis da importis
SezRudvisaTvis proteqcionistuli zomebis gamoyenebis gziT. Tanamedrove eniT
rom vTqvaT, isini gamodiodnen mimdinare sagareo savaWro operaciebis saldos
zrdis mxardamWerebad, rac, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovani, magram araerTaderTi
faqtoria qveynis keTildReobisa.
maTi Semcvleli fiziokratebi (XVIII s. II naxevari) Tvlidnen, rom simdidris
safuZvels Seadgens soflis meurneoba, xolo ekonomikisa da vaWrobis sxva dargebi
mxolod gadaanawilebs damatebul Rirebulebas, mopovebuls sasoflo-sameurneo
SromiT da miRebuls miwidan da bunebrivi kvlavwarmoebrivi procesebisgan. maT
Soris yvelaze didi roli Seasrules: vaWarma da finansistma irlandiidan r. kant-
ilonma (1680-1734), romelmac pirvelma Camoayaliba da gamoikvlia bazrisa da
sabirJo TamaSis – “iyido iafad, gayido Zvirad” ZiriTadi principebi; de gurnem
(1712-1759), romelmac gaaxmaura ekonomikuri liberalizmis ZiriTadi principi –
“laissez faire, laissez passer” – “dae, yvelaferi wavides ise, rogorc midis”, e.i.
saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe; da avtori pirveli dargTaSorisi balansisa f. kene
(1694-1774), romlis modelis Sesaxebac qvemoT vilaparakebT.
gamoCenili filosofosi da ekonomisti d. iumi (1711-1776), romelic erTgvarad
aerTianebs ekonomikis ganviTarebis fiziokratul da klasikur periods, SeiZleba
CaiTvalos fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis fuZemdeblad da Tanamedrove monetariz-
mis winamorbedad. man Seqmna fulis mimoqcevis SesaniSnavi modeli, romelic
dRemde finansuri Teoriis safuZvelia.

klasikuri ekonomikuri mecnierebis fuZemdeblebi

adam smiTi da deivid rikardo

klasikuri ekonomikuri mecnierebis fuZemdebeli, filosofosisa da logikis

profesori, glazgos universitetis reqtori a. smiTi (1720-1790) daagvirgvina Tavisi
sinTezuri SromebiT XVIII s-is ekonomika da gansazRvra misi ganviTareba XIX
saukuneSi. (winadadeba araa gamarTuli) man bevri ram aiRo fiziokratebisgan, ma-
gram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, Tvlida, rom simdidris wyaros warmoadgens nebismieri
Sroma da ara marto samiwaTmoqmedo. smiti – Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoriis
fuZemdebelia, romlis Tanaxmadac saqonlis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba ZiriTadad
mis Seqmnaze gaweuli SromiT. mis ZiriTad naSromSi “gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris
bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb” pirvelad iqna sistematizebuli saxiT gadmocemuli
sabazro ekonomikis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. smitis mixedviT, bazris yoveli
monawile moqmedebs mxolod sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, iswrafvis ra,
gaamravlos Tavisi Semosavali, magram `igi uxilavi xeliT miemarTeba miznisaken,
romelic savsebiT ar Sedioda mis ganzraxvebSi ... misdevs ra sakuTar interesebs, is
xSirad ufro qmediTi saxiT emsaxureba sazogadoebis interesebs, vidre maSin, roca
Segnebulad surda amis gakeTeba”. “uxilavi xeli” – esa sabazro TviTregulirebis
obieqturi kanoni. aqedan smiti midis daskvnamde, rom yvelaze kargia ar Caerio ba-
zris moqmedebaSi da `datovo yvelaferi ise, rogorc midis” – “laissez faire ” . smitis
mier gacxadebuli principi bazris “uxilavi xelisa”,romelic safuZvlad udevs mis
SesaZleblobebs TviTregulirebisa, warmoadgens, Tanamedrove gagebiT,
ukukavSiris kibernetikul princips. am TvalsazrisiT man daaswro k. bernarisa da
n. vineris kibernetikul Teoriebs.
49
 misma didma mimdevarma d. rikardom (1772-1823) 25 wlis asakSi moaxerxa eSova
birJaze ramdenime milioni da Seudga Teoriul ekonomikas maSin, roca miRebuli
hqonda rigiani praqtikuli gamocdileba. misi ZiriTadi Sroma “politikuri
ekonomiisa da dabegvris safuZvlebi” miZRvnilia im sakiTxis gamosarkvevad, Tu
rogor moqmedebs warmoebis zrdaze miRebuli Semosavlis ganawileba rentis, mo-
gebisa da xelfasis saxiT. rikardom gaavrcela `uxilavi xelis~ principi saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobaze da Seqmna SedarebiT upiratesobebis Teoria. misma Sromebma
safuZveli Cauyara Semdgom modelur midgomas ekonomikuri Teoriis agebaSi.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis istorikosTa azriT, `mkacri da Tanmimdevruli Te-
oretikosis saxiT, romelsac SeeZlo mieRo araCveulebrivi Sedegebi misTvis
SeTavazebuli SedarebiT ubralo modelebis analizidan, rikardos (albaT keinsis
garda) dRemde ar hyavs toli ekonomistebs Soris”.

karl marqsi
TviT yvelaze mokle eqskursi ekonomikur TeoriaSi iqneba arasruli, Tuki ar
vaxsenebT masSi k. marqsis (1818-1883) mniSvnelovan wvlils. misi yvela ufrosi da
saSualo Taobis mecnierisaTvis kargad cnobili gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis
gantolebebi, arsebiTad, xsnian ekonomikuri zrdis dinamikur modelTa klass.
marqsma dawvrilebiT gamoikvlia kapitalis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis buneba.
man gaxsna zedmeti Rirebulebis buneba da gamoikvlia misi roli kapitalis
dagrovebis procesSi. mis mier dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili mogebis normis
gaTanabrebis kanonzomierebani warmoebis sxvadasxva dargebSi da masTan da-
kavSirebuli kapitalis gadadinebani. Tumca misi moZRvreba, vfiqrobT, rom Zalze
politizirebuli da Sedegad, gamoyenebulia, rogorc brZolis instrumenti,
xelisuflebisaTvis. marqsis Teoriuli debulebani bevrs dRes sakamaTod war-
moudgeba (gvsurs gvenaxa magaliTi ekonomikuri Teoriisa, romelic ar SeiZleba
sakamaTo gamxdariyo saukunenaxevris Semdeg. aseTebi araa.) marTlac, inovaciis da
kapitalis mniSvnelobaTa gauTvaliswineblobas, agreTve, Sromis wvlilis gada-
Warbebas damatebul RirebulebaSi, rogorc vxedavT adgili aqvs. (Tumca
Tanamedrove poziciebidan aranaklebi prezentacia (Tu pretenzia) SeiZleba gagviC-
ndes warsulis yvela didi ekonomistis mimarT). marqsis Teoriis meTodologiuri
mniSvneloba da gavlena axlac SeiZleba uzarmazaria.

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis mTavari mimarTulebebi

Tanamedrove ekonomikur mecnierebaSi aqtiurad moqmedebs da metoqeobs ram-
denime samecniero mimarTuleba esenia:
 keinsianelebi, romelTa ganmasxvavebeli niSania aqcentirebuli yuradReba bazris
saxelmwifo regulirebis problemebze;
 neoklasikosebi, romlebic ZiriTadad emxrobian sabazro ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis minimizaciis princips;
 monetaristebi Tvlian, rom ekonomikis ZiriTad maregulirebel faqtors war-
moadgens fuladi agregatebi;
 institucionalistebi, romlebic ekonomikuri sistemis analizs axdenen misi ZiriTa-
di institutebis prizmiT, e.i. ekonomikuri da socialuri qcevis formaluri (normatiulad
da sakanonmdeblod gaformebuli) da araformaluri (tradiciebi, saqmiani urTierobebis
Cvevebi da a.S.) wesebiT.
aseTi dayofa, Tumca sayovelTaod miRebulia, magram mainc Zalze pirobiTia. rigi
skolebis meTodologiuri midgomebi urTierTdafarvadia. aris araerTi cnobili mecnie-
ri, romelTa Sromas gaaCnia sinTezuri xasiaTi da ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT romelime
50
 zemoT naxseneb samecniero mimarTulebas. rac Seexeba maTematikur aparatsa da modelebs,
yvela skolis warmomadgeneli iyenebs praqtikulad identur maTematikuri analizis te-
qnikas. amasTan mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove dasavleTis ekonomikaSi
Znelia ipovo mecnieri, romelmac miaRwia karg Sedegebs maTematikuri modelebis gam-
oyenebis gareSe. aman saSualeba misca nobelis premiis laureats, debres, 1983 w. eTqva
Semdegi: “ekonomikuri Teoria TiTqmis yvela Tavis miRwevas omisSemdgom periodSi unda
umadlodes maTematikuri analizis gamoyenebas”. sxvaTa Soris, umravlesobas Tanamedrove
ekonomistebisa, miniWebuli aqvT nobelis premia ekonomikaSi, romelic 1969 wels dawesda.
keinsianelebis, neoklasikosebis, monetaristebis da institucionalistebis Teoriebs
vrclad ganvixilavT bolos. nax. 2.1–ze mocemuliaEekonomikuri mecnierebi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi da skolebi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT.

Nnax2.1. ekonomikuri
postindustriuli da infor- refleqsuro
maciuli sazogadoebis Te-
mecnierebis xe fleqsuro-
oriebi bis Teoria
(j. gelbreiTi, d. beli, (j.sorosi)
o. tofleri) axali
keinsianule-
bi (f. xani,
d. stiglici)
organizaciisa da
miwodebis Teoria
integraciis Te-
(a. laferi)
oria (r. kouzi,
d. norti,
o. uiliamsoni) postkeinsianel-
ebi (p.
devidsoni, g.
racionaluri
minski)
molodinis
sazogadoebrivi Teoria
arCevanis Teoria (r. lukasi)
(k.erou, j. biukeneni,
m. olsoni)
memarcxene
keinsianelebi
(j. robinsoni) monetarizmi
(i. fiSeri,
sakuTrebis uflebaTa Te- m. fridmani)
oria (r. kouzi, a. alCiani)

neokeinsianelebi
(j. herodi, liberalizmi da neolibera-
f. modiliani, lizmi (l. fon mizesi, f. fon
amerikuli instituciona- p. samuelsoni) haieki,
lizmi (a. berli, u. mit- v. oikeni)
Celi)

institu- neoklasikuri ekonomika

marqsizmi keinsianeleoba (k.mengeri, s. jevonsi,
(k.marqsi, cionalizmi
(j. keisi) l.valrasi,
fr. en- (t.vebleni,
j. komonsi) a. marSali)
gelsi)

klasikuri ekonomika (a.smiti, d.

rikardo)

fiziokratebi (r. kantilioni, de gurne, f.

kene)

merkantelistebi (u. peti, j. loki)

51

winaekonomika (platoni, aristotele, Toma aqvineli da sxv.

qarTuli ekonomikuri azris warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis etapebi da
warmomadgenlebi
qarTuli ekonomikuri azris warmoSoba:
• Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobis saidumlo: farnavazi, vaxtang gorga-
sali.
• Sua saukuneebis qarTuli ekonomikuri azri. daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe,
SoTa rusTaveli, beqa da aRbuRa, giorgi brwyinvale.
• qarTuli ekonomikuri azri XVII-XVIII saukuneSi: vaxtang VI, sulxan-saba or-
beliani, erekle II da solomon I, ioane batoniSvilis “kalmasoba” .
qarTuli ekonomikuri azri XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde:
• ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe.
 XX saukunis qarTuli ekonomikuri azri:
e. w. socialisturi periodi:
• filipe gogiCaiSvili, ivane javaxiSvili, irakli miqelaZe, paata guguSvili,
avTandil gunia, vasil CantlaZe, valerian melqaZe.…
postkomunisturi periodi:
• vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava.

SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebani

SoTa rusTaveli: sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWebs Sromas, radgan, uSromlad, gaurjelad SeuZlebelia sasurvel Sedegs miaR-
wio, miiRo dovlaTi, nayofi (“vardi ueklod aravis moukrefia”). ufro metic,
garjis, jafis gareSe miRebul dovlaTs, sikeTes, sargeblianobas, siyvarulsac ki
poeti ararad miiCnevs da, misi azriT, advilad xelmisawvdom siturfesac ki fasi
akldeba (`odes turfa gaiafdes, arRa Rirdes arca Cira d~”).
SoTa rusTaveli icavs centralizebul mmarTvelobas, erTmefobas. misi ide-
alia humanur safuZvelze agebuli patronymuri urTierToba, mefe-patronis erT-
guleba (`vinca mokvdes mefeTaTvis, sulni maTni zecas rbian”) (446). amasTan erTad,
mefisaTvisac savaldebulod Tvlis samarTlian qcevas. aRsaniSnavia, rom am peri-
odSi saqarTveloSi moxda mniSvnelovani movlena – yuTlu arslanis dasis gam-
osvla, romlis programa iTvaliswinebda mefis centralizebuli Zalauflebis
SezRudvas, misgan sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo organoebis gamoyofas. am mizniT,
isanSi mefis darbazis gverdiT unda aSenebuliyo sagangebo sasaxle – `karavi~, sa-
dac mefisgan damoukideblad da misi daswrebis gareSe gaimarTeboda dasis sxdome-
bi. marTalia, Tamar mefem feodalur aristokratiaze dayrdnobiT, diplomatiuri
gziT da xerxebiT advilad SeZlo politikuri dasis Semorigeba (garkveuli re-
formatoruli RonisZiebebic gaatara), magram, rogorc kargad SeniSna prof. g.
Toduam, aq mainc mTavaria parlamentaruli struqturis damkvidrebis sakiTxi, ro-
melic saqarTveloSi dRis wesrigSi dadga inglisTan SedarebiT 30 wliT adre, 1185
wels (g. Todua. ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria. nawili I, T,., 2004, gv. 316).
cnobilia, rom bibliis Tanaxmad, simdidres warmoadgens soflis meurneobis
produqcia. RmerTi upiratesobas mecxoveleobas aniWebda. bibliuri personaJi, ad-
amisa da evas meore vaJi abeli, kaenis Zma, roca wamoizarda, mwyemsobas mihyo xeli
da RmerTs msxverplad batkani Seswira. RmerTma moiwona es Sesawiri, xolo kaenis
ZRveni, miwis nayofi ar miiRo. kaens SeSurda Zmisa da mokla igi. SoTa rusTaveli
aRwers erovnuli simdidris or saxes: bunebriv resursebs (miwa, wiaRiseuli, wyle-
bi, tyeebi da a.S.) da erovnul qonebas (dagrovili Sromis produqtebi, Sromis
52
iaraRebi, nedleuli da masalebi, samomxmareblo maragebi). simdidres ukavSirebs
agreTve fuls (monetas) Zvirfasi liTonebiT – oqro, vercxli, spilenZi (rvali).
miuxedavad imisa, rom imxanad saqonelTa realizacia “samarTliani fasis”
mixedviT warmoebda (fasebis daweseba ara SromiTi danaxarjebis an moTxovna-
miwodebis Tanaxmad, aramed xelosnebisa da amqrebis gamocdili warmomadgenlebis
karnaxiT), rusTaveli mokled da lakonurad aRwers sabazro ekonomikisa da
konkurenciis arss: “iyidian, gayidian, moigeben, waageben”.
rusTaveli, marTalia, warmoebis ZiriTad dargebad Tvlis soflis meurne-
obas, Sinamrewvelobas, xelosnobas, nadirobas, magram gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
uTmobs rogorc saSianao, ise sagareo vaWrobas. poetma vaWrobas poemis naxevari
miuZRvna, igi vaWrobas swrafi gamdidrebis saSualebad miiCnevs miwaTmoqmedebas-
Tan SedarebiT. rusTaveli mfarvelobs vaWrobas, rogorc progresul dargs. fat-
manis qveyanas - gulanSaros, sadac vaWroba, aReb-micemoba umaRles donemdea ganvi-
Tarebuli da sayovelTao keTildReoba sufevs, SoTa Semdegnairad aRwers:
“aqa mosvliTa gaymdebis, kacica iyos berebi:
sma, gaxareba, TamaSi, niadag ars simRerebi,
zamTar da zafxul sworad gvaqvs yvavili ferad-ferebi;
vinca gvicnoben, gvnatrian, igica, vina – mterebi” (1075)

anda:
“did-vaWarni sargebelsa amisebrsa ver hpoveben”. (1076)
rusTaveli iyenebs iseT terminebs, rogoricaa: “vaWroba”, “vaWari”,
“didvaWari”, “yidva-gayidva”, “saqoneli”, “sargebeli”, vercxlis monetebi: drama,
drahkani, oqros fuli perpera, “xarja” (xarki), “badraga” (damcveli, gamcilebeli,
konvoi), “sarangi” (wesrigis damcveli moxele), “xanaga” (TavSesafari, sastumro),
“lari” (ganZi, simdidre), es termini safuZvlad daedo qarTuli erovnuli valutis
saxelwodebas. “mimixmo, mkiTxa ambavi da niri larTa syidvisa” – ambobs avTandi-
lis Sesaxeb vaWris msaxuri. aseTi Sexedulebebi, garkveulwilad, merkantilisturi
ideebis Canasaxsac warmoadgens. Sromis danawilebasTan dakavSirebiT poeti wers:
“muSa miwyiv muSaobdes, meomari gulovnobdes”. yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavisufali
drois mniSvnelobazec adamianis inteleqtualur, pirovnul ganviTarebaSi.
rusTaveli Tavisufali drois aRniSvnisaTvis iyenebs termins – “mocaleoba”.
rusTaveli, simdidris samarTlian ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs,
rom ise, rogorc mze vardsa da nexvs erTnairad afrqvevs kaSkaSa sxivebs, aseve
xelisufleba valdebulia, erTnairad zrunavdes sazogadoebis yvela wevrze, aseve,
garja ar unda daiSuron SeZlebulebma SeWirvebulTa dasaxmareblad (qvel-
moqmedeba).
“raca TqvenTvis ar vargiyos saWurvelsa dasadeblad,
miec zogi xanagTa, zogi xidTa asageblad”.
gamoCenili qarTveli mecnierebi, rusTvelologebi: ak. SaniZe, a. baramiZe, ir.
abaSiZe, g. wereTeli, S. nucubiZe Tvlian, rom SoTa rusTaveli iyo Tamar mefis
didveziri – meWurWleTuxucesi. Tamaris samefo karze oTxi didveziris
Tanamdeboba iyo: 1, mwignobarTuxucesi, 2. amirspasalari, 3. mandaturTuxucesi, 4.
meWurWleTuxucesi. meWurWleTuxucesis Tanamdeboba SoTa rusTavels 1205-1220
wlebSi ekava (n. naTaZe). arsebobs sxva Sexedulebac, magaliTad, m. dumbaZis azriT,
rusTavelis Semoqmedeba da meWurWleTuxucesoba erTmaneTs ver eTavseba, radgan
warmoudgenelia iseTi meWurWleTuxucesi, romelic samefo simdidris dagrovebis
nacvlad qadagebda: “uxvad gascemdi, zRvaTaca Sesdis da gaedinebis” (m. dumbaZe.

53
saqarTvelos istoriuli sinamdvile da SoTa rusTaveli – saqarTvelo
rusTavelis xanaSi. T,., 1966, gv. 30,49). amasTan dakavSirebiT, v. CantlaZe moxdenilad
SeniSnavs, rom aq rusTaveli biujeturi balansis darRvevaze ar saubrobs, aramed
imaze, rom biujeturi saxsrebis gacema unda xdebodes Semosavlebis gauTvaliswine-
blad. piriqiT, SoTa ambobs, rom “Sesdis da gaedinebis”. sxvagan poeti kidev ufro
dazustebulad mianiSnebs: “uxvad gavcemdeT, vavsebdeT, siZunwe umecrulia”. anu,
SoTas Tanaxmad, gacemas unda mosdevdes Sevseba. finansTa ministri swored ase
ityoda. rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebic safuZvels iZleva, rom igi
garkveuli drois manZilze SesaZlebelia yofiliyo meWurWleTuxucesi (v. CantlaZe,
SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi. Tb., 1992, gv. 8). rusTvelis, rogorc
meWurWleTuxucesis Tanamdeboba dasturdeba ierusalimis jvris monasterSi
arsebuli maslebiTac. kerZod, poetis saxeli moxseniebulia saaRape wignSic - wigni
sadac aRniSnulia eklesiis an monastris SemomwirvelTa saxelebi da sxva. (“SoTa
meWurWleTuxucesi”).

vaxtang VI-is ekonomikuri Sexedulebani

vaxtang VI (1675-1737) xels uwyobda qveynis sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebas. mas

kargad esmoda, rom glexi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi sawarmoo Zala iyo, feodalTa
ekonomikuri da politikuri siZliere mTlianad glexuri meurneobebis mdgomare-
obaze iyo damokidebuli. amitom socialuri urierTobebis daregulirebis mizniT
glexobasa da feodalebs Soris vaxtang VI-m rigi RonisZiebebi gaatara, romelT-
agan yvelaze efeqturi “tyveTa syidvis” akrZalva aRmoCnda. mas kargad esmoda misi
winamorbedis arCilis cnobili poeturi fraza – “Tu amoswydes glexikaci,
saqarTvelo daZabunda” (cit. n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi.
wigni II, Tb., 1965, gv. 191). vaxtang VI-m, garda amisa, kanoniT SezRuda feodalTa
TviTneboba da gansazRvra maTi uflebebi glexobaze. am RonisZiebebiT man qarTlSi
daabruna gaxiznuli yma glexebi da Caasaxla mitovebul soflebSi, gaiyvana sarwya-
vi arxebi (yaraiis, qciis, maSaveris, lisis, Solas, salTvisis sarwyavi arxebi), aa-
RorZina rigi soflebi da regionebi. am RonisZieebiT aSkaraa, rom vaxtang VI-s
praqtikulad SemuSavebuli hqonda qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa.
vaxtang VI-m Seadgina “wigni zeTebis Sezavebisa da qimiis qmnisa”, damsaxureba
miuZRvis qimiasa da filosofiaSi mecnieruli terminologiis SemuSavebaSi, mis
kalams ekuTvnis araerTi lirikuli nawarmoebic. gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia
vaxtangis mier Sedgenili qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlis dasturlamali da sa-
marTlis wignTa krebuli. administraciul-sameurneo wesdebam “dasturlamali”
(termini “dasturlama” arabul-sparsuli warmoSobisaa, “dasTur al-amal” in-
struqcias, garigebas, moqmedebis wess niSnavs) didi zegavlena moaxdina sax-
elmwifos ekonomikuri safuZvlebis Seqmnaze. dasturlamali aris sxvadasxva dros
Sedgenili dasturlamebis, anu, garigebis wignTa, debulebaTa krebuli. igi mniS-
vnelovan cnobebs Seicavs saqarTvelos saxelmwofoebrivi weswyobilebis Sesaxeb,
aRwerilia sasaxleSi miRebisa da nadimobis wesebi, daxasiaTebulia mmarTvelobis
centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebi da aparatis moxeleebi: sameurneo; admin-
istraciuli; sapolicio; sasamarTlo; samdivno; samonadireo; samejinibeo; mefis
dacva. gansazRvruli uyo adgilobrivi moxelebis funqciebic. qalaqis mmarTvelo-
bas saTaveSi edga mouravi, romelsac hqonda administraciuli da sasamarTlo fun-
qciebi. sainteresoa xevisTavis funqciac, sakuTrebis dacvis mizniT xevisTavi weli-
wadSi erTxel Camoivlida misdami rwmunebul soflebs qurdebis gamosavlenad.

54
 dasturlamali saintereso informacias iZleva saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis SeswavlisTvisac. masSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli saglexo
gadasaxadebi samefo da sadedoflo glexebisaTvis, gansazRvrulia sagadasaxado
ganakveTebi, amoRebis wesebi, vadebi da sxva.
vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT, komisiis mier 1705-1708 wlebSi Seiqmna samarTlis
wignTa krebulic, romelic saero da saeklesio, sameurneo da administraciul saq-
mianobas aregulirebda. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis kanonebiT da “dasturlamalis”
normebiT sargeblobdnen ara marto qarTlis samefoSi, aramed imereTsa da kaxe-
TSic.

sulxan-saba orbelianis ekonomikuri

Sexedulebani

sabas ekonomikuri Sexedulebani gadmocemulia mis TxzulebebSi: “sibrcne-

sicruisa”, “swavlani”, “qarTuli leqsikoni”, “mogzauroba evropaSi”. sulxan-sabas
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis safuZvlad materialuri dovlaTis warmoeba miaCnia,
rac SromiT miiRweva, Sroma unda iyos mizanSewonili da ara ubralod,
usargeblod energiis xarjva. umizno, usargeblo, fuW Sromas igi marilis daTesvas
adarebs “... cudad Svrebian muSakni daTesvad marilisa, raTa.. aRmoecenos marili
da gamravldes” (“swavlani”).
simdidred orbelians miaCnia soflis meurneobis produqcia, simdidris wy-
arod ki – miwaTmoqmedebaSi daxarjuli Sroma. es fiziokratiuli Sexeduleba
sulxan-sabas SedarebiT adre aqvs Camoyalibebuli vidre fiziokratebs XVIII
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. orbeliani f. kenes “ekonomikuri tabulis” gamoqveynebamde
100 wliT adre daibada. am garemoebas yuradReba cnobilma qarTvelma mecnier-
ekonomistma, akademikosma v. CantlaZem miaqcia. (v. CantlaZe. sulxan-saba orbelian-
is ekonomikuri Sexedulebani. Tb., gv. 42-43).
sulxan-saba ar iziarebs “samarTliani fasis” Teorias da faswarmoqmnas
metoqeobas (konkurencias) da arsebiTad moTxovna-miwodebas ukavSirebs.
gamouyenebeli fuli – fuli, romelic ar brunavs, sulxanis azriT, simdidres
ar warmoadgens, “rac salaro gaqvs, Tu ar ixmareba, qva da oqro sworia kacTaT-
vis” (“sibrZne sicruisa”).
“sibrZne sicrueSi” mravali igavi vaWrobis magaliTzea agebuli. ganxilulia
rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo vaWroba. am ukanasknelTan dakavSirebiT sulxani mi-
uTiTebs, rom igi bevr xifaTTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi iyenebs saintereso
termins.
- “fereziki”, leqsikonis ganmartebiT igi aris datarebiTi, moxetiale vaWrebi,
“romelic savaWroTa atarebs SukaTa Sina da ara dasdebs savaWroTa duqanTa Sina”
(“qarTuli leqsikoni”). amasTan erTad, orbeliani met aqcents Tavisufali
vaWrobis politikaze akeTebs (fritrederoba).
gamoyofs valis or saxes: wesier vals da uweso vals. wesieri valis
sargebels ewodeboda vasxi, xolo uweso valis sargeblis, anu sargebelis
sargebels - vaxi, vaxSi (“mevaxSe”). sulxani uaryofiTad axasiaTebs mevaxSeebs, maT
uwodebs “usamarTlo amkrebs” (“leqsikoni”).
orbeliani originalurad msjelobs saxelmwifo finansebisa da xarjebis
Sesaxeb. xarjebis aucileblobas ukavSirebs SeiaraRebuli Zalis Senaxvas, mepa-
troneTa dacvas xelargnisanebis (xelketianebis) meSveobiT, saxelmwifo adminis-
traciuli aparatis dafinansebas, daqiravebuli jaris Senaxvas da tyveebis gamox-
55
snas ukavSirebs. ganixilavs Semosavlebis sakiTxsac, romlis mTavar wyarod
gadasaxadebs, xarks miiCnevs (“mexarke – xarkis amkrefi”). pirdapir gadasaxadad
Tvlida saxelmwifo Semosavals, xolo arapirdapirad – baJs (sabaJo), sabaJos
uwodebs “baJTadgils”.
sulxan-saba iyenebs termins “paxti”, romelSic gulisxmobs erTi wlis man-
Zilze erTi Temis erTobliv mosavals. es sxva araferia, Tu ara mTliani Sida
produqti an erovnuli Semosavali Tanamedrove gagebiT Tavisi sagmentebiT: ter-
itoria, erTi weli da mTliani Semosavali.
ganasxvavebda xelfasis or formas: qiras (qiriT momuSave daqiravebulebi
samrewvelo sarewebSi); jamagirs (daqiravebul msaxurTa droiTi anazRaureba).
amrigad, sulxan-saba orbelianis SexedulebebSi asaxulia XVIII saukunis
saqarTvelos feodaluri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da naCvenebia qveynis
Semdgomi aRorZineba – ganviTarebis ekonomikuri safuZvlebi, rac im droisaTvis
arsebiTad progresuli xasiaTis iyo.

ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri moZRvreba: liberalizmis qarTuli

nairsaxeobis ideologia

civilizaciis miRweuli done axal azrovnebas moiTxovs. yvelaze ufro mokled

Tu vityviT, garduvali gaxda “eris saerTo keTildReobis” uTuod globalur
konteqstSi ganxilva da liberaluri ekonomikuri orientirebis gonivruli gan-
sazRvra. amisaTvis ki, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
unda iyos Rrma mecnieruloba, realisturoba, masStaburoba, sistemuroba da
moqniloba. axali azrovneba unda dafuZndes obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa Rrmad
Semecnebaze, romelic axlandel realobebs iTvaliswinebs. unda SegveZlos warsu-
lis samarTliani Sefaseba. saWiroa gonivrulad mivudgeT saqmes, ar Semovifar-
gloT amwuTieri amocanebiT. yoveli sakiTxi kompleqsurad unda gadavwyvitoT.
gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa da realizaciis msvlelobisas droulad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT axlad warmoSobili garemoebebi, axali movlenebi da procesebi.
aseTia mecnieruli azrovnebis logika. ilia WavWavaZis moZRvreba, misi traqtatebi
samarTlis da filosofiis, ekonomikis da sociologiis, politikis da saerTaSo-
riso urTierTobebis, istoriis da bibliologiis, marTlmadidebluri qristiano-
bis da saerTod, cxovrebis yovegvari “kuTxe-kunWulis” Sesaxeb, swored aseTi
azrovneba gvixsnis, ganmartavs, ayalibebs mis principebs daamiT gvexmareba Cveni
yoveldRiuri praqtikuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi.
mainc ra aris is umTavresi Rirebulebani, romliskenac dReniadag unda
viswrafvodeT da rogoria is meTodebi, gzebi da umTavresi principebi, romlebsac
Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi unda viyenebdeT Cveni miznebis misaRwevad?
yvelaze umTavresi CvenTvis is unda iyos, romlis gareSec “Cven”, “Cven” ar viqne-
bodiT. aseTebad ilia WavWavaZes mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba miaCnda, romlebsac
“sam RvTaebriv saunjes” uwodebda. maTi maradiuli dacva TviToeuli Cveni Tana-
moqalaqis wmidaTa wminda valia. STambeWdavad werda ilia WavWavaZe: “sami
RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu ama-
Tac ar upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?” am
maradiul Rirebulebebs TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, rom Cveni mTlianoba
da TviTmyofadoba ar davkargoT. mTavaria aseve vicodeT rogor, ra gzebiT unda
davicvaT Cveni mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba.
Camoayaliba ra liberalizmis qarTuli nairsaxeobis ideologia da
moZRvreba saqarTveloSi evropis da sxvaTa mowinave gamocdilebis danergvis
56
Sesaxeb ise, rom ar davkargoT Cveni tradiciebi, adaT-wesebi da Cveulebebi da Tan,
amasTan erTad, sxvisi mowinave gamocdilebac gaviTvaliswinoT, e.i. mivaRwioT mis
optimalur sinTezss, ilia WavWavaZem amiT safuZveli daudo Tavis sakuTar
doqtrinas liberalizmisa da, unda iTqvas, rom igi aris avtori da Semoqmedi aseTi
doqtrinebisa aramarto ekonomikis, aramed sxva mraval sferoSi: filosofiaSi, sa-
marTalSi, religiaSi, istoriaSi da a.S. misi TiToeuli sityva magaliTi da an-
derZia CvenTvis imisaTvis, Tu rogor movawyoT Cveni cxovreba WeSmariti adami-
anuri Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc ekonomisti, rmlis kalams
ekuTvnis TiTqmis ToTxmet tomze meti ekonomikuri xasiaTis naSromebi da pub-
likaciebi, ilia WavWavaZe Tavisave mier “saxelovan inglisel politiko-ekonomad”
da “sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebis mamamTavrad” moxseniebuli adam smiTiviT
didia mTeli msofliosaTvis, Cveni qveynisaTvis ki kidev ufro didia. ubralod,
istoriuli Znelbedobis da Seqmnili viTarebis gamo Cven ver SevZeliT ilia
WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis, gansakuTrebiT misi ekonomikuri doqtrinis nawilobriv
mainc warmoCena civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis, Torem am Cveni azrebis sisworeSi
mTeli msoflio darwmuneboda, rom ilia msoflio maradfaseuli kulturuli sa-
ganZuris TviTmyofadi burjia. amitomac Cveni amocana dReniadag unda iyos, rom es
bumberazi Semoqmedi Tavisi ekonomikuri ideologiis mTeli peripetiebiT sxva
erebsa da xalxebsac gavacnoT.
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, Tanamedrove samyaro, misi Semdgeneli nawilebi ise
mWidrodaa erTamaneTTan dakavSirebuli, isea urTierTgadajaWvuli, rom erTi
qveynis WeSmariti sargebloba imazea damyarebuli, rom meorec, sxvebic kargad iyv-
nen. qveyana miT ufro met sargebels naxavs TviTon, rac ufro met sikeTes moutans
sxvebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi msoflios yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli qveynis, in-
glisis “sargeblobas”, mis “kargad yofnas” damoukideblad, calke aRebulad ki ar
ganixilavs, aramed regionul, globalur konteqstSi. aseve udgeba igi
saqarTvelosac. 1879 wlis ianvris Sinaur mimoxilvaSi, exeboda ra ruseTisa da in-
glisis metoqeobas aziaSi “mflobelobisaTvis”, avtori eris sayovelTao keTil-
dReobas msoflio masStabiT ganixilavda da SeniSnavda, rom inglisi “ecdeba Za-
launeburad imaT kargamyofobasac, vinc mas aziaSi binadrad daxvdeba...” – da
dasZenda: “azia saerTod da Cven TiTon sakuTriv varT saWironi aramc Tu Cvenis
TavisaTvis mxolod, aramed sxvisTvisac.
Tumca bevri ram Seicvala qveynierebazed am xuTas-eqvsas weliwadSi, magram es
miwisyeli, romelsac kavkasias eZaxian, romelic aziisa da evropis karad yofila
uwin da romlis dapyrobisaTvis bevri sxvadasxva xalxis sisxli daRvrila, mainc
isev karad darCa da xalxTa Soris SuRlisa da cilebis mizezad iqneba kidec”.
ilia WavWavaZis libertarianuli ekonomikuri filosofia eris fundamenturi,
materialuri interesebis xorcSesxmas emsaxureba, vinaidan, rogorc ilia miiC-
nevda, Tavisufali gacvlis pirobebSi, roca saqoneli ar aris fasaweuli baJis an
raime sxva formalobis gamo, is yvelasaTvis advilad xelmisawvdomia. adamiani ki
ekonomikurad miT ufro bednieria, rac ufro srulad, advilad da gaWirvebis ga-
reSe ikmayofilebs Tavis gonivrul moTxovnilebebs. gvixsnida ra “fri-
trederobas”, ilia WavWavaZe ambobda: “fritrederoba warmomdgaria inglisuris
sityvisagan free trade da sityva-sityviT rom iTargmnos, hniSnavs: aReb-micemobis
Tavisuflebasa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saaReb-micemo saqoneli, Sinauri Tu
garedam Semosuli, yovelis baJisa da gadasaxadisagan daxsnili iyos da ara rome-
li mesame kanonmdeblobisagan SexuTuli ar unda iqmnas. es moZRvreba imazea dafuZ-
nebuli, rom Tavisuflad moaruli saqoneli, ar-SexuTuli arc baJisa da arc raime

57
formalobisagan, yvelasaTvis advilad mosapovebelia da misawvdeni, - jer imis
gamo, rom gaxSirebulia, da mere iafia, radganac baJisa da an raime Seviwroebisa-
gan gangeb fasaweuli ar aris. marTalic aris. baJi, didia Tu mcire. gangeb
zedSekecili gadasaxadia, da ramodenadac igi didia, imodenad gangeb aZvirebs
saqonelsa daam gziT saqonlis fasi, romelic Tavis sakuTaris arsebis kanonebisa-
gan ganisazRvreba da daidgineba xolme, baJisa da sxva raime Seviwroebis
metnaklebobasac unda eqvemdebarebodes da ekiTxebodes. saxelmwifo, romlis miz-
ezi da sabuTi arsebobisa sxva ar aris ra, Tu ar mkvidrTa keTildReobisaTvis
mzrunveloba, unda imasa hcdilobdeso, amboben fritrederobis momxreni, rom
cxovrebisaTvis saWiro saqoneli advilad da iafad mosapovebeli iyos yovelis
mkvidrisaTviso, radganac mkvidri kaci miT ufro ekonomiurad bednieria, ramode-
nadac ufro savsed, ufro mTlad hSoulobs sarCo-sabadebelsa da ramodenadac
ufro bevrs saWiroebas cxovrebisas ikmayofilebs advilad da gauWireblado”.
werda ra am striqonebs, ilia WavWavaZe aqve moixseniebda aRniSnuli moZRvrebis
Semqmnek did mecnierebs adam smits, “saxelovan inglisel politiko-ekonoms”, ro-
melic “mamamTavrad iTvleba sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebis”; “saxelovan in-
gliselebs kobdensa da braits”;
inglisis “mTavarministrs” robert pils, romelmac “1846 wels gaauqma purzed
dadebuli baJi, puri sul mTlad gaanTavisufla baJisagan RaribTa mcxovrebTa sao-
xad da sakeTildReod”; “am moZRvrebas mosarCeleni gamouCndnen ara marto in-
glisSi, safrangeTSic, bevri cotad Tu bevrad saxelganTqmulni mecnierni
miemxrnen am moZRvrebasa, magaliTebr, bastia, Sevalie, garnie paJes da sxvani”.
rogorc avtori aqve dasZenda:”droTa mimavlobaSi am moZRvrebam iseTi saxeli
gaiTqva, rom erTaSorisma kanonmdeblobamac ki Seiwynara da saTaved daudva
yovels Tvismoqmedebasa. am moZRvrebis safuZvlad Sesdga 1861 w. aReb-micemobis
konvencia (xelSekruleba) inglissa da safrangeTs Soris da 1865 w. germaniasa da
safrangeTs Soris”.
ilia WavWavaZe miuTiTebda, rom miwaTmoqmedebis, safabriko da saqarxno war-
moebis gasaZliereblad Cven gvWirdeba davagrovoT “saWiro codna da gamocdile-
ba”, aucilebelia sxvam ar dagvaswros da Cven TviTon davikavoT Cveni “niSi” –
“moclili da sxvisgan dauWereli adgili”. es iyo da aris yvelaze umTavresi gza,
epoqis mTavari moTxovna. swored amitom, eris mamam ar moiwona germaneli
kapitalistis meisneris mier gansaxorcielebeli investiciebi saqarTveloSi,
radgan misi amxanagobis monopolizebuli saqmianoba Cven xalxs gaaCanagebda da
arsebobis safuZvlebs gamoaclida. avtori qveynis ekonomikis dawinaurebisaTvis
mizanSewonilad miiCnevda Sromis nayofierebis gadidebas da soflis meurneobrivi
specializaciis gonivrul gaRrmavebas. ilia “TviTarsebobisa” da “TviTganviTare-
bisaken” mogviwodebda da miuTiTebda, rom yovel sameurneo operacias Tavisi
Semosavali, “xeiri” moaqvs. amitom rac ufro met operaciebs Seasruleb Sen Tvi-
Ton, rogorc qveyana, yvela misi Semosavalic piradad dagrCeba.
ilia WavWavaZe gamokveTilad ayalibebs Tavis azrs imis Taobazed, rom meis-
neris proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad Cveni xalxi arsebobis mTavari safuZvlis,
miwis gareSe darCeboda, rom erTeulebis gamdidrebis sawinaaRmdego mas araferi
hqonda, magram didad samwuxaroa, rom amasTan erTad “cxovreis saxsari akldeba
xalxs”–o. kerZod igi werda: “b-n eliozovisa da ioselianis SiSs, rom amxanagoba
miwasac xelidam gamogvacloso, sayuradRebo da Znelad dasarRvevi sabuTi aqvs ai
am saganzed ra sTqva 1845 w. parlamentSi exlandelma pirvelma ministrma in-
glisisam gladstonma, romelsac, rogorc finansists, TiTqmis cali ara hyavs

58
mTels qveynierobazed: “erTi yvelazed samwuxaro ambavi Cveni qveynis (ese igi in-
glisis) yofacxovrebisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ramodennadac Zlier bevrdeba
umaRles wodebaTa xelSi simdidre da izrdeba Cvens qveyanaSi kapitali, imodenad
cxovrebis saxsari akldeba xalxs, imodenad naklebuloba da siRatake matulobs
muSa-xalxs Soriso”. swored aseTi principebis dacviT unda vidgebodeT ucxouri
investiciebis Semosavals saqarTveloSi amJamadac.
ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevda, rom qveyanam ise unda gamoiyenos Tavisi absoluturi
da SefardebiTi upiratesobani, misi ekonomikis mdgradobas safrTxe ar daemuqros
da xalxisTvis, arsebobisTvis saWiro saxsrebi advilad da iafad mosapovebeli
gaxados. aseTi naazrevi yoveli xelisuflebisagan did dakvirvebas moiTxovs.
globalizaciis, liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis, sayovelTaod ganvcobis piro-
bebSi absoluturi da SefardebiTi upiratesobebis zomis zustad migneba, ganviTare-
bis misaRwevad, misi gonivruli eris saerTo interesebis dacviT gadawyveta,
xelisuflebis, sazogadoebis yvelaze prioritetuli, sayoveldReo amocanaa.
ilia WavWavaZem erTi saukunis winaT, 1897 wlis 31 dekembers, qarTveli xalxis
mier ori aTasi wlis manZilze ganuwyveteli brZolebis, omebisa da sisxlis Rvris
Sedegad ganvlili gadarCenis gza gaanaliza. hkvirobda eris mama: ram gagvaZlebina,
rogor gadavrCoTo? pasuxsac Caswvda da amoicno, rom saqarTvelo orma didma
saidumlom gadaarCina. Cveni gadarCenis pirveli didi saidumlo is aris, rom
WeSmarit patriotizms mudam Tan axlda namdvili profesionalizmi. amis Sesaxeb
ilia WavWavaZe wers: “yvela es SevZeliT da sakiTxavad saWiroa, - rom
SegvaZlebina? ram gvixsna? jvarcmulni qristesTvis rogor gadavrCiT? wamebulni
da sisxlmTxevelni mamulisaTvis ramRa gvacocxla, ram gvasuliera? man, rom vi-
codiT - im dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixe-simagre, misi far-xmali. vaJkacoba
undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT. xmali undoda, xmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna
undoda, omis saqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixna, ram Segvinaxa!... im
droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, im droTa qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im
droTa samWedurSi naWedni. “silbo gvqonda naqsovisa” – viT qristianebs “da
simtkice naWedisa” – viT meomrebsa da mamuliSvilebs. amiT gavitaneT Tavi, droTa
Sesaferi Rone vicodiT, droTa Sesaferi xerxi, droTa Sesaferi codna gvqonda,
droTa Sesaferi mxneoba da gamrjeloba...
Zveli saqarTvelos gadarCenis meore didi saidumlo, aris misi ekonomikuri
wyoba. ilia WavWavaZe konkretulad axasiaTebs Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
wyobis saidumlos. kerZod igi wers: “Cvena gvgonia, sikeTe Cvenis ekonomiuris
agebulebisa da wyobisa imaSi yofila, rom miwa, ese igi mamul-deduli, cotad Tu
bevrad ufro samarTlianad morrigebuli yofila Cvens xalxSii, vidre sadme
sxvagan, sakvirvelia, rom dRes-aqomamde umamulo, ubinao kaci CvenSi TiTqmis ar-
sad ar moiZeveba.
amisTana wyobam mihmarTa usaTuod Cveni xalxi miwaTmoqmedebas, romelic
ufro dauSromeli da mkvidri wyaroa xalxisa da qveynis sazrdoebisaTvis, vidre
sxva ram. xsna Cveni qveynisa am wyobaSi unda yofiliyo...
aqedan cxadia, Cveni mefeebi ras unda gahfrTxilebodnen. rogorc etyoba,
ufrTxildebodnen kidec, Tu ar mefeni, TiTon xalxi mainca. es iqidama sCans, rom
Cveulebam frTa Seakveca sakomlo ganviTarebas, radgan yvelgan sakomlo gan-
sazRvruli iyo zogan ocis dRiuriTa, zogan ormocis dRiuriTa, mamulebis noy-
ierebisa gvarad. ase rom erTs komls sofelSi CveulebiT dadgenilzed meti ar
SeeZlo mamulebi daeWira. tyisa da mindvris gansakuTreba xom yovlad SeuZlebeli
iyo da dResac aqamomde Cvenis xalxis gonebaSi vera Tavsdeba is azri, rom tye da

59
mindori sakuTreba iyos visime da ara samsoflo.” aseTia saqarTvelos gaarCenis
“saidumloebani”, romlis dacva Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesSic aucilebe-
lia. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qarTvelma xalxma icoda, Tu sad unda moeZ-
ebna misi gadarCenis gzebi, cxovrebis azri.
rogorc ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda, Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobis
umTavresi azri is aris, rasac Cven “xiznobas” vuwodebT da ilias sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT” “xiznoba imisTana miwaT-mflobelobaa, romelic arc sakuTrebaa, arc ija-
ra da erTisa da meoris Sua ki dgas, rogorc gansakuTrebuli, erTgvari, Tavise-
buri saxe miwaTmflobelobisa”. aseTi urTierTobis dros miwis damqiraveblebs
SeeZlo miwa hqonoda Tavis sargeblobaSi da mflobelobaSi samudamod, aseve
gadaeca Tavisi STamomavlebisaTvis, Tumca, misi gayidvis ufleba mas ar hqonda,
radgan miwis sruli mesakuTre ar iyo. vfiqrobT, es forma dResac did
sargeblobas moiutans qveyanas, raTa Tavisi resursebi xalxs moaxmaros uklebliv
da srulad.
ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri midgomebidan Cveni epoqisaTvis umniSvnelo-
vanesia agreTve, rom mis mier yvelaferi, yovelgvari movlena fardobiTobaSi anu
realtivurobaSi ganixileba. misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli Tavise-
bureba is aris, rom ilia yvelafers sakuTari qveynisadmi, misi adgilis (geo-
strategiuli mdgomareoba), garemo pirobebis da istoriuli viTarebis (drois)
niSniT, masze damokidebulebis mixedviT ganixilavda. misi Teoria ekonomikur
cxovrebas warmogvidgens ara rogorc movlenaTa, aramed rogorc Tanafardobis
gagebas (axsnas). Tavis TxzulebebSi ilia sul am Tanafardobis dadgenis ZiebaSia:
dReniadag cdilobs daadginos optimaluri, WeSmariti Tanafardoba, sa-
kuTrebis formebs, mis or umTavres, kerZo da sazogado formas Soris; miiCnevs,
rom sakuTrebis am or formas Soris iseTi Tanafardobaa ukeTesi, rodesac Sroma
aris Tavisufali rogorc droSi, aseve sivrceSi.
xsnis zogadkacobriuli da erovnuli ekonomikuri idealebis Tanafardobas
(sazomis, “sawyaos”, “standartis” Camoyalibebas). kriteriumad miiCnevs
“zogadsakacobriuls”, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, msoflio Rirebulebamde
(yvelasTvis mniSvnelovani, erTnairad sargeblobis momtani) amaRlebuli “erov-
nuli Rirebulebaa”.
klasikurad ganixilavs saerTo erovnuli da regionuli interesebis
Tanafardobas; miiCnevs, rom saerTo erovnul doneze unda ganixilebodes “say-
ovelTao kanonmdeblobis warmoeba” anu saerTo kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba,
“saerTo Semosaval-gasavali” anu qveynis finansebi da “sayovelTao mxedrobis
dawyobiloba” anu qveynis Tavdacva, yvela danarCeni sakiTxi ki adgilze unda wyde-
bodeso.
qveynis ganviTarebisTvis ucilobel pirobad WeSmariti adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas, adgilobrivi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da
TviTmmaraTvelobis optimalur gamijvnas moiTxovs “evropuli gamocdilebis”
gaTvaliswinebiT.
asabuTebs fritrederuli (liberaluri, Ria) da proteqcionistuli sagareo
ekonomikuri politikis Tanafardobas, qveynis “TviTarsebobisa” da “TviTganvi-
Tarebis” uzrunvelsayofad da sxva mravali.
swored aseTi Tanafardobis dadgenis safuZvelze miiCnevs ilia SesaZleblad
WeSmariti, optimaluri, mTeli sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi urTierTobebis
Camoyalibebas. es ki universalur meTods warmoadgens zogadkacobriuli da erov-
nuli Rirebulebebis optimaluri sinTezis misagnebad, Cveni “me”-s, “adgilobrivi

60
wvrilmanebis”, tradiciebis da zne-CveulebaTa SenarCunebis gziT saerTo winsvlis
misaRwevad. yovelive zemo aRniSnuls, Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi Tvi-
Toeuli qveynisTvis fasdaudebeli, gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba aqvs.

danarTi a
“Tvla Tumca magre-rigad ar icoda. . . angariSi
Znelad SeeSleboda”

“(oTaraanT qvrivi) gahyidda Rvinosa da mometebuls purs Tu ara, fuls xuT

nawilad hyofda da xuT rigad inaxavda. amisaTvis naWrebisagan Wreli qisebi hqon-
da, CanTasaviT Sekerilebi. erTs amisTana qisas “saWirnaxulos” eZaxda da Sig
inaxavda saxarjos purisa da qerebis samkalad, mosazidad salewad. meore qisas
“baraqala qisas” eZaxda. amaSi inaxavda saxarjos venaxis samuSaosaTvis. mesame
qisas “sajanabo” erqva. amaSi inaxavda fostis fulsa da sabegrisas, Tu vinicobaa
sofeli odesme Seawerda. meoTxe qisaSi inaxavda mojamagiris sajamagiro fulsa. am
qisas eZaxda: “mieci da mogeceso”. mexuTe qisaSi hqonda saSinao saxarjo da Rar-
ibTa gasakiTxi fuli. am mexuTe qisas oTaraanT qvrivi xan “farsiRas qarvaslas”
eZaxda, xan “Sios maransa”.
Tvla Tumca magre-rigad ar icoda da xSirad kenWebs moiSveliebda xolme,
roca uamisod daTvla uWirdeboda, magram angariSi Znelad SeeSleboda. pirvels
oTxs qisaSi imdens Caawyobda, ramdenic saWiro iyo da Zalian iSviaTad momxdara -
angariSi arevodes. rac pirvels oTxs qisas gadarCeboda, yvelas mexuTe qisaSi
dauTvlelad Cahyrida da, minam gamoilevoda, dauTvleladve hxarjavda.”
ilia WavWavaZe

danarTi b

ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: fuZemdebeli mamebi

antikuri xanis moazrovneTaTvis, ise rogorc adreuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis,

“saojaxo meurneobis marTva” jer kidev ar iyo calke, damoukidebuli kvlevis sa-
gani, fasebisa da Semosavlebis problemas isini ganixilavdnen wminda zogad-
filosofiuri moralisa da TavianTi epoqis eTikis poziciidan. magaliTad, Zveli
berZeni filosofosi aristotele meurneobis da adamianTa saqmianobis yvela
saxeobas miwaTmoqmedebisa da mecxoveleobidan dawyebuli saxelosno warmoebamde
da vaWrobamde, igi miakuTvnebs oridan erT-erT sferos - bunebrivs (ekonomika) da
arabunebrivs (qrematistika). pirveli maTgani warmodgenilias miwaTmoqmedebiT,
xelosnobiT da wvrili vaWrobiT da mas mxari unda dauWiros saxelmwifom, ram-
denadac misi rgolebi xels uwyoberb mosaxleobis saarsebo moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebas. meore ki emyareba arapatiosan msxvil savawro, saSuamavlo da
savaxSo operaciebs, romlebic tardeba usazRvro da angarebiani miznebis
misaRwevad, romlis arsiqonebis dagrovebis xelovnebaa, e.i. sul ufro “meti fulis
daufleba”. aristotele dadebiTad afasebda ekonomikas, rogorc saxsrebis
ganawilebis codnas saojaxo meurneobis farglebSi, magram mwvaved akritikebda -
mogebis amoRebis mizniT nebismier saqmianobas - e.w. qrematistikas.
is, rasac saqmianons yvela Tanamedrove banki - fulis gasesxeba procentze -
dRes iTvleba normalurad, xSirad sapatio saqmianobad. Tumca, Zvelad mevaxSeoba
samarcxvino iyo. Sua saukuneebSi ki eklesiis mier igi gamocxadebuli iyo saSinel
61
codvad. XIII da XIV saukuneebis saeklesio taZrebi mevaxSeebs sazogadoebisagan
gariyulad acxadebdnen. gaZevebiTY muqariT qristians ekrZaleboda mevaxSesaTvis
saxlis arendiT gadacema. mevaxSis nebismieri Tanamzraxveli SeiZleboda
eWvmitanili gamxdariyo mwvaleblobaSi. aseTi garemoeba, bunebrivia, xels ar
uwyobda ekonomikuri codnis gafurCqvnas, Tumca maSin arc idga dRis wesrigSi es
sakiTxi. miuxedavad qalaqebis ganviTarebisa, im droSi warmoebis safuZvels war-
moadgenda naturaluri TviTuzrunvelyofaze damyarebuli saojaxo meurneoba.
mxolod Sromis danawileba da bazris saSualebiT mwarmoebelTa Soris ur-
TierTkavSiris damyareba, anu yidva-gayidvis aqtebi gaxda mizezi adamianebis winaSe
Zneli kiTxvis wamoWrisa: rogor muSaobs sabazro sistema? am kiTxvaze pasuxi
migvianebiT iqna napovni.
me-15 saukunis Sua xanebidan, sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropis qveynebSi
batonobda ekonomikuri Teoria - merkantilizmi. es iyo didi geografiuli aRmo-
Cenebis epoqa, romlis Sedegad evropam gaicno aRmosavleTis egzotikuri saqoneli
da, rac metad mniSvnelovania, ipova misasvleli gza didi raodenobis Zvirfas
metalebTan - axali samyaros oqrosa da vercxlTan. daiwyo savaWro kapitalis ga-
furCqvna da ekonomukuri cxovrebis mTavari moqmedi gmiri gaxda vaWari. swored
mis msoflmxedvelobas asaxavda merkantilizmi. italiuri sityva “merkante” niSnavs
vaWars.
vaWris simdidre izomeboda mis mier dagrovili oqrosa da vercxlis raode-
nobiT. “oqro dadebuli nivTia, - ambobda jer kidev qristefore kolumbi - is vinc
mas flobs, SeuZlia miiRos yvelaferi rac ki moesurveba. oqros saSualebiT
SeiZleba sulic ki gavgzavnoT samoTxeSi.‟ swored am sazomis - Zvirfasi metalebis
dagrovili maragiT daiwyes gazomva qveynebisa da erebis simdidrisa.
rogor gavzardoT eris simdidre? adreuli merkantelistebis recepti Zalze
martivi iyo: qveyanam, rac SeiZleba, meti saqoneli unda gayidos da naklebi iyidos.
maSin oqros maragi wlidan wlamde dagrovdeba. gvianJamindeli merkantelistebi
rekomendaciebs iZleodnen - amisaTvis ganeviTarebinaT specialuri saeqsporto
warmoeba, raTa gazrdiliyo qveynidan saqonlis gatana da sanacvlod mieRoT meti
fuli (oqro - T.g).
fulis kultTan erTad sagareo vaWrobaSi “dabadebulma” merkantelizmma bo-
lo mouRo ekonomikisadmi eTikur midgomas. simdidre aRar iTvlebida codvad da
gadaiqca kvlevis damoukidebel obieqtad. TviT merkantelistebi pirveli
ekonomistebi gaxdnen. sasurvelia gavecnoT maT Soris zogierT gamoCenilo adami-
anebs: safrangeTSi - antuan de monkretieni (daaxloebiT 1575-1621); italiaSi - Anto-
nio sera (cxovrebis zusti TariRebi cnobili araa); germaniaSi - iohan iahim bexeri
(1635-1682); inglisSi - Tomas meni (1571-1641)didi revoluciis wina periodSi
Camoyalibda merkantelizmisagan metad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri azrovnebis
skola, romlis momxreebi TavianT Tavs martivad da mokrZalebulad uwodebdnen -
“les ekonomistes”. SemdgomSi istorikosebma maT mianiWes myvirala saxeli - fizi-
okratebi, rac niSnavs “bunebis Zalauflebis momxreebs”. sinamdvileSi maTi
swavlebis centraluri idea daiyvaneboda imis mtkicenaze, rom: “soflis meurneoba
warmoadgens yvela saxelmwifosa da yvela moqalaqis simdidris wyaros”; vaWrebi
mxolod yiduloben da yidian produqts da arafers mas ar umateben; TviT
samrewvelo muSebic (mimarTaven ra TavianT Sromas bunebis produqtebze) arafers
axals ar qmnian, aramed cvlian bunebiT moniWebul sikeTes.
Tu merkantelistebi ekonomikas uyurebdnen vaWari-kapitalistebis
TvalTaxedviT, rogorc simdidris Seqmnis process, fizikratebi gamodiodnen mi-
62
waTmflobelebis poziciidan da miiCnevdnen, rom simdidris wyaro vaWroba ki ar
aris, aramed soflis meurneoba. bevr maTgans ekava mniSvnelovani postebi samefo
karze an mTavrobaSi. fransua kene (1694-1774) iyo madam pompaduris, xolo Semdeg
ludoviko XV-is piradi eqimi. ann romer jak tiurgo (1727-1781) gaxda finansebis
generaluri kontroliori ludoviko XVI-is dros.
ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi fiziokratebi Sevidnen imis meoxebiT, rom
masSi Seitanes dRemde dauviwyari bunebrivi kanonis Teoria. kenes miaCnda, rom
sazogadoebas, ise rogorc bunebas, marTavs obieqturi, bunebrivi kanonebi. mefeebis
kanonebi asatania manam, vidre isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian am bunebriv kanonebs. ami-
tom yvelaze brZnuli wesi, romliTac unda xelmZRvanelobdnen mmarTvelebi, esaa -
“laissez faire, laissez passer” - neba mogveci vimoqmedoT, neba mogveci moxdes”, anu nu
CaereviT movlenaTa bunebriv mimdinareobaSi.
ekonomikuri azrovnebis orive adreulma skolam Tavisi wvlili Seitana
ekonomikuri sinamdvilis gagebaSi. magram maTi mTavari damsaxureba is iyo, rom
maT, termini “ekonomika” misi gamogonebidan ori aTaswleulis Semdeg gaamdidres
konkretuli SinaarsiT da gansazRvres ekonomikuri mecnierebis sagani: maT mier
moniSnul „teritoriaze” agebul iqna am mecnieruli disciplinis “Senoba”, ro-
melsac saZirkveli Cauyara cnobilma mecnierma adam smiTma (1723-1790).
smiTi daibada Sotlandiis patara qalaq kerkoldSi, edinburgis maxloblad.
daamTavra glazgos universiteti da swavla gaagrZela oqsfordSi. samSobloSi
dabrunebis Semdeg aswavlida bunebriv samarTals da zneobriv filosofias (ase
ewodeboda mis dros sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa zogad kurss). gaxda ra hercog
baklos aRmzrdeli, smitma moawyo samwliani mogzauroba evropasi, sadac gaicno
Tavisi drois mravali gamoCenili moazrovne.
1776 wlidan igi ganmartovda kerkoldSi da 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi imuSava wig-
nze, romelmac ukvdavyo misi saxeli “gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da
mizezebis Sesaxeb” gamovida 1776 wels.
Tavisi sicocxlis bolo 12 weli smitma edinburgSi gaatara, sadac Sotlandiis
sabaJo komisris metad Semosavliani Tanamdeboba ekava. miuxedavad imisa, rom uz-
runvelyofili adamiani gaxda, mas ar Seucvlia Cveuli cxovrebis wesi “namdvili
swavlulisa”. jer kidev siymawvilis wlebSi moipova man ucnauri adamianis reputa-
cia, rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom zogjer aviwydeboda xolme garSemomyofni da
laparakobda TavisTvis. miuxedavad msoflio aRiarebisa, smiti ar brwyinavda sa-
lonebSi da ver mieCvia frangulad rigian laparaks.
Tavisi cxovrebis wignis daweramde didi xniT adre a. smitma martivad da mka-
fiod Camoayaliba misi mTavari idea: “imisaTvis, raTa saxelmwifo aviyvanoT bar-
barosobis sul qveda safexuridan keTildReobis umaRles safexuramde, saWiroa
mxolod mSvidoba, msubuqi gadasaxadebi da moTmineba marTvaSi; yvela danarCens
miecema bunebrivi svla”.
smits miaCnda, rom yoveli calkeuli adamiani Tavisi bunebiT egoistia, rome-
lic zrunavs pirvel rigSi Tavis warmatebaze da ara Tavisi axloblebisa da, miT
umetes, mTeli sazogadoebis sikeTeze. magram Tu TiToeul egoist-mewarmes mivcemT
ekonomikur Tavisuflebas, anu Tavisuflebas - izrunos Tavisi angarebiTi
miznebisaTvis, maSin igi stiqiurad Seecdeba awarmoos meti saqoneli da es gaake-
Tos rac SeiZleba metad iafad. amiT moigebs ara marto mewarme, aramed garSemomy-
ofic - “am SemTxvevaSi, ise rogorc bevr sxvaSic, igi uxilavi xeliT gaemarTeba
miznisaken, romelic srulebiTac ar Sedioda mis ganzraxvaSi”. “uxilavi xeli” anu

63
“movlenaTa bunebrivi svla” swored im obieqturi ekonomikuri kanonebis Sedegia,
romlebic moqmedeben calkeul adamianTa survilisagan damoukideblad.
smitma Tavis zemoT xsenebul naSromSi ara marto daasabuTa bunebrivi, anu
obieqturi ekonomikuri kanonis idea, aramed SeimuSava mravali mniSvnelovani sa-
kiTxi, dawyebuli saqonlis Rirebulebidan (mis warmoebaze daxarjuli SromiT
gamoxatuli) da damTavrebuli saxelmwifo politikiTa da dabegvris principebiT.
or saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi smitis wigni warmoadgenda im sxvadasxva
ideebisa da Teoriebis wyaros, rasac SeimuSavebdnen rogorc misi momxreebi, aseve
mowinaaRmdegenic.

danarTi g
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

ekonomikuri mecnierebas saqarTveloSi saukuneTa siRrmeSi aqvs fesvebi

gadgmuli. Zv. w. VI-VII ss. kolxeTis samefoSi ganviTarebuli iyo soflis meurneoba
da xelosnoba, iWreboda “kolxuri TeTri”. Semdeg ganviTarebis maRal dones
miaRwia “iberiis” samefom, romelsac savaWro urTierTobebi hqondaT rogorc
mezobel, ise Soreul qveynebTanac. qarTul istoriul, literaturul, filosofiur
Tu Teologiur wyroebSi mocemulia saintereso mosazrebebi ekonomikuri
mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferodan.
sayuradRebo ekonomikuri mosazrebebi Camoyalibda feodalur
saqarTveloSi, romelTa msgavsi ideebi safuZvlad daedo merkantilisturi,
fiziokratuli da sxva ekonomikuri doqtrinebis Seqmna-ganviTarebas. Aam
TvalsazrisiT yuradReebas imsaxurebs Semdegi Zeglebi:
“vefxis tyaosani” (XII s). masSi Cans ekonomikuri azrovnebis maRali done,
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom ikveTeba merkantilizmis ekonomikuri
doqtrinebi, saukuneebiT adre, vidre Camoyalibdeboda merkantilizmi.
beqasa da aRbuRas “samarTlis wigni” (XIV-XV ss.) igi aseve mniSvnelovani
wyaroa merkantilizmis mkvlevarebisaTvis, romelic agreTve Seicavs
TanamedroveobisaTvis aqtualur sakiTxebs zogzdad meurneobis, kerZod, soflis
meurneobis, mrewvelobisa da finansuri urTierTobebis marTvis sakiTxebs.
giorgi brwyinvales “xelmwifis karis garigeba” (XIV s). masSi Cans, rom
savaWro saqmianoba moeqca “finansTa ministris” gamgeblobaSi, rac merkantilizmis
msgavsad niSnavda feodaluri monarqiis mxridan vaWrobisadmi mxardaWeras, aseve
masSi ikveTeba saxelmwifo-finansuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi regulirebisaken
swrafva.
vaxuSti bagrationis “aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa” (XVIII s ). am kapita-
lur naSromSi Rrmadaa gamokvleuli saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi da
ekonomikuri potenciali. “klasikosebis ” msgavsad, pirvel rigSi, moiTxoveba war-
moebis , Semdeg ki vaWrobis ganviTarebas.
vaxtang meeqvsis “samarTali” (1705-1708 ww.). igi saintereso mosazrebebs
Seicavs valis, sargeblis ganakveTisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb., mis “dasturlamalSi” gam-
oyenebuli ekonomikuri terminebi (gamosaRebi, zarafi, baJi da sxv.) dResac aq-
tualuria.
ioane batoniSvilis “kalmasoba” (XVIII s. bolos). ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT, gamoTqmulia merkantilisturi Sexedulebebi, rom vaWrobis ganvi-
Tareba uzrunvelyofs rogorc qalaqebis ganviTarebas, ise qveynis gamdidrebas.

64
 sulxan-saba orbelianis Sexedulebebi (XVII s.). igi erTis mxriv, Sesabam-
isobaSia fiziokratul ideebTan (romelic Camoyalibda me-18 saukunis 50-ian wleb-
Si), meore mxriv ki axloa klasikosTa mosazrebebTan.
aleqsqndre amilaxvaris Sexedulebebi (XVIII s.). Seicavs merkantilistur
Sexedulebebs, magram nawilobriv, amave dros, klasikur, maT Soris, fiziokratiul
ideebsac esadageba.
me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac feodalur SezRudulobasTan brZolaSi
“Tergdaleulebi” CaerTvnen (“pirveli dasis” jgufi ilia WavwavaZis meTaurobiT),
romlebic ekonomikuri xasiaTis nawarmoebebs beWdavdnen, batonymur uflebas
akritikebdnen da Tavisufal mewarmeobas icavdnen. ekonomikuri xasiaTis naSromebs
aqveynebdnen, ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, sergei mesxi, ivane
maCabeli da sxvebi. maT SromebSi romlebic eZRvneboda politikuri ekonomiis,
statistikis, kreditis, finansebis problemebs, dasavleTevropeli da progresulad
moazrovne rusi ekonomistebis ideebi vrceldeboda.
ilia WavWavaZem safuZveli Cauyara ,,saeroTo niadagis Teorias‟‟,
Camoayaliba liberalizmis sakuTari doqtrina, ekonomikuri liberalizmis
qarTuli nairsaxeobis ideologia; Seqmna moZRvreba evropuli da sxva qveynebis
civilizebuli Rirebulebebisa da mowinave gamocdilebis saqarTveloSi gadmotanis
Sesaxeb.
niko nikolaZem didi wvlili Seitana evropuli Rirebulebebis Seswavlasa
da saqarTveloSi danergvis saqmeSi, safuZveli Cauyara saqarTvelos finansebis,
mrewvelobisa da sxva aqtualuri sakiTxebis Teoriul kvlevebs.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebas. Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri
sagnebi iswavleboda sibrZnisnetyvelebis fakultetze, romelTanac Camoyalibda
ekonomikis ganyofileba, romlis organizatorebic iyvnen iv. javaxiSvili da f.
gogiCaiSvili. universitetis gaxsnisTanave Camoyalibda politekonomiis kaTedra.
Mmisi fuZemdebeli da pirveli gamge iyo prof. f. gogiCaiSvili.
unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikurma Sexedulebebma da kvlevebma
mecnieruli xasiaTi iv. javaxiSvilisa da f. gogiCaiSvilis naSromebSi miiRo,
romelTa ideebze aRizarda mecnier-ekonomistTa mTeli pleada.
iv. javaxiSvilma didi Rvawli dasdo ekonomikur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebas.
man gamoaqveyna pirveli didi ekonomikuri gamokvlevebi, Seqmna saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri istoriis kursi, gamosca wigni “qarTveli eris istoria” da sxv.
f. gogiCaiSvilic qarTuli ekonomikuri mecnierebis saTaveebTan idga. igi
iyo pirveli swavluli ekonomisti, romelic meoce saukunis dasawyisSi dabrunda
samSobloSi doqtoris xarisxiT.Mman mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana aRricxvisa da
statistikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. igi iTvleba statistikisa da statistikuri
mecnierebis fuZemdeblad saqarTveloSi.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis ganyofilebasa da Semdeg
konomikur fakultetebze araerTi profesori aRizarda romelTac mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitanes saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi,
kerZod: giorgi adeiSvili, valerian advaZe, rozeta asaTiani, klimenti
aCelaSvili, valerian baxtaZe, ioseb bajaZe, aleqsandre bajeliZe, sergi beraZe,
bikenti gabiZaSvili, gia gamyreliZe, giorgi gextmani, giorgi gvelesiani, რევაზ
გოგოხია, arCil gokieli, ivi goSaZe, paata guguSvili, grigol Todua, niko
iaSvili, revaz kakulia, parmen lemonjava, gabriel megreliSvili, giorgi
mSvildaZe, irakli miqelaZe, gaioz nadiraSvili, nugzar paiWaZe, giorgi papava,
65
vladimer Ppapava(ufrosi) , vladimer Ppapava, niko tyeSelaSvili, oTar
saRareiSvili, avTandil silagaZe, arCil fancxava, SoTa qistauri, niko qoiava,
dimitri qoriZe, vasil CantlaZe, petre Jrenti, pavle CageliSvili, daviT
ZnelaZe, givi WanuyvaZe, Tengiz WiabriSvili, levan xarazi, gedeon xelaia, niJa
xurciZe da sxvebi.
amJamad Ffakultetze warmatebiT moRvaweoben: akademikosebi vladimer papava da
avTandil silagaZe; profesorebi: iuri ananiaSvili, Teimuraz beriZe, simon
gelaSvili, nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, qeTevan marSava, murTaz maRraZe,
iaSaMmesxia, elguja meqvabiSvili, daviT narmania, demur siWinava, mirian
tuxaSvili, Teimuraz Sengelia, giorgi RaRaniZe, mixeil CikvilaZe, nodar xaduri,
elene xarabaZe, eTer xaraiSvili da sxvebi. saqarTveloSi saerTod
mecnierebis da maT Soris, ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi udidesi
roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos mecnierebaთa akademis Seqmnam(1941), sxvadasxva
profilis samecniero-kvleviTi institutebiT. ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganxriT
akademikosebi da wevrkorespondentebi arian:
irakli miqelaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1969 w.),
pirveli ekonomisti akademikosi. misi samecniero kvlevis ZiriTadi sferoa
mrewvelobis ekonomika. didi Rvawli miuZRvis respublikis saxalxo meurneobis
dagegmvis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. ZiriTadi Sromebi
eZRvneba saqarTvelos ssr saxalxo meurneobis specializaciasa da kompleqsur
ganviTarebas.
paata guguSvili , saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1974 w.).
mas gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRvis politikuri ekonomiis, sazogadoebrivi da
politikuri azris istoriis, saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis, dagegmvis,
sociologiis, demografiis, bibliologiis, amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da sxva sakiTxebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
problemebis damuSavebaSi.
vasil CantlaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1979w.).
man, SoTa rusTavelis da sulxan-saba orbelianis ekonomikur SexedulebaTa
fundamenturi Seswavlis safuZvelze daasabuTa, rom qarTuli Teoriuli da
gamoyenebiTi ekonomikuri azri mudam mxars ubamda msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare
procesebs. didia misi wvlili finansebis Teoriisa da me-19 saukunis reformamdeli
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos finansebis istoriis SeswavlaSi.
avTandil gunia, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1979 w.).
misi Sromebi eZRvneba ekonomikuri zrdis tempebisa da proporciebis problemebs.
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi aqtiurad muSaobda saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
damoukideblobis koncefciaze sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis pirobebSi,
ikvlevda aSS-Tan da sxva ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebTan
urTierTxelsayreli TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs.
vladimer papava, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
akademikosi (2013 w.). gansakuTrebulia misi wvlili ekonomikuri Teoriis,
ekonomikis maTematikuri modelirebis, makroekonomikis, ekonomikis
postkomunisturi transformaciis Teoriisa da saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
ekonomikis sakiTxebis damuSavebasa da SemoqmedebiTad ganviTarebaSi. man daamuSava
ekonomikis postkomunisturi transformaciis Teoria, romelic „nekroekonomikis”
saxeliTaa cnobili daromelmac farTo aRiareba hpova mTel msoflioSi.man aseve
Seqmnalafer-keinzianuri sinTezis safuZvlebi da aago ”gadasaxadebis gareSe
ekonomikis” modeli, SeimuSava sagadasaxado korufciis indeqsebi da sxva. misi
66
originaluri mosazrebebi, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo debulebebi Setanilia didi
britaneTis, aSS-sa da evropis qveynebis imfaqtfaqtorian gamocemebsa da
saxelmZRvaneloebSi. mas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi, mis popularizaciasa da saerTaSoriso
sarbielze warmoCenaSi bolo ocdaaTi wlis manZilze.
avTandil silagaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
akademikosi (2013 w.). mas gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli ekonomikuri
azris istoriisa da postsabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos ekonomikis
transformaciis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. didia misi
wvlili, rogorc erovnuli ekonomikuri doqtrinebis damuSavebaSi (ilia WavWavaZe,
niko nikolaZe), ise inglisur enaze maT gamocemasa da saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebisaTvis wardgenasa da gacnobaSi. man aseve, 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi,
pirvelad saqarTvelos istoriaSi(profesor anzor ToTaZesTan erTad)
gaaanaliza, daajgufa da gamosca sruli statistikuri monacemebi saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli saxelebisa da gvarebis Sesaxeb. misi Sromebi gamocemulia aSS-Si,
germaniaSi, SvedeTSi, ruseTSi, ramdenime maTgani sazRvargareTis zogierTi
universitetis, maT Soris aSS-s, saswavlo literaturis siaSia Setanili.
valerian melqaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-
korespodenti(1979), ekonomikur mecnierebaSi uaxlesi mimarTulebis - regionuli
ekonomikis erT-erT fuZemdebelia. man, ssrk-is pirobebSi, saqarTvelos magaliTze
pirvelma SeimuSava erovnuli Semosavlis gaangariSebis meTodologia da
meTodika, riTac saqarTvelos ekonomikuri potencialis da misi gamoyenebis
realuri suraTi Seqmna.
leo Ciqava, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-
korespodenti(1997). mas didi wvlili miuZRvis ekonomikis sxvadasxva sferos
(mrewveloba, momsaxureba da sxv), aseve demografiuli mecnierebis
meTodologiuri da gamoyenebiTi problemebis safuZvlian damuSavebasa da
ganviTarebaSi.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi dadebiTi roli Seasrula
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiam (1990 w.). agraruli
meurneobis ekonomikuri problemebis damuSavebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes
ekonomikis dargSi akademiis namdvili wevrebis: p. JRentis, a. kiknaveliZis, r.
andRulaZis, l. marSanias, v. burkaZis, n. WiTanavas, a. qarqaSaZis, o. qeSelaSvilis,
T. kunWulias wevr-korespondentebis: p. koRuaSvilisa da g. nikoleiSvilis
naSromebma.
gansakuTrebulia ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi samecniero-
kvleviT institutTa roli:
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis instituti (1944 w.). man
bevrjer Seicvala dasaxeleba da amJamad ewodeba “Tsu paata guguSvilis saxelobis
ekonomikis instituti”. amJamad institutis Tematika moicavs sabazro ekonomikis
srulyofis Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis problemebs. institutis
damfuZnebeli da pirveli direqtori iyo akademikosi p. guguSvili, Semdeg
akademikosi avTandil gunia, akademikosi vladimer papava, profesori giorgi
wereTeli (mniSvnelovania misi wvlili ekonomikur-maTematikur, ekonomikur-
ekologiur da makroekonomikis problemebis damuSavebaSi), amJamad institutis
direqtoria profesori ramaz abesaZe (misi naSromebi eZRvneba mrewvelobis,
makroekonomikis, bunebaTsargeblobisa da garemos dacvis ekonomikis, sabazro
ekonomikis formirebisa da ganviTarebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da

67
ekonomikuri regresis Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis problemebs).
institutis sxva TanamSromlebidan aRsaniSnavia profesorebi: iovel asaTiani,
valerian baxtaZe, ioseb bajaZe, givi bedianaSvili, sergi beraZe, Teimuraz beriZe,
aleqsandre bregvaZe, mixeil gvelesiani, kirile RoRoberiZe, filipe
gogiCaiSvili, revaz gogoxia, valerian daTukiSvili, dursun diasamiZe, amiran
jibuti, mixeil jibuti, niko iaSvili, akaki kakabaZe, mixeil kaxeTeliZe, luarsab
karbelaSvili,apolon nucubiZe, TinaTin qurdaZe, nunu qistauri, dimitri
qoriZe, paata leiaSvili, valerian melqaZe, roman miTaiSvili, mixeil
roketliSvili, arCil stefaniSvili, avTandil sulaberiZe, uSangi samadaSvili,
vasil CantlaZe, Tamaz CikvaiZe, leo Ciqava, arCil TeTrauli, niko tyeSelaSvili,
mixeil ToqmaziSvili, TinaTin CxeiZe, rafiel xarbedia, beqirbi xasia, ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa kandidatebi: robert aburjaniZe, oTar avaliSvili, Tamaz aqubardia,
ciala benaSvili, gia bregvaZe, Salva burduli, merab gvelesiani, lili gvenetaZe,
nata davlaSeriZe, lina daTunaSvili, gulnaz erqomaiSvili, bondo zarnaZe, nukri
zaqariaZ, nazira kakulia, eTer kakulia, biZina kelenjeriZe, Temur yoCiaSvili,
daviT kurtaniZe, valentina miSina, Sura margvelaSvili, marina muCiaSvili,
vladimer Ppapava(ufrosi), sergo soselia, zurab soselia, nodar ulumberaSvili,
naTia SiolaSvili, marina cucqiriZe, roman xarbedia, Tengiz xoStaria da sxvebi.
amJamad nayofieri muSaobiT gamoirCevian ganyofilebaTa yofili da amJamindeli
gamgeebi, mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: giorgiBberulava, vaxtang burduli, alfred
kurataSvili, roland sarCimelia da ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidatebi:
nanuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, Tea lazaraSvili, iza naTelauri, zurab
reviSvili, Tengiz qavTaraZe, mamuka xuskivaZe, revaz javaxiSvili, agreTve
profesorebi rozeta asaTiani da murman kvaracxelia da sxvebi.
„saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetTan arsebuli saxalxo meurneobis
ekonomikisa da dagegmvis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti“ (1963 w.). institutSi
samecniero kvlevebi mimdinareobda ekonomikis, dagegmvisa da marTvis aqtualur
sakiTzebze. instituts sxvadasxva dros saTaveSi edgnen misi damaarsebeli valerian
melqaZe, kandid Carkviani, valerian advaZe, iakob mesxia (misi Sromebi eZRvneba,
ekonomikis marTvisa da prognozirebis problemebs), nodar WiTanava (misi
naSromebi eZRvneba erovnuli ekonomikis sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis,
ekonomikasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis problemebs
gardamaval etapze), sergo sanaZe (muSaobs dargTaSorisi balansis problemebze).
sxva TanamSromlebidan aRsaniSnavia oTar giorgobianis, Salva gogiaSvilis,
qeTevan dadianis, omar vaSakiZis, daviT iakobiZis, revaz kakulias, mamulo
kekeliZis, gia malaSxias, domenti mouraviZis, giorgi papavas, nugzar
sanTelaZis, nazi fircxalavas, guram yufunias, niJa xurciZis, Tamaz CikvaiZis,
demur ComaxiZis, leo xaburzanias, elene xoStarias da sxvaTa naSromebi.
instituti funqcionirebda 2006 wlamde.
„finansebis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti“. erTaderTi ekonomikuri
profilis samecniero dawesebulebaa, romelic Seiqmna saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi daoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg (1992 w.). instituti samecniero
kvlevebs axorcielebda saqarTvelos safinanso-sabiujeto politikis, fulad-
sakredito da savaluto politikis, aRricxvis, analizis, auditis da safinanso-
ekonomikuri prognozirebis aqtualur sakiTxebze. instituts direqtorebi iyvnen
prof. i. mesxia da prof. r. basaria ( misi naSromebi eZRvneba safinanso-
sagadasaxado problemebs). sxva TanamSromlebidan aRsaniSnavia j. SaTiriSvilis,
v. zurabaSvilis, l. xaburzanias, e. ciramuas naSromebi.

68
 saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis demografiisa da sociologiur
kvleaTa instituti (1991). amJamad ilias saxelmwifo universitetis demografiisa da
sociologiis instituti. kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa - demografiisa da ojaxis
socialur-ekonomikuri transformacia mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis uaxlesi tipis
pirobebSi. direqtori da damaarsebeli iyo saq. mec. erovnuli akademiis wevr-
korespondenti l. Ciqava, amJamad profesori a. sulaberiZe (misi kvlevis sferoa
(mosaxleobis demografiuli qcevis problemebi Tanamedrove etapze). sxva
TanamSromlebidan aRsaniSnavia: g. wulaZis, e. menabdiSvilis, a. ToTaZis, v.
lorTqifaniSisa da sxvaTa naSromebi
soflis meurneobis ekonomikisa da organizaciis instituti (1958), romelsac
sabolood ewoda agraruli ekonomikis instituti (2005). igi muSaobda sssoflo
sameurneo warmoebis mraval problemaze. direqtorebi iyvnen profesorebi a.
niJaraZe, p. JRenti (misi naSromebi eZRvneba sas. sam. warmoebis gaadgilebisa da
specializaciis problemebs), v. papuniZe (ZiriTadad muSaobda sas. sam. warmoebis
intensifikaciis ekonomikur problemebze), v. burkaZe (naSromebi ZiriTadad
eZRvneba miwis ekonomikuri Sefasebis problemebs), o. qeSelaSvili (mas
damuSavebuli aqvs sas. sam. warmoebis specializaciis, intensifikaciis,
prognozirebisa da marTvis problemebi), ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori a.
lafaCi (igi Seiswavlis kvebis mrewvelobis ekonomikis sakiTxebs). am institutis
sxva TanamSromlebidan aRsaniSnavia r. andRulaZis, g. doRonaZis, n. WinWaraulis,
i. janiaSvilis, o. alekoSvilis, o. tatiSvilis naSromebi.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia mecnierebi romelTac TavianTi wvlili Seitanes
qarTuli ekonomikuri azrisa da ekonomikis istoriis SeswavlaSi, kerZod: p.
guguSvili, v. CantlaZe, a. silagaZe, n. qoiava, g. abzianiZe, g. WanuyvaZe, a. Tofuria, g.
Todua, g. gurgeniZe, a. fancxava, l. karbelaSvili, g. megreliSvili, r. kakulia, e.
Caduneli, S. veSapiZe da sxv.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva wamyvan universitetebSi warmatebiT moRvaweoben:
e. baraTaSvili, k. Rurwkaia, r. oTinaSvili, a. abralava, p. lemonjava, g.
caava, g. jolia, a. siWinava, d. sexniaSvili, m. vaniSvili; n. CixlaZe, g.
RavTaZe, r. namiWeiSvili; r. manveliZe, v. Rlonti, v. veruliZe, r. beriZe, n.
wiklaSvili, b. geCbaia, d. jalaRonia, m. gelaSvili, j. kaxniaSvili, v.
sarTania, a. sisvaZe, n. bakaSvili, s. pavliaSvili, b. nayofia, r.
lorTqifaniZe, g. xelaia, z. lipartia, T. zubiaSvili, d. kvaracxelia, a.
gvaruciZe, e. menabde-jobaZe, n. kakaSvili, e. sefaSvili, d. mamalaZe, i.
balarjiSvili, m. WiabriSvili, q. WiabriSvili, g. WinWarauli, g.
nanuaSvili da sxvebi.
literatura:asaTiani r. Tanamedrove ekonomikis mcire enciklopedia,
gamomcemloba „siaxle“, Tbilisi, 2014; silagaZe a. ekonomikuri doqtrinebi. Tb.,
„inovacia“, 2010; silagaZe a. ekonomikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Tb., „Tsu
gamomcemloba“, 2005; WanuyvaZe g. qarTuli ekonomikuri azris retrospeqtiva. Tb.,
„pirveli stamba“, 2001; Silagadze A. Aspects of economic doctrines in Georgia. San Francisco,
2010; Грузинская ССР. Энциклопедический справочник. Тб., «ГЭС», 1991.

moamzades ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtorebma prof. ramaz abesaZem da

prof. SoTa veSapiZem.

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. ganmarteT ra igulisxmeba cnebebSi: „ekonomikuri azri“ da
„ekonomikuri moZRvreba“.
69
 2. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan kumulaciuri da evoluciuri midgoma
ekonomikur SexedulebaTa Seswavlisas.
3. CamoTvaleT da zogada daaxasiaTeT ZiriTadi ekonomikuri moZRvrebani.
4. vin iyvnen klasikuri ekonomikuri mecnierebis fuZemdeblebi da
daaxasiaTeT maTi wvlili ekonomikur TeoriaSi.
5. CamoTvaleT da mokled axseniT Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis
mTavari mimarTulebebi.
6. daaxasiaTeT qarTuli ekonomikuri azris warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis
periodebi da mTavari warmomadgenlebi.

70
 mesame Tavi
ekonomikuri sistemebi da
maTi arsi

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
• ekonomikuri sistemebis elementebi, tipebi da modelebi
• Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema
• msoflios Tanamedrove ekonomikuri modelebi

ekonomika rogorc sistema

ra elementebisgan Sedgeba sistema ekonomikaSi

sameurneo kavSirebis sistemas adamianebs Soris vecnobiT misi umartivesi

Semadgeneli nawiliT _ elementiT, e.i. garkveuli ekonomikuri urTierTobiT. ra
aris es urTierToba?
Tuki CavatarebT gamokiTxvas, SeiZleba miviRoT sami pasuxi. modiT,
gamovarkvioT, romeli maTgania swori.
pirveli pasuxi. ekonomikuri urTierToba _ esaa kavSiri sasargeblo sagnebs
Soris, romelic SeiZleba warmovidginoT formulis saxiT: dovlaTi _ dovlaTi.
am SemTxvevaSi sworia is, rom yvela ekonomikuri urTierToba gvevlineba
qonebriv, sagnobriv urTierTobebad. magaliTad, sabazro vaWroba gamoiyureba
rogorc erTi sagnis (saqonlis) gacvla meoreze (fulze). Tumca aq SeiZleba
SevekamaToT. Tavad sagnebi, rogorc ityvian, ar midian bazarze, ar monawileoben
fulad-sasaqonlo gacvlaSi adamianebis _ gamyidvelebis da myidvelebis _ gareSe.
meore pasuxi. ekonomikis umartives rgolSi aucileblad monawileoben
adamianebi. gvTavazoben, maTi ekonomikuri kavSiri gamovxatoT Semdegi formulis
saxiT: adamiani _ adamiani. Tumca aqac SeiZleba SekamaTeba. aseTi urTierToba
ubralod adamianebs Soris moklebulia yovelgvar qonebriv, sagnobriv Sinaarss.
gaugebaria, ra mizeziT warmoiSoba isini, amitomac ekonomikurebad ar gvevlineba.
mesame pasuxi. sameurneo kavSirebi unda moicavdes sagnobriv elementsac da
adamianur urTierTobebsac. albaT swori iqneba tipuri formula: adamiani _ sagani
_ adamiani. magaliTad, vaWrobaSi marTlac swored aseTi urTierToba myardeba:
gamyidveli _ saqoneli _ fuli _ myidveli. ekonomikuri urTierToba _ esaa
qonebrivi kavSiri adamianebs Soris. imis miuxedavad, Tu ra zomiT acnobiereben
adamianebi am faqts, isini imyofebian sxvadasxvagvari kavSiris Tavisebur qselSi
sameurneo saqmianobis sxva monawileebTan. aseTi kavSiri Seadgens mTeli
ekonomikuri sistemis nawils, romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis
cxovelqmedebas.
sistema _ im elementTa simravlea, romlebic mtkicedaa dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan da qmnis garkveul erTianobasa da mTlianobas.
ganvixiloT tipuri saojaxo meurneobis sistemuri kavSiris wre ekonomikuri
saqmianobis subieqtebTan (subieqti _ adamiani). am wreSi Sedis, magaliTad, vaWrobis
71
sawarmoebi, samedicino dawesebulebebi, sacxovrebel-komunaluri meurneobisa da
sayofacxovrebi momsaxurebis sawarmoebi, transportis sxvadasxva saxe, bankebi da
sadazRvevo dawesebulebebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi, kulturis, xelovnebis
dawesebulebebi da sxv. rac ufro srulad warmovidgenT ekonomikur kavSirTa
mTel mravalferovnebas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia saojaxo meurneobebisaTvis,
miT ufro damajarebeli gaxdeba Semdegi ganzogadebebi da daskvnebi.
jer erTi, sisxlZarRvebis msgavsad kavSirTa es erToblioba uzrunvelyofs
yvela saojaxo meurneobas aucilebeli dovlaTiT. ra Tqma unda, nebismieri
adamiani ver SeZlebs arsebobas da dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas, Tuki monawileobas
ar miiRebs sazogadoebis sameurneo urTierTobaSi.
meore, adamianuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapi dakavSirebulia Tanamimdevrul
gadasvlasTan erTi sistemuri warmonaqmnidan meoreze. ase, magaliTad, dawyebiT
ganaTlebas da aRzrdas adamiani iRebs ojaxSi da sabavSvo baRSi, Semdeg _ saSualo
skolaSi, profesiul saSualo an umaRles saswavlebelSi.
mesame, sxvadasxva arxiT, rogorc erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
sisxlZarRvebiT, saojaxo meurneoba ukavSirdeba sxva teritoriul sameurneo
organizaciebs _ adgilobrivebs, erovnulebs da saerTaSorisoebs. saboloo jamSi,
adamianebi ukeT Seicnoben sazogadoebis mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis xarisxobriv
niSnebs.
qveynis sameurneo sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uwyveti moZraoba, romlis
drosac xdeba raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi. amaSi gvarwmunebs
ekonomikur dovlaTTa wrebrunvis magaliTi (warmoeba _ ganawileba _ gacvla _
moxmareba _ moTxovnilebebi _ warmoeba). aseT cvlilebebSi gasarkvevad
mniSvnelovania maTi mizezebis da mamoZravebeli Zalebis gamovlena. amisTvis ki
saWiroa siRrmiseulad CavwvdeT ekonomikur sistemebs.

ra struqturuli rgolebisgan Sedgeba sameurneo sistema

sazogadoebis sameurneo sistemas aqvs rTuli agebuleba. igi SeiZleba

mivamsgavsoT uzarmazar jaWvs, romelic Sedgeba msxvili rgolebisgan; es rgolebi
TavisTavad Sedgeba garkveuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebisgan. yoveli aseTi
rgoli _ mTlianis nawilia (mTeli jaWvis) da gamodis, rogorc qvesistema _
urTierTobaTa ufro farTo erTobliobis Tanadaqvemdebarebuli nawili.
magaliTad, cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove warmoeba _ didi mTlianobaa, rome-
lic aerTianebs or msxvil qvesistemas: materialuri warmoebis da aramaterialuri
warmoebis sferoebs. Tavis mxriv, materialuri warmoeba raodenobrivi
TvalsazrisiT moicavs or mcire qvesistemas, romlebic qmnis rogorc materialur
dovlaTs, ise momsaxurebas. aramaterialuri warmoebis qvesistema agreTve Sedgeba
patara rgolebisgan, romlebic dakavebulia aramaterialuri dovlaTis da momsax-
urebis kvlavwarmoebiT ( ix. sur. 1.6).

72
 sameurneo saqmianobis sirTule isaa, rom igi aerTianebs xarisxobrivad
sxvadasxvagvar rgols. am rgolebs aqvs araerTgvarovani daniSnuleba da rogorc
qvesistemebi, moqmedebs SedarebiT damoukideblad.
Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi struqturuli rgolebi:
1. teqnikur saSualebaTa erToblioba, romelic gamoiyeneba materialur da
aramaterialur warmoebaSi. samecniero-teqnikuri revolucia aniWebs maT sul
ufro met sistemur xasiaTs (Seqmnilia sxvadasxva teqnikuri sistema _ robotokom-
pleqsebi, marTvis avtomatizebuli sistemebi da mr. sxv.).
2. mniSvnelovan sameurneo rgolad gvevlineba uaxlesi teqnologiebi. dRes
farTod gavrcelda eleqtronuli teqnologiebis sistemebi warmoebaSi, vaWrobaSi,
momsaxurebis sferoSi (ganaTlebaSi, jandacvaSi) da sxv. unda aRiniSnos, rom
Tanamedrove teqnologiis aseTi efeqtiani formaa eleqtronuli biznesi.
3. XX saukunidan daCqarda im socialuri sistemebis ganviTareba, romlebic
dakavSirebulia sazogadoebaSi adamianTa sicocxlesTan da urTierTobebTan. aq
gansakuTrebiT ganxilulia is socialuri urTierTobebi, romlebic exeba
Semosavlebis ganawilebas sazogadoebaSi.
4. sameurneo saqmianobisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi samarTlebrivi reg-
ulirebis sistemas. es sistema sazogadoebis ekonomikis ganviTarebas ufro civi-
lizebuls da ganWvretads xdis.
rogorc aRiniSna, mTel sameurneo saqmianobas moicavs ekonomikur ur-
TierTobaTa sistema. udavoa, rom adamianebi da maTi qonebrivi urTierTobebi amo-
Zravebs yvela sxva sameurneo qvesistemebs.
sameurneo sistema _ esaa teqnikur, teqnologiur, socialur, samarTlebriv da
ekonomikur qvesistemaTa mTliani erToblioba.
ukve dadga dro, gavixsenoT, rom sityviT `ekonomika~ aRiniSneba rogorc
sameurneo saqmianoba, ise mecniereba aseTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. axla SegviZlia
gamovarkvioT, ra aris ekonomikuri Teoria.

ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis realuri amocana

SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom ekonomikuri mecnierebis amocana _ esaa gamona-

klisis gareSe meurneobriobis mTeli sistemis gamokvleva. magram maSin
dagvWirdeboda, rogorc ityvian, usazRvros mocva: teqnikidan da teqnologiidan
samarTlebriv da ekonomikur urTierTobebamde. maS, aseT SemTxvevaSi rogor
moviqceT gonivrulad?
sasargeblo rCeva SeiZleba vipovoT konan doilis Serlok holmsze
moTxrobebSi. es gamocdili maZebari mivida daskvnamde, rom varaudTa simravlisas
saWiroa moviSoroT yvela SeuZlebeli da amgvarad movnaxoT saZebni gad-
awyvetileba.
pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa ekonomikuri Teoriis sagnidan gamovricxoT mtkice-
ba imis Sesaxeb, rom es Teoria Seiswavlis teqnikasa da teqnologias. es teqnikuri
da teqnologiuri disciplinebis saqmea.
73
 rogorc cnobilia, socialur urTierTobebs ikvleven sociologiis special-
istebi. samarTlebriv urTierTkavSirs adamianebs Soris yvelaze ukeT Seiswavlian
iuristebi. maSasadame, rCeba is, razec pretenziis gamocxadeba SeuZliaT mxolod
ekonomistebs. ese igi ekonomikuri Teoriis sagnad gvevlineba is sameurneo ur-
TierTobebi adamianebs Soris, romlebic yalibdeba realurad arsebul warmoe-
baSi, ganawilebaSi, dovlaTis da momsaxurebis gacvlasa da moxmarebaSi.
socialur-ekonomikurad gvevlineba is urTierTobebi, romlebic yalibdeba
sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris sameurneo saqmianobis faqtorebis da Sedegebis
miTvisebasTan dakavSirebiT. nebismier sazogadoebaSi adamianebi iZulebuli arian
gadawyviton socialur-ekonomikuri mowyobis sami ZiriTadi amocana:
vis aqvs ekonomikuri Zalaufleba, e.i. vin iTvisebs warmoebis saSualebebs _
sameurneo saqmianobis gadamwyvet pirobebs;
vin da rogor warmarTavs sameurneo saqmianobas, romelic dakavSirebulia
warmoebis saSualebebis efeqtian gamoyenebasTan;
vis ergeba sameurneo saqmianobis saboloo Sedegebi.
albaT saWiro araa imis mtkiceba, rom sakuTreba gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi
simdidris mTeli wrebrunvis erTianobas da mizanmimarTulebas. warmoebis saSu-
alebaTa mflobelebis kontrolqveS ara marto sasargeblo sagnebis da momsax-
urebis Seqmnis procesia, aramed isic, rom TavianT ekonomikur interesebs dau-
qvemdebaron ganawileba, gacvla da dovlaTis moxmareba.
saorganizacio-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi warmoiSoba imitom, rom sazoga-
doebrivi warmoeba, ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba SeuZlebelia garkveuli or-
ganizaciis gareSe. es ukanaskneli saWiroa momuSaveTa nebismieri erToblivi saqmi-
anobisTvis. adamianebi winaswar gaiazreben TavianT sameurneo moqmedebebs, adgenen
momaval samuSao gegmas, romelic aerTianebs yvela momuSaves. amasTan erTad wyde-
ba saorganizacio amocanebic: rogor davyoT adamianebi calkeul samuSaoTa
Sesasruleblad da gavaerTianoT yvela dasaqmebuli erTiani sawyisis qveS, rogor
warvmarToT meurneoba da vin iqneba warmoebis mmarTveli.
amasTan dakavSirebiT saorganizacio-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi iyofa sam
msxvil saxed:
Sromis kooperacia (produqtebis erToblivi damzadeba, sawarmoTa zomebis
gamsxvileba, maTi mudmivi TanamSromloba da gaerTianeba) da SromiTi saqmianobis
ganawileba (misi dayofa sameurneo rgolebs Soris);
sameurneo saqmianobis organizacia (naturaluri da sasaqonlo-sabazro meur-
neoba);
ekonomikis marTva (sabazro-stiqiuri da saxelmwifo-sagegmo regulireba).
ekonomikur urTierTobaTa yvela tipi da saxe sqematurad warmodgenilia nax.-
1.7-ze.

74
 ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebi

sakuTreba da socialur- organizaciul-

ekonomikuri ur- ekonomikuri kavSirebi
TierTobebi

kooperacia da sameurneo
Sromis saqmianobis ekonomikis
ganawileba organizacia marTva

nax.1.7. ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistemis struqtura

ekonomikuri sistemis tipebi

ekonomikuri sistemis Semdeg tipebs gamoyofen:

 ori sabazro sistema:
 Tavisufali konkurenciis sabazro ekonomika
(sufTa kapitalizmi)
 Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika (Tanamedrove kapitalizmi)
 ori arasabazro sistema
 tradiciuli sistema
 administraciul-mbrZanebluri (centralizebul-gegmuri,
komunisturi) sistema

Tavisufali konkurenciis sabazro ekonomika

(sufTa kapitalizmi)

es sistema Camoyalibda XVIII saukuneSi. XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis

pirvel aTwleulebSi Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba (sxvadasxva qveynebSi
sxvadasxvagvarad), miuxedavad amisa, misi elementebis mniSvnelovani nawili Sedis
Tanamedrove sabazro sistemaSi.
am ekonomikuri sistemis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: sainvesticio resursebze
kerZo sakuTreba; Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli makroekonomikuri moRva-
weobis regulirebis sabazro meqanizmi; TiToeuli produqtisa da saqonlis damou-
kideblad moqmedi gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis didi raodenoba.
75
 sufTa kapitalizmis erT-erTi mTavari winapirobaa ekonomikuri saqmoanobis
monawileTa piradi Tavisufleba, e.i. Tavisufali უnda iyos ara marto kapitalis-
ti-mewarme, aramed daqiravebuli muSac. ekonomikuri progresis gadamwyveti piroba
iyo kapitalis mqone mewarmeTa Tavisufali moqmedeba. miRweuli iyo “adamianis
faqtoris” – sazogadoebis mTavari sawarmoo Zalis – ganviTarebis axali done.
daqiravebuli muSa da mewarme-kapitalisti gadmodiodnen rogorc sabazro ur-
TierTobaTa iuridiulad Tanasworuflebiani agentebi. cneba “Tavisufali
daqiravebuli muSa“ gulisxmobs myidvelis mier samuSao Zalis, misi gayidvis adgi-
lis Tavisufal arCevas, e.i. Sromis bazris farglebSi Tavisufal gadaadgilebas.
iseve rogorc saqonlis mflobels, romelmac gayida Tavisi saqoneli da fuli
aiRo, daqiravebul muSasac SeeZlo Tavisuflad aerCia Tavis moTxovnilebaTa dak-
mayofilebis sagnebi da xerxebi. Tavisufali arCevanis sapirispiro mxared iqca pi-
radi pasuxismgebloba samuSao Zalis normalur mdgomareobaSi SenaxvisaTvis, mi-
Rebuli gadawyvetilebis siswore, SromiTi xelSekrulebis pirobebis dacva.
rogoria ekonomikuri ganviTarebis fundamenturi amocanebis gadawyvetis
meqanizmi am ekonomikur sistemaSi? es amocanebi rTulad, fasebisa da bazris meSve-
obiT wydeba. fasebis meryeoba, maTi maRali an dabali done warmoadgens sazoga-
doebis moTxovnilebaTa indikators. iTvaliswinebs ra bazris koniunqturas, fase-
bis donesa da dinamikas, mewarme damoukideblad wyvets resursebis yvela saxis
ganawilebis problemas da awarmoebs im saqonels, romelic moTxovniT
sargeblobs bazarze. mewarme sul ufro didi Semosavlisaken (*mogebisaken) miis-
wrafvis, cdilobs rac SeiZleba ekonomiurad gamoiyenos bunebrivi, SromiTi da
sainvesticio resursebi da maqsimalurad farTod gamoiyenos iseTi resursi, ro-
goricaa misi SemoqmedebiTi da organizaciuli (egreTwodebuli samewarmeo) unari
maT mier arCeul saqmianobis sferoSi. yvelaferi es – mZlavri stimulia warmoebis
ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaTvis da xsnis kerZo sakuTrebis aRmSeneblobis Se-
saZleblobebs.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika (Tanamedrove kapitalizmi anu Sereuli

ekonomika)

sabazro sistema aRmoCnda sxva yvela winamorbed sistemaze ufro moqnili: mas
SeuZlia gardaiqmnas, miesadagos cvalebad Sinagan da sagareo pirobebs.
am saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac frTebi gaSala samecniero teqnikurma
revoluciam da gansakuTrebiT swrafad viTardeboda sawarmoo da socialuri inf-
rastruqtura, saxelmwifo ufro aqtiur zegavlenas axdenda erovnuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebaze. aqedan gamomdinare Seicvala sameurneo meqanizmi, sameurneo moRva-
weobis organizaciuli formebi da sameurneo subieqtebs Soris ekonomikuri kavSi-
rebi (cxrili 3.1).
cxrili 3.1. Tanamedrove kapitalizmis zogierTi gansxvaveba sufTa
kapitalizmisagan

76
 sameurneo meqanizmi ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovnad
icvleba. calkeul firmebSi arsebobs marketinguli mmarTvelobis sistemebi, rom-
lebic viTardeba meurneobriobis gegmiani meTodebis safuZvelze. amave dros, mak-
rodoneze gegmiani meTodebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia ekonomikis saxelmwifo
regulirebasTan.
gegmazomiereba gvevlineba rogorc bazris moTxovnebTan aqtiuri Sewyobis
saSualeba. Sedegad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari amocanebic axleburad ix-
seneba. magaliTad, sakiTxi romelic warmoebuli produqciis struqturasa da
moculobas exeba, wydeba marketinguli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze firmis fargleb-
Si, agreTve samecniero-teqnikuri progresis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis ana-
lizisa da makrodoneze sazogadoebis moTxovnebis ganviTarebis programis sa-
fuZvelze. bazris prognozi saSualebas iZleva winaswar Semcirdes moZvelebuli
saqonlis warmoeba da moxdes gadasvla produqciis xarisxobrivad axal saxeobebsa
da modelebze. warmoebis marTvis marketinguli sistema saSualebas iZleva jer
kidev sawarmoo procesis dawyebamde kompaniis individualuri xarjebi, romlebic
gaTvlilia erTi saxeobis saqonlis ZiriTadi masis gamosaSvebad, Seesabamebodes
sazogadoebrivad aucilebel danaxarjebs.
saxelmwifo dargobrivi da saerTo erovnuli programebi (gegmebi) agreTve
axdenen arsebiT zegavlenas warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moculobaze da
struqturaze, riTac uzrunvelyofen maT met Sesabamisobas cvalebad sazogadoebriv
moTxovnilebebTan.
resursebis gamoyenebis amocana wydeba msxvili kompaniebis farglebSi
strategiuli dagegmvis safuZvelze yvelaze perspeqtiuli dargebis gaTvaliswine-
biT. amave dros, resursebis gadanawileba uaxlesi dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis
xdeba biujetis xarjze, saxelmwifo saerTo erovnuli da saxelmwifoTaSoris pro-
gramebis meSveobiT, samecniero gamokvlevebisa da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro da-
muSavebaTa (inglisuri abreviatura-R&M, rusuli- НИОКР) samecniero-teqnikuri
revoluciis prioritetul mimarTulebebSi gatarebiT. magaliTad, axla mimdi-
nareobs saerTo evropuli programebis “evrika” da “esprit”-is realizacia.
77
 da bolos, Seqmnili mTliani Sida produqtis ganawilebis amocana mxolod
tradiciulad Camoyalibebuli formebis safuZvelze ki ar wydeba, aramed sul ufro
meti resursebi emateba msxvili kompaniebisa da saxelmwifosagan “adamianis
faqtoris” ganviTarebisaTvis (ganaTlebis sistemis dafinanseba, maT Soris gan-
sxvavebuli kvalifikaciis muSakTa gadamzadeba, mosaxleobis samedicino momsax-
urebis gaumjobeseba, socialuri saWiroebani).
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebul qveynebSi, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da
siRaribesTan brZolis mravali programis realizaciisaTvis gamoiyofa sax-
elmwifo biujetis aranakleb 40-50%. amave dros mravali firmebic zrunaven Tavis
TanamSromlebze, cdiloben gaaqtiuron personalis muSaoba, aamaRlon Sromis
nayofiereba, Seamciron samuSao drois danakargebi da amiT ganamtkicon firmis
konkurentunarianoba.

tradiciuli sistema

ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebobs tradiciuli

ekonomikuri sistema, romelic eyrdnoba moZvelebul teqnologias, xeliT Sromis
farTo gamoyenebas, ekonomikis aSkara mravalwyobianobas.
ekonomikis mravalwyobianoba niSnavs mocemul ekonomikur sistemaSi sameur-
neo saqmioanobis sxvadasxva formebis arsebobas. rig qveynebSi SenarCunebulia
meurneobis naturalur-Temuri formebi, romelic dafuZnebulia meurneobis saTemo
koleqtiur gaZRolaze da Seqmnili produqtis ganawilebis naturalur formebze.
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs wvril saqonlur warmoebas, igi efuZneba kerZo sa-
kuTrebas sawarmoo resursebze da maTi mflobelis pirad Sromas. tradiciuli sis-
temis mqone qveynebSi wvrili saqonluri warmoeba warmodgenilia mravalricxovan
glexur da xelosnur meurneobebSi, romlebic dominireben ekonomikaSi.
erovnuli mewarmeobis SedarebiT susti ganviTarebis pirobebSi udides rols
am qveynebis ekonomikaSi TamaSobs ucxouri kapitali.
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ayovneben ra socialur-ekonomikur progress,
batonoben saukunovani tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebani, religiuri da kulturuli
faseulobebi, kastebad da wodebebad dayofa.
sakvanZo ekonomikuri amocanebis gadawyvetas sxvadasxva wyobilebis fargleb-
Si specifikuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. tradiciuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
saxelmwifos aqtiuri roli. erovnuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovani nawilis biuje-
tidan gadanawilebisas saxelmwifo afinansebs infrastruqturis ganviTarebas da
mosaxleobis uRaribesi fenebis socialur mxardaWeras.

administraciul-mbrZanebluri (centralizebul-gegmuri,
komunisturi) sistema

es sistema arsebobda adre ssr kavSirSi, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, aziis

ramdenime qveyanaSi.

78
 am bolo dros bevri ekonomisti ecada Tavis naSromSi mieca misTvis
ganzogadebuli daxasiaTeba.
administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia sazoga-
doebrivi (realobaSi ki saxelmwifo) sakuTreba praqtikulad yvela ekonomikur
resursebze, ekonomikis monopolizeba da biurokratizacia specifikur formebSi,
centralizebuli ekonomikuri dagegmva rogorc sameurneo meqanizmis safuZveli.
administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis sameurneo meqanizms aqvs ramdenime
Tavisebureba: yvela sawarmos uSualo marTva xorcieldeba erTiani centridan –
saxelmwifo marTvis umaRlesi eSelonebidan, rac mTlianad uaryofs sameurneo
subieqtis damoukideblobas; saxelmwifo mTlianad akontrolebs produqciis war-
moebas da ganawilebas, ris Sedegadac SeuZlebeli xdeba calkeul sawarmoebs So-
ris Tavisufali sabazro kavSirebi; saxelmwifo aparati administraciul-
mbrZanebluri meTodebiT awarmoebs sameurneo saqmianobis xelmZRvanelobas, rac
spobs materialur dainteresebas Sromis SedegebiT.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis metismeti centralizaciis pirobebSi viTardeba
sameurneo meqanizmisa da ekonomikuri kavSirebis biurokratizmi. Tavisi bunebidan
gamomdinare, biurokratul centralizms ar Seswevs unari uzrunvelyos sameurneo
saqmianobis efeqtianobis zrda. mTavari mizezi is aris, rom meurneobis sruli
gasaxelmwofoeba iwvevs produqciis warmoebisa da gasaRebis arnaxuli masStabebiT
monopolizebas. giganturi monopoliebi, romlebic saxalxo meurneobis yvela
dargSi damkvidrdnen da romlebsac mxars uWeren saministroebi da uwyebebi,
konkurenciis uqonlobis pirobebSi srulebiT ar zrunaven teqnikisa da te-
qnologiis siaxleTa danergvaze.
monopolizmi badebs deficitur ekonomikas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
saxalxo meurneobis dabalansebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi normaluri materialuri
da adamianuri rezervebis uqonloba.
administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis qveynebSi saerTo ekonomikuri amo-
canebis gadawyvetas Tavisi specifikuri Tvisebebi hqonda. gabatonebuli ideologi-
uri miTiTebebis Sesabamisad produqciis moculobisa da struqturis gansazRvris
amocana metad sapasuxismgeblo da seriozuli iyo imisaTvis, rom misi gadawyveta
uSualod mewarmeebisaTvis – samrewvelo warmoebis, kolmeurneobebisaTvis mien-
doT. amitom sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis struqtura uSualod dagegmvis cen-
traluri organoebis mier mtkicdeboda. esoden didi masStabebiT sazogadoebrivi
moTxovnilebebis cvlilebaTa detalizeba da gaTvaliswineba principulad Seu-
Zlebelia, amitom es organoebi umetes wilad minimaluri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen.
materialuri dovlaTis, SromiTi da finansuri resursebis centralizebuli
ganawileba uSualo mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis monawileobis gareSe, cen-
tralizebuli dagegmvis safuZvelze, winaswar amorCeuli viTom “sazogadoebrivi”
miznebisa da kriteriumebis Sesabamisad xorcieldeboda. resursebis mniSvnelovani
nawili gabatonebuli ideologiis Sesabamisad samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis
ganviTarebas xmardeboda.
79
 Seqmnili produqciuis warmoebis monawileTa Soris ganawileba centraluri
organoebis mier mkveTri reglamentirebiT mimdinareobda. amisTvis sayovelTaod
iyenebdnen satarifo sistemas da agreTve centralizebulad damtkicebul xelfasis
fondis normativebs. es iwvevda Sromis anazRaurebis gaTanabrebas.
administraciul-mbrZaneblur sistemaSi produqciis ganawilebis gan-
sakuTrebul Taviseburebas warmoadgenda partiuli da saxelmwifoebrivi elitis,
e.w. nomenklaturis privilegiuri mdgomareoba.

ekonomikuri sistemis

tipebi:

mbrZanebluri
tradiciuli ekonomika
ekonomika
mTlianad saxelmwifos prerogativa
adamianebi Taobidan Taobamde ra, rogor da visTvis unda iqnes
imeorebdnen warmoebisa da warmoebuli. yvelaferi igegmeba sax-
elmwifos mier, amisTvis saxelmwifo
ganawilebis meTodebs. axasi-aTebs
tradiciuli SeimuSavebs sakontrolo cifrebs,
teqnikis susti ganvi-Tarebis done,
ekonomika romlebsac direqtiuli xasiaTi aqvT
daucveloba gare zemoqmedebebisa- (savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad)
gan, araprogre
adamianebi -siuloba.
Taobidan Semoifar-
Taobamde TiTqmis mTeli qoneba saxelmwifos
gleba adamianTa
imeorebdnen mxolod fiziolo-
warmoebisa da xelSia. axasiaTebs Tavisufali saba-
giuri moTxovnilebebis zro urTierTobebis daTrgunva, Zli-
ganawilebis meTodebs. axasi-
dakmayofilebiT. eri monopolizacia da
aTebs teqnikis susti ganvi- biurokratizacia. sawarmoebi imarTe-
Tarebis done, daucveloba gare ba erTiani centridan.
zemoqmedebebisagan, araprogre-
siuloba. Semoifargleba
sabazro ekonomikaadami- Sereuli ekonomika
anTa mxolod fiziolo-giuri
moTxovnilebebis
ekonomikuri saqmianoba or- resursebis ganawilebas gan-
dakmayofilebiT.
ganizebulia bazrebis meSveobiT. sazRvravs rogorc sabazro
saxelmwifos roli Zalian Zalebi, ise saxelmwifoebrivi gad-
SezRudulia. minimumamde Warbobs awyvetilebebi. saxelmwifos Zi-
kerZo sakuTreba, axasiaTebs riTadi amocanebia: dasaqmebis uz-
Tavisufali konkurencia da runvelyofa, fasebis stabiliza-
Tavisufali mewarmeoba ekonomiku- cia, mosaxleobis socialuri
ri subieqtebi saqmianobas axor- dacva, sawarmoo simZlavreebis
cieleben TavianTi ekonomikuri sruli datvirTva biznesis ganvi-
sabazro ekonomikis
interesebis Sesabami- Tarebis xelSemwyobi haremos Seqm-
damaxasiaTebeli
sad.maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis niSnebi: na.
mizniT ekonomika saxelmwifos Car-
evis gareSe TviTregulirdeba.

80
 sabazro ekonomikis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi:

 warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTreba;

 saqonlur-fulad urTierTobaTa sayovelTao xasiaTi;
 Tavisufali faswarmoqmna;
 konkurencia;
 Tavisufali mewarmeoba;
 “horizontaluri kavSirebi” ekonomikaSi;
 Zlieri piradi iniciativa da materialuri dainterese-
ba;
 mogebisadmi swrafva;
 maRali TviTpasuxismgebloba;
 myidvelis (momxmareblis) kulti;
 mcire biznesis farTod ganviTareba;
 Ria (gaxsnili) ekonomikis principi;
 ganviTarebuli sabirJo sistema;
 moqnili fulad-sakredito sistema da sxva.

am sistemis arasicocxlisunarianobam, samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis miR-

wevebis uaryofam da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis intensiur tipze gadasvlis uzrun-
velyofis uunarobam ganapiroba is, rom TiTqmis yvela socialistur (komunistur)
qveyanaSi aucilebeli gaxda safuZvliani socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmna. am
qveynebSi ekonomikuri reformebis strategia ganisazRvreba msoflio civilizaciis
ganviTarebis kanonebiT, ris Sedegadac met-naklebi siCqariT Sendeba Tanamedrove
sabazro ekonomika.

81
 mbrZanebluri da sabazro ekonomika

 yvela saxis resursze saxelmwifo

sakuTrebaa (adamianuri resursebis gar-
mbrZabeblur ekonomikaSi

da);
 resursebis pirveladi ganawileba
centralizebulia;
 ekonomikuri damoukideblobis
SesanarCuneblad regulirdeba sagareo
vaWroba;
 Semosavloebis Tanasworobis sa-
fuZvelia centralizebulad dawesebuli
xelfasebi.

 yvela saxis resursze kerZo sa-

kuTrebaa;
 sabazro fasebi gansazRvraven
produqtebsa da resursebs;
sabazro ekonomikaSi

 saerTaSoriso specializacia
xels uwyobs konkurencias da warmoe-
bis danaxarjebsa da fasebs dabal
doneze inarCuneba;
 Semosavlebi damokidebulia in-
dividebis kuTvnil gasayid resurseb-
ze;
 umuSevrobis zogerTi forma
arsebobs, radgan adamianebi icvlian
samuSaos, mewarmeebi iTxoven
sxvadasxva unars, arsebobs cikluri
ryevebi da sezonuri cvlilebebi.

82
 msoflios Tanamedrove ekonomikuri modelebis
Taviseburebebi

erovnuli meurneobis mTlianobis Semqmneli elementebis erTobliobasa da meqanizms,

romelic uzrunvelyofs am elementebis mWidro kavSirsa da urTierTqmedebas, qveynis
ekonomikur models uwodeben. socialur-ekonomikur modelSi gulisxmoben sakuTrebis
mimarT damokidebulebas, mewarmeobis tradiciebsa da mis infrastruqturas, institutebisa
da meqanizmebis kompleqss, romelic gansazRvravs ama Tu im ekonomikuri da socialuri
sistemis xasiaTs, agreTve saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierTqmedebis formebsa da
meTodebs warmoebis efeqtianobisa da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis interesebisTvis.
yvela modeli erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis mniSvnelovani
niSnebiTa da meqanizmebiT, aseve ekonomikis konkurentunarianobiT. praqtikulad isini
SeiZleba ganvixiloT msoflios wamyvani qveynebis ekonomikuri modelebis safuZvelze.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnuli modelebi sam mTavar jgufad iyofa:
liberaluri modeli (etalonad iTvleba aSS);
socialurad orientirebuli modeli (etalonad iTvleba gfr);
social-demokratiuli modeli (etalonad iTvleba Sveduri modeli, romelsac “Sve-
dur socializmsac” uwodeben).
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom Tu saxelmwifos xarjebs (biuje-
tis mTlian moculobas), mTliani Sida produqtis 1/4-1/3-mde doneze SevinarCunebT, war-
moiqmneba mastabilizebeli faqtori, romelic ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikas icavs
metismeti ekonomikuri daqveiTebisagan, metad saSiSi, dabali kerZo sainvesticio aqtiuro-
bisagan. garda amisa, sabiujeto sistema aris sazogadoebaSi dabegvris, socialuri
gadasaxdelebisa da daxmarebebis sistemis meSveobiT Seqmnili Semosavlis xelaxali
ganawilebis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti.
xorcs asxams ra sabiujeto sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel funqciebs, saxelmwifo
imavdroulad riskavs, rom SeiZleba gadaametos biujetis meSveobiT mep-is gadanawilebis
racionalur sazRvrebs, amitom gadasaxadebis saerTo done, maTi struqtura, agreTve xar-
jebis moculoba da struqtura ar unda anelebdnen sazogadoebaSi stimulebs yairaTiano-
bisadmi, mewarmeobisa da SromiTi saqmianobisadmi (miCneulia, rom qveynis ekonomika veRar
viTardeba, Tu biujeti mTliani Sida produqtis 2/3-s gadaaWarbebs). SvedeTis ganviTarebis
gamocdileba mowmobs, rom biujetis meSveobiT gadanawilebuli mep wilis “gabervas” mo-
hyva ekonomikuri aqtiurobis stimulirtebis CaxSoba, depresiuli ekonomika, ramac qveynis
mTavroba aiZula ganexorcielebina ekonomikis meti liberalizaciisaTvis gamiznuli re-
formebi, e.i. xeli aeRo ekonomikur cxovrebaSi “zedmetad” Carevaze.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos monawileobis sazRvrebi da
done (saxelmwifo sakuTrebis masStabi, mep-s saxelmwifo biujetis an xarjviT nawilSi misi
wili, saxelmwifos mier socialuri sferos dafinanseba, makroekonomikuri politikis
ganxorcieleba da ekonomikuri garemos regulireba) erovnuli modelebis tipologizaci-
is umniSvnelovanesi kriteriumebia.
sistemebis farglebSi gamoyofen Semdeg modelebs:
 amerikuli modeli
 dasavleTevropuli modeli
 Sveduri modeli
 germanuli modeli
83
 samxreTevropuli modeli
 aziuri modeli
 iaponuri modeli
 samxreTkoreuli modeli
 laTinoamerikuli qveynebi
 afrikuli modeli
 qarTuli modeli

danarTi a

Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis modelebi

amerikuli modeli

 liberaluri modeli:pirovnebis, kerZo sakuTrebis da ker-

Zo mewarmeobis Tavisufleba;
 saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi saxelmwifos
rolis minimizacia (saxelmwifo sawarmoebi Zalian co-
taa).
 emyareba saxelmwifo kapitals;
 sabazro, sabirJo da inovaciur faseulobebTan erTad,
upiratesad protestantizmis faseulobebze dafuZneba
(pragmatizmi, piradi pasuxismgebloba, iniociativa,
damoukidebloba.
 dagrovebisa da investiciebis mTavari wyaroa ara sakred-
ito-sabanko an finansuri sistema, aramed safondo bazari.
 orientacia daCqarebul samecniero-teqnikur progresze.
 saxelmwifo TviTon TiTqmis arafers awarmoebs, samagi-
erod sayovelTaod mxars uWers bizness daxvewili sa-
kanonmdebel baziT.
 mosaxleobis calkeul socialuri fenebis Zlieri
mxardaWera.
 saxelmwifo sakuTrebis mcire xvedriTi wili da sxva

84
 iaponuri modeli

 muSakTa xangrZlivi droiT daqiraveba (e.w.

samudamo daqiravebis sistema);
 xelfasis zrda namsaxurobis xangrZlivobis
(staJis) mixedviT;
 Zlieri profkavSiri sawarmos da ara dargis
doneze.

germanuli modeli

 saxelmwifos ufro masStaburi da pirdapiri Careva

ekonomikaSi;
 socialuri daxmarebiT sargeblobs ara marto germaniis
yvela moqalaqe, aramed imigrantebic, anazRaurebuli
Svebulebis meti xangrZlivoba.
 mZlavri sabanko kapitali, romelic mWidrodaa da-
kavSirebuli warmoebasTan, iqmneba finansur-samrewvelo
jgufebi.

franguli modeli

 ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mkveTrad gamoxatuli pir-

dapiro monawileoba (bazari, sabazro meqanizmebi da
stimulebi warmodgenilia naklebi xarisxiT). ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulireba anu diriJizmi.
 ekonomikis saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebis koordina-
cia;
 kerZo mewarmeobaSi saxelmwifo Carevis perioduli
SezRudva;
 saxelmwifos pirdapiri samewarmeo moRvaweobis mniSvne-
lovani masStabebi;
 indikaturi dagegmva;

85
 Sveduri modeli

 saxelmwifo seqtoris maRali xvedriTi wili;

 saxelmwifos, biznesisa da profkavSiris harmoni-
uli TanamSromloba;
 socialuri garantiebis saimedo sistema;
 Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sruli dasaqmeba;
 stabiluri zrda, inflaciis dabali done;
 keTildReobis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi;
 qonebrivi uTanasworobis maqsimaluri Semcireba.
 ekonomikisa da biznesis axal saaqcio modelze
gadasvla (emyareba amerikul saaqcio models gam-
ocdilebas)
 aqciebSi fdabandebaTa daaxloebiT 75%-s axor-
cieleben ucxoelebi;
 sanedleulo ekonomikidan maRalteqnologiur ino-
vaciur ekonomikaze gadasvla

samxreT koreuli modeli

 kapitalis mkveTri koncentracia;

 prioritetuli dargebis ganviTareba;
 Ria ekonomika da orientacia eqsportze;
 reglamentirebuli dagegmvidan indikatur dagegm-
vaze gadasvla da sxva.

86
 Cinuri modeli

 mZlavri saxelmwifo seqtori (60%; zog dargebSi

70-97%).
 socialisturi da sabazro ekonomikis erTgvari simbi-
ozia (sabazro urTierTobaTa Sexameba saxelmwifo
dagegmvasTan);
 gadasvla modelidan “centralizebuli gegmuri
ekonomika; modelze “gegmuri sasaqonlo ekonomika;
 didi da efeqtiani kerZo seqtori;
 xelisuflebis mZlavri sakontrolo Sto;
 ekonomikis maRali gaxsniloba;
 Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi (misi erT-erTi mTavari
Tavisebureba isaa, rom pirdapiri ucxouri investi-
ciebi didad Warbobs porTfelur investiciebs);
 soflis meurneobaSi gadasvla “saxalxo komunidan”
“ojaxur sameurneo angariSze”;
 sawarmoebs Soris pirdapiri sameurneo kavSirebis da-
myareba;
 bazrebis sistemis Seqmna (safondo bazrebi, momsax-
urebis bazrebi, informaciuli bazrebi, teqnikis, te-
qnologiis bazrebi) da sxva.

danarTi b

ekonomikuri sistemebis tipebi

ekonomikuri analizis interesSi Sidis imis Secnoba, Tu rogor aregulirebs

qveynis mTavroba ekonomikas, sakuTrebis uflebebs, rogor axorcielebs
fiskalur, monetarul politikas da sabolood, ra interpretacias ukeTebs
ekonomikur Tavisuflebas. am mizniT xSirad iwyeben analizs qveynis ekonomikuri
sistemis SefasebiT, ikvleven im struqturebsa da procesebs, romlebic marTavs
resursebis ganawilebasa da biznesis warmoebas. arsebobs ekonomikuri sistemebis
sami tipi: sabazro, Sereuli da marTvadi ekonomika (ixileT nax. 3 b.1).

sabazro ekonomika

sabazro ekonomika iseTi sistema, rodesac, mTavrobis nacvlad, ekonomikuri

gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas individebi iReben. is ganmtkicebulia kapitalizmis
filosofiiTa da misi principiT, romelis Tanaxmadac, kerZo mflobeloba sa-
kuTrebis uflebebisgan ganuyofelia. es legitimurs xdis adamianis iniciativiT, in-
vesticiebisa da riskis safuZvelze miRebul mogebas. resursebis optimalur
ganawilebasa da mwarmoeblebis Sesabamis reagirebas mohyveba momxmareblebis mier
arCevanis Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba. hong-kongSi, singapurSi, avstraliaSi,
87
 SveicariaSi, kanadasa da aSS-Si sabazro ekonomika xalxs ekonomikur Tavisuflebas
aniWebs. maT SeuZliaT, gadawyviton, sad da ramdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi imuSaon, ra
gaakeTon, rogor daxarjon an dazogon fuli, rogor gamoiyenon Semosavlebi.31
sabolood, sabazro ekonomikaSi individis Tavisufali arCevani aZlierebs qveynis
progress.

ეკონომიკური სისტემების ტიპები

მართვადი შერეული საბაზრო

მთავრობა ფლობს რესურსების

მთლიან რესურსებს უმეტესად კერძოა;
ეკონომიკური
ან მათ უმეტესობას; ბიზნესის
რესურსების
მფლობელობა
ემხრობა დიდი სამთავრობო და კერძო
ემხრობა სამეწარმეო
მასშტაბის მფლობელობა
სიახლეს;
მოცულობით მიზანია ეკონომიკური
იყენებს უხილავი
კაპიტალს; ეფექტიანობის
ხელის ფენომენს -
დაბალანსება, მაგრამ
იყენებს Laissez faire-ს
სიხარბისა და საკუთარი
სახელმწიფოს აშკარა (ეკონომიკაში
ინტერესის
ჩარევას, ჩაურევლობას),
გადაჭარბების
ცენტრალიზებულ საკუთრების

nax.3 b. 1 ekonomikuri sistemebis tipebi ekonomikuri sistemebis sami mTavari tipi

efuZneba gansxvavebul principebs, iyenebs sxvadasxva midgomas da xasiaTdeba gan-
sxvavebuli filosofiebiT.

88
საბაზრო ეკონომიკა იცავს ეკონომიკაში ჩაურევლობის პრინციპს - laissez-faire-ს, რომლის
ზუსტი თარგმანია „ნება მიეცი, გააკეთოს“. უფრო ზუსტად „ნება მიეცი, იყოს“ ან „თავი
დაანებე“. როგორიც არ უნდა იყოს laissez-faire-ის თარგმანი, ის ეწინააღმდეგება
მთავრობის ჩარევას ბიზნესში. მისთვის პირადი ინტერესების მქონე მომხმარებლების
„უხილავი ხელი“ ეფექტიანი საქმიანობის ფუნდამენტია.
მომხმარებლების, მწარმოებლების ურთიერთკავშირი ოპტიმალურად
განსაზღვრავს ფასს, რაოდენობას, მიწოდებას და მოთხოვნას შორის ურთიერთკავშირს.
როგორც ადამ სმიტი აღნიშნავდა, მოგების მოტივით სტიმულირებულ მწარმოებლებს
საბაზრო ეკონომიკა აიძულებს, შექმნან პროდუქტები, რომლებსაც შესყიდვის
ძალაუფლების გაზრდის საჭიროებით სტიმულირებული მომხმარებლები ყიდულობენ.
აქედან გამომდინარე, იმის საფუძველზე, თუ რას ყიდულობენ და რას – არა,
მომხმარებლები წარმართავენ რესურსების ეფექტიან განაწილებასა და აქტივების
ოპტიმალურ შეფასებას.
დიდი ხანია ჩამოყალიბდა საბაზრო ეკონომიკაში მინიმალური სამთავრობო
ჩარევის ტენდენცია. რაც უფრო ხილული ხდება „ხელი“ მთავრობის ჩარევის გამო, მით
უფრო ნაკლებად ეფექტიანად მუშაობს ბაზარი. თუმცა, „უხილავი ხელი“ არაა უცდომელი.
საზოგადოებრივი საქონლის (მაგ; შუქნიშნები, ნაციონალური თავდაცვა და ა. შ.) და
პროტექციის (მაგ., მინიმალური ხელფასის ზღვარი, ფინანსური, სავაჭრო რეგულაცია...)
საჭიროება ხელს უშლის საზოგადოების კეთილდღეობის ხარჯზე პირადი სარგებლობის
ზრდას, მოითხოვს მთავრობის გარკვეულ ჩართულობას.
მაშასადამე, საბაზრო ეკონომიკა სახელმწიფოსგან მოითხოვს საკუთრების
უფლებების დაცვას, სამართლიანი და თავისუფალი კონკურენციის უზრუნველყოფას,
გარკვეული ტიპის ეკონომიკური აქტივობების რეგულირებას, ზოგადი უსაფრთხოებისა
და ადამიანის უფლებათა დაცვის უზრუნველყოფას (იხილეთ ცხრილი 3 ბ.1). მიუხედავად
ამისა, ეკონომიკურ ზრდასა და განვითარებაში საბაზრო ეკონომიკის ქვაკუთხედად რჩება
ეკონომიკურად თავისუფალი აგენტების „უხილავი ხელი“.

direqtiuli (marTvadi) ekonomika

Teoriulad komunizmi icavs saxelmwifos mier resursebis mflobelobas da
yvela ekonomikur saqmianobas uqvemdebarebs saxelmwifo kontrols. komunizmSi
89
nominaluri socialur-ekonomikuri struqtura da politikuri ideologia
moiTxovs Tanabar, klasebis gareSe da moqalaqeobis armqone sazogadoebis
arsebobas, rac efuZneba mTavrobis mxridan ekonomikis marTvas. es argumentebi
aisaxeba marTvad ekonomikaSi, rodesac mTavroba flobs da akontrolebs
resursebs, marTavs, Tu ra produqtebi unda awarmoos, ra raodenobiT, ra fasiTa
da ra gziT. magaliTad, sabazro ekonomikaSi, Tu mTavrobas surs kompiuterebi, is
krefs gadasaxadebs da sabazro fasad kerZo kompaniebisgan yidulobs kompiuterebs.
marTvad ekonomikaSi mTavrobis „xiluli xeli“ kompiuterebis damzadebas ukveTavs
saxelmwifo kompaniebs.
ცხრილი 3 ბ. 1 საბაზრო ეკონომიკაზე გადასვლის საშუალებები და მეთოდები
პრივატიზაცია საბაზრო ეკონომიკის აუცილებელი პირობაა მთავრობის
მფლობელობაში მყოფი რესურების გაყიდვა და მათი
სამართლებრივი გზით კერძო სექტორისათვის გადაცემა.
პრივატიზაცია, კერძო სექტორისთვის მოთხოვნისა და
მიწოდების რეგულირების უფლება, აუმჯობესებს
მწარმოებლებისა და მომხმარებლების გადაწყვეტილებებს.
დერეგულაცია სამთავრობო რეგულაციები ამცირებს ინდივიდუალურ
არჩევანს, ანუ, „მთავრობა კი არ წყვეტს ყველა პრობლემას,
არამედ ის თავად პრობლემა ხდება“. დერეგულაცია ეხმარება
ბაზრებს პროდუქტულობის ოპტიმიზაციაში.
საკუთრების უფლებები საკუთრების უფლებები მეწარმეებს აძლევს მათი იდეების,
ძალისხმევისა და რისკის ფლობის შესაძლებლობას.
საკუთრების დაცულობა ხელს უწყობს ეკონომიკურ
თავისუფლებას, იმის გარანტიით, რომ, მთავრობის ნაცვლად,
სარგებელს ინდივიდები მიიღებენ.
მონოპოლიზმის მონოპოლიზმის წინააღმდეგ მიმართული კანონმდებლობა
წინააღმდეგ მიმართული ხელს უწყობს ინდუსტრიების ფორმირებას იმდენი
კანონმდებლობა კონკურენტი ბიზნესით, რამდენის შენარჩუნებაც შეუძლია
ბაზარს. ის ხელს უშლის მონოპოლიებს მომხმარებლების
ექსპლოატაციასა და ბაზრის ზრდის შეზღუდვაში.

90
 „uxilavi xelis“ „xilulad“ gadaqceva gulisxmobs, rom saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis fasebs gansazRvraven samTavrobo moxeleebi (da ara momxmareblebi).
produqciis xarisxi xSirad cudia da Tanac uaresdeba. rogorc wesi, qveyanaSi
produqtebis mcire maragia. didi masStabis saxelmwifos kompaniebi ver abandeben
investiciebs, maTi saqmianoba arasakmarisi da aramomgebiania, maT siaxleebis
dasanergad aqvT mcire motivacia da resursebi. aSkaraa, rom marTvadi ekonomika
kargad muSaobs mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi. is saxelmwifos yvelasa da
yvelafris kontrolis saSualebas aZlevs, usargeblo resursebi mobilizebulia
im mizniT, rom warmoiqmnas zrdis Zlieri nakadi. politikuri stabilurobisa da
socialuri kontrolis tendencia axSobs ekonomikur Tavisuflebas.
marTvadi ekonomikebi moicavda sabWoTa kavSirs (romelic erT dros
msoflios meore yvelaze didi ekonomika iyo), 1958 wlis dasawyisSi, „didi
naxtomis wina“ periodSi – CineTs, sabWoTa okupaciis da Talibanis mmarTvelobis
dros, 1991 wlis ekonomikur reformebamde – indoeTsa da avRaneTs. dRes, gvxvdeba
amis ramdenime magaliTi kubaSi, iranSi, CrdiloeT koreasa da birmaSi. ufro
xSirad, menejerebi muSaoben im ekonomikaSi, romelic saxelmwifo kontrolis
ramdenime, magram ara yvela meTods iyenebs. iseTi saxelmwifoebi, rogorebicaa:
irani, venesuela, TurqmeneTi, belorusia, zimbabve, eTiopia, vietnami, ruseTi da
CineTi, xvdebian ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis „ara Tavisufal“, aramed
„represirebul“ kategoriaSi.

Sereuli ekonomika
ekonomikebis umetesoba, cnobilia rogorc Sereuli, isini xvdeba sabazro da
marTvad ekonomikebs Soris. Sereuli ekonomika sistemaa, romelSic ekonomikuri
gadawyvetilebebi, umTavresad, bazarzea orientirebuli da arsebobs kerZo
mflobeloba, magram mTavroba ereva resursebis ganawilebaSi. magaliTad, aSS-s
prezidenti obama fiqrobda, rom mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobaa „strategiuli
industriebis Sesaxeb strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis“ miRebaa.
Sereuli ekonomika aerTianebs marTvadi da sabazro sistemebis elementebs.
rac Seexeba pirvels, saxelmwifo flobs resursebs, centralizebuls xdis
ekonomikur dagegmvas da mtkiced aregulirebs bazars. rac Seexeba meores,
warmoebas gansazRvravs moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTkavSiri.35 magaliTad,
mTavroba, SesaZloa, flobdes kompaniebs, romlebic awarmoeben kompiuterebs. imis
nacvlad, rom miuTiTos saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi myof firmebs, ramdeni
kompiuteri daamzadon, mTavroba saSualebas aZlevs sabazro Zalebs, gavlena
moaxdinon maT raodenobaze.
qveynis mier socialisturi msolflmxedvelobis miReba niSnavs mis
gadawyvetilebas, uari Tqvas sabazro an marTvad ekonomikaze. socialuri
Tanasworuflebianobisa da simdidris samarTliani ganawilebis waxalisebiT,
socializmi icavs ekonomikuri aqtivobis regulirebis princips. kapitalizmis
msgavsad, is resursebis gasanawileblad iyenebs bazars, magram investiciebs
uqvemdebarebs socialur kontrols, rac mTavrobis mier TiTqmis iseve imarTeba,
rogorc es komunizmis dros xdeba. socializmi amtkicebs, rom samarTliani
ekonomika, xels uSlis simdidrisa da Zalauflebis konsolidacias, Semosavlis
samarTlianad ganawilebiT exmareba gaRatakebulebs, sabazro warumateblobebze
reagirebiT stabilurs xdis sistemas da sabazro Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyenebis SezRudviT icavs sazogadoebas. es mandati qveynisgan moiTxovs
efeqtianobis, produqtulobisa da inovaciurobis miRwevas, rac axasiaTebs
91
Tavisufal bazrebs, garda amisa, saxelmwifo sazogadoebis keTildReobis sazianod
xels uSlis individualizmis ganviTarebas. aseTi mTavrobebi ekonomikaSi
Tanasworuflebianobas nergaven.
globaluri finansuri krizisis Semdgomma periodma am principebiT bevrs
Seuwyo xeli. qveynebi, romlebic emxrobian saxelmwifos Carevas, maRal
gadasaxadebs, mkacr regulacias, mtkice kanonmdeblobiT icaven samuSao adgilebs,
aviTareben socialuri usafrTxoebis programebs, Tavisufali bazris mqone
qveynebze ukeT axorcieleben ekonomikur cvlilebebs.36 roca Tavisufali bazris
mqone britanuli ekonomika ucabedad daeca, safrangeTis Sereulma ekonomikam
simtkice gamoiCina. roca ekonomikurad Tavisufali SeerTebuli Statebi ganicdida
kriziss da qveynis mTavroba fiqrobda, ra moxdeboda Semdeg, daniis socializmma
xeli Seuwyo am qveynis mtkice ekonomikur ganviTarebas da moqalaqeebis, rogorc
msoflioSi yvelaze bednieri xalxis, statusis ganmtkicebas.
Sereuli ekonomikis damcvelebi upirobod ar emxrobian saxelmwifos Carevas,
rogorc universalur saSualebas. politikuri dRis wesrigi da socialuri
garemoebebi ayalibeben mTavrobis mier ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifo
kontrolis dabalansebis ideas. amgvarad, mTavrobis Carevis xarisxi da
Taviseburebebi, qveynebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulia. amJamad samxreT afrika,
iaponia, samxreTi korea, SvedeTi, avstria, safrangeTi, brazilia, germania da
indoeTi Sereuli ekonomikis qveynebia. isini xvdebian ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
indeqsis „met-naklebad“ da „zomierad“ TavisufalTa kategoriebSi.

wyaro: [9, me-4 Tavi]

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis

1. romeli struqturuli rgolebisagan Sedgeba Tanamedrove ekonomika.

2. CamoTvaleT, socialur-ekonomikuri mowyobis 3 ZiriTadi amocana,
romlebic adamianebma unda gadawyviton nebismier sazogadoebaSi.
3. daaxasiaTeT ekonomikuri sistemebis ZiriTadi tipebi.
4. ganviTarebuli qveynebis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri modelebis mimoxilva.

92
 meoTxe Tavi
sabazro meqanizmis ZiriTadi elementebi

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 moTxovnilebisa da moTxovnis arsi da mniSvneloba
 ZiriTadi ekonomikuri institutebi. ekonomikuri agentebi da maTi interesebi
 kerZo sakuTreba
 konkurencia
 resursebi (warmoebis faqtorebi), misi mesakuTreni da maTi Semosavlebi
 ekonomikuri wrebrunva
 bazris arsi da funqciebi

ra xdis motivirebuls organizaciis wevrebs Seasrulon

samuSao maRal doneze

2001 wels Jurnal "fortuna"-Si gamoqveynebul 100 saukeTeso kompanias Soris meo-
re adgilze gavida SAS instituti, kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi kompiuteruli pro-
gramebis msoflios udidesi kompania, romelsac mTel msoflioSi hyavs 8 000
TanamSromeli da axorcielebs 1.1 miliardi aSS dolaris odenobis gayidvebs. Ti-
Toeuli maCveneblis mixedviT Cans, rom kompaniis TanamSromlebi Zalze motivi-
rebulni arian da kargad asruleben dakisrebul samuSaos kviraSi 35 samuSao saa-
Tis manZilze. rogor axerxeben amas menejerebi SAS institutSi? menejerebi
darwmunebulni arian, rom organizaciis TanamSromlebi Zalze motivirebulni ari-
an da maTi moTxovnilebebi kmayofildeba SAS -Si samuSaos kargad Sesrulebis
Sedegad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze prioritetuli SAS institutSi Sinaganad motivirebuli
samuSaos Sesrulebis saWiroebis dakmayofilebaa. menejerebi Zalisxmevas ar
iSureben, rom TiToeuli TanamSromeli kmayofili iyos Sesrulebeli samuSaoTi.
amasTanave, organizaciis wevrebs saSualeba aqvT Seicvalon samuSao, raTa
garkveuli drois manZilze erTi da imave saqmis keTeba maTTvis mosabezrebeli ar
aRmoCndes (maSinac ki, rodesac samuSaos Secvla SAS institutisgan damatebiTi
treningebis Catarebas moiTxovs). ufro metic, SAS-i maTi zogierTi konkurentisgan
gansxvavebiT, yvela axali produqtis SemuSavebas sakuTari ZalebiT axdens, riTac
TanamSromlebi yoveli axali gaumjobesebuli nawarmis warmatebis Sedegad gan-
icdian did sixaruls da siamayis grZnoba euflebaT.
SAS- i akmayofilebs TanamSromlebis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs xel-
fasis samarTliani gadaxdiT da garantirebuli samuSao adgilis SeqmniT.
TanamSromlebs aqvT sakuTari kabinetebi da sasiamovno samuSao garemo lamazi xe-
debiT, iqneba es naxatebi kedlebze Tu lamazi peizaJebi kompaniis Stab-binaSi
CrdiloeT karolinis Statis qalaq keriSi. SAS -is menejerebi acnobiereben, rom
TanamSromlebisaTvis muSaobisa da cxovrebis ritmis balansis dacva yvelaze pri-
oritetulia da sxvadasxvagvarad cdiloben maTi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas – 35
saaTiani samuSao kvira, samedicino daxmareba da bavSvebis movla; kompaniis kafe-
93
teriaSi gamoyofilia maRali skamebi maTTvis, visac SvilebTan erTad surT
sadiloba. TanamSromlebsa da maTi ojaxis wevrebs ufleba aqvT kompaniis Stab-
binis mimdebare 80 ha teritoria gamoiyenon ojaxuri piknikebisa da
seirnobisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom kompaniis aRmasrulebel direqtors jeims
gudnaiTs da jon sals, kompaniis damfuZneblebsa da mesakuTreebs, undaT, rom SAS-
is aqciebi Ria bazarze gaitanon, jeims gudnaiTma aRniSna, rom institutis
kontrols xelidan ar gauSvebs. amitom, TanamSromlebs albaT kvlav ise moepyrob-
ian, rogorc kompaniis aRmasrulebel direqtors jeims gudnaiTs (institutis ori
mesamedis mflobels) surs, rom mas moepyron (SAS institutis daarsebis dRidan,
1977 wlidan moyolebuli, es iyo kompaniis mudmivi Rirebuleba).
organizacia iqneba efeqturi mxolod maSin, Tu misi wevrebi motivi-
rebuli arian, Seasrulon samuSao maRal doneze.
motivacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc fsiqologiuri gavlena, ro-
melic mimarTulebas aZlevs organizaciaSi pirovnebis _ qcevas, Zalisxmevis
dones da dabrkolebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi _ simtkices. pirovnebis qceva
gulisxmobs bevr SesaZlo qcevas, rac SeiZleba adamianma warmoaCinos:
Zalisxmevas, ramdenad bejiTad muSaobs adamiani; simtkices _ dabrkolebebis
winaSe myofi adamianis mcdelobas, saqme bolomde miiyvanos.

moTxovnilebebis Teoriebi
sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebi ekonomikis mZlavri mamoZravebelia.
moTxovnileba aris saWiroeba an aucilebloba gadarCenisa da kargad yof-
nisaTvis. moTxovnilebis Teoriebis mTavari principi aris is, rom xalxi motivi-
rebulia, miiRos muSaobis Sedegebi, riTac daikmayofileben moTxovnilebebs.
arsebobs moTxovnilebis ramdenime Teoria. Cven visaubrebT abraham maslous
moTxovnilebebis ierarqiaze.
maslous moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
fsiqologma abraham masloum SemogvTavaza Semdegi saxis Teoria - yvela ada-
miani cdilobs daikmayofilos 5 ZiriTadi moTxovnileba: fiziologiuri, usafrTx-
oebis, sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis, pativiscemis da TviTrealizaciis (ix.
cxrili 4.1). misi mosazrebiT es moTxovnilebebi ayalibebs moTxovnilebaTa ier-
arqias, yvelaze ZiriTadi anu dauZleveli moTxovnilebebiT (fiziologiuri da
usafrTxoebis) ierarqiis dabal safexurebze. maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofil-
des yvelaze dabal doneze myofi moTxovnilebebi, vidre adamiani daiwyebs
brZolas ierarqiulad ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad,
rogoric aris TviTpativiscemis moTxovnileba. moTxovnileba dakmayofilebisTa-
nave wyvets funqcionirebas, rogorc motivaciis wyaro. yvelaze dabal safexurze
myofi daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebi ierarqiulad aris qcevis umniSvnelo-
vanesi motivatori. am safexuris dakmayofilebisTanave ierarqiulad Semdegi
safexuri iqceva qcevis motivatorad.

94
 cxrili 4.1. maslous moTxovnilebebis ierarqia

maslous moTxovnilebebis ierarqias zogjer piramidis saxiTac warmoadgenen,

sadac piramidis fuZe aris fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebi ( nax.
4.1).

nax.4.1. abraham maslous moTxovnilebebis piramida

TviTrealizaciis
moTxovnilebebi

pativiscemis moTxovnileba

sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis

moTxovnileba

usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba

fiziologiuri moTxovnileba

95
 miuxedavad imisa, rom es Teoria gansazRvravs moTxovnilebebs, romlebic al-
baT mravali adamianisaTvis motivaciis mniSvnelovan wyaroebs warmoadgens,
gamokvlevebi ar adasturebs maslous mtkicebulebebs, rom saWiroebis ierarqiis
arseboba aucilebelia da agreTve, imas, rom drois mocemul monakveTSi mxolod
erTi donis moTxovnileba aris mamotivirebeli. miuxedavad amisa, maslous Te-
oriidan mniSvnelovani daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT: xalxi samsaxurSi sxvadasxva
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdilobs.
mzardi globaluri ekonomikis pirobebSi menejerebma unda gaiazron, rom
sxvadaxva qveynis moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebian im moTxovnilebebiT, romelTa
dakmayofilebas isini samsaxuris meSveobiT ecdebian. mkvlevarebi gvirCeven, rom
magaliTad, adamianebi saberZneTsa da iaponiaSi motivirebunli arian pirvel
rigSi usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebiT, xolo Svedebi, norvegielebi da danielebi ki
sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis moTxovnilebiT. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi,
sadac dabali sacxovrebeli standartebia, fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis moTx-
ovnilebebi aris qcevis Zireuli motivatorebi.
moTxovnilebaTa roli dovlaTis wrebrunvaSi
upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania yuradReba mivaqcioT ekonomikis ganvi-
Tarebis gansakuTrebul xasiaTs _ mis wriul moZraobas. iseve rogorc dedamiwaze
mudmivad mimdinareobs nivTierebaTa wrebrunva, sameurneo saqmianobaSic uwyvetad
xdeba ekonomikuri dovlaTis wrebrunva. damzadebuli sasargeblo nivTebi qreba
maTi moxmarebis procesSi da xelaxla iqmneba imave an Secvlili saxiT. aseTi
wrebrunva _ adamianTa cxovelqmedebis uwyveti mxardaWeris da ganaxlebis
aucilebeli pirobaa. gansaxilveli wrebrunva Sedgeba 5 ZiriTadi rgolisgan,
romlebic erTmaneTTan uwyvetadaa dakavSirebuli:

warmoeba

moTxovnilebebi ganawileba

moxmareba gacvla

nax.4.2. ekonomikuri dovlaTis wrebrunva

wrebrunvis sawyisad miiCneven warmoebas _ sasargeblo dovlaTis Seqmnis process.

am dros muSakebi usadageben bunebis nivTierebasa da energias adamianTa moTx-
ovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad (nax.4.2).
ganawilebas eqvemdebareba Semosavali sawarmoo saqmianobisgan. ganawilebis pro-
cesSi ganisazRvreba aseTi saqmianobis yvela monawilis wili Seqmnil simdidreSi.

96
dovlaTis ganawilebisgan wilad rgebuli xSirad saWiro araa piradi moxmare-
bisTvis miRebuli raodenobiT. vinaidan adamianebs sWirdebaT sruliad sxva
sagnebi, xdeba gacvla, ra drosac miRebuli sxvadasxva dovlaTi icvleba sxva
sagnebze, romlebic saWiroa adamianisTvis.
moxmareba _ produqtis moZraobis damagvirgvinebeli etapi, ra drosac xdeba ada-
mianTa saWiroebebis dakmayofileba. adre warmoqmnili moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebis kvalobaze iqmneba axlebi.
moTxovnilebebi urTierTdakavSirebulia dovlaTis wrebrunvis yvela rgolTan.
moxmarebis procesSi warmoiSoba axali moTxovnilebebi, romlebic iwvevs warmoe-
bis ganaxlebas.
SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom aq Teoriulad aRwerili dovlaTis wrebrunva
erTmniSvnelovnad axasiaTebs warmoebisa da moTxovnilebebis urTierTkavSirs.
Tumca praqtikaSi mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs warmoebis da moTxovnilebebis
Tanafardobis sxvadasxva varianti. mainc ra variantebia es?
rogoria warmoebis da sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis cvlilebaTa Tanamedrove
variantebi?
mTel msoflio ekonomikaSi XX saukunis bolosa da XXI saukunis damdegs SeiniSne-
ba Tanafardobis sami ZiriTadi saxe, erTi mxriv, warmoebasa da, meore mxriv, mo-
saxlebis moTxovnilebebsa da moxmarebas Soris.
pirveli varianti. zogierT qveyanaSi meurneobis xangrZlivi dacema iwvevs rogorc
moxmarebis, ise moTxovnilebebis Semcirebas. es procesi SeiZleba SevadaroT spi-
ralisebur moZraobas klebadi wreebiT, rogoric SegvimCnevia, vTqvaT, morevis Za-
brSi. aseTi savalalo mdgomareoba SeiZleba vnaxoT, magaliTad, afrikis calkeul
qveynebSi (vTqvaT, kongos respublikaSi, eTiopiaSi), sadac XX saukunis bolos
sazogadoebis Semosavali mcirdeboda mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT.
meore varianti. afrikis da aziis calkeul qveynebSi sxvadasxvagvari produqtis
nakrebis SedarebiT SezRuduli gamoSveba izrdeba Zalian nela. aseT SemTxvevaSi
moTxovnilebebi tradiciulia da mxolod odnav farTovdeba.
pirveli da meore varianti gviCvenebs aSkarad aranormalur Tanafardobas war-
moebis da moTxovnilebebis cvlilebaSi.
mesame varianti. normalurad SeiZleba vaRiaroT erovnuli produqtis warmoebis
da moTxovnilebebis da moxmarebis doneebis erTdrouli zrda. am SemTxvevaSi
moTxovnilebaTa kanonzomieri mateba midis ori mimarTulebiT: vertikalurad da
horizontalurad.
adamianTa cxovrebis gaumjobeseba vlindeba moTxovnilebebis zrdaSi vertikalu-
rad.
adamianTa cxovrebis gaumjobeseba vlindeba moTxovnilebaTa vertikalis
gaswvriv amaRlebiT.
moTxovnilebaTa horizontis gaswvriv amaRleba dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis
sul ufro farTo fenebis mier ufro maRali xarisxis produqtebis moxmarebis
gafarToebasTan. magaliTad, Tu ganvixilavT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis uzrun-
velyofas xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonliT (gaiangariSeba calobiT, yovel 100
97
ojaxze), aRmoCndeba, rom 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 da 2010 wlebis mixedviT mniSvnelov-
nad gaizarda televizorebis, macivrebis da sayinuleebis, sarecxi manqanebis,
msubuqi avtomobilebis raodenoba.

nax. 4.3. avtomobilTan dakavSirebuli moTx-

ovnilebebis amaRleba
prestiJi
cxovrebiT dakmayofile-
-iani ww ba
-iani ww komforti
usafrTxoeba
-iani ww
gadaadgilebis saS-
-iani ww ualeba

-iani ww

ekonomikuri progresis stadiebi

ras niSnavs „progresi“?
progresi [laT. progressus moZraoba win] cvlileba ukeTesobisken; ganviTare-
bis mimarTuleba, romelsac axasiaTebs gadasvla umdablesidan umaRlesisken,
naklebad srulyofilidan metad srulyofilisken; sapirisp. – regresi.
sameurneo saqmianobis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba, rac sazogadoebis ZiriTad
ekonomikur problemaSi aisaxeba adamianuri civilizaciis progresis (winsvlis) wy-
aroa. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, rogor sruldeba es progresi, unda gam-
ovavlinoT warmoebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi.
vis da ras mohyavs warmoeba moZraobaSi

sameurneo saqmianobas aRmSeneblobiTi Zala aqvs misi faqtorebis – sawarmoo

Zalebis meoxebiT.
pirveli aqtoria – adamianuri. swored adamiani, romelic muSaobis aucilebel
codnasa da Cvevebs flobs, aris warmoebis mTavari Zala.

98
Sroma warmoebaSi – adamianis mizanmimarTuli da sasargeblo saqmianobaa. Sromis
procesSi adamianebi saxes ucvlian (gardaqmnian) bunebis sagnebsa da energias da
maT Tavis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad iyeneben. marTalia, aq sityva
ubralo fizikur danaxarjs, adamianis kunTovan Zalas ar exeba. adamianis gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani roli ekonomikaSi samecniero-teqnikur da in-
teleqtualur SemoqmedebaSi gamoixateba.
warmoebis monawileebi zrdian TavianT SemoqmedebiT simZlavres meore faqtoris
_ Sromis saSualebebis _ daxmarebiT. es materialuri sagnebia, romelTa daxmare-
biTac adamiani qmnis misTvis saWiro dovlaTs. aq mTavari adgili ukavia teqnikas:
adamianTa mier Seqmnil iaraRs _ instrumentebs, manqanebs, mowyobilobebs da a.S.
Sromis saSualebebs ganekuTvneba agreTve saerTo materialuri saSualebebi
(sawarmoo nagebobebi, gzebi, arxebi da sxv.) da warmoebis bunebrivi pirobebi
(magaliTad, miwa soflis meurneobaSi, wyali hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi da sxv.).
adamiani teqnikas iyenebs Seqmnis mesame faqtorze _ Sromis sagnebze _
zemoqmedebisTvis. maT ganekuTvneba bunebis nivTiereba romelsac jer kidev ar ga-
nucdia damuSaveba (vTqvaT, naxSiris fena SaxtSi) da nedleuli (magaliTad, meSax-
teebis mier ukve amoRebuli fenidan naxSiri), romelic igzavneba Semdgomi gada-
muSavebisTvis. warmoebis faqtorebis zogadi struqtura warmodgenilia sur. 1.4.

warmoebis faqtorebi

muSakebi

Sromis saSualebebi

Sromis sagnebi

nax.4.4. warmoebis faqtorebis struqtura

yvela sami faqtori gaerTianebulia teqnologiis daxmarebiT. teqnologia _
Sromis sagnebze Sesabamisi iaraRebiT zemoqmedebis saSualebaTa erToblioba.
warmoeba SemoqmedebiT moZraobaSi modis misi adamianuri da nivTieri
faqtorebis daxmarebiT. amJamad maT Soris mTavari roli eniWeba kvalificiur mu-
Saks, romelic SeiaraRebulia Tanamedrove teqnikiT.
Cven mier ganxilul faqtorebsa da teqnologiaze damokidebulia warmoebis
SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi. amocana isaa, rom ukeT gamoviyenoT sazogadoebis
sawarmoo potenciali, e.i. mivaRwioT moTxovnilebaTa rac SeiZleba met
dakmayofilebas resursebis gonivruli xarjvisas.

99
 rogor ganvsazRvroT sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi
ewevian ra sameurneo saqmianobas, adamianebi yovelTvis iswrafvian
gamoarkvion, ra sawarmoo SesaZleblobebs floben isini sasargeblo dovlaTis
Sesaqmnelad.
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi _ esaa im produqciis yvelaze meti moculobiT gam-
oSveba, romelic miiRweva warmoebis faqtorebis sruli gamoyenebisas.
rogoria gza warmoebis dabali safexuridan maRlisken
istoriaSi cnobilia warmoebis ganviTarebis sami stadia: 1) industriamdeli, 2)
industriuli (samrewvelo) da 3) postindustriuli (mrewvelobis Semdgomi ) anu
sainformacio.
ganvixiloT maTi ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi, upirveles yovlisa, teqnikis
dargSi, meurneobis wamyvan dargebsa da TanamSromlebis SemadgenlobaSi.
ekonomikis erT stadias meorisgan yofs Tavisi droisTvis grandiozuli te-
qnikuri revoluciebi. TiToeuli maTgani Zireulad cvlis Sromis teqnikur saSu-
alebaTa tips, iwvevs cvlilebebs Sromis sazogadoebriv ganawilebaSi da qmnis
sameurneo saqmianobis axal dargs. amasTan erTad kacobrioba gadadis moTx-
ovnilebebis da saSualebebis dakmayofilebis sruliad axal saxeebze. cnobilia,
rom ekonomikis istoria daiwyo, rogorc ityvian, nulidan _ sameurneo saqmianobis
uqonlobisas, romelic qmnis sasargeblo dovlaTs. es istoria wavida axali kala-
potiT 10 aTasi wlis win, roca moxda pirveli teqnikuri revolucia. es iyo neo-
liTuri revolucia (axali qvis xanis epoqaSi gaCnda qvis, kaJbadis da Zvlis Sromis
iaraRebi). aman gamoiwvia agraruli revolucia _ daiwyo regularuli sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoeba. industriamdeli stadiis dasawyisSi Warbobda ekonomikis
pirveladi sfero _ soflis meurneoba. am stadiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo xeliT
Sroma, warmoebis uZraobis mdgomareoba da mosaxleobis masaSi ubralo moTx-
ovnilebebis siWarbe.
inglisSi XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi daiwyo da XIX saukunis 50_60-ian wlebSi
dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si dasrulda samrewvelo gadatrialeba, romelic
mdgomareobda manqanebiT xelis Sromis SecvlaSi. industriul stadiaSi mTavari
gaxda ekonomikis meoradi sfero _ mrewveloba, romelmac gardaqmna soflis meur-
neoba, mSenebloba, transporti. meore stadiisTvis tipuria qalaqebis swrafi zrda,
mosaxleobis materialuri da kulturuli moTxovnilebebis ufro farTo
dakmayofileba.
XX saukunis SuaxanebSi dawyebulma samecniero-teqnikurma revoluciam gam-
oiwvia warmoebis postindustriul stadiaze gadasvla, romelic momavalSi Seqmni-
da sainformacio sazogadoebas. qveynebSi, romlebic Sevida ganviTarebis am peri-
odSi, yvelaze farTod gavrcelda ekonomikis mesameuli sfero _ momsaxurebis
sfero, sadac dasaqmebulia yvela momuSavis ZiriTadi nawili.
postindustriuli ekonomika gamoirCeva Semdegi TvisebebiT: a) meurneobis
yvela dargsa da yofaSi farTod inergeba informatikis da Tanamedrove gamoT-
vliTi teqnikis miRwevebi; b) sawarmoebSi izrdeba samecniero muSakebis da special-
istebis roli; g) warmoebas ZaluZs uzrunvelyos yvela moqalaqisTvis elementa-
100
ruli moTxovnilebebis sakmaod sruli dakmayofileba da amasTanave gaafarToos
ufro maRali rigis moTxovnaTa Sesruleba.
warmoebis stadiis ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebebze TvalsaCino warmodgenas
iZleva cxr. 4.2.

cxrili 4.2. warmoebis ganviTarebis stadiis Taviseburebebi

cxrilSi 1.5 yuradRebas ipyrobs didi struqturuli Zvrebi momuSaveTa dasaq-
mebaSi warmoebis sferoebSi: maTi masobrivi gadaadgileba meurneobis axal
dargebSi. riT aixsneba aseTi Zvrebi?
mTavar rols am procesSi asrulebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis naxtomiseburi
zrda, romelic gamowveulia teqnikuri revoluciiT.
Sromis mwarmoebluroba (Sm) _ adamianis mier Seqmnili (a _ anu adamiani)
moculoba (produqciis raodenoba) (m) drois erTeulSi: Sm= m/a.
savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom, rac ufro maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba, miT
naklebi momuSavea saWiro garkveuli raodenobis nawarmis dasamzadeblad.
sagulisxmoa, rom soflis meurneobis muSaks industriul ekonomikaSi SeuZlia
Seqmnas 10_20-jer meti produqcia, vidre imave dargis muSaks industriamdel meur-
neobaSi. warmoebaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Sedegi isaa, rom wina samu-
Saodan wasul adamianTa didi raodenoba irCevs sameurneo saqmianobis axal sfer-
os.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom amJamad mTeli kacobrioba imyofeba ekonomikis
umaRles stadiaze, magram es sruliadac araa ase. dResdReobiT planetis
ekonomikur-geografiul rukaze SeiZleba vnaxoT qveynebi, romlebic progresis
sxvadasxva donezea. teqnikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabal donezea afrikis,
aziis da laTinuri amerikis mravali qveyana, romlebSic mraval sferoSi dRemde
SenarCunebulia industriamdeli meurneoba. iq Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 2/3 dasaqmebulia soflis meurneobaSi. Tumca, eweva ra xeliT Sromas,
momuSaves SeuZlia gamokvebos mxolod 2 adamiani.
meurneobis ramdenadme ufro maRali industriuli tipi aRmovaCineT evropis
ramdenime saxelmwifoSi (magaliTad, saberZneTSi, TurqeTSi), yofili ssrk-is teri-
toriaze. iseTma qveynebma, rogorebicaa: aSS, iaponia, germania, miaRwies postindus-
triuli ganviTarebis umaRles dones. am qveynebSi Zireulad Seicvala mTeli war-
moebis Sinaarsi. Tuki didxans ekonomikis safuZveli iyo energia (orTqlis,
eleqtruli), axla civilizacias ar SeuZlia ganviTareba informaciis gareSe.
informacia _ resursebis erT-erTi gadamwyveti saxe, romelic gamoiyeneba
sameurneo procesebSi. axali cnobebi, monacemebi, ekonomikur maCvenebelTa mniS-
101
vnelobebi amJamad gvevlineba Senaxvis, damuSavebisa da gadacemis obieqtebad, im
mizniT, raTa isini gamoiyenon marTvaSi analizisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
dros. axali samecniero informacia saWiroebs sxvadasxvagvari resursis danaxar-
jebs, ris Sedegadac es danaxarjebi Sedis warmoebisa da mimoqcevis danaxarjebSi.
warmoebis industriamdel da industriul stadiebSi farTod gamoiyeneboda
warmoebis cnobili tradiciuli (saukuneobiT fesvgadgmuli) faqtorebi da teqno-
logia. postindustriul ekonomikaSi maT Sesacvlelad movida uaxlesi saSu-
alebebi, Sromis sagnebi da sainformacio teqnologia.
sainformacio teqnologia _ esaa sameurneo kavSirebis iseTi formebi, rom-
lebSic kompiuteruli teqnikis wyalobiT farTod gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri pro-
cesebis samarTavad aucilebeli informacia. imis gamovlineba, Tu rogor gam-
oiyeneba praqtikaSi informacia da sainformacio teqnologiebi, aris fulis uax-
les saxeebis, aseve biznesSi Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba
da sxv.
xalxTa umravlesoba sainformacio sazogadoebisken miiwevs sxvadasxva siCqa-
riT, amitom sakmao damajereblobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi
mTel msoflioSi farTod gavrceldeba sainformacio ekonomikis struqtura. am-
denad, mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rogoria es struqtura.
ra aris damaxasiaTebeli sainformacio ekonomikis struqturisTvis?
XX saukunis bolosa da XXI saukunis damdegs postrindustriuli sainfor-
macio meurneobis struqturam SeiZina araerTi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba.
1. yvela maRalganviTarebul qveyanaSi ekonomika moicavs or erTmaneTis
Semvseb warmoebis sferos:
a) materialurs (amzadebs sasargeblo sagnebs) da b) aramaterialurs (qmnis
sulier, zneobriv da sxva faseulobebs _ mecnierebis, xelovnebis, sulieri kul-
turis nawarmoebebs da a.S.).
aramaterialur warmoebas pirdapiri da iribi kavSiri aqvs materialur war-
moebasTan, amasTan isini mWidrod gadaejaWva da damokidebulia erTmaneTze. sakma-
risia iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebas, kulturas da aramaterialuri warmoe-
bis sxva saxeebs ar SeuZlia arseboba mravali saxis materialuri dovlaTis da
sazogadoebis finansuri (fuladi) mxardaWeris gareSe.
2. Tanamedrove warmoebaSi organulad Sedis gansakuTrebuli sfero _ momsax-
urebis sfero.
momsaxureba _ saqmianobis saxe, romlis sasargeblo Sedegi vlindeba Sromis
dros da dakavSirebulia raime moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebasTan.
momsaxureba iyofa or saxed, romlebic Seesabameba sawarmoo saqmianobis
sferoebs. asxvaveben materialur momsaxurebas (amas eweva satvirTo transporti,
warmoebis momsaxurebis kavSiri, vaWroba, sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba da sxv.) da
aramaterialuri momsaxureba (socialuri momsaxureba, ganaTleba, jandacva,
dakrediteba, dazRveva da a.S.).

102
 maRalganviTarebuli warmoebis struqtura sqematurad gamosaxulia sur-ze 1.6.

Tanamedrove warmoeba

materialuri warmoeba aramaterialuri warmoeba

materialuri materialuri aramateri- aramateri-

dovlaTis Seqmna momsaxurebis aluri momsax- aluri

momsaxurebis
sfero

Nnax.4.5. warmoebis uaxlesi struqtura

3. dRes warmoebis struqturaSi gansakuTrebulad gamoiyofa infrastruqtura
_ im meurneobaTa saxeebis erToblioba, romlebic uzrunvelyofs pirobebs adami-
anTa cxovelqmedebisa da warmoebis normaluri ganviTarebisTvis. is iyofa or
jgufad:
sawarmoo infrastruqtura, romelic uSualo momsaxurebas uwevs materialur
warmoebas (gzatkecilebis, arxebis, portebis, xidebis, aerodromebis, sawyobebis
mSenebloba da eqsploatacia; energetikuli meurneoba; sarkinigzo meurneoba; wy-
almomarageba, kanalizacia da a.S.);
arasawarmoo (anu socialuri) infrastruqtura, romelic arauSualod da-
kavSirebulia warmoebis procesTan (kadrebis momzadeba, saskolo da umaRlesi ga-
naTleba, jandacva da sxv.).
infrastruqtura mowmobs, rom Tanamedrove warmoeba da misi ganyofilebebi
Sinaganad gaerTianebulia erTmaneTTan farTo da mtkice kavSiriT.
warmoiSoba urTierTkavSiris axali saxeebi postindustriuli ekonomikis
yvela Semadgenel nawils Soris, isini iZens sxva masStabebs uaxlesi sainformacio
teqnologiis ganviTarebis wyalobiT. udavoa, rom Tanamedrove sameurneo saqmi-
anoba iRebs Zalian rTuli da ucnauri sistemis formas.

ZiriTadi ekonomikuri institutebi

institutebs uwodeben adamianTa urTierTqmedebis myar formebs (maT Soris
normebs da wesebs). ZiriTad ekonomikur institutebs miekuTvneba Sinameurneoba,
firma, mTavroba da bazari. ekonomikuri institutia agreTve sakuTreba, kerZo sak-
uTrebis CaTvliT. TiToeuli am institutTagani aris rTuli warmonaqmni, romels-
ac Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. amasTan, yvela ekono-
mikuri instituti cxovrebaSi urTierTdakavSirebulia, zogjer avseben kidevac er-
TmaneTs, zogjer cvlian.
pirveli sam instituts – Sinameurneoba, firma da mTavroba, subieqturi xasia-
Ti aqvs, e.i warmoadgenen struqturebs, romlebic ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs

103
QRebuloben – dovlaTis warmoebis, maTi moxmarebis da sxva struqturebis
sargeblobaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb, ekonomikur agentebsac uwodeben. ekonomikuri
agentebis saxiT SeiZleba gamovidnen fizikuri pirebi, individebi, agreTve rTuli
warmonaqmnebi, iuridiuli pirebis rogorc subieqtis CaTvliT, romelTac kanoniT
miniWebuli aqvT sakuTrebis da meurneobriobis gansazRvruli uflebebi sxva eko-
nomikur agentebTan mimarTebaSi.

ekonomikis subieqtebi (moTamaSeebi, agentebi)

ekonomikuri subieqtebis saxeobebia:
 Sinameurneobebi
 sawarmoebi (firmebi) – kerZo, municipaluri, saxelmwifo
 saxelmwifo

ekonomikuri sistemis mowyobis principebia

 ekonomikuri Tavisufleba
 kerZo sakuTreba
 swrafva piradi sargeblobisaTvis
 konkurentuli urTierTqmedeba
 fasi, rogorc sabazro sistemis koordinatori
 saxelmwifos rolis SezRuduloba

sabazro sistemis organizaciis amocanebi

imisTvis, rom gavigoT mocemul ekonomikur sistemaSi ekonomikuri subieqtebis

sameurneo qcevis buneba, aucilebelia gamovavlinoT is principebi, romlebsac
emyareba TviT ekonomikuri sistemis mowyoba. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikisTvis
aseTebis saxiT gamodis ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, kerZo sakuTreba, swrafva pira-
di sargeblobisken, konkurentuli urTierTqmdeba, fasis, rogorc koordinaciis
instrumentis, gamoyeneba da saxelmwifos SezRuduli roli.
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba _ esaa meurneobis sabazro sistemis organizaciis
fuZemdebluri principi. igigvaniWebs miznebis arCevis SesaZleblobas da maTi miR-
wevis saSualebebs.ekonomikuri Tavisufleba absoluturi arasodesaa. igi deter-
minirebulia Tavad sabazro urTierTobis sistemiT. jer erTi, ekonomikuri
Tavisufleba SezRudulia ekonomikuri resursebiT, rac gansazRvravs kidec
konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. momxamareblis ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis farglebi gansazRvrulia maTi kuTvnili Semosavlis sididiT.
mwarmoeblisTvis ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis CarCoebi determinirebulia mis
gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis sididiT da momxmareblebis mier misTvis
miniWebuli ZalauflebiT. es ukanaskneli vlindeba RirebulebiTi parametrebis
(xarisxi da Rirebuleba) Sesabamisobis xarisxis saxiT. aseTi Sesabamisobis xarisxis
zrdasTan erTad mwarmoeblis ekonomikuri Tavisufleba farTovdeba, xolo misi
104
Semcirebisas _ viwrovdeba.meore, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis done regulirdeba
wesebis sistemiT, romelic gamomuSavdeba sabazro gacvlis procesSi, ris wyalo-
biTac myardeba im saSualebebis ganmsazRvreli ekonomikuri wesrigi, romelTa meS-
veobiTac sabazro procesis monawileebs SeuZliaT gaakeTon TavianTi arCevani.
ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikaSi ekonomikuri Tavisufleba _ damoukidebeli
ekonomikuri subieqtebis urTierTqmdebis Sedegia, xolo misi farglebi asaxavs ma-
Ti interesebis SeTanxmebis xarisxs.
kerZo sakuTreba _ esaa fuladi Sefasebis mqone ekonomikuri aqtivebi (fiziku-
ri _ materialuri resursebi da saqoneli, uZravi qoneba; finansuri _ naRdi fuli,
sabanko anabrebi da fasiani qaRaldebi; aramaterialuri _ saavtoro da sapatento
uflebebi, savaWro marka), romlebic calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis, kerZo
pirebis an firmebis mflobelobaSia. igi sabazro ekonomikis saZirkvelia. jer er-
Ti, meurneobriobis subieqtebis gankargulebiTi uflebamosilebebis gamijvniT
kerZo sakuTreba ekonomikuri garigebebis ganxorcielebis wanamZRvaria. meore,
erT subieqtze aqtivebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis mikuTvnebiT da sxvebisTvis
misi SezRudviT, kerZo sakuTreba gamodis ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis farglebis
gansazRvris faqtorad. mesame, ganapirobebs ra uflebas misi gamoyenebis Sedegebis
_ Semosavlis _ miTvisebaze, kerZo sakuTreba warmoadgens ekonomikuri saqmianobis
moticaviur bazas. dasasrul, uzrunvelyofs ra jamur balansamde dayvanas, rome-
lic warmoiSoba gamorCenis da danaxarjebis aqtivebis gamoyenebisas, kerZo sa-
kuTreba ganapirobebs mxolod im gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, romlebic
akmayofilebs sabazro efeqtianobis moTxovnebs, Tu arada aqtivebi gadainacvlebs
iseT subieqtebTan, vinc ufro efeqtianad gamoiyenebs maT.
swrafva piradi gamorCenisken sabazro ekonomikis mTavari mamoZravebeli Za-
laa. misi arsi dadis iqamde, rom racionalurad moqmedi bazris agentebi gad-
awyvetilebis miRebisas xelmZRvaneloben piradi interesebiT, romlebic gamoixate-
ba swrafvaSi, gazardos TavianTi keTildReoba. piradi interesiT nakarnaxevi qceva
SeiZleba gamovlindes maT swrafvaSi gazardon gamorCena an Seamciron danaxar-
jebi. mwarmoeblebi, cdiloben ra SeiZinon warmoebisTvis aucilebeli resursebi
iafad, iswrafvian gayidon TavianTi produqti rac SeiZleba Zvirad. momxmareblebi,
cdiloben ra naklebi gadaixadon dovlaTisTvis, iswrafvian gayidon maTi
kuTvnili resursi rac SeiZleba maRal fasad. magram yvelas amoZravebs erTaderTi
mizani _ moaxdinon wminda mogebis maqsimizireba danaxarjebsa da gamorCenasa So-
ris sxvaobis saxiT. aris ra sabazro qcevis fuZemdebluri wanamZRvari da gamodis
gadawyvetilebis miRebis motivad, swrafva wminda gamorCenisken sabazro ekonomi-
kaSi ekonomikur moqmedebaTa mimarTulebis da mowesrigebis faqtoris rols
asrulebs.
konkurentuli urTierTqmedeba aris ekonomikuri subieqtebis metoqeoba aq-
tivebis gamoyenebis saukeTeso pirobebisTvis da vlindeba momxmareblebsa da
mwarmoeblebs Soris konkurenciaSi, agreTveyoveli dasaxelebuli jgufis war-
momadgenlebs Soris. Tavisi ekonomikuri bunebiT igi dakavSirebulia interesebis
konfliqtTan, amitom gulisxmobs ekonomikuri Zalauflebis gaSoriSorebas bazris
105
agentebs Soris.konkurentuli urTierTqmedeba vlindeba ra aseTi saxiT, jer erTi,
awonasworebsekonomikuri subieqtebis egoistur swrafvas da meore, ewinaaRmdegeba
vinmes absolutur dominirebas, riTac uzrunvelyofs ufro Tanabar pirobebs arCe-
visTvis. amitom konkurentuli urTierTqmedeba sabazro ekonomikis sistemuri
faqtoris rols asrulebs. praqtikaSi igi Tavis asaxvas povebs konkurenciaSi, ro-
melic yvelaze sxvadasxvagvar formas iRebs. konkurenciis roli ekonomikaSi
mravalwaxnagovania. xels uwyobs raim subieqtebis saqmianobis gafarToebas, rom-
lebic efeqtianad iyeneben resursebs da gamoricxavs araefeqtur sameurneo
rgolebs, konkurencia gamodis ekonomikis regulirebis meqanizmad, romelic gan-
sazRvravs misi ganviTarebis mimarTulebas. iZleva ra efeqtianobis kriteriumebs,
konkurencia warmogvidgeba ekonomikuri kontrolis meTodad, riTacxels uwyobs
resursebis ufro racionalur ganawilebas da gamoyenebas. zRudavs ra calkeuli
sabazro agentis sabazro Zalauflebas, igi qmnis sasurvel pirobebs inovaciuri
saqmianobisTvis. ajildoebs ra efeqtianad moqmed subieqtebs, konkurencia badebs
stimuls formebis da saSualebebis uwyveti srulyofisTvis, ris meoxebiTac xdeba
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis `mudmivi mamoZravebeli~.
fasi, rogorc sabazro sistemis koordinatori postulatia, romelsac cen-
traluri adgili ukavia sabazro organizaciis funqcionirebis arsisa da meqanizmis
gagebaSi.misi Sinaarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aris ra bazris monawileebisTvis
dovlaTis da resursebis Rirebulebis gamoxatuleba, fasebi marTavs ekonomikuri
agentebis gadawyvetilebebs. iswrafvian ra TavianTi ekonomikuri interesebis re-
alizaciisTvis, ekonomikuri agentebi axdenen fasebis Tanazomadobas TavianT
subieqtur SefasebebTan, rac gansazRvravs kidec maT moqmedebas. fasi ki orientiris
rols asrulebs resursebis da dovlaTis ganawilebaSi maTi gamoyenebis alterna-
tiul mimarTulebebs Soris da am gagebiT aris ekonomikis regulatori.
saxelmwifos rolis SezRuduloba sabazro ekonomikaSi gamomdinareobs meur-
neobriobis sabazro sistemis mowyobis Taviseburebebidan. saqme isaa, rom sabazro
ekonomikis organizaciis zemoaRniSnuli principebis kvlavwarmoeba SeiZleba mxo-
lod misi daxmarebiT garedan. aseT funqcias asrulebs saxelmwifo, amitomac igi
xdeba sabazro ekonomikis ucilobel atributad. saxelmwifo adgens sakuTrebis
gamoyenebis samarTlebriv normebs da sameurneo qcevis wesebs. aregulirebs ra
ekonomikur qcevas, igi xels uwyobs urTierTqmedebis konkurentul xasiaTs bazre-
bze. saqonlis da momsaxurebis yidva-gayidviT is sabazro garigebebis monawilea,
xolo gadasaxadebis amoRebiTa da subsidiebis gacemiT gavlenas axdens bazris
agentebis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze. TviT dovlaTs xSirad uSualod sax-
elmwifo awarmoebs.mis mier Sesrulebuli funqciebis gamo saxelmwifo xdeba mniS-
vnelovani ekonomikuri Zalauflebis mflobeli. am Zalauflebis wyalobiT igi se-
riozul zegavlenas axdens resursebis ganawilebaze da SeuZlia moSalos
RirebulebiTi meqanizmis moqmedeba, romelic iwvevs arCevis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvas da sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis efeqtianobis Semcirebas. amitom
saxelmwifos Carevis SezRudva ekonomikaSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis uzrun-
velyofis da fasis makoordinirebeli rolis realizaciisprincipia.igi varaudobs,
106
jer erTi, politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalauflebis gamijvnas da meore, sax-
elmwifos ekonomikuri Zalauflebis farglebis dadgenas.
ra aris sakuTreba
sityva “sakuTreba” Zalian didi xnis winaT warmoiSva da aRniSnavda yvela-
fers Tavisas, pirad kuTvnilebas, qonebas, simdidres.
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom sakuTreba adamianis raime nivTTan kavSiria. xom
vambobT kidevac, rom magaliTad, “es velosipedi Cemia”. magram amiT, dgindeba ara
mxolod raime nivTis am adamianisadmi kuTvnileba. amasTan erTdroulad isic
igulisxmeba, rom velosipedi aravis sxvas ar ekuTvnis. amitom, sakuTreba aris
adamianebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierToba, romelic arkvevs romel maTgans
ekuTvnis TiToeuli nivTi.
sakuTreba – aris qonebrivi urTierToba, romelic adgens sxvadasxva adamiane-
bisadmi materialuri da socialuri dovlaTis kuTvnilebas.
yvela sasargeblo nivTi gayofilia sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, romlebic
maTi mesakuTreebi arian. amitom TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikis gacnoba gulisxmobs
imis garkvevas, Tu vis ekuTvnis miwa, fabrikebi, rkinigzebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebi,
maRaziebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi da simdidris sxva saxeebi.
ra aris sakuTrebis ekonomikuri urTierToba
sakuTreba – sameurneo kavSirebis rTuli erTobliobaa. igi moicavs sami saxis
ZiriTad qonebriv urTierTobas, romelic gvaZlevs saSualebas gamovarkvioT
Semdegi kiTxvebi:
1. vin (sameurneo saqmianobis romeli monawileebi) iTvisebs warmoebis faqto-
rebsa da Sedegebs?
2. rogor yalibdeba qonebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebi?
3. vis Sexvdeba Semosavali sameurneo saqmianobidan?
amitom, sakuTrebis ekonomikuri urTierToba moicavs Semdeg Semadgenlebs:
miTvisebas – ekonomikur kavSirs sameurneo saqmianobis monawileebs Soris,
romelic adgens maTs nivTTan urTierTobas, rogorc TavisTan. saxeldobr gan-
isazRvreba, vis SeuZlia da vis ar SeuZlia pretendentoba gansazRvrul qonebaze.
miTvisebis sawinaaRmdegoa gasxvisebis urTierToba. igi warmoiSoba, Tu
sazogadoebis raime nawili miiTvisebs yvela resurss da sxva adamianebs arsebobis
wyaroebis gareSe datovebs, anu rogorc produqtebs, romelic pirovnebaTa erTma
jgufma Seqmna, sxvebi iTviseben. aseTi iyo urTierTobani Zveli saberZneTisa da
Zveli romis monaTmflobelebsa fa monebs Soris.

107
 miTvisebis ur-
TierToba
qonebrivi ur-
TierTobebis
erToblioba qonebis sameurneo
gamoyenebis ur-
TierToba
Semosavlis miRebasTan
dakavSirebuli ur-
TierToba

nax.4.6. sakuTrebis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa erToblioba

aris kidev qonebis sameurneo gamoyenebis urTierToba. xSirad resursebis
mesakuTre TviTon ki araa dakavebuli raime saqmianobiT, aramed sxvebs aZlevs
saSualebas gamoiyenon misi sakuTreba gansazRvruli pirobebiT.
sxvisi sakuTrebis gamoyenebis urTierTobis magaliTia arenda – xelSekrule-
ba romelime adamianis droebiT sargeblobaSi qonebis sxva adamianebisaTvis
gadacemis Sesaxeb gansazRvruli anazRaurebis sanacvlod. msgavs suraTTan gvaqvs
saqme kocesiis dros, anu iseTi xelSekrulebis pirobebSi, romliTac saxelmwifo
kerZo pirebs, ucxour firmebs gadascems samrewvelo sawarmoebs an miwis nakveTebs,
gansazRvruli vadiT. rodesac sawarmos muSaobaSi mravali adamiani monawileobs,
maT Soris warmoiSoba Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierToba. am Sem-
TxvevaSi sawarmoo saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlis mTeli jami dadgenili
sididiT TiToeuli pirovnebas ergeba.
sakuTrebis ekonomikuri urTierTobani normalurad viTardeba da moaqvs
Semosavali sazogadoebis yvela moqalaqisaTvis Semdeg ucvlel pirobebSi. isini
unda yalibdebodes miRebuli savaldebulo wesebis dacviT, romelsac iT-
valiswinebs iuridiuli kanonebi da sameurneo qcevis wesebi.
sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi urTierToba. adamianebs Soris sameurneo
kavSirebi formdeba iuridiulad da sakanonmdeblo wesiT mtkicdeba. samarTali –
sazogadoebrivad savaldebulo qcevis wesebis (normebis) erTobliobaa. isini
dgindeba sazogadoebaSi an mtkicdeba saxelmwifos mier da mxadraWerilia mis mier.

108
sakuTreba da Tavisufleba
araferi ise sayovelTaod ar aRizianebs warmosaxvas da ise ar ipyrobs kaco-
briobis azrebs, rogorc sakuTrebis ufleba.....”
bleqsToni, komentarebi
“sakuTreba arasodes gauqmebula da arc arasodes gauqmdeba. sadao mxolod
mesakuTre SeiZleba iyos. da yvelaze samarTliani odesme Seqmnil sistemaTagan
umal yvelas mesakuTred cnobs, vidre aravis.
e.n. uilsoni
“sakuTrebis gareSe ar iqneba arc keTildReoba, arc
mSvidoba da arc Tavisufleba”.
tom beTeli

harvardis universitetTan arsebuli berdis istoriis kvleviTi institutis

profesori, riCard paipsi wignSi “sakuTreba da Tavisufleba” aRniSnavs:
“sityva “sakuTreba” CvenSi fizikuri sagnebis asociacias iwvevs: adgil-mamuli,
sabanko angariSebi, aqciebi da obligaciebi. magram sinamdvileSi mas gacilebiT
ufro farTo mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan Tanamedrove msoflioSi igi sul ufro da
ufro gamoiyeneba iseTi aramaterialuri qonebis aRsaniSnavad, rogoricaa krediti,
patentebi da saavtoro uflebebi. metic, XVII-XVIII ss dasavlur azrovnebaSi man
kidev ufro tevadi mniSvneloba SeiZina, moicva ra yvelaferi, razec ki uflebis
gacxadeba SeiZleba, dawyebuli sicocxliTa da TavisuflebiT”.
wignSi riCard paipsi wers: “daaxloebiT ormociode wlis win momivida azrad,
rom sakuTreba misi rogorc viwro, ise farTo gagebiT, axsnaa imisa, Tu ratom war-
moiSoba Tavisuflebis garantad movlenili politikuri da samarTlebrivi insti-
tutebi”. e.i. miznad aqvs dasaxuli axsnas kavSiri sakuTrebasa da Tavisuflebas So-
ris. igi mianiSnebs, rom problema srulyofilad Seswavlili araa da wers: “Cven
ar mogvepoveba istoriul masalaze dayrdnobiT axsna imisa, Tu ranairad warmo-
Sobs sakuTreba Tavisuflebas, da ra gziT xdis SesaZlebels xelisuflebis TviT-
neburobas misi arseboba”.
iqve, riCard paipsi ganagrZobs: “swored am xarvezis Sevseba davisaxe miznad.
Cemi amosavali debuleba iyo, rom arsebobs mWidro kavSiri mflobelobis sax-
elmwifo garantiebsa da pirovnebis Tavisuflebas Soris: “maSin, roca SesaZlebe-
lia sakuTrebis ama Tu im formis arseboba Tavisuflebis gareSe, Tavisuflebis
arseboba sakuTrebis gareSe srulad warmoudgenelia”
“sakuTreba” (property) gulisxmobs xelisuflebis mier mflobelobisa Tu
mflobelTa oficialurad aRiarebul uflebas rogorc qonebis eqskluziuri
eqsploataciisa, ise misi gayidviT an sxva gziT gasxvisebisa. “sakuTrebis droebiT
mflobelebisagan is ganasxvavebs, rom igi uflebis imgvar gancxadebas warmoadgens,
romlis aRsrulebasac sazogadoeba uzrunvelyofs, an saxelmwifo, an adaT-wesebi,
an da kanoni” faqtobrivad igi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis raime formis arsebob-
iTaa ganpirobebuli.

109
 “anarqizmis erT-erTi mamamTavris, pier-Jozef prudonis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT: Tu adamianis Tavisufleba xelSeuvalia, maSin Tanabrad xelSeuvalia yvela
individisTvis.... Tu mas sakuTreba Tavisu obieqturi qmedebebisaTvis, e.i
sicocxlisaTvis sWirdeba, maSin materialuri simdidris floba yvelasaTvis
Tanabrad saWiroa...”
sakuTrebis rogorc arsebiTi ნiSnebis, aseve ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
sazogadoebis sicocxleunarianobaSi misi rolis Semecnebis aucilebeli pirobaa
misi subieqtebis da obieqtebis gansazRvra, maTi dialeqtikuri urTierTkavSiris
damyareba, rac Seexeba sakuTrebis urTierTobis subieqtebs, yvelaze zogadad
SeiZleba iyos calkeuli individi, maTi sxvadasxvagvari asociaciebi, saxelmwifo
misi sxvadasxva donis organoebi.
sakuTrebis urTierTobis obieqtia – sazogadoebrivi warmoebis pirobebi da
Sedegebi. ramdenadac ukanaskneli aris ara calkeuli aqti, aramed uwyvetad
ganmeorebadi procesi, amdenad sakuTrebis urTierTobis obieqtad gvevlineba ara
mxolod mocemuli warmoebis procesis pirobebi da Sedegebi, aramed sazoga-
doebrivi simdidris materialur nivTobrivi elementebi. sakuTrebis obieqtebs
Soris gadamwyvet rols sazogadoebis sicocxlisunarianobaSi anu gadarCenaSi Ta-
maSobis warmoebis saSualebebi.
ekonomikuri Tu iuridiuli kategoria?
ekonomistTa erTi nawili sakuTrebas ekonomikur kategoriad miiCnevs. maTi
azriT, sakuTreba rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria ganisazRvreba sawarmoo aslebis
mdgomareobiT da amitomac obieqturia, e.i. araa damokidebuli adamianTa unarsa da
Semecnebaze. amasTanave, sakuTrebas aqvs samarTlebrivi gamoxatuleba, Tumca sa-
marTali mxolod iuridiulad ganamtkicebs realurad arsebul ekonomikur ur-
TierTobebs saerTod, sakuTrebiT urTierTobebs – kerZod.
gansxvaveba sakuTrebis rogorc ekonomikur kategoriasa da rogorc mis iu-
ridiul gamoxatulebas Soris Semdegia: jer-erTi, sakuTreba rogorc ekonomikuri
kategoria axasiaTebs adamianebs Soris urTierTobebs, sakuTrebis samarlebrivi
urTierToba ki axasiaTebs sakuTrebis subieqtebis da sakuTrebis obieqtebis ur-
TierTobebs. meore- sakuTrebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi ganpirobebulia, upirveles
yovlisa, sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis doniT, sakutrebis urTierToba ki regu-
lirdeba tradiciebiT an iuridiuli kanonebiT, romlebic gansazRvravs ama Tu im
qonebis sargeblobis, flobis da gankargvis wess. და mesame: sakuTreba war-
moadgens materialur urTierTobas, romelic obieqturad arsebobs, adamianTa
survilisa da Segnebis miuxedavad, sakuTrebis ufleba ki aris nebelobiTi movlena,
romelic asaxavs iuridiul Semecnebis ganviTarebis dones ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi.
dasavleTis qveynebis ekonomistebi ekonomikur kategorias da mis iuridiul
gamoxatulebas ar ganasxvaveben. isini, rogorc wesi, sakuTrebas ganixilaven
rogorc adamianis nivTTan mimarTebas, anu rogorc mxolod iuridiul kategori-
as. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia sakuTrebis uflebaTa ekonomikuri Teoria, ro-
melSic cneba “sakuTreba” Secvlilia terminiT “sakuTrebis ufleba” am Teoriis
Tanaxmad sakuTreba resursi (warmoebis pirobebi) ki ar aris TavisTavad, aramed
110
“kona” anu resursis gamoyenebis uflebaTa nawili. sruli “uflebaTa kona” Sedgeba
Semdegi elementebisagan.

dResdReobiT sayovelTaod miRebuli Sexeduleba sakuTrebaze rogorc

raRac uflebaTa doneze Sedgeba 11 elementisagan
1. flobis ufleba, gagebuli rogorc nivTze gansakuTrebuli fizikuri
kontroli, an, rogorc wesi, misi gansakuTrebuli gamoyenebis ufleba;
2. nivTis sargeblobis ufleba, TavisTvis nivTis sasargeblo Tvisebebis gam-
oyeneba, anu roca igi ar moicavs or Semdgom uflebamosilebas;
3. marTvis ufleba, e.i. ufleba gadawyvitos – rogor da vis SeuZlia nivTis
gamoyeneba;
4. ufleba Semosavalze, ufleba nivTis gamoyenebis Sedegebis flobisa, anu im
dovlaTze, romelsac iZleva wina ori uflebamosilebis realizacia;
5. suverenis ufleba, anu gasxvisebis, moxmarebis, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr
xarjvis, nivTis Secvlis an misi ganadgurebis ufleba;
6. usafrTxoebis ufleba, anu nivTis eqspropriaciisagan da gare garemos zi-
anisagan dacvis ufleba;
7. nivTis memkvidreobiT gadacemis ufleba;
8. nivTis uvadod flobis ufleba;
9. sxvaTa sazianod nivTis gamoyenebis akrZalva;
10. nivTis CamorTmevis SesaZlebloba valis dasafarad;
11. ufleba narCen xasiaTze, e.i. procedurebis da institutebis arseboba, wesebis
arseboba, romelic uzrunvelyofs darRveuli uflebamosilebis aRdgenas.

sakuTrebis fenomenis gageba samarTlebrivi

Teoriebis gadasaxedidan
sakuTrebis ufleba gagebulia rogorc sazogadoebis mier sanqcionirebuli
(saxelmwifos kanonebiT, administraciuli gankargulebiT, tradiciebiT, wes-
CveulebebiT) qceviTi urTierTobebi adamianebs Soris, romelic warmoiSoba
dovlaTis arsebobasTan da mis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
sakuTrebis fenomeni sakuTrebis samarTlis Teoriis mixedviT gamodis iSvia-
Tobis problemidan, anu resirsebis SezRudulobidan: araa iSviaToba – araa sak-
uTreba.
aqedan, sakuTrebis urTierTobis centraluri momentad gvevlineba misi gamo-
ricxvadi xasiaTi, anu is, rom rac aris erTis sakuTreba, igive sxvisi sakuTreba
veRar iqneba.
sakuTrebis urTierToba – materialuri da aramaterialuri resursebze xel-
misawvdomobis gamoricxvis sistemaa.
resursebs xelmisawvdomobaze gamonaklisebis ararseboba (e.i. maTze Tavi-
sufali xelmisawvdomoba) niSnavs, rom isini aravisi araa, rom isini aravis ar
ekuTvnis, aseTi resursebi sakuTrebis obieqts ar Seadgens.

111
 sakuTrebis ekonomikuri formebi
kerZo

moqalaqeebis da moqalaqeobis iuridiuli pirebis

armqone pirebis (fizikur sakuTreba
pirebis) sakuTreba

Sereuli

respublikuri municipaluri

avtonomiuri respu-
blikebis sakuTreba

saxelmwifo (sazoga-
doebrivi)

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi ganasxvaveben sakuTrebis Semdeg formebs: kerZo,

saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa (organizaciaTa) sakuTreba. daSvebu-
lia kerZo, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa (organizaciaTa) sakuTre-
baSi arsebuli qonebis gaerTianeba da am safuZvelze Sereuli sakuTrebis Seqmna.
sakuTrebis formebi Tavis mxriv sakuTrebis sxvadasxva saxebs moicavs. kerZo
sakuTrebis saxeebia: saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis
(fizikuri pirebis) sakuTreba da iuridiuli pirebis sakuTreba. saqarTveloSi
SeiZleba arsebobdes ucxo saxelmwifoTa, saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa, ucxoelTa
da ucxoel iuridiul pirTa sakuTreba.
saxelmwifo sakuTrebis saxeebia: respublikuri sakuTreba; avtonomiuri
respublikebis sakuTreba; adgilobrivi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis
(municipaluri) sakuTreba.
saqarTveloSi sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa (organizaciaTa) sakuTrebaa ka-
nonmdeblobis safuZvelze moqmedi sazogadoebrivi, politikuri da religiuri or-
ganizaciebis mflobelobis, sargeblobis da gankargvis uflebiT arsebuli qoneba.

konkurencia
Tu sameurneo arCevans alternativaTa simravlis mxridan ganvixilavT,
romelTa Soris gviwevs arCevanis gakeTeba, SeiZleba vilaparakoT, rom saxeze
gvaqvs konkurencia. konkurencia niSnavs raRacisaTvis amorCevis SesaZleblobas,
anu uaryofas sxvebisTvis upiratesobis miniWebis gamo . konkurencia SeiZleba iyos
sruli an nawilobrivi. sruli konkurenciisas, alternativebi, romelTa Soris
gviwevs arCevanis gakeTeba, mkacrad urTierTgamomricxvelni arian. nawilobrivi
konkurenciisas Tundac zogierT alternativas mainc aqvs saerTo nawili.
112
 Tu erTi saSualeba SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes sxvadasxva urTierTgamom-
ricxavi miznebis misaRwevad, maSin arsebobs dovlaTis gamoyenebis miznebis konku-
rencia, romlebic saSualebis saxiT gvevlinebian. Tuki arsebobs erTi miznis miRwe-
vis sxvadasxva saSualeba, aseve urTierTgamomricxavi, maSin adgili aqvs saSuale-
bebis konkurencias.

nax. miznebis konkurencia da saSualebebis konkurencia

konkurenciis saxeobebi da konkurentuli garemos dacva

arsebobs Sidadargobrivi konkurencia da dargTaSorisi konkurencia, aseve
srulyofili (wminda, sufTa) da arasrulyofili konkurencia.
srulyofili (sufTa) konkurenciis pirobebi:
arsebobs mravali wvrili firma, romelic bazars erTgvarovan produqcias
awvdis, amasTan momxmareblisaTvis sulerTia, konkretulad, romeli firmisagan
yidulobs am produqcias.
TiToeuli firmis wili sabazro miwodebis saerTo moculobaSi imdenad
mcirea, rom mis mier fasis amaRleba an Semcireba ar imoqmedebs sabazro
wonasworobis fasze;
dargSi axali firmebis Sesvla ar iwvevs winaaRmdegobebs an SezRudvas; dargSi
Sesvla da gamosvla absoluturad Tavisufalia;
nebismieri firma SeuzRudavad iRebs informacias bazris mdgomareobaze,
resursebze da saqonelze fasebis Sesaxeb, xarjebze, saqonlis xarisxze, warmoebis
teqnikaze da sxva.
konkurencias, romelic ase Tu ise dakavSirebulia Tavisufali mewarmeobis
SesamCnev SezRudvasTan, arasrulyofils uwodeben. konkurenciis am saxeobisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia firmebis mcire raodenoba samewarmeo moRvaweobis TiToeul
sferoSi, mewarmeTa jgufis an erTi mewarmis bazris koniunqturaze Tavisufali
gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba. arasrulyofili konkurenciisas axal mewarmeTa
konkretul bazrebze gasvlisaTvis mkacri berketebi arsebobs. ar aris produqciis
axlo Semcvleli, romelsac privilegirebuli mwarmoeblebi uSveben.
monopolisturi konkurencia berZnuli - monos erTi da - ̂ ̂- vyidi.
monopsonia ewodeba ( erTi da ̂ yidva).

113
konkurentuli garemos dacva SesaZlebelia fasobrivi da arafasobrivi konkuren-
ciis meSveobiT.
fasobrivi konkurencia tardeba sabazro koniunqturis momgebiani gamoyenebis
mizniT fasebis manevrirebis saSualebiT. kerZod, saerTo mdgomareobidan da saku-
Tari saqmis simtkicidan gamomdinare, konkurents SeuZlia gamoiyenos monopoli-
urad maRali fasi, romelic mas mono-poliurad maRal mogebas moutans, an droe-
biT gamoiyenos monopoliurad dabali fasi bazridan ufro susti konkurentis gan-
devnis mizniT.
“naRebis moxdis” fasi gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac bazarze Cndeba adgili, e.i.
axali produqtis gamoSvebaSi konkurentis droSi daswrebis saSualeba.
danergvis fasi gulisxmobs fasebis droebiT daklebas mocemuli firmisaTvis
axal bazarze poziciebis mosapoveblad. lideris fasi arsebobs im pirobebSi, ro-
desac konku-rentebi molapara-kebis safuZvelze TviTneburad ki ar cvlian fasebs,
aramed eTanxmebian im fasebs, romlebsac wamyvani firma adgens.
fsiqologiuri fasi gulisxmobs mis dadgenas ufro dabal doneze, vidre
romelime damrgvalebuli maRali fasia (magaliTad, ara 1000, aramed 999 dol.)
arafasobriv konkurenciaSi gamoiyeneba saSualebebi, romlebic ar arian fa-
sebTan uSualo damokidebulebaSi. Es aris produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, re-
klama, bazrobebisa da gamofenebis organizeba.
keTilsindisieri da arakeTilsindisieri konkurencia
ganasxvaveben keTilsindisier da arakeTilsindisier konkurencias. keTilsin-
disieri is konkurenciaa, romlis moqmedebisas partniorebTan urTierTobis sa-
marTlebrivi da eTikuri normebi ar irRveva. arakeTilsindisieri konkurencia
niSnavs teqnikur SpionaJs, specialistebis gadabirebas, konkurentis TanamSromle-
bis mosyidvas, cru reklamas, sxvisi sasaqonlo niSnis daukiTxavad gamoyenebas,
ucxo firmis saqonlis garegnuli gaformebis kopirebas da sxva.
Kresursebi (warmoebis faqtorebi)

resursebs uwodeben dovlaTs, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva dovlaTis warmoe-

bisaTvis. resursebs, romelsac warmoebis procesSi uSualod gamoiyeneben agreTve
uwodeben warmoebis faqtorebs. gamoSvebuli saxiT, resursebis saxiT gamoiyeneba
fuli da sxva faseulobani, romlebic SeiZleba gardaiqmnas (gadaicvalos) warmoe-
bis faqtorebze.
termini “resursi” warmoSobilia franguli resourse-dan, rac niSnavs – damxmare
saSualebas, da umetesad axasiaTebs dovlaTs rogorc sameurneo subieqtis mani-
pulaciis obieqts. termini “faqtori” warmoSobilia laTinuri factor–idan, rac niS-
navs – mkeTebeli, mwarmoebeli, da umetesad axasiaTebs dovlaTs rogorc obieqtur
mizezs, procesebis mamoZravebel Zalas, romelic maT Sedegebs gansazRvravs.
sameurneo subieqtebis qcevis analizisas iribi dovlaTi umTavresad ganixileba
resursebis saxiT, ekonomikuri procesebis ufro zogadi analizisas ki, igive
dovlaTi unda ganvixiloT rogorc faqtorebi, Zalebi sxva ZalaTa Soris, rome-
lic ekonomikis funqcionirebas gansazRvravs.
ekonomistebi ZiriTadad gamoyofen resursebis sam ZiriTad saxes: SromiT re-
sursebs (aRiniSneba L–iT, labour-dan), realur kapitals, anu ubralod kapitals (a-

114
RiniSneba K-Ti, germanuli Kapital-dan) da bunebriv resursebs, rasac uwodeben ub-
ralod miwas da aRniSnaven T simboloTi (laTinuridan nasesxebi franguli sity-
vidan terre- miwa.)
aRniSnul sam ZiriTad resursTan erTad sazogadoebis doneze xSirad yuradRebas
miapyroben iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa saerTo kultura, romelic sazogadoebebis
mixedviT gansxvavebulia; mecniereba, romelsac sayovelTao, zogadsakacobrio
xasiaTi aqvs, magram sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba; socialuri faqtorebi, upirveles yovlisa zneobriobis minaRwevari,
samarTlebrivi kultura.

Kekonomikuri resursebis saxeobebi

bunebrivi resursebi (miwa, sabadoebi, wylisa da tyis resursebi da sxva), Se-

moklebiT miwa; SromiTi resursebi (adamianebi, maTi unariT awarmoon saqoneli da
momsaxureba), SemoklebiT – Sroma;
kapitali (fulis, e.i. fuladi kapitalis formiT, an warmoebis saSualebebis,
e.i. realuri kapitalis formiT);
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisadmi adamianTa niWi da unari, Semokle-
biT – samewarmeo unari (gergilianoba).
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, SemoklebiT – mecniereba. Aam resurss
yovelTvis ar rTaven ekonomikuri resursebis klasikur CamonaTvalSi.

Semosavlebi resursebidan

bunebrivi –renta (miwis, mTis, wylis gadasaxadi da sxva);

SromiTi – xelfasi;
kapitali – procenti - (rogorc fuladi kapitalis mesakuTreTa Semosavali)
da mogeba (rogorc realuri kapitalis mesakuTreTa Semosavali);
samewarmeo unari – samewarmeo Semosavali);
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi – Semosavali inteleqtualuri sakuTrebidan.

bazris arsi
 bazris ganmarteba ramdenimenairad SeiZleba:
 bazari – esaa dovlaTis Tavisufali gacvla, ganxorcielebuli
 gansazRvruli wesebiT;
 bazari – aris saqonlis warmoebisa da mimoqcevis kanonebiT organizebuli
 gacvla, saqonelgacvliTi urTierTobebis erToblioba;
 bazari – aris myidvelisa da gamyidvelis urTierTqmedebis meqanizmi, anu
moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierToba;
 bazari – aris qveynis SigniT da qveynebs Soris gacvlis sfero, romelic
 produqciis mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs;
 bazari _ esaa gacvlis meqanizmi, romelic fasebis daxmarebiT saSualebas
 iZleva SeaTanxmos gancalkevebuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis moqmedeba.

115
bazris warmoSobis pirobebi
pirveli pirobaa – uZveles dros warmoSobili Sromis sazogadoebrivi
danawileba;
meore pirobaa – mwarmoebelTa ekonomikuri gancalkeveba;
mesame piroba – mwarmoeblis da mewarmeobis Tavisufleba.
sityva bazari sparsuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs adgils, sadac saqonlis yidva
da gayidva xorcieldeba. bazari aris miwodebisa da moTxovnis damakavSirebeli –
Sualeduri rgoli.
arsebobs bazris sami ZiriTadi saxe:
1.saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazari, risTvisac aucilebelia sasaqonlo bir-
Jebis, sabiTumo da sacalo vaWrobis marketinguli organizaciebis Seqmna da fun-
qcionireba;
2. warmoebis faqtorTa bazari, romelic gulisxmobs iseTi faqtorebis
yidva-gayidvas, rogoricaa: miwa, Sroma da kapitali. miwis faqtorSi igulisxmeba
ara mxolod uSualod miwa, aramed miwis wiaRi da nedleuli, romelic miiReba
miwis zedapiridan. Sromis faqtori ganixileba, rogorc firmis yvela muSakis mier
gaweuli momsaxureba. am faqtoris umniSvnelovanesi instrumentis Sromis birJa,
sadac uSualod xdeba sxvadasxva saxis samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis
formireba.
warmoebis iseTi faqtori, rogoricaa kapitali, moicavs warmoebis saSu-
alebebs, Senobebs, nagebobebs, dazgebs, mowyobilobasa da fulad saxsrebs.
3. safinanso bazari anu fuladi bazari – es aris bazari, romelic asaxavs
finansur saxsrebze (fulze, obligaciebze, aqciebze) moTxovnasa da miwodebas.
safinanso bazari gulisxmobs safondo, savaluto birJebis funqcionirebas.
samive bazari organul urTierTobaSi imyofebian da zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze.
nax.4.7. bazris struqtura
samuSao Zalis bazari

safinanso bazari (sasesxo

kapitalebis bazari)

warmoebis saSualebaTa ba-

zari

bazris struqtura samomxmareblo bazari

momsaxurebaTa bazari

teqnologiaTa bazari

sulieri dovlaTis bazari

116
 nax.4.8. bazris funqciebi

informaciuli saSuamavlo

bazris funqciebi

faswarmomqmneli maregulirebeli

sanirebis

bazris funqciebis Sinaarsi

informaciuli funqcia. mudmivad cvalebadi fasebis da kreditebze saprocento

ganakveTebis meSveobiT bazari saSualebas obieqtur informacias awvdis warmoebi]
monawileebs bazarze gasatani saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sazogadoebrivad
aucilebeli raodenobis, asortimentisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb.
stiqiurad mimdinare operaciebi bazars gigantur kompiuters amsgavsebs. es
kompiuteri agrovebs da amuSaves kolosaluri moculobis informacias da gam-
oscems Sejamebul monacemebs mTeli im sameurneo sivrcisaTvis, romelsac igi moi-
cavs. es TiToeul sawarmos saSualebas aZlevs Seujeros sakuTari warmoeba ba-
zris cvalebad pirobebs.
saSuamavlo funqcia. ekonomikurad gancalkevebulma mwarmoeblebma Sromis
Rrma sazogadoebrivi danawilebis pirobebSi unda erTmaneTi ipovon da Tavisi
moRvaweobis Sedegebis gacvla – gamocvla awarmoon. bazris gareSe praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia dadgindes, Tu ramdenad urTierTmomgebiania esa Tu is teqnologiuri
an ekonomikuri kavSiri sazogadoebrivi kavSiris monawileebs Soris. normalur
sakmarisad ganviTarebuli konkurenciis sabazro ekonomikaSi, momxmarebels aqvs
optimaluri momwodeblis arCevis saSualeba (produqciis xarisxis, fasis,
droulad miwodebis, gasaRebis, Semdgomi momsaxurebisa da sxva parametrebis
mixedviT). amave dros gamyidvelsac eZleva ufro xelsayreli myidvelis arCevis
saSualeba.
faswarmomqmneli funqcia. bazarze miwodebuli erTi daniSnulebis produqti
da momsaxureba Cveulebriv sxvadasxva raodenobis materialur da SromiT xarjebs
Seicavs. magram bazari mxolod sazogadoebrivad aucilebel xarjebs cnobs, mxo-
lod mis Rirebulebas anazRaurebs myidveli. maSasadame, aq yalibdeba sazoga-
doebrivi Rirebulebis gamosaxuleba, romlis gamoTvlac arcerT kompiuters ar
SeuZlia. swored amis gamo myardeba moZravi kavSiri Rirebulebasa da fass Soris,

117
romelic fxizlad reagirebs warmoebis cvlilebebze, moTxovnilebebsa da koniun-
qturaze.
maregulirebeli funqcia. yvelaze mniSvnelovania. is dakavSirebulia bazris
zemoqmedebasTan ekonomikis yvela sferoze da pirvel rigSi warmoebaze. bazari
pasuxs gvaZlevs kiTxvebze, romlebic esoden mZafrad daayena p. samuelsonma: ra
unda vawarmooT? visTvis unda vawarmooT? rogor vawarmooT? bazari warmoudg-
enelia konkurenciis gareSe. Sidadargobrivi konkurencia stimuls aZlevs produ-
qciis erTeulze moxmarebuli xarjebis Semcirebas, Sromis nayofierebis zrdas, te-
qnikur progress, produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebas. dargebs Soris konkurencia
kapitalis erTi dargidan meoreSi gadasvlis gziT ekonomikis optimalur
struqturas ayalibebs, stimuls aZlevs metad perspeqtiuli dargebis gafarToebas.
konkurentuli garemos SenarCuneba da dacva – ganviTarebuli sabazro sistemis
mqone qveynebSi saxelmwifo regulirebis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa.
mniSvnelovan rols sabazro regulirebaSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis
Tanafardoba TamaSobs, romelic arsebiTad moqmedebs fasebze. fasis zrda warmoe-
bis gafarToebisaken mouwodebs, fasis dacema ki – warmoebis Semcirebisaken.
Sedegad, mewarmeTa stiqiuri moqmedebebi metnaklebad optimalur ekonomikur
proporciebs amyareben. moqmedebs maregulirebeli “uxilavi xeli”, romlis
Sesaxeb jer kidev adam smiti werda: bazris yoveli monawile, moqmedebs mxolod
sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, iswrafvis ra gaamravlos Tavisi Semosavali,
magram “igi uxilavi xeliT miemarTeba miznisaken, romelic savsebiT ar Sedioda
mis ganzraxvebSi ... misdevs ra sakuTar interesebs, is xSirad ufro qmediTi saxiT
emsaxureba sazogadoebis interesebs, vidre maSin, roca Segnebulad surda amis
gakeTeba”. “uxilavi xeli” – esa sabazro TviTregulirebis obieqturi kanoni.
sanirebis funqcia. sabazro meqanizmi sakmaod mkacri sistemaa. mas mudmivad
mivyavarT “bunebrivi SerCevisken” sameurneo saqmianobis monawileebs Soris
iyenebs ra konkurenciis instruments, bazari ekonomikis araefeqtianad fun-
qcionirebadi sawarmoebisagan wmends. sawinaarmdegod, ufro gergilianebsa da aq-
tiurebs mwvane Suqs uxsnis. bazris seleqciuri muSaobis Sedegad maRldeba
efeqtianobis saSualo done, maRldeba mTlianad erovnuli meurneobis mdgradoba.
rogorc gamocdileba mowmobs, mcire biznesis saSualo cikli xuT weliwads ar
aRemateba. konkurentul brZolaSi xSirad msxvili firmebis iRupebian. ra Tqma un-
da, warmoebisa da kapitalis konkurenciis pirobebSi monopolizacia sanirebis
meqanizmis deformirebas axdens. da mainc, monopolizacia arsad konkurencias ise
ver zRudavs, rom “bunebrivi SerCeva Sewydes.
sanireba ekonomikaSi niSnavs – ekonomikis gawmendas bazris arakonkuren-
tunariani da susti monawileebisagan, araefeqtianebis gakotrebas. sabazro meqaniz-
mi adamianebs miuTiTebs Ziebis mimarTulebebs, magram saboloo finansur Sedeg-
ebTan mimarTebaSi maT araviTar garantiebs ar aZlevs. is cnobs mxolod sazoga-
doebrivad aucilebel investiciebs uZrav qonebaSi, radgan myidveli xom mxolod
maT anazRaurebs. amitom bazris ganTavisuflebas uZravi qonebis sawarmoTa da sxva

118
obieqtebis araefeqtiani mesakuTreebisagan mivyavarT mdgradobisa da ekonomikuri
zrdis amaRlebisken.

danarTi a
sazogadoebisa da bunebis ekonomikuri urierTqmedeba

kacobrioba

ekonomikuri kacobriobasTan ekonomikuri

kulturisadmi urTierTqmedeba kulturis
ziareba cvlileba

sazogadoeba
(Sinameurneobebi, firmebi, mTavroba...)

buneba

wyaro: [45,dovlaTis
gv. 71] bunebasTan ur- narCenebis
miTviseba TierTqmedeba gamoyofa

119
 danarTi b
realuri dovlaTis moZraoba agentebs Soris sazogadoeba

danarCeni danarCeni
samyaro samyaro

eqsport-importi

kerZo ekonomikuri dovlaTi

Sualeduri dovlaTi

Sinameurneobebi saxelmwifo firmebi

qoneba: qoneba: qoneba:
sayofacx- ofisebi, sabrunavi
ovrebo specteq- kapitali,
teqnika, nika, ZiriTadi
sacxovrebeli, yazarmebi, kapitali
miwa... biblioTeke- ekonomikuri
ekonomikuri bi... funqcia:
funqcia: ekonomikuri kerZo
dovlaTis funqcia: dovlaTis
moxmareba, kerZo
wyaro: [45, gv. 100]
gamoklebuli
SromiTi resursebi (gacveTili)

sazogadoebis araekonomikuri dovlaTi

buneba

120
 danarTi g

ekonomikuri wrebrunvis umartivesi modeli

saqoneli

saqonlis anaz-
Raureba
=firmis amon-
agebi

Sinameurneobebi firmebi

resursebis anazRaureba
=Sinameurneobebis
Semosavlebi

resursebi: Sroma,
kapitali

wyaro: [45, gv. 126]

121
 danarTi d
wrebrunvis modeli saxelmwifos rolis gaTvaliswinebiT

kerZo samomxmare-
blo dovlaTis
bazrebi

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi
transfertebi subsidiebi

Sinameurneobebi saxelmwifo firmebi

gadasaxadeb
gadasaxadeb
i
mosamsaxureebi
i
daqiraveba
s

resursebis bazrebi

realuri finansuri
nakadebi nakadebi

wyaro: [45, gv. 127]

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. ra aris moTxovnileba? ras niSnavs maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia?
2. daaxasiaTeT ekonomikuri dovlaTis wrebrunvis 5 ZiriTadi rgoli.
3. CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT warmoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi stadiebi.
4. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gaangariSeba.
5. ras niSnavs infrastruqtura? daaxasiaTeT misi ZiriTadi saxeebi.
6. ras ewodeba instituti? CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT ZiriTadi ekonomi-
kuri institutebi.
122
 7. ganmarteT ras uwodeben ekonomikur subieqtebs anu agentebs da
daaxasiaTeT.
8. ganmarteT ra aris sakuTreba da misi mniSvneloba.
9. daaxasiaTeT ZiriTadi saxis sakuTrebiTi anu qonebrivi urTierTobebi.
10. daaxasiaTeT sakuTrebis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri formebi saqarTveloSi.
11. ganmarteT ras niSnavs konkurencia, romelia misi ZiriTadi saxeobebi.
12. resursebis, anu warmoebis faqtorebis saxeobebi.
13. ganmarteT ra saxis Semosavlebs iReben resursebis mesakuTreebi.
14. ganmarteT ra aris bazari da rogoria misi struqtura.
15. CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT bazris funqciebi.

123
 mexuTe Tavi
miwodeba da moTxovna

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 moTxovna cneba. moTxovnis kanoni
 miwodebis cneba. miwodebis kanoni
 wonasworuli fasi. a. marSalis faswarmoqmnis Teoria

moTxovna, miwodeba, fasi

bazris pirobebSi TiToeuli mewarme “ekonomikis ZiriTad sakiTxs” Tavisi

pasuxismgeblobiT wyvets. da mainc, miuxedavad TiTqosda SeuzRudavi
Tavisuflebisa, sazogadoebaSi anarqiis gabatonebas adgili ara aqvs. ratom? saqme
imaSia, rom bazris pirobebSi mewarme emorCileba garkveuli Zalis gavlenas –
fasebis diqtats. swored fasi warmoadgens misTvis orientirs da karnaxobs mas Tu
ra saqmianoba moutans maqsimalur Semosavals, e,i., romeli saqoneli da
momsaxureba Wirdeba xalxs. amgvarad, fasi asrulebs, rogorc amas ekonomistebi
amboben, sameurneo saqmianobis regulatoris rols. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT fasis
meqanizmis muSaoba, anu is, Tu rogor karnaxobs bazari mewarmes ra da visTvis
awarmoos, Tavidan gaverkveT imaSi, Tu rogor xdeba yidva-gayidvis procesSi
fasebis dadgena.
bazarze gamyidvelisa da myidvelis qceva gamoisaxeba ori sakvanZo cnebiT –
moTxovniTa da miwodebiT. es cnebebi udevs safuZvlad Tanamedrove ekonomikur
mecnierebas da statiebsa da ekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloSic gamoiyeneba Zalze
xSirad. zogierTebi ironiasac ki mimarTaven: TuTiyuSs aswavleT ilaparakos
“moTxovna” da “miwodeba” da Tqvens winaSea ekonomisti.
arsebobs ramdenime Teoria, romlebic pretendentobas acxadeben fasis bunebis
axsnaze. marqsistuli politikuri ekonomiis Tanaxmad fasis safuZvelia
Rirebuleba, xolo Rirebulebis safuZveli – saqonlis warmoebaze daxarjuli
sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sroma. sxva Teoriis Tanaxmad, fasis safuZvels
Seadgens produqtis sargeblianobis fsiqologiuri Sefaseba yoveli calkeuli
momxmareblisa. Cven ar SevudgebiT wminda politekonomiis problemis detalur
ganxilvas da aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom Rirebuleba – es aris Rrma Teoriuli cneba,
romlis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb arsebobs sruliad sxvadasxva azri.

moTxovna

mraval adamians survili aqvs hyavdes axali markis avtomobili da ataros

prestiJuli firmebis mier damzadebuli Tanamedrove moduri tansacmeli. magram,
vidre maT amis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCniaT, es survilebi abstraqtul ocnebad rCeba.
abstraqtuli moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba iyos socialuri fsiqologiisa da ara
ekonomikis Seswavlis sagani. ekonomistebisaTvis es survilebi maSin xdeba
saintereso, roca arsebobs sasurveli saqonlis SeZenis realuri SesaZlebloba,
anu roca survili gadaiqceva msyidvelobiTunarian moTxovnilebad-moTxovnad.
amrigad, moTxovna – es aris konkretul fasSi da drois gansazRvrul
periodSi konkretuli saqonlis an momsaxurebis yidvis survili, ganmtkicebuli
gadaxdis unariTa da mzadyofniT.

124
 axla ganvixiloT moTxovnis sidide. warmovidginoT pirobiTi situacia. Tbi-
lisi, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis me-2 naxevari. vTqvaT 1997 wlis 15 seqtemberia.
klasis 20 gimnazieli yidulobs Rvezels, Tu gamyidveli 1 cals 50 TeTrs daafasebs,
maSin mxolod erTi daTanxmdeba mis yidvaze, magram Tu damtarebeli mas 40 TeTrad
gascems, maSin, ukve, aT gimnaziels moundeba Rvezelis yidva; 30 TeTrad yvela
iyidis TiTo cals, 20 TeTrad - naxevari klasi or-or cals aiRebs, xolo 10 TeT-
rad ocive gimnazieli or-ori calis yidvas moindomebs. moTxovnis raodenobis
ganrigi 15 seqtembrisTvis warmodgenilia cxrilSi.
15 seqtembris moTxovna
cxrili 5.1

moTxovnis mrudi
cxrilSi mocemuli mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT grafikis saxiT
(nax. 5.1.), romelsac moTxovnis mrudi ewodeba. igi naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu saqonlis
an momsaxurebis ra raodenoba SeiZleba iyidon sxvadasxva fasebiT. ordinatTa
RerZze gadavzomoT erTeuli saqonlis fasi, abcisaze – erTeuli saqonlis raode-
noba. cxrilis monacemebis gamoyenebiT vipovoT wertilebi da avagoT grafiki ro-
melic ufro wrfes emsgavseba vidre mruds, magram, mecnieruli abstraqciis ka-
nonebi imgvaria, rom sagnebs xSirad ar varqmevT xolme TavianT saxelebs.
moTxovnis mrudi yovelTvis daRmavali xasiaTisaa (eSveba qveviT da marjvniv).
grafiki da cxrili imis ilustraciuas iZlevian, rasac ekonomikaSi moTxovnis ka-
nons uwodeben.

moTxovnis kanoni

moTxovnis kanoni gvixsnis, rom moTxovnis sidide ukuproporciul

damokidebulebaSia saqonlis erTeulis fasis cvlilebasTan. misi cneba SeiZleba
Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes. moTxovnis kanoni: sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, saqonlis
fasis zrda iwvevs masze moTxovnis raodenobis klebas, xolo saqonlis fasis kleba
iwvevs masze moTxovnis raodenobis zrdas.

125
nax. 5.1. moTxovnis mrudi 15 seqtembrisaTvis
50

40
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50

moTxovnis elastiuroba
moTxovnis kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom nayidi saqonlis raodenoba miT
ufro naklebi iqneba, rac maRalia misi fasi. Tumca moTxovnis kanoni ar iZleva
pasuxs imaze, Tu ramdenad Semcirdeba SeZenili saqonlis moculoba fasis garkveul
procentamde gazrdis SemTxvevaSi an rogor gaizrdeba igi fasis raRac procentiT
Semcirebisas. miT umetes, rom sxvadasxva produqtisaTvis moTxovnasa da fasebs
Soris damokidebuleba arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. am movlenis asaxsnelad gam-
oiyeneba cneba-moTxovnis elastiuroba fasis mixedviT.
moviyvanoT aseTi magaliTi. vTqvaT, gastronomSi fasebi rZesa da pepsi-
kolaze gaizarda orjer. cxadia, momxmareblebi erTsac da meoresac ufro naklebs
SeiZenen. magram, rogorc cda aCvenebs, rZis moxmareba Semcirdeba ufro naklebad,
vidre pepsi-kolasi. es imitom, rom rZe miekTvneba pirveli (aucilebeli) moxmare-
bis sagans da masze uaris Tqma Zalze Znelia. pepsi-kolis gareSe ki iolad gavalT.
Tu rZisa da pepsi-kolas fasebi orjer Semcirdeba, maSin orTave metad gasaR-
deba, magram rZis moxmareba naklebad gaizrdeba, vidre pepsi-kolasi. es imiT
aixsneba, rom rZeze maRali fasis SemTxvevaSic moTxovna axlos dgas gajerebul
moTxovnilebasTan (TiTqmis imdens yiduloben ramdenic aucilebelia –T.g). amitom
masze fasis Semcireba ar gamoiwvevs realizaciis moculobis c\vlilebas. amrigad,
fasebis cvlilebis mimarT rZeze moTxovna nakleb mgrZnobiarea, vidre moTxovna
pepsi-kolaze. Tu ekonomikur termins gamoviyenebT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom rZeze
moTxovna fasis mixedviT nakleb elastiuria, vidre moTxovna pepsi-kolaze. am-
rigad, fasis mixedviT moTxovnis elastiuroba es aris SeZenili saqonlis mocu-
lobis cvlilebis Sefardeba fasis cvlilebasTan.
fasis mixedviT moTxovnis elastiuroba – esaa SeZenis moculobis cvlilebis
sididis Sefardeba fasebis cvlilebis sididesTan.

126
moTxovnis elastiurobis koeficienti

maTematikurad moTxovnis elastiurobis gazomva xdeba maCvenebliT, romelsac

elastiurobis koeficienti ( ე ) ewodeba da gamoisaxeba TanafardobiT:
მოთხოვნის პროცენტული ცვლილება
ე
საქონლის ერთეულის ფასის პროცენტული ცვლილება
fasis cvlilebis procenti, Tavis mxriv, ganisazRvreba fasis cvlilebis Se-
fardebiT mis pirvandel mniSvnelobasTan, xolo moTxovnis procentuli cvlileba
- moTxovnis cvlilebis SefardebiT sawyis moTxovnasTan. amitom elastiurobis
koeficientis gamosaTvleli formula SeiZleba amgvarad warmovadginoT:
მოთხოვნის სიდიდის ცვლილება ფასის ცვლილება
ე
საწყისი მოთხოვნა საწყისი ფასი

moTxovna saqonelze iTvleba elastiurad, Tu misi elastiurobis koeficien-

ti metia erTze, e.i. fasis procentuli cvlileba iwvevs masze moTxovnis cvlilebis
did procentul cvalebadobas.
moTxovna iTvleba araealistiurad, Tu misi elastiurobis koeficienti
naklebia erTze, es niSnavs, rom fasis procentuli cvlileba iwvevs moTxovnis
SedarebiT nakleb procentul cvalebadobas.
Tu fasis erTi erTeuliT cvlilebas mosdevs moTxovnis erTi erTeuliT
cvlileba, aseT elastiurobas erTeulovani elastiuroba ewodeba. Tu fasis mcire
cvlilebis moTxovnis ganusazRvrelad didi cvlileba mosdevs, maSin gvaqvs ab-
soluturi elastiuroba xolo Tu fasis cvlilebas moTxovnis aranairi cvlileba
ar mosdevs, saxezea moTxovnis absoluturi araelastiuroba. nax. 5.2 sami saxis
elastiurobas gviCvenebs.

nax. 5.2. moTxovnis absoluturi elastiuroba, mrudi C1, absoluturi araelasti-

uroba, mrudi C2 da erTeulovani elastiuroba, mrudi C3

fasi

raodenoba
127
razea damokidebuli moTxovnis elastiuroba an araelastiuroba
calkeul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze

CamovTvaloT moTxovnis elastiurobis (araelastiurobis) ganmsazRvreli

mniSvnelovani faqtorebi.
1. moTxovnis araelastiurobiT, Cveulebriv, gamoirCeva pirveli moTx-
ovnilebis sagnebi. momxmarebeli iZulebulia SeiZinos isini, miuxedavad uazrod
maRali fasisa.
2. moTxovnis dabali elastiurobiT gamoirCeva saqoneli, romlis Sem-
cvlelis povna Znelia an SeuZlebelia.
3.moTxovna, Cveulebriv, ararealistiuria iaf, da elastiuria – Zvir
saqonelze.
4. moTxovna, rogorc wesi, ararealisturia mimdinare moTxovnilebis
saqonelze da elastiuria xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebze.
aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT moTxovnis sididis damokidebulebas saqonlis
fasebisagan, romelic moTxovnis mrudiT aiwereba. magram SesaZlebelia isic, rom
saqonelze saerTo moTxovna gaizardos an Semcirdes maSinac ki, Tu fasebi
ucvlelia. aseTi damokidebuleba gamoisaxeba moTxovnis mrudis gadaweviT da
ewodeba saerTo moTxovnis cvlileba.

saerTo moTxovnis cvlileba

axla ganvixiloT moTxovna igive 1997 wels, zamTarSi, vTqvaT, 24 dekembers.

ra Tqma unda, albaT moTxovna gaizrdeboda da misi ganrigi, magaliTad, Semdegi
ganrigis saxiT warmogvidgeboda.

KmoTxovna 24 dekembrisTvis
cxrili 5.2.

cxrilebis 5.1 da 5.2-is monacemebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT grafikulad moTxovnis

mrudebis saxiT. 5.3. naxazze asaxulia moTxovnis mrudebi 15 seqtembrisTvis da 24
dekembrisaTvis.

128
 nax. 5.3.
moTxovnis mrudi
15 seqtembrisa da 24 dekembrisaTvis

50

40
30
20
10 C
0
10 20 30 40 50
Rvezelebis raodenoba

miwodeba

vidre miwodebis kanons SevicnobdeT, mis sidides unda davakvirdeT.

miwodebis sidide aris erTeuli saqonlis raodenoba, romlis miwodeba
surs da SeuZlia gamyidvels an mwarmoebels sxvadasxva fasebiT da mocemul
droSi.

cxrili 5.3.
miwodeba 15 seqtembers

miwodebis kanoni
rogorc cxrili 5.3-dan Cans, saqonlis raodenoba pirdapir
damokidebulebaSia saqonlis erTeulis fasTan. miwodeba izrdeba fasis gadide-
129
bisas da mcirdeba fasis dacemisas. swored es pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebuleba asaxavs miwodebis kanonis cnebas, romelic Semdegnairad yalibde-
ba.
miwodebis kanoni: sxva Tanabar pirobebSi saqonelze fasis zrda iwvevs
miwodebis raodenobis zrdas, saqonelze fasis dacema ki iwvevs miwodebis raode-
nobis klebas.

Kmiwodebis mrudi
miwodebis cxrilis monacemebi, moTxovnis cxrilis msgavsad, SeiZleba grafi-
kis saxiT warmovidginod. Tu ordinatTa RerZze gadavzomavT saqonlis erTeulis
fass, xolo abcisze gasayidad miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobas, maSin maSin cxri-
lis monacemebiT vipoviT wertilebs, romelTa SeerTeba mogvcems miwodebis mruds.
(ix. nax. 5.4).
moTxovnis mrudisagan gansxvavebiT miwodebis mrudi zrdadi xasiaTisaa da
TvalnaTliv gamosaxavs miwodebis kanons: rac maRalia erTeuli saqonlis fasi,
miT metia misi miwodeba.

nax. 5.4.
15 seqtembris miwodebis mrudi

fasi

50

40

30

20

10

10 20 30 40 50
Rvezelebis raodenoba

130
miwodebis elastiuroba

sxvadasxva saxis saqonlisaTvis miwodebasa da fass Soris damokidebuleba

gansxvavebulia. saqonlis erTi jgufis miwodeba metad mgrZnobiarea fasis
cvlilebisadmi, vidre sxva jgufisa. am damokidebulebis xarisxi (done), msgavsad
moTxovnisa, ganisazRvreba elastiurobiT da gamoisaxeba miwodebis elastiurobis
koeficientiT. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens miwodebis procentuli cvlilebis Se-
fardebas fasis procentul cvlilebasTan:

Tu elastiurobis koeficienti erTze metia, e.i. fasis procentuli cvlileba

iwvevs miwodebis met procentul cvlilebas, ukanaskneli iTvleba elastiurad. Tu
elastiurobis koeficienti erTze naklebia, e.i. saqonlis erTeulis fasis procen-
tuli cvlileba iwvevs misi miwodebis nakleb procentul cvlilebas, maSin miwode-
ba iTvleba araelastiurad.

saerTo miwodebis cvlileba

saerTo miwodebis gazrda niSnavs imas, rom gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT fasebis

yovel garkveul doneze meti saqonlis miwodeba, saerTo miwodebis Semcireba ki -
naklebi saqonlis miwodebas fasebis yovel garkveul doneze.
saerTo miwodebis cvlileba tolfasia miwodebis mrudis gadawevisa: marjvniv
- Tu miwodeba izrdeba (D1) da marcxniv - Tu igi mcirdeba (D2). (iz. nax. 5.5).
miwodebis zrda niSnavs, rom gamyidvelebi mzad arian miawodon meti
saqoneli TiToeul mocemul fasad. miwodebis Semcireba niSnavs, rom
gamyidvelebi awodeben nakleb saqonels TiToeul mocemul fasad.

131
 nax. 5.5.
miwodebis mrudebi miwodebis cvlilebisas

fasi

D2 D D1

raodenoba

saerTo miwodebis cvlileba ganpirobebulia Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebiT:

1. warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis cvlilebiT. Tu mewarmes saqonlis dam-
zadeba iafi ujdeba adre gaweul xarjebTan SedarebiT, es saSualebas miscems mas
meti awarmoos da, amgvarad, miwodebac gazardos. Tu piriqiT xdeba da warmoebaze
danaxarjebi izrdeba, maSin miwodebac Semcirdeba.
2. mogebis miRebis axali SesaZleblobebis gamoCena. mewarmeTa umravlesobas
SeuZlia ramdenime sxvadasxva saqonlis damzadeba. Tu im saqonlis fasi izrdeba,
romelsac adre ar awarmoebdnen, magram axla SeuZliaT misi damzadeba, maSin bevri
mizanSewonilad CaTvlis profile Seucvalos warmoebas da daiwyos am axali saxis
saqonlis gamoSveba. mag., personalur kompiuterebze moTxovnis gazrdisas avejis
fabrikebi iTviseben kompiuterisaTvis specialuri magidebisa da karadebis dam-
zadebas.
3. fasebis cvlilebis prognozi. Tu mewarme fasebis matebas varaudobs, mas Seu-
Zlia warmoebis moculoba winaswar gazardos im angariSiT, rom momavalSi
damatebiT mogebas miiReba. magram Tu mwarmoebeli fasebis dawevas elis, maSin igi
Seecdeba Seamciros warmoeba. Sesabamisad miwodebac daecema.

wonasworuli fasi

moTxovnis cxrilebi da grafikebi aCveneben Tu ra raodenobis saqonlis yidva

SeuZliaT momxmareblebs sxvadasxva fasebSi. miwodebis cxrilebi da grafikebi ki
imis ilustracias iZleva, Tu ra raodenobis saqonlis gayidvaze daTanxmdebian misi
mflobelebi sxvadasxva fasebsi. magram cal-calke maTi saSualebiT SeuZlebelia
davadginoT, ra fasebSia SesaZlebeli realuri garigeba. ase, mag., bevri CvenTagani
winaaRmdegi ar iqneboda eyida axali avtomanqana 1 aTas dolarad, magram, vfiqrob,

132
ar moiZebneba gamyidveli, romelic daTanxmdeba am fassi gayidos avtomanqana. ari-
an, albaT, msurvelebi gayidon TavianTi majis saaTebi (ara antikvaruli da
oqrosi) 100 dolarad, magram aravinaa misi myidveli. cxadia, aseTi garigebac ar
moxdeba.
imisaTvis, rom Sedges gacvlis (yidva-gayidvis) aqti, saWiroa myidvelisa da
gamyidvelis urTierTqmedebas. swored, maT Soris aseTi uSualo ur-
TierTmoqmedebis organizaciis saSualebas warmoadgens bazari, sadac xdeba fasebis
formireba garigebaTa dasadebad.
am sakiTxis ganxilvamde winaswar SevniSnoT, rom Cven ganvixilavT
Tavisufali konkurenciis abstraqtul Teoriul models, romelic wminda saxiT
realur cxovrebaSi ar gvxvdeba, magram gvexmareba gavigoT realuri ekonomika.

Tavisufali konkurenciis modeli

Teoriulad, Tavisufali konkurenciis modeli maSin arsebobs, roca daculia

Semdegi pirobebi:
1. bazarSi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad moqmedebs uamravi gamyidveli da
myidveli da arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia daawesos fasebis diqtati;
2. yvela myidvelsa da gamyidvels gaaCnia sruli informacia fasebze;
3. konkurentebis saqoneli praqtikulad identuria - xarisxSi gansxvaveba
mxedvelobasi ar miiReba;
4. ar arsebobs raime winaaRmdegoba bazarze axali myidvelebisa da
gamyidvelebis gamoCenastan dakavSirebiT.

moTxovna da miwodeba

axla ganvixiloT moTxovna da miwodeba erTad. amisTvis moviyvanoT aSS

nayinis bazris magaliTi gregori menqius wignis “ekonomikis principebis”
mixedviT. [20, me-4 Tavi] nayinis moTxovna da miwodeba, vTqvaT 15 seqtembrisaTvis,
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 5.4.

133
 cxrili 5.4.
moTxovna da miwodeba 15 seqtemberisaTvis

moTxovna nayinze nayinis fasi nayinis miwodeba

0 $0.00 0
0 0.50 0
1 1.00 1
4 1.50 4
7 2.00 7
10 2.50 10
13 3.00 13

wyaro: [20, me-4 Tavi]

wonasworoba

5.6 naxazze gaerTianebulia sabazro miwodebisa da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebi erT wertilSi kveTen
erTmaneTs. am wertils sabazro wonasworoba ewodeba. fass, romelic gadakveTis am
wertils Seesabameba, wonasworuli fasi, xolo raodenobas - wonasworuli raode-
noba ewodeba. aq wonasworuli fasi $2-is, xolo wonasworuli raodenoba 7 nayinis
tolia.
leqsikonebSi sityva “wonasworoba” ganmartebulia, rogorc situacia, roca
sxvadasxva Zalrbi gawonasworebulia. es ganmarteba sabazro wonasworobisTvisac
gamodgeba. wonasworuli fasis dros, saqonlis raodenoba, romlis yidvac surT da
SeuZliaT myidvelebs, zustad im raodenobis tolia, romlis gayidvac xurT da Seu-
ZliaT gamyidvelebs. wonasworul fass zogjer sufTa bazris fassac uwodeben,
vinaidan am fasiT yvela kmayofilia: myidvelebma iyodes yvelaferi, ris yidvac
surdaT, xolo gamyidvelebma gayides yvelaferi, ris gayidvac surdaT.
myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis qmedebebi bunebrivad ubiZgebs bazars
miwodebisa da moTxovnis wonasworobisaken. mizezis dasadgenad, vnaxoT, ra xdeba,
roca sabazro fasi gansxvavdeba wonasworulisagan.

134
 nax. 5.6. miwodebisa da moTxovnis wonasworoba

nayinis
fasi

miwodeba
wonasworuli
fasi wonasworoba
$2.00

wonasworuli moTxovna
raodenoba
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
nayinis raodenoba
wyaro: [20, me-4 Tavi]

wonasworoba myardeba miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis

gadakveTis wertilSi. wonasworuli fasis dros miwodebis raodenoba moTx-
ovnis raodenobis tolia. aq wonasworuli fasia $2:
am fasad miwodebulia 7 nayini da moTxovnilia 7 nayini.

nax. 5.7. bazrebi arawonasworul mdgomareobaSi

a) Warbi miwodeba b) Warbi moTxovna

nayinis nayinis
fasi Warbi miwodeba miwodeba fasi

$2.50

2.00 $2.50

1.50

Warbi moTxovna

moTxovna moTxovna

0 4 7 10 nayinis 0 4 7 10 nayinis
moTxovnis miwodebis raodenoba moTxovnis miwodebis raodenoba
raodenoba raodenoba raodenoba raodenoba

wyaro: [20, me-4 Tavi]

5.7 (a) naxazze naCvenebia Warbi miwodeba. imis gamo, rom sabazro fasi ($2.50)
wonasworul fasze metia, miwodebis raodenoba (10) aWarbebs moTxovnis raodenobas
(4). gamyidvelebi nayinis gayidvis gazrdas fasis SemcirebiT cdiloben, ris
135
Sedegadac fasi Tavisi wonasworuli donis mimarTulebiT moZraobs. 5.7 (b) naxazze
naCvenebia Warbi moTxovna. imis gamo, rom sabazro fasi ($1.50) wonasworul fasze
naklebia, moTxovnis raodenoba (10) aWarbebs miwodebis raodenobas (4). vinaidan
myidvelTa raodenoba Zalian didia, xolo im saqonlis raodenoba, romelTa
yidvac maT surT, Zalian mcirea, mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT, Tavis sasargeblod gam-
oiyenon es deficit da fasebi gazardon. ase rom, orive SemTxvevaSi, fasis cvlile-
ba bazars miwodebisa da moTxovnis wonasworobisken ubiZgebs.
jer davuSvaT, rom sabazro fasi wonasworul fasze metia, rogorc 5.7 a) nax-
azzea naCvenebi. roca nayinis fasia $2.50, miwodebuli nayinis raodenoba (10) metia
moTxovnis raodenobaze (4). warmoiqmneba saqonlis siWarbe: mimwodeblebs ar Seu-
ZliaT am fasad yvelafris gayidva, risac surT. am situacias Warbi miwodeba ewode-
ba. rodesac nayinis bazarze miwodebis siWarbe gvaqvs, nayinis gamyidvelebis mac-
ivrebi savsea nayiniT, romlis gayidvac surT, magram ver yidian. miwodebis si-
Warbes gamyidvelebi fasebis SemcirebiT pasuxoben. fasi iqamde Semcirdeba, vidre
bazari wonasworobaSi ar mova.
axla davuSvaT, sabazro fasi wonasworul fasze naklebia, rogorc es
naCvenebia 5.7 b) naxazze. am SemTxvevaSi, nayinis fasia $1.50, da moTxovnili saqonlis
raodenoba aWarbebs miwodebis raodenobas. Cndeba saqonlis deficiti: momxmare-
blebi ver yiduloben yvelafers, ris yidvac surT am fasad. am situacias Warbi
moTxovna ewodeba. rodesac nayinis bazarze moTxovnis siWarbea, myidvelebi
didxans dganan rigSi ramdenime nayinis sayidlad. rodesac bevri myidveli da cota
saqonelia, gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT, fasebis gazrdiT miwodebis donis Seumcire-
blad upasuxon Warb moTxovnebs. rodesac fasebi izrdeba, bazari isev iwyebs
wonasworobisaken moZraobas.
amgvarad, mravali myidvelisa da gamyidvelis moqmedeba avtomaturad ubiZgebs
sabazro fass wonasworuli fasisken. rogorc ki bazari wonasworobas miaRwevs,
yvela myidveli da gamyidveli kmayofilia, da ar arsebobs Zala, romelic fass
zemoT an qvemoT ubiZgebs. is, Tu ramdenad swrafad miiRweva wonasworoba,
sxvadasxva bazarze sxvadasxvaa da damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra siswrafiT icvleba
fasebi. magram, TiTqmis yvela Tavisufal bazarze, siWarbe da deficit mxolod
droebiTi movlenebia, vinaidan fasebi TandaTan wonasworuli donisaken moZraobs.
es fenomeni imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom mas zogjer miwodebisa da moTxovnis
kanons uwodeben: nebismieri saqonlis fasi TviTregulirdeba iqamde, vidre am
saqonlis miwodebasa da moTxovnas ar gaawonasworebs.

mrudebis gadaadgileba da mrudebis gaswvriv moZraoba

yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom, rodesac cxeli amindi nayinis fasebis zrdas
iwvevs, firmebis mier miwodebuli nayinis raodenobac izrdeba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom miwodebis mrudi igive rCeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi ekonomistebi amboben, rom
gaizarda “miwodebis raodenoba”, magram “miwodeba” ucvleli darCa.
miwodeba migviTiTebs miwodebis mrudis mdebareobaze, miwodebis raodenoba
ki - im raodenobaze, romlis gayidvac gamyidvelebs surT. am magaliTSi miwodeba
136
ar icvleba, vinaidan amindi ver axdens gavlenas firmebis survilze, Secvalon
miwodeba yoveli SesaZlo fasis dros. cxeli amindi zrdis momxmareblis survils,
yoveli mocemuli fasis dros iyidos garkveuli raodenobis nayini, da amiT iwvevs
moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebas. moTxovnis zrda fasis zrdas iwvevs. rodesac
fasi izrdeba, miwodebis raodenobac izrdeba. miwodebis raodenobis es zrda
gamoixateba miwodebis mrudis gaswvriv moZraobiT.
SevajamoT: miwodebis mrudis gadaadgilebas “miwodebis cvlileba” ewodeba,
xolo moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebas - “moTxovnis cvlileba”. miwodebis mrudis
gaswvriv gadaadgilebas “miwodebis raodenobis cvlileba” ewodeba, xolo
moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv gadaadgilebas - “moTxovnis raodenobis cvlileba”.

nax. 5.8. rogor moqmedebs moTxovnis zrda wonasworobaze.

nayinis
fasi

miwodeba

$2.50 axali wonasworoba

2.00

sawyisi
D
wonasworoba 2

D1

0 7 10
nayinis raodenoba

wyaro: [20, me-4 Tavi]

movlena, romelic iwvevs yoveli mocemuli fasis dros

saqonelze moTxovnis raodenobis zrdas, moTxovnis mruds
marjvniv gadaadgilebs. wonasworuli fasica da wonasworuli
raodenobac izrdeba. araCveulebrivad cxeli zafxuli zrdis
myidvelebis moTxovnas nayinze. moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba
D1-dan D2-Si, rac gamoiwvevs wonasworuli fasis gazrdas $2.00-
dan $2.50-mde da wonasworuli raodenobis gazrdas 7-dan 10-mde.

137
ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: alfred marSali da
faswarmoqmnis Teoria

mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikur mecnierebaSi mimdinareobda

gacxarebuli kamaTi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli ufro metad mniSvnelovania – mi-
wodeba Tu moTxovna. imave saukunis bolos am sakiTxis gadaWra iTava ingliselma
ekonomistma alfred marSalma (1842-1924).
a. marSalis mixedviT moTxovna da miwodeba SeiZleba makratlis or pirs
SevadaroT. orive maTgani saWiroa, magram imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor gviWiravs
igi, erT-erTi piri ufro aqtiuri xdeba vidre meore. msgavsad amisa, moTxovnas an
miwodebas SeuZlia ufro aqtiuri roli iTamaSos situaciis Sesabamisad, - mo-
vlenebs ganvixilavT xanmokle Tu xangrZlivi drois periodSi, anu mokle Tu
grZelvadian gegmaSi.
moklevadian gegmaSi arsebuli sikeTis maragi (da Sesabamisad maTi miwodeba),
SeiZleba CavTvaloT fiqsirebulad; amitom miwodeba ararealisturia. am periodSi
ufro ganmsazRvrelia moTxovna.

fasi

raodenoba
moTxovna da miwodeba moklevadian periodSi
grZelvadian periodSi. mewarmes SeuZlia Tavisi sawarmoo simZlavreebis ro-
gorc gazrda, aseve Semcireba – saWiroebis Sesabamisad. amitom miwodebis mrudi
SeiZleba warmovidginoT abscisa RerZis paraleluri wrfis saxiT. aq ganmsazRvre-
lia miwodeba.

138
 fasi

raodenoba

moTxovna da miwodeba grZelvadian periodSi

orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc moTxovna ise miwodeba moqmedebs fasze; magram

moklevadian periodSi, saxeldobr, saerTo moTxovnis cvlileba iwvevs fasis ga-
zrdas an Semcirebas. grZelvadian periodSi amas akeTebs saerTo miwodebis cvli-
leba.

139
 danarTi a
romeli gamosaxavs mocemul situacias?

warmoidgineT, rom miRebulia kanoni, romelic avaldebulebs xorblis yvela

mwarmoebels daaweson misi fasi 100 lari tonaze. qvemoT naCvenebi grafikebidan
(grafiki 2.12) romeli gamosaxavs mocemul situacias?

a b

g d

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. ra aris moTxovna? ganmarteT moTxovnis kanoni.
2. ra aris miwodeba? ganmarteT miwodebis kanoni.
3. daaxasiaTeT ra amocanis gadaWras isaxavs miznad alfred marSalis
faswarmoqmnis Teoria. ganmarteT moTxovnaa ufro mTavari Tu miwodeba.
4. ganmarteT da daaxasiaTeT moTxovnis elastikuroba da miwodebis
elastikuroba.

140
 meeqvse Tavi
Semosavali, danaxarjebi, mogeba

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 warmoebis faqtorTa kombinaciis SerCeva.
 klebadi ukugebis kanoni.
 warmoebis danaxarjebis saxeebi.
 mogebis maqsimizaciis strategia.
 warmoebis masStabebis zrdis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi efeqti.
 karl marqsis zedmeti Rirebulebebis Teoria.

ESemosavali, danaxarjebi, mogeba

Tavidanve SevTanxmdeT, rom mewarmes teqnologisagan gansxvavebiT ar ainte-
resebs, Tu (magaliTad) konkretuli markis ramdeni tona foladia saWiro ama Tu im
detalis gamosaSvebad. misTvis upirveles yovlisa imis codnaa saWiro, Tu ra eR-
ireba mTeli warmoeba da ra mogeba SeuZlia mas miiRos. am wesidan, cxadia, ar-
sebobs gamonaklisic. cnobilia, magaliTad, Tu holivudis erT-erTi msxvili kino-
kompaniis xelmZRvaneli samuel holdvini ra didxans da gatacebiT esaubra bernand
Sous “pigmalionis” ekranizaciis proeqtze. didma mweralma kinomagnats saubari am
sityvebiT Seawyvetina: “Cven ver SevZlebT TqvenTan SeTanxmebas batono holdvin.
amis mizezi ki imaSia, rom Tqven, etyoba, yvelaze metad xelovneba gainteresebT, me
ki am SemTxvevaSi fuli mafiqrebs”.
“normaluri” mewarme ar eSmakobs roca aRiarebs, rom mas fuli ainteresebs.
amitom igi problemas xedavs fasebSi – warmoebul produqciasa da warmoebis
faqtorebze. amasTan, iyenebs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa: Semosavali, danaxarjebi,
mogeba. mivceT ganmarteba am ZiriTad cnebebs.
mas, rasac mewarme miiRebs Tavisi produqtis gayidviT ewodeba saerTo Semo-
savali anu saerTo amonagebi. igi damokidebulia saqonlis gasayid fassa da gayi-
duli saqonlis raodenobaze. rogorc Cven wina Tavidan viciT, orive es sidide –
sabazro fasebi da gasaRebuli produqtis moculoba – erTmaneTis mimarT ukupro-
porciul damokidebulebaSi imyofebian.
is, rasac mewarme xarjavs warmoebis resursebis SesaZenad, Seadgens mis da-
naxarjebs anu xarjebs. sxvaoba Semosavalsa da danaxarjebs Soris warmoadgens me-
warmis mogebas. Cveulebriv, “saqmis wamosawyebad” mewarme qiraobs muSebs da uxdis
maT xelfass, iZens dazgebsa da mowyobilobebs (fuls uxdis maT mwarmoeblebs), yi-
dulobs an arendiT iRebs Senobas (angariSs asworebs mis mflobelTan) da a.S. es
aris e.w. gareSe danaxarjebi, anu danaxarjebi im resursebze, romelic sawarmos
sakuTrebas ar Seadgens. aseT danaxarjebs cxad danaxarjebsac uwodeben.
saqme rTuldeba maSin, roca sakiTxi exeba TviT mewarmis Semosavals. imisaT-
vis rom mewarmem xeli mokidos warmoebis organizacias, misi Semosavali ar unda
iyos imaze naklebi, rasac is miiRebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi Tavis mewarmeobriv
talants, rogorc resurss, sxva mwarmoebels mihyidis. am sidides zogjer normal-
ur mogebas uwodeben. Tu mewarme normalur mogebas ar Rebulobs (da garkveul-
141
wilad zaraldeba) maSin gamodis, rom igi Secdomas uSvebs, rameTu akeTebs imas,
rac misi saqme araa – risi niWic mas ar gaaCnia.
politekonomiaSi didi xania warmoebs dava – mewarmeobrivi Semosavali mie-
kuTvnos xarjebs Tu mogebas. misi aRniSvnisaTvis arsebobs specialuri termini –
Sida danaxarjebi, anu cxadi danaxarjebi, gansxvavebiT sxva – gareSe xarjebisagan.
danaxarjebTan dakavSirebulia ori sxva cnebac – buRaltruli da ekonomiku-
ri mogeba.
buRaltruli mogeba es aris sxvaoba saerTo amonagebsa da gareSe xarjebs
Soris.
ekonomikuri mogeba – sxvaobaa saerTo amonagebsa da Sida da gareSe danaxar-
jebis jams Soris. gasagebia, rom ekonomikuri mogeba naklebia buRaltrul mogeba-
ze Sida danaxarjebis sididiT. mewarmis mizania miiRos rac SeiZleba meti ekonomi-
kuri mogeba. sruli konkurenciis pirobebSi (romelsac Cven ganvixilavT) saqonel-
ze fasebi araa damokidebuli mewarmis nebasurvilze. amitom, mogebis maqsimumis mi-
Rebis mizniT igi cdilobs minimumamde Seamciros danaxarjebi. es SesaZlebelia
mxolod resursebis optimaluri kombinaciis saSualebiT.


buRaltruli mogeba=saerTo amonagebs-gare danaxarjebi
ekonomikuri mogeba = saerTo amonagebs – Sida da gare
danaxarjebi
Ewarmoebis faqtorebis kombinaciis arCeva

ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi. davuSvaT damwyebma mewarmem, giorgi imedaZem

“saqmeSi Casadebad” fuli daagrova da fexsacmlis fabrikis gaxsn a gadawyvita. ra
gaakeTos man? unda daiqiravos Senoba, iyidos an arendiT aiRos mowyobiloba,
daiqiravos muSebi da mmarTveli (Tu TviTon ar surs xeli mokidos warmoebis or-
ganizacias); moimaragos nedleuli – tyavi, Zafi, lursmnebi da a.S. giorgi imedaZis
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxsrebi SezRudulia, amitom man, pirvel rigSi, is unda
gaarkvios, Tu konkretulad ramdenis daxarjva SeuZlia Senobasa da mowyobiloba-
ze, ramdenis – nedleulis SeZenaze da ramdenisa – muSebis Sromis anazRaurebaze;
sxvanairad, is – Tu rogori unda iyos fabrikaSi warmoebis faqtorebis kombinacia.
mas SeuZlia, magaliTad, Tavisi saxsrebis didi nawili daxarjos yvelaze srulyo-
fili (Tanamedrove) mowyobilobis SeZenaze da daiqiravos ramdenime maRalkvali-
ficiuri muSaki. an piriqiT, arendiT aiRos naklebad Tanamedrove, iaffasiani
mowyobiloba, magram daiqiravos meti muSaxeli. SeiZleba virtuozuli mewaReebis
daqiraveba da saSualo kvalifikaciis muSebisac. fexsacmlis Sekerva SeiZleba
tyavis Semcvlelisagan da ZviradRirebuli egzotikuri cxovelebis, vTqvaT, niangis
tyavisganac. sxvanairad, praqtikulad arsebobs warmoebis calkeul faqtorebze
xarjebis gaRebis SesaZleblobaTa uamravi kombinacia. cxadia, Sedegebic, Sesabami-
sad, sxvadasxva iqneba.

142
 davuSvaT, Cveni mewarme SeCerda “oqros Sualedze” da amoirCia arc Tu ise
ZviradRirebuli mowyobiloba, saSualo kvalifikaciis muSebi da normalurad na-
keTebi tyavi. magram amiT arCevis problema misTvis ar amoiwureba. amis Semdeg man
unda gaiangariSos, Tu ramdeni dazga, muSa da ra raodenobis nedleuli iqneba sa-
Wiro imisaTvis, raTa danaxarjebi iyos minimaluri, xolo mogeba maqsimaluri.
Eklebadi sargeblianobis kanoni
gamoSvebis amgvar zrdas, romelic erTeul damatebiT resursze (aq muSaze) mo-
dis, ewodeba zRvruli produqti, anu zRvruli mwarmoebluroba. paralelurad
izrdeba saSualo mwarmoeblurobac, anu produqtis moculoba, romelic yovel
muSakze modis. erTi muSis gamoyenebisas saSualo mwarmoebluroba (aseve zRvruli
mwarmoebluroba da gamoSvebis mTliani moculobac) Seadgens 50 wyvil fexsacmels,
ori muSis pirobebSi – 55-s, (110:2), samu muSis dros – 60-s (180:3).
am warmatebiT frTebSesxmuli Cveni mewarme ueWvelad gadawyvets daiqiravos,
barem, me-4 muSac, magram rogorc ki igi amas gaakeTebs, maSinve SeamCnevs, rom oTx-
kacian koleqtivs dRiurad 240-ze meti fexsacmlis Sekerva ukve aRar SeuZlia. me-4
muSaze mosuli zRvruli produqti ufro mcirea, vidre me-3 muSaze iyo da Seadgens
60-s (240-180) nacvlad 70-isa. amasTan, saSualo mwarmoebluroba igive darCeba – 60
wyvili (240:4), radgan me-4 muSis zRvruli mwarmoebluroba sami muSis saSualo
mwarmoeblurobas gautolda. me-5 muSakis daqiravebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebis
moculoba, marTalia, gaizrdeba 280 erteulamde (zRvruli mwarmoebluroba gaxde-
ba 40), magram saSualo mwarmoebluroba daiklebs 56-mde (280:5). SemdgomSi mdgoma-
reoba kidev ufro gauaresdeba: me-6 muSis zRvruli mwarmoebluroba Semcirdeba 20-
mde, xolo me-7 muSis daqiraveba gamoiwvebs warmoebis Sekvecas (Semcirebas) 20
wyvili fexsacmliT. Ees yovelive kargad Cans cxrilSi 6.1.
cxrili 6.1
fexsacmlis warmoeba giorgi imedaZis fabrikis mier
(wyvilebis raodenoba dReSi)

Tu warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebuli resursebis nawili ucvleli rCeba da

mas emateba meore mzardi resursi, maSin Tavdapirvelad gamoSvebis moculoba
SeiZleba gaizardos, magram Semdeg aucileblad dadgeba momenti, roca warmoebaSi
CarTuli damatebiTi resursebi sul ufro da ufro nakleb sargebels mogvcemen.
movaxdinoT am kanonis grafikuli ilustrireba. cxrilis monacemebiT avagoT
grafiki, risTvisac abscisaze gadavzooT Sromis danaxarjebi (muSebis raodenoba),

143
xolo ordinatze, maTi mwarmoebluroba. rogorc saSualo, aseve zRvruli
mwarmoeblurobis grafikebs gaaCniaT amozneqili mrudebis saxe. amasTan,
ukanaskneli pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro cicabod eSveba Zirs. 1 ubanSi zRvruli
mwarmoebluroba zrdadia, meoreSi klebadi, xolo me-3 ubanSi igi uaryofiTi xdeba.
mwarmoebluroba

I II III
70
saSualo mwarmoebluroba
60
50
40
zRvruli mwarmoebluroba
30
20
10

-10
1 2 3 4 5 6
-20
7 muSakTa ricxvi

Nnax. 6.1. saSualo da zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis

mrudebi

klebadi sargeblianobis kanoni SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT. warmoebis

faqtorTa mxolod garkveuli kombinaciis dros SeiZleba iyos mTeli sistemis
mwarmoebluroba maqsimaluri.
Tu am optimalur sistemas emateba romelime erTi faqtori ise, rom danarCeni
faqorebis raodenoba ucvleli rCeba, maSin am damatebiTi faqtoris da masTan er-
Tad mTeli sistemis mwarmoebluroba iwyebs Semcirebas
Emudmivi, cvladi da saerTo danaxarjebi
mudmivi ewodeba iseT danaxarjebs, romelTa sidideze ar moqmedebs warmoebis
moculobis cvlileba. maT miekuTvneba, magaliTad, Senobis qira, gacveTili
mowyobilobis remontisaTvis saWiro anaricxebi, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi, pro-
centebi kreditebze, xelfasi martvis aparatis personalze da a.S.
cvladi danaxarjebi iseTi danaxarjebia, romelTa sidide icvleba gamoSvebis
moculobis cvlilebisagan damokidebulebiT. mas miekuTvneba danaxarjebi
nedleulze, eleqtroenergiaze, satransporto momsaxurebaze, ZiriTadi personalis
(muSis) Sromis anazRaurebaze.

144
avtomobilis saburavebis mwarmoeblis danaxarjebis saxeebi (larebSi)

marTalia, warmoebis moculobis gazrdiT cvladi danaxarjebic matulobs, ma-

gram es xdeba araTanabrad. Tavdapirvelad zrda nela warmoebs (Cvens magaliTSi
me-7 saTamaSomde), xolo Semdeg (gansakuTrebiT mecxredan) tempi mkveTrad izrdeba,
rac igive zRvruli sargeblianobis kanoniT SeiZleba aixsnas. drois gansazRvrul
SualedSi zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis zrda niSnavs cvladi danaxarjebis sul ufro
nakleb matebas produqciis yoveli damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze. Sesabamisad,
cvladi danaxarjebis
jamic klebadi tempis mixedviT izrdeba. magram garkveuli momentidan
moyolebuli, roca zRvruli mwarmoebluroba (klebadi sargeblianobis kanonis
Tanaxmad) iwyebs dacemas, maSin yoveli damatebiTi erTeuli produqciis warmoebaze
saWiro xdeba sul ufro meti cvladi xarjebis gaReba, ris gamoc maTi (am danaxar-
jebis) jamuri sididec zrdadi tempiT ganicdis matebas.saerTo danaxarjebi cvladi
da mudmivi danaxarjebis jamis tolia, amitom igi imave kanoniT ganicdis
cvlilebas, rac cvladi danaxarjebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
produqciis gamoSvebis yoveli mocemuli moculobisaTvis saerTo danaxar-
jebis mniSvneloba metia cvlad danaxarjebze erTi da imave mudmivi danaxarjebis
sididiT. es mdgomareoba warmodgenilia grafikze. mewarmisaTvis principuli mniS-
vneloba gaaCnia mudmiv da cvlad danaxarjebs Soris gansxvavebas, radgan
resursebis optimaluri kombinaciis arCevisas mis kontrols eqvemdebareba cvladi
da ara mudmivi xarjebi.

saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebi

saSualo danaxarjebi erTeul produqciaze mosuli danaxarjebia. saSualo
SeiZleba iyos rogorc saerTo, aseve mudmivi da cvladi danaxarjebic. cxrilSi
isini warmogenilia me-5, me-6 da me-7 svetebSi.

145
 produqciis gamoSvebis gazrdisas saSualo danaxarjebis cvlileba gansxvavde-
ba jamuri saerTo danaxarjebis cvlilebisagan. saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi,
miiReba mudmivi saerTo danaxarjebis gayofiT gamoSvebuli produqciis raodeno-
baze. amasTan, radgan mudmivi jamuri danaxarjebi ganmartebis Tanaxmad mudmivia da
araa damokidebuli produqciis moculobaze, amitom misi sidide erTeul produ-
qciaze gaangariSebiT Semcirebas ganicdis warmoebis gadidebis kvalobaze.
saSualo cvladi danaxarjebi, Tavidan klebadia, magram Semdeg matebas iwyebs
klebadi sargeblianobis kanonidan gamomdinare.
danaxarjebi
saerTo danaxarjebi
1100
1000
900
800 cvalebadi danaxarjebi
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
saTamaSoebis raodenoba
ekonomikuri azris istoriidan: karl marqsis (1818-1883) zedmeti
Rirebulebis Teoria

karl marqsi daibada germaniis qalaq trirSi SeZlebuli advokatis ojaxSi.

bonisa da berlinis universitetebSi Seiswavla iurisprudencia, istoria da
filosofia. 1843-1843 ww. muSaobda ‚rainis gazeTSi“, 1843 w. parizSi gamoscemda ‚ger-
manul-frangul weliwdeuls“ (gamovida mxolod erTi nomeri). avstriaSi 1948 w.
revoluciis Semdeg, romelsac igi aqtiurad uWerda mxars, marqsi iZulebuli gaxda
daetovebina kontinentaluri evropa da 1849 w. gadavida londonSi, sadac mTlianad
misca Tavi Teoriul gamokvlevebs politikuri ekonomiis sferoSi.
„kapitalis“ - maqsis mTavari ekonomikuri nawarmoebis - pirveli tomi gam-
oqveynda 1867 w. da pirveli internacionalis liderebis gamoTqmiT, „muSaTa klasis
biblia„ gaxda. meore da mesame tomebi dasabeWdad momzadda marqsis megobrisa da
Tanamoazris fridrix engelsis mier da dRis sinaTleze gamovidnen ukve marqsis
sikvdilis Semdeg 1885 da 1894 ww.
marqsis nawarmoebebma uceb ar moipoves aRiareba, magram misi
mowinaaRmdegeebic ki yovelTvis aRiarebdnen ‚kapitalis„ rkinis logikas“: miiReb
ra mis amosaval debulebebs, aucilebelia aRiaro daskvnebic. marqsis ekonomikuri
moZRvrebis qvakuTxedia zedmeti Rirebulebis Teoria.

146
 Rirebulebis „substancias“, werda marqsi, qmnis saqonelSi ganviTarebuli ab-
straqtuli adamianis sroma. sabazro fasebi mxolod meryeoben Rirebulebis garSe-
mo moTxovnisa da miwodebis zemoqmedebiT. magram Rirebuleba - aris ara nivTieri
kategoria, aramed adamianTa sazogadoebrivi urTierToba warmoebis processi. am-
itom kapitalizmis pirobebSi saqonlis Rirebuleba, sami Semadgenlisagan yalibde-
ba: C+V+M, sadac C -aris warmoebis procesSi gacveTili warmoebis saSualebebis
Rirebuleba, V - daqiravebul muSaTa samuSao Zalis Rirebuleba da M -zedmeti
Rirebuleba.
muSa kapitalis mihyidis Tavis samuSao Zalas, e.i. Sromis unars. misi samuSao
Zalis Rirebuleba (V) tolia im saxsrebis Rirebulebisa, romelic aucilebelia mu-
Sisa da misi ojaxis Senaxvisa da sicocxlis kvlavwarmoebisaTvis. magram warmoebis
procesSi daqiravebuli muSa qmnis met Rirebulebas, vidre misi samuSao Zalis
Rirebuleba (V+M). sxvaoba daqiravebuli muSis mier axlad Seqmnil Rirebulebasa
da misi sasualo Zalis Rirebulebas Soris qmnis zedmet Rirebulebas (M). mas
muqTad iTvisebs kapitalisti rogorc warmoebis saSualebebis mesakuTre. amitom
kapitalisturi warmoebis procesi warmoadgens daqiravebuli muSis eqspluataciis
process.
albaT, arcerT ekonomikur Teorias da arcerT ekonomikur nawarmoebs ar
gamouwvevia iseTi boboqari da Seurigebeli dava, rogorc marqsis „kapitals“ da
mis zedmeti Rirebulebis Teorias.

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis

1. ganmarteT, rogor gamoiTvleba buRaltruli mogeba da ekonomikuri

mogeba.
2. daaxasiaTeT, ras niSnavs klebadi sargeblianobis kanoni.
3. ganmarteT, rogor danaxarjebs ewodeba mudmivi, cvladi da saerTo da-
naxarjebi.
4. ganmarteT, ras ewodeba saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebi.
5. ganmarteT, rogor exmareba mewarmes zRvruli danaxarjebis analizi
mogebis maqsimizaciis strategiis CamoyalibebaSi.
6. raSi gamoixateba warmoebis masStabis zrdis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
efeqti.
7. k. marqsis zedmeti Rirebulebis Teoria.

147
 meSvide Tavi
mewarmeoba

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 i.Sumpeteris Teoria mewarmeobis rogorc resursis da misi
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb;
 mewarmeobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formebis Tanafardoba;
 individualuri kerZo (erTpirovnuli) sawarmo;
 amxanagoba (partnioroba);
 saaqcio sazogadoeba;
 mewarmeobis sxva samarTlebrivi formebi;
 samewarmeo saqmianobis mowyobis safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi;
 samamulo mewarmeobis saTaveebTan;

“Rone qveynisa marto niWieri da mxne kacia. qveyana imiT ki ar aris

uZluri, rom Raribia, aramed imiT, rom mcodne, gonebagaxsnili,
gulanTebuli kacebi ara hyavs”.
ilia WavWavaZe

i. Sumpeteris Teoria mewarmeobis da mewarmis arsis Sesaxeb

iozef aloiz Sumpeteri (1883-1950)

iozef aloiz Sumpeteri (Sumpeter) daibada 1883 wlis 8 Tebervals q.

triSSi – moraviaSi (avstro-ungreTis imperiis nawili), igi iyo me-
warme aloiz Sumpeteris da misi meuRlis ioanas erTaderTi Svili).
iozefma 1901 wels swavla venis universitetis iuridiul fakultet-
ze daiwyo. man swavlis simZimis centri Tavidanve erovnuli
politekonomiis Seswavlaze gadaitana da adreve gaecni avstriuli
skolis cnobili warmomadgenlebis, kerZod, fridrix fon vizeris da
oigen fon bem-baverkis (romelic, 1904 wels finansTa ministrobidan
gadadgomis Semdeg, venis universitetSi moRvawobda) ekonomikur
Sexedulebebs. 1906 wels igi samarTlis doqtori gaxda da Semdeg oqs-
fordsa da kembrijs ewvia.
i. Sumpeteri 1907-1908 ww. kairos saerTaSoriso tribunalSi advo-
katad moRvawobda, SemdgomSi man venis universitetis samarTlis da

148
sazogadoebriv-politikur fakultetze daiwyo muSaoba: jer privat-
docentad, Semdeg ki politekonomiis profesorad (1909).
1919-20 ww. iyo avstriis finansTa ministri, 1921-25ww. – avstriaSi
komerciuli bankis prezidenti. 1932-1950 wlebSi Sumpeteri harvardis
universitetis profesoria. 1935 wels mexikosa da monrealis universi-
tetebSi leqciebis wakiTxvis mizniT, man amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
orjer datova.
1954 wels Sumpeteris meore meuRlem elisabed bodma, romelzedac
1937 wels daqorwinda Sumpeteris yofili asistentis daxmarebiT ga-
mosca misi daumTavrebeli Sroma – “ekonomikuri analizis istoria”.
iozef Sumpeteri 1937-1941 ww. iyo “ekonometrikosTa sazogadoebis”
prezidenti, xolo 1948 wels “amerikis ekonomistTa asociaciis” prezi-
denti. gardaicvala 1950 wlis ianvarSi taqonikSi (aSS), sakuTar agarak-
ze.
Sumpeteri miiCnevda, rom sargebeli ganviTarebis produqtia,
romelic mewarmis mogebidan gamomdinareobs. igi konkretul qonebas
ar ukavSirdeba. es debuleba misi sargeblis Teoriis baziss warmoad-
gens.
Sumpeteris mier mewarmeobis da mewarmis arsis gaxsnis Semdeg me-
warmeobrivi unari aRiarebuli iqna warmoebis meoTxe faqtorad, moge-
ba ki mewarmis da ara kapitalis Semosavlad, rogorc es J.b. seis sam-
faqtorian modelSi iTvleboda. Sumpeteri ganixilavs 5 axal kombina-
cias, romelsac unda axorcielebdes sawarmo. es kombinaciebia:
1. momxmareblebisaTvis jer kidev ucnobi simdidris damzadeba an
romelime axali xarisxis mqone simdidris Seqmna;
2. warmoebis axali, jer kidev ucnobi meTodis danergva;
3. gasaRebis axali bazrebis aTviseba, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobda Tu
ara aseTi bazrebi;
4. nedleulis an naxevarfabrikatebis axali wyaroebis aTviseba, da-
moukideblad imisa, arsebobda is manamde, Tu ara;
5. Sesabamisi reorganizaciis ganxorcieleba.
Sumpeteri mewarmeebs uwodebs im sameurneo subieqtebs, romelTa
funqciaa axali kombinaciebis ganxorcieleba. igi aRniSnavs, rom yvela
damoukidebeli sameurneo subieqti ar aris mewarme, romelic saqmi-
anobs Tavisi riskiTa da pasuxismgeblobiT, rom sakuTrebis ufleba
sawarmosa an nebismier sxva qonebaze ar waroadgens arsebiT niSans me-
149
warmeobisTvis, rom ara mxolod glexebi da xelosnebi, romelTac
zogjer miakuTvneben mewarmeebs, aramed mrewvelebi, fabrikantebi,
komersantebi, romlebic mudmivad xvdebian am jgufSi, yovelTvis
srulebiTac ar arian mewarmeebi. amasTan, mewarme aucileblad unda
iRebdes mogebas.

i. Sumpeteris @~axali kombinaciebis~ damatebebi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mewarmeoba gagebuli unda iqnes, rogorc

sameurneo saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romlis drosac adgili
aqvs inovaciebis (“axali kombinaciebis”) ganxorcielebas da romelic
iZleva mogebas. mewarme ki aris ekonomikuri subieqti, romelic eweva
mewarmeobas, anu flobs mewarmeobriv unars. amasTan, vinaidan i.
Sumpeteris Semdeg ekonomikurma Teoriam da praqtikam didi
cvlilebebi ganicada, mis “axal kombinaciebs” unda daematos Semdegi
kombinaciebi:
1. instituciebis srulyofa (mikrodoneze);
2. adamianiseuli kapitalis srulyofa;
3. maRali teqnologiebis Seqmna (an aTviseba);
4. informaciis srulyofa.

mTavari daskvna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom unda mivakuTvnoT me-

warmeoba resursebs

imisaTvis, rom warmoidgino rogori adamiania mewarme, unda

gaixseno warmoebisaTvis saWiro sami saxis resursi: bunebrivi, Sro-
miTi da sawarmoo resursebi. vTqvaT, gvaqvs yvela CamoTvlili resur-
si. es, ra Tqma unda, saqmis naxevaria, magram es xom sakmarisi ar aris?!
saqmis, warmoebis dasawyebad am sami resursis Zalian gonivruli Seer-
Teba aris saWiro da swored es unda iTavos mewarmem. man swori pasuxi
unda gasces ekonomikis oTx mTavar kiTxvas: Zalian mcodne unda iyos,
bevri ram Tavad unda gadawyvitos, e.i. damoukidebeli unda iyos, sxvebs
unda uxelmZRvanelos, e.i. Taosani unda iyos da a.S. da a. S, swored ami-
tom iyo, rom ekonomistebma resursebs meoTxe resursic miumates. es

150
resursi mewarmeobis unaria. vfiqrob, axla Sen TviTon Camower im
zedsarTav saxelebs, romelic namdvilad mewarmes mouxdeba.

6. Taosani,
unda viyo: 3. riskiani,
5. profesionali, 8. --------------,
1. mcodne,
7. --------------,

2. gabeduli, 9. --------------,

4. damoukidebeli,

mewarmeobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi

formebis Tanafardoba

msoflios bevr qveyanaSi sawarmos samarTlebrivi forma SeiZleba

misi (sawarmos) saxelwodebiT ganvsazRvroT. mag., arsebuli wesebis
Tanaxmad, firmis saxelwodebaSi, romelic erT adamians ekuTvnis,
miRebulia mesakuTris saxelis Cveneba. ase, mag., “jon-smiti”, - batoni
smitis erTpirovnul mflobelobas niSnavs. amxanagobis saxelwodebaSi,
rogorc wesi, CairTveba TanamesakuTreTa saxelebi, an ert-erTis sax-
eli mainc.
Tu amxanagobis mepaied naTesavebi iTvleba, esec mis dasaxelebaSi
aisaxeba. ase, mag., abra - “Zmebi bruskebi”- imas niSnavs, rom sawarmo
miekuTvneba bruskebis ojaxis wevrebs (araa aucilebeli - mxolod
Zmebs).
saaqcio sazogadoebis dasaxelebaSi, aseve CairTveba sawarmos sa-
marTlebrivi formis maCvenebeli. aSS-Si, mag., gamoiyeneba Semokleba -
Inc., did britaneTSi -Ltd., germaniaSi -AG, safrangeTSi - SA da a.S.
151
 Cvens qveyanaSi, amasTan dakavSirebiT, jer kidev ar arsebobs myari
wesebi. saaqcio sazogadoebas, Cveulebriv, gamosaxaven SemoklebiT - AO
SeiZleba SevxvdeT sxva Semoklebul aRniSvnebsac. mag., AOOT (Ria tipis
saaqcio sazogadoeba). zogierTi mewarme amjobinebs Tavis sawarmos
daarqvas ucxour stilze, vTqvaT - “merkuri ltd”.
sabazro mewarmeoba dafuZnebulia “sam veSapze” (formaze). es aris
erTpirovnuli mflobeloba, amxanagoba da saaqcio sazogadoeba. aR-
niSnuli sqema sayovelTao da universaluria, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi
arsebobs garkveuli Taviseburebanic. samrewvelo ganviTarebul
qveynebSi am format raodenobrivi Tanafardoba metnaklebad Tanazo-
madi da msgavsia. mag., dReisaTvis aSS-Si registrirebuli sawarmoebis
70% erTpirovnul mflobelobas Seadgens, romelSic mesakuTre ga-
nagebs sameurneo saqmianobas. masze modis mTliani saqonelbrunvis 7%
da mogebis 25%. bevri maTgani, Cveni terminologiis mixedviT „mcire
sawarmos” warmoadgens, rogoricaa: maRaziebi, saparikmaxeroebi, kafe,
fexsacmlis atelie, mcire samSeneblo firmebi da a.S.
amxanagoba, rogorc wesi, biznesis naklebad gavrcelebuli formaa.
aSS-Si masze modis sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobis 10% dა saerTo brun-
vis daaxloebiT 4%. amxanagobis umravlesoba Tavmoyrilia safinanso
sferoSi, sadazRvevo saqmeSi, uZravi qonebiT vaWrobaSi da a.S.
dabolos, sawarmoTa 20% aSS-Si korporaciad wodebuli saaqcio
sazogadoebebia. maT mesakuTred iTvlebian isini, romelTac mocemuli
sawarmos aqciebi (sakuTrebis wili) gaaCniaT. korporaciebze modis
saerTo saqonelbrunvis daaxloebiT 90% da mogebis 3/4. aSS-Si msxvili
samrewvelo da savaWro sawarmoebis umravlesoba korporacias war-
moadgens; maT Sorisaa msoflioSi cnobili iseTi kompaniebi, rogori-
caa “jeneral motorsi”, ATT da sxva (nax. 7.1).

152
 nax.7.1. sxvadasxva tipis sawarmoTa wili aSS-is ekonomikaSi
a) sawarmoTa ricxvis mixedviT

amxanagoba
saaqcio sazogadoeba

10%

20%
70%

erTpirovnuli
mflobeloba amxanagoba
b) saerTo brunvis mixedviT

4%
7%

89%

saaqcio erTpirovnuli
sazogadoeba mflobeloba

individualuri kerZo (erTpirovnuli) sawarmo

es aris kerZo mewarmeobis yvelaze martivi da yvelaze Zveli tipi. sawarmos
yvela saSualebebs (fondebs) flobs erTi mesakuTre, romelic damoukideblad wy-
vets sakiTxs, Tu ra, rogor da visTvis awarmoos; igi erTpirovnulad ganagebs
miRebul Semosavlebs, akisria SeuzRudavi materialuri pasuxismgebloba sxva
sawarmoTa (organizaciebis) mimarT da pasux agebs valdebulebebze mTeli Tavisi
qonebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi mewarme dakargavs ara marto
saqmeSi Cadebul qonebas, aramed (Tu es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda) pirad qonebasac ki -
saxls, manqanas (Tu aseTi gaaCnia) da sxvas. amis perspeqtiva ki savsebiT realuria.
statistikis Tanaxmad, erTpirovnuli sawarmoebi yovelwliurad ufro meti ko-
trdeba, vidre axali iqmneba, magram miuxedavad amisa, erTpirovnuli meurneoba
153
jer kidev rCeba biznesis metad gavrcelebul formad ganviTarebuli sabazro
ekonomikis qveynebSi, da es SemTxveviTi araa. mas, udavod, mteli rigi Rirsebebi
gaaCnia.
erTpirovnuli sawarmos Rirsebebi
dRevandeli biznesmenebisaTvis, ise rogorc maTi winamorbedebisaTvis, me-
warmeobis erTpirovnuli formis mimzidveloba unda aixsnas, upirveles yovlisa,
erTi metad tevadi sityviT - `mepatrone” afuZnebs ra Tavis sawarmos, misi
mflobeli ganagebs mTels warmoebas da, Sesabamisad, miRebul ukugebas. sxva
formebis SemTxvevaSi ki mogeba unda gaiyos TanamesakuTreTa Soris. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, aq materialuri dainteresebis principi moqmedebs metad mkafiod da
qmnis stimuls efeqturi SromisaTvis.
meore mxriv, biznesis erTpirovnuli forma yvelaze martivia misi dafuZnebis
proceduris, meurneobis warmarTvisa da sawarmos likvidaciis TvalsazrisiTac.
amisaTvis saWiro araa centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan raime specialuri ne-
barTva da sakiTxi wydeba adgilobriv doneze. ramdenadac mTeli sawarmos saqmi-
anobaze kontroli Tavmoyrilia erTi adamianis xelSi, amitom mas SeuZlia
damoukideblad, SeTanxmebis, kamaTisa Tu biurokratiuli gaWiamurebis gareSe mii-
Ros yvela saWiro gadawyvetileba axal wamowyebasTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa,
vidre mesakuTre regularulad da gamarTulad ixdis angariSgebis mixedviT, igi
uflebas inarCunebs nebismier momentSi Sewyvitos Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianoba.
mesamec, saaqcio sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT erTpirovnuli mesakuTre Tavis
Semosavlebidan ixdis mxolod erT gadasaxads da, amdenad, saxelmwifo xazinaSi
Seaqvs mogebis mcire nawili.
amasTan erTad, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme, Rirsebas Tavisi ukana (meore)
mxarec gaaCnia.
erTpirovnuli sawarmos naklovanebebi
erTpirovnuli mflobelobis mTavari naklia maRali riski. SeuzRudavi pasux-
ismgeblobis principidan gamomdinare, individualuri kerZo sawarmos mepatronem
SesaZlebelia dakargos ara marto saqmeSi Cadebuli qoneba, aramed mTeli Tavisi
piradi qonebac.
miuxedavad qrestomatiuli magaliTebisa Seupovari SromiTa (ofliT) da gam-
WriaxobiT mopovebuli milionebis Sesaxeb, bevri ver axerxebs saqmis seriozul
gafarToebas. warmoebis gazrda SezRudulia mepatronis piradi saxsrebiT da im
sesxebiT, romelic mas SeuZlia bankidan gamoitanos. es ukanaskneli ki, rogorc we-
si, didi araa.
dabolos, erTpirovnuli meurneoba nakleb xangrZlivmoqmedia vidre biznesis
sxva formebi. iuridiulad igi Tavis arsebobas wyvets mflobelis gar-
dacvalebasTan erTad. saqmes, zogjer, TviT memkvidris Canacvlebac ver Svelis,
radgan amas SeuZlia daafrTxos Zveli klientebi da Seqmnas seriozuli gar-
Tulebebi. mTlianobaSi, bevri rame damokidebulia mewarmis pirovnebaze. swored
amitom, sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi cxovreba gamosdis ara yvela unarian
adamians.

154
amxanagoba (partnioroba)
amxanagoba, es, ukve, ara individualuri, aramed biznesis organizaciis
koleqtiuri formaa. misi SeqmnisaTvis ori an meti piri debs xelSekrulebas
sawarmos erTobliv mflobelobaze. isini aerTianeben TavianT kerZo kapitals (sa-
kuTars an nasesxebs), valdebulebas iReben sawarmos valebis gastumrebaze (gada-
xdaze) da Tanxmdebian mogebis ganawilebaze.
partniorebs srul amxanagobaSi, ise rogorc erTpirovnul meurneobaSi,
akisriaT SeuzRudavi materialuri pasuxismgebloba. gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi
valebis dasafaravad SeiZleba gaiyidos maTi piradi qonebac. amasTan, part-
niorebis pasuxismgebloba valebze, rogorc wesi, aris “solidaruli”. es imas niS-
navs, rom Tu qonebrivi sarCeli, romelic wayenebulia amxanagobis erT-erTi wev-
ris mimarT ar kmayofildeba (ar ifareba - T.g.) misi wili qonebidan, maSin igi
gadanawildeba danarCen partniorebzec. es imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom bevr
qveyanaSi, maT Soris ruseTSic, sruli (anu Cveulebrivi) amxanagoba ar warmoadgens
damoukidebel iuridiul pirs. iuridiul pasuxismgeblobas atarebs TiToeuli
partniori cal-calke, magram ara sawarmo - mTlianad.
amxanagoba iTvleba individualuri kerZo formis sawarmos bunebriv
gagrZelebad. igi aRmocenda, mniSvnelovanwilad, am ukanasknelis zogierTi
naklovanebis dasaZlevad, amitom gaaCnia rogorc rigi saerTo, aseve zogierTi
Taviseburebani.

amxanagobis Rirsebebi
erTpirovnuli meurneobis msgavsad amxanagobis Rirsebad iTvleba dafuZnebis
martivi procedura (adgilobrivi xelisuflebis doneze); misi wevrebic TavianTi
Semosavlebidan ixdian erTi saxis gadasaxads. garda amisa, ramdenadac mewarmeobis
aseTi forma dafuZnebulia ramdenime piris kapitalis gaerTianebaze, amitom, cxa-
dia, misi finansuri SesaZleblobani mniSvnelovnad aRemateba individualuri ker-
Zo meurneobis resursebs. mas, garda amisa, gaaCnia garkveuli SeRavaTebi kred-
itebis miRebaSic.
amxanagobis meore, mniSvnelovan, Rirsebas, erTpirovnul mflobelobasTan
SedarebiT, warmoadgens didi moqniloba, rac “urTierTSemavsebeli talantebis”
SeerTebiT miiReba. ukve qrestomaTiul magaliTad iqca “Zmebi uornerebis” ojax-
uri amxanagoba, romelic me-20 saukuneSi gadaiqca holivudis erT-erT msxvil kom-
paniad. 1907 wels uornerebi - 4 Zma da erTi da qmnis, Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
kinosalons. semi uorneri kinomeqanikosobs, olberti - agebs farduls da pasux-
ismgeblobas iRebs Senobaze, hari muSaobs salaroSi; roza ukravs pianinoze da uz-
runvelyofs musikalur akompaniments, xolo jeki popularuli simRerebiT sazoga-
doebas arTobs Sesvenebebze. am xuTeulis Semosavali kviraSi 300 dolars Seadgen-
da da es imaze meti iyo vidre maTi mamis, xorcis fardulis mflobelis, Tviuri
Semosavali.

155
amxanagobis naklovanebebi
msgavsad individualuri kerZo sawarmosi, sruli amxanagobis uaryofiT
mxares miekuTvneba (upirveles yovlisa) maRali riski, ramdenadac mis wevrebzec
vrceldeba SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis principi. amasTan, Tumca amxanagobis fi-
nansuri SesaZleblobani aRemateba erTpirovnuli meurneobis SesaZleblobebs, ma-
gram igi arc Tu didia da, am mxriv, mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba saaqcio kompaniebis
kapitals.
dabolos, sawarmos marTvaSi “talantebis SeerTebas” SeuZlia partniorTa
Soris seriozuli uTanxmoeba gamoiwvios, rasac Sedegad mohyveba naklebi opera-
tiuloba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi.
sruli amxanagobis mTavari nakli (maRali riski) nawilobriv daZleulia
amxanagobis meore saxeSi, romelsac SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis amxanagoba
ewodeba. ruseTSi mas uxsovari droidan icnoben, rogorc amxanagobas ndobaze;
dRes uwodeben - Sereuls (sxva qveynebSi - komanditurs). sruli amxanagobisagan igi
gamoirCeva imiT, rom masSi SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba gaaCnia mxolod part-
niorebis nawils - namdvil wevrebs. is partniorebi ki, romlebic aqtiurad ar
erevian sawarmos saqmianobaSi da sjerdebian mxolod safinanso xelSewyobas (e.w.
wevri - menabreebi), valebze pasuxismgebeli arian mxolod TavianTi fuladi Sena-
tanebis sazRvrebSi. es imas niSnavs, rom gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi mewarme - wevri
kargavs saqmeSi Cadebul Tavis pais, maSin roca amxanagobis namdvili wevrebi
SeiZleba TavianT pirad qonebasac gamoemSvidobon.
Sereuli amxanagoba es aris gardamavali forma srul amxanagobasa da me-
warmeobis sxva, Tanamedrove koleqtiur formas (saaqcio sazogadoebas) Soris.

saaqcio sazogadoeba
saaqcio sazogadoeba, anu SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, sawarmos
gaZRolis ufro rTuli koleqtiuri formaa amxanagobasTan SedarebiT. iuridiuli
TvalsazrisiT sxvebisagan misi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas eniWeba
damoukidebeli piros statusi, anu pirisa, romelic damoukidebelia misi mflobe-
lebisagan. saaqcio sazogadoeba iqmneba adamianTa jgufis mier da warmoadgens maT
sakuTrebas, flobs ra TiToeuli matgani saerTo kapitalis nawils aqciebis saxiT.
aseTi sazogadiebis Tanamonawileni (TanamesakuTreni) iwodebian aqcionerebad.
sawarmos mogebis nawils isini Rebuloben aqciebze dividendebis saxiT.
rogorc meanabreebisagan Tavisufal iuridiul pira, saaqcio sazogadoebas
gaaCnia rigi uflebebi da movaleobani, mag., mas SeuZlia valad aiRos da miiRos
krediti, sasamarTloSi waradginos sarCeli da gamovides rogorc mopasuxe, dados
xelSekruleba da ixados gadasaxadi. saxeldobr, TviT saaqcio sazogadoeba,
rogorc iuridiuli piri (da ara misi mflobelebi) aris pasuxismgebeli sawarmos
valebze. SemTxveviTi araa, rom saaqcio sazogadoeba TamaSobs wamyvan rols
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi. amas igi imsaxurebs rigi Rirsebebis gamo.

156
aqcioneruli formis sawarmos Rirsebebi
gansxvavebiT individualuri kerZo mewarmeebisa da sruli amxanagobis part-
niorebisa, aqcionerebi pasuxs ar ageben sawarmos valebze mTeli TavianTi qonebiT.
gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi isini dakargaven mxolod im Tanxas rac maT aqciebis
SeZenaze daexarjaT. es imas niSnavs, rom maT (aqcionerebs) SezRuduli pasux-
ismgebloba gaaCniaT.
Tu amxanagobaSi pais gadacema ioli saqme araa (amisaTvis, rogorc wesi,
sawiro xdeba danarCeni partniorebis Tanxmoba), samagierod, ss-Si qonebrivi
monawilis uflebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia aqciebis yidva-gayidvis gziT, rac mar-
tiv proceduras warmoadgens. aseTi operaciebi yoveldRiurad warmoebs miliono-
biT Tanxaze specialurad organizebul bazarze, romelsac safondo birJa ewodeba.
individualur kerZo sawarmoSi mesakuTris gardacvaleba iuridiulad iwvevs
sawarmos daSlas. aqcioneris gardacvalebisas ki misi aqciebi gadadis memkvidris
xelSi, rac aranairad ar aisaxeba TviT kompaniis mdgomareobaze. amitom saaqcio
kompania ufro xangrZlivmoqmedia. amasTan, sameurneo uflebis TvalsazrisiT,
saerTod ar gaaCnia zRvari misi arsebobis xangrZlivobas.
aqcioneruli forma warmoadgens damatebiTi kapitalis mozidvis metad
efeqtur formas. yidis ra aqciebs Tavisuflad da aqcionerebs aniWebs SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis uflebas, saaqcio sazogadoebas amiT SeuZlia moizidos uamravi
mewarme. ase, mag., msxvil kompanias “amerikan telefon end telegraf”-s sam mil-
ionze meti aqcioneri hyavs. cxadia misi finansuri SesaZleblobani Seudareblad
didia, vidre individualuri kerZo sawarmos an Tundac aTeuli partniorisagan
Semdgari romelime amxanagobisa.
Tumca saaqcio sazogadoebac araa dazRveuli naklovanebebisagan,
rac, bevris azriT, Rirsebebis gadawonvasac ki axdens. e saris, albaT,
erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom arc erT qveyanasi sawarmoTa umravlesobas
saaqcio sazogadoebebi ar Seadgenen.
saaqcio sawarmoTa naklovanebebi
saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZneba rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea,
ramdenadav igi dakavSirebulia mTeli rigi specialuri, notariulad
damowmebuli dokumentebis gaformebasTan.
Tumca, ruseTSi dRes es procedura sakmarisad gamartivebulia,
rameTu xelisufleba cdilobs xeli Seuwyos (stimuli misces) sax-
elmwifo sawarmoTa gardaqmnas aqcioneruli formis sawarmoebad.
saaqcio sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos Ria da daxuruli tipis. Riua
tipis saaqcio sazogadoebas SeuZlia ganagos SeuzRudavi saSualebani,
magram amavdroulad igi valdebulia gasces sakmarisad amomwuravi in-
formacia sakuTar finansur mdgomareobaze. mwvave konkurenciis piro-
bebSi ki bevri sawarmo faqtebis gaxmaurebas Tavs aridebs. amitom rigi

157
kompaniebisa upiratesobas aniWeben daxuruli tipis saaqcio sazoga-
doebad dafuZnebas, romlis sawarmoo fondebi ar unda aRematebodes
kanoniT gansazRvrul sidides, magram eZleva ufleba ar gaamJRavnos
Tavisi finansuri mdgomareoba.
biznesis sxva formebisagasn gansxvavebiT saaqcio sazogadoeba war-
moadgens ormagi dabegvris obieqts. jer erTi, rogorc damoukidebeli
iuridiuli piri, saaqcio sazogadoeba ixdis kompaniis mogebis
gadasaxads. meorec, sawarmos mogebis nawili, romelic dividendis sax-
iT unda ganawildes aqcionerebs Soris, gadasaxadiT ibegreba kidev
erTxel, ukve, rogorc moqalaqeTa piradi Semosavlebi. es imas niSnavs,
rom, saerTo jamSi, saaqcio sazogadoebis mogebis didi nawili midis
saxelmwifo xazinaSi. ormagi dabegvris gamo mcire zomis sawarmoe-
bisaTvis mewarmeobis aqcioneruli forma nakleb mimzidveli xdeba.
Tu individualur kerZo sawarmoSi yvela gadawyvetilebas TviT
mesakuTre Rebulobs, xolo amxanagobaSi sakiTxi wydeba “viwro wreSi”,
saaqcio sazogadoebaSi amisatvis sawiro xdeba uamravi SeTanxmeba,
damtkicebebi da a.S. arc Tu iSviaTad, konfliqti aRiZvreba xolme rig-
iTi mesakuTre-aqcionerebisa da mmarTvelebis interesTa Seusabamobis
gamo.
imisaTvis raTa am rTul sakiTxSi gaverkveT, SevCerdeT imaze, Tu
rogor muSaobs Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoeba.

rogoraa organizebuli Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoeba?

dRes msxvili saaqcio sazogadoeba ganagebs aseuli miliardi ma-
neTis aqtivebs (nard saSualebebs). misi aqciebis mflobeli SeiZleba
iyos aseul aTasobiTYda milionobiT meanabre. bunebrivia, rom yvela
aqcioneri verc miiRebs monawileobas saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvaSi.
ufro metic, maTi erTad Sekrebac SeuZlebelia, ara Tu imis war-
modgena, rom yvela isini mivlen raime erTsulovan gadawyvetilebamde;
gansakuTrebiT, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im faqts, rom aqciebis
bmflobelTagan cota vinme Tu erkveva kargad warmoebis sakiTxebSi -
es iqneba navTobmopoveba, Tu xis damuSaveba. sinamdvileSi maT araferi
msgavsi ar moeTxovebaT. yovel msxvil saaqcio sazogadoebas aqvs Tavi-
si, bevr rameSi sxva kompaniebis msgavsi, organizaciuli da mmarTvelo-
biTi struqtura.

158
 mis safuZvels qmnis ori mmarTvelobiTi organo - “sameTvalyureo
sabWo” da “gamgeoba” (ix. nax.)
sabWo – aqcionerTa pirdapiri warmomadgenelia. mas irCeven
aqcionerebi yovelwliurad saerTo krebaze. Tumca, aseT arCevnebs co-
ta saerTo Tu gaaCnia politikur arCevnebTan, sadac qveynis yovel
moqalaqes erTi xmis ufleba eZleva. aqcioners mis yovel aqciaze erTi
xmis ufleba eniWeba. ase, rom, Tu igi 100 aqcias flobs, asi xmis uflebas
Rebulobs, 25 aTasi aqciis mflobeli – 25 aTas xmas da a.S. sameT-
valyureo sabWos ganagebs Tavmjdomare. (nax. 7.2.-s pirveli struqtu-
ruli erTeuli unda iyos ~aqcionerTa kreba~)
Nnax. 7.2. Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebis organizaciuli
struqtura

gamgeoba

arCeva

sameTvalyureo sabWo

daniSvna

finansuri prezidenti
direqtori mdivani

komerciuli
direqtori
teqnikuri sxva direqtorebi
direqtori

daqiraveba

mosamsaxureebi

159
 amgvari “demokratiuli” gziT arCeuli sabWo aqcionerebis saxeliT
wyvets saaqcio sazogadoebis metad mniSvnelovan finansur problemebs
yovelwliur saerTo krebebs Soris SualedSi. igi gansazRvravs Tu
miRebuli mogebis ra nawili unda ganawildes dividendebis saxiT
aqcionerebs Soris da ra nawili unda moxmardes warmoebis
gafarToebas; wyvets sakiTxs sawarmosaTvis damatebiTi fuladi
saxsrebis saWiroebaze da misi mozidvis gzebis gamoZebnaze. es SeiZleba
iyos aqciebis axali gamoSveba, bankidan kreditebis gamotana da a.S.
Tumca sameTvalyureo sabWo ar iWreba kompaniis yoveldRiur sawar-
moo problemebSi. amas akeTebs sazogadoebis gamgeoba.
gamgeobis wevrebi, prezidentis garda, iniSnebian sameTvalyureo
sabWos mier. amitom isini sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebze pasuxs ageben
uSualod sabWosa da ara aqcionerebis winaSe. gamgeobas marTavs pre-
zidenti, romlis damtkiceba xdeba aqcionerTa saerTo krebaze. mas
(prezidents) emorCilebian misi moadgileebi (vice-prezidentebi), rom-
lebic pasuxismgebelni arian sazogadoebis saqmianobis calkeul
mxareze: warmoeba, gasaReba, miwodeba, reklama da a.S.
TiToeuli maTgani ayalibebs TanamSromelTa sakuTar Stats, rom-
lis saSualebiTac axorcielebs warmoebis marTvas. amrigad, realurad,
gamgeoba akontrolebs saaqcio sazogadoebis saqmianobas daqiravebuli
mosamsaxureebiT. amitom am ukanasknelTa mier ganxorcielebuli
kontroli da marTva gamoyofili xdeba sakuTrebisagan. es ki rigi
araerTmniSvnelovani garTulebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes.
sakuTrebisa da kontrolis funqciebis ganawileba
rigiTi aqcioneri, vTqvaT, msxvili sawarmos 100 aqciis mflobeli,
arsebiTad moklebulia saSualebas raime zegavlena moaxdinos am
sawarmos politikaze. azri, romelic mxolod 100 xmiTaa warmodgenili
aseul aTasobiT xmaSi, saeWvoa, rom mmarTvelebma mxedvelobaSi
miiRon.
aqciebis 50%-s damatebuli kidev erTi aqcia aris aqciebis is
raodenoba, romlis mflobels saaqcio sazogadoebis sruli
kontrolis saSualeba gaaCnia, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia airCios mTeli
sameTvalyureo sabWo, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamgeobis wevrebs niSnavs.
rogorc ucxoeTis praqtikuli gamocdileba aCvenebs, faqtobrivad,
sruli kontrolisaTvis sakmarisia flobde gamoSvebuli aqciebis mxo-
lod 10-15%-s. mas ewodeba aqciebis sakontrolo paketi.
160
 saqme imaSia, rom wvril aqciaTa mflobelebis umravlesoba arc ki
miiltvis imisaken, raTa monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebis saqmiano-
baSi. isini arc yovelwliur saerTo krebebs eswrebian da mxolod
xels aweren specialur dokuments (inglisuri JargoniT “proksi”), ro-
melic maTi xmis gamoyenebis uflebas aniWebs ndobiT aRWurvil pirs.
rogorc cnobilia, rigiTi aqcionerebi pasiuroben da ar iswrafian
gardaqmnisaken (amjobineben “SeCveul Wirs”). Cveulebriv, isini TavianT
xmebs gadascemen moqmed xelmZRvanelobas. amitom, roca aqciebis sa-
kontrolo paketis 10-15%-s emateba wvril mflobelTa “proksi”, amiT
msxvili aqcionerebi umravlesobis upiratesobiT sargeblobis uflebas
iZenen arCevnebSi.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom saaqcio sazogadoebis
mmarTvelebs TavianTi gansakuTrebuli interesebi gaaCniat, romelic
xandaxan rigiTi aqcionerebis interesebisagan gansxvavebulia. ase, mag.,
radgan msxvili kompaniis xelmZRvaneloba ufro prestiJulia, vidre
mcire sawarmosi, amitom mmartvelebi xSirad upiratesobas aniWeben
kompaniis gafartoebas da ara misi mogebis gazrdas. amis Sedegad
wamoiWreba konfliqti da davis sagani xdeba is, Tu mogebis ra nawili
unda ganawildes aqciebze dividendebis saxiT da ra Tanxebi unda
moxmardes warmoebis gafarToebas, gasaRebis axali bazrebis dapyrobas
da a.S. gamgeobis wevrebi aseve dainteresebuli arian TavianTi sar-
goebisa da premiebis gazrdiT im Semosavlebis xarjze, romelic
SeiZleba dividendebis gazrdas moxmardes.
amrigad, saaqcio sazogadoebaSi mesakuTreobasa da mmarTvelobiTi
funqciebis ganawilebas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi
mxareebic. ra Tqma unda, samrewvelo gigantis martva xelewifeba mxo-
lod specialists, romelmac miiRo saTanado ganaTleba da momzadeba
da amisaTvis flobs saTanado codnasa da Cvevebs, magram kontrolisa
da sakuTrebis ganawilebaSi, amavdroulad, dafarulia seriozuli saS-
iSroebac. dRes dasavleTSi iwereba auarebeli deteqtiuri xasiaTis
literatura, romlis siuJeturi qarga damyarebulia mmarTvelTa
SeTqmulebis ideaze - “organizacia organizaciaSi”.
aqciebi arsebobs Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli. Cveulebrivi
aqcia warmoadgens yvela xarjisa da gadasaxadis gastumrebis Semdeg
firmis mogebis wilis moTxovnis uflebas.

161
 privilegirebul aqciaTa mflobelebi ar monawileoben kenWisyra-
Si. Tumca dividendebis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi fuls pirvelebi isini
miiReben.
rTuli biznesuri organizaciuli
struqturebi - korporaciebi

Sesabamisad arseboben rTuli biznesuri organizaciuli struqtu-

rebi; koncerni, konsorciumi, karteli, sindikati, tresti, holdingi, fi-
nansuri jgufi da sxva..
sityva “korporacia” niSnavs gaerTianebas. samewarmeo korpora-
ciaSi aqcionerebis pasuxismgebloba gansazRvrulia aqciebSi gadaxdili
TanxiT. korporacia xasiaTdeba TaviseburebebiT, riTac gansxvavdeba
saaqcio sazogadoebisagan.
koncerni aris sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebis, savaWro firmebis,
bankebis, satransporto da safinanso kompaniebis gaerTianeba maTi sam-
rewvelo da sabanko kapitalis Serwymis saxiT.
konsorciumi laTinuri sityvaa da Tanamonawileobas niSnavs. kon-
sorciumi aris bankebis, kompaniebis an saxelmwifoebis droebiTi gaer-
Tianeba iuridiuli piris uflebis gareSe, msxvilmasStabiani proeqtis
an safinanso operaciebis realizaciisaTvis, romlebic teqnikuri, fin-
ansuri, savaWro da sxva mizezebis gamo moiTxoven ramdenime partnio-
ris Zalisxmevas.
karteli aris mewarmeobis erT-erTi rTuli organizaciuli forma,
romelSic gaerTianebulia firmebi da sawarmoebi. karteli SeiZleba
iyos: Siga, saeqsporto, saimporto da saerTaSoriso. Siga kartelebi
muSaoben erovnuli bazris farglebSi an mis nawilSi.
saeqsporto karteli Sedgeba erovnuli firma-eqsportiorebisagan.
saimporto karteli iqmneba firmebisagan, romlebic sazRvargare-
Tis saqonlis msxvili importiorebia.
saerTaSoriso karteli iqmneba ramdenime qveynis firmebisagan. maT
SeuZliaT imuSaon eqsportze, importze, an orive operaciaze erT-
droulad.
sindikati berZnuli sityvaa da erTad moqmedebas niSnavs. es forma
umTavresad gavrcelebulia masobrivad erTgvarovani produqciis
mwarmoebel dargebSi.

162
 tresti inglisuri sityvaa da ndobas niSnavs. igi aris ramdenime
sawarmoTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba, romlebic gadascemen Tavis
sakuTrebas warmoebis saSualebebze, teqnologiebze, patentebze,
warmoebul produqciaze trestis gamgeblobaSi.
holdingi inglisuri sityvaa da flobas niSnavs. holdingis arsi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTi ZiriTadi, meTauri (deda) kompania flobs
masSi Semavali kompaniebis (Svilobili) fasiani qaRaldebis nawils
kontrolisa da marTvis mizniT.
zogierTi sawarmo SeiZleba darCes gaerTianebis miRma da bazarze
damoukideblad imoqmedos. maT autsaiderebs uwodeben, radgan msxvil
firmebTan konkurenciisas didia maTi gakotrebis Sansi.
sawarmoTa gaerTianebis formebia erToblivi da Sereuli sa-
warmoebi.
erToblivi sawarmo ewodeba iseT sawarmos, romlis sawesdebo
fondi yalibdeba ori an meti piris sapaio Senatanis safuZvelze,
romelTagan erT-erTi ucxoeli fizikuri an ufro xSirad iuridiuli
piria.
Sereul sawarmos miekuTvneba sawarmo, romlis sawedebo fondi
yalibdeba erTi qveynis ori an meti iuridiuli piris mier.
Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebiT izrdeba
transerovnuli korporaciebis roli. maT miekuTvneba nebismieri fir-
ma, romelsac sazRvargareT aqvs sawarmoo simZlavreebi.

transerovnuli korporaciis Taviseburebebia

sxva qveynebSi kontrols daqvemdebarebuli sawarmoo filialebisa
da Svilobili sawarmoebis arseboba, romlebic orientirebuli arian
saerTaSoriso bazarze gasayidi produqciis sawarmoeblad an amarage-
ben saTao sawarmos nedleulTa da materialuri resursebiT;
sawarmoo erTeulebis specializaciis da teqnologiuri kooper-
irebis ganviTareba;
Svilobili kompaniebis saqmianobis erTiani centridan koordina-
cia.

163
samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa samarTlebrivi
formebi da maTi dafuZneba saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa samarTlebriv

formebs aregulirebs ”saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb”. kano-
nis mixedviT:

samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva marTlzomieri da araerTjeradi

saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT, damoukideblad
da organizebulad.

mewarme subieqtebi da maTi dafuZneba

mewarme subieqtebi arian: individualuri mewarme, solidaruli

pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (sps), komandituri sazogadoeba (ks),
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps), saaqcio sazogado-
eba (ss, korporacia) da kooperativi.
individualuri mewarme, rogorc am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul
ufleba-movaleobaTa subieqti, warmoiSoba mxolod mewarmeTa da
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestrSi reg-
istraciis momentidan. Tu registraciamde mewarme subieqtis saxeliT
raime moqmedeba Sesrulda, am moqmedebis Semsruleblebi da sawarmos
damfuZneblebi pasuxs ageben personalurad, rogorc solidaruli mo-
valeebi, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod, am moqmedebidan
warmoSobili yvela valdebulebisaTvis. es pasuxismgebloba ZalaSi
rCeba mewarme subieqtis registraciis Semdegac.
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazoga-
doeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba
da kooperativi arian iuridiuli piris statusis mqone sawarmoebi
(kompaniebi). am kanoniT gansazRvruli individualuri mewarme ar aris
iuridiuli piri. individualuri mewarme saqmian urTierTobebSi Tavis
uflebebs axorcielebs da movaleobebs asrulebs, rogorc fizikuri
piri.

pasuxismgebloba, Sesatani, informaciis miRebisa da

kontrolis uflebebi
individualuri mewarme Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobidan warmoS-
obili valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs gebspiradad,
mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis partniorebi da ko-
mandituri sazogadoebis personalurad pasuxismgebeli partniorebi –
164
sruli partniorebi (komplementarebi) sazogadoebis valdebulebe-
bisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs ageben solidarulad, anu
TiToeuli partniori valdebulebebisaTvis pasuxs agebs mTeli Tavisi
qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod. partniorebs Soris sxvagvari
SeTanxmeba baTilia mesame pirisaTvis.
komandituri sazogadoebis SezRuduli partniorebi (komanditebi),
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis, saaqcio sazogadoebisa da
kooperativis partniorebi sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaTvis kredi-
torebis winaSe pasuxs ar ageben. komandituri sazogadoebis SezRuduli
partniorebi, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis, saaqcio
sazogadoebisa da kooperativis partniorebi kreditorebis winaSe
pasuxs ageben maT mier Seutaneli SesataniTac, Tu pasuxismgebloba
dadga partniorTa mier SeTanxmebuli Senatanis srulad Setanamde.
sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas partniorebi unda SeTanxmdnen wilebis
ganawilebaze da daTqvan kapitalSi maTi Senatanis odenoba. Se-
natani SeiZleba iyos materialuri da aramaterialuri qoneba, sa-
muSaos Sesruleba an/da momsaxurebis gaweva.
Tu wesdebis cvlileba exeba partnioris xmis uflebas, mogebaS-
i/zaralSi wils an likvidaciisas mis uflebebs, aRniSnuli cvlileba
miRebuli unda iqnes erTxmad, Tu wesdebis Sesabamisi nawiliT, rome-
lic partniorebis mier erTxmad iyo miRebuli, sxva ram ar aris dad-
genili.
komandituri sazogadoebis SezRuduli partniori, SezRuduli pasu-
xismgeblobis sazogadoebis, saaqcio sazogadoebisa da kooperativis
partniorebi sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs ageben piradad,
Tu isini borotad gamoiyeneben pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarT-
lebriv formebs.
partniorebs SeuZliaT wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi
gansazRvron TiToeuli partnioris Senatanis Setanis wesi da vada. va-
dis uSedegod gasvlis SemTxvevaSi partniori, romelmac ar ganaxor-
ciela gadaxda, kargavs wils da nawilobriv Sesrulebul valdebu-
lebaTa Sedegebsac, Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili.
Tu sawarmos dominantma partniorma ganzrax gamoiyena Tavisi do-
minanturi mdgomareoba am sazogadoebis sazianod, man danarCen part-
niorebs unda gadauxados Sesabamisi kompensacia. dominantad iTvleba
partniori an erTad moqmed partniorTa jgufi, romelsac aqvs praqti-
kuli SesaZlebloba, gadamwyveti zegavlena moaxdinos partniorTa
krebis kenWisyris Sedegze.
sps-is, ks-is, Sps-is, ss-is da kooperativis partniorebs Tanabar
pirobebSi Tanabari ufleba-movaleobebi aqvT, Tu am kanoniT an wesde-
biT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. wesdebiT SesaZlebelia maT mier Seta-
165
nili Senatanebisagan damoukideblad ganisazRvros gansxvavebuli uf-
leba- movaleobebi.
yovel partniors aqvs wliuri angariSis aslisa da sazogadoebis
yvela publikaciis miRebis ufleba. garda amisa, mas ufleba aqvs, Se-
amowmos wliuri angariSis siswore da am mizniT gaecnos sazogadoebis
dokumentacias
uSualod an auditoris meSveobiT da sawarmos organoebs
mosTxovos ganmartebebi wliuri angariSis wardgenis Semdeg, magram am
angariSis damtkicebamde. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom angariSSi arsebiTi
Secdomaa, am angariSis Semowmebis xarjebi ekisreba sawarmos. kontro-
lisa da Semowmebis es uflebebi SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod am kano-
niT, gafarToeba ki SesaZlebelia wesdebiT.

mewarme subieqtis registracia

mewarme subieqtis mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)

iuridiuli pirebis reestrSi registracia savaldebuloa. mewarme sub-
ieqtis registracias axorcielebs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros
mmarTvelobis sferoSi moqmedi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri –
sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento (SemdgomSi – maregistrirebeli-
organo).
mewarme subieqti warmoSobilad iTvleba mewarmeTa da arasame-
warmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestrSi registraciis
momentidan.
mewarme subieqtis arseboba dgindeba amonaweriT mewarmeTa da a-
rasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestridan. mewarme
subieqti registracia moicavs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise sagadasaxado
registracias.
maregistrirebeli organos gadawyvetileba registraciis Sesaxeb
ZalaSi Sedis mxarisaTvis oficialurad gacnobisTanave an gamoqveyne-
bisTanave.
gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebad iTvleba misi maregistrirebeli
organos vebgverdze ganTavseba.
mewarme subieqtis registracia xorcieldeba mis mier gancxadebu-
li misamarTis mixedviT, romelze gagzavnis Semdegac werilobiTi
Setyobineba (korespondencia) iTvleba oficialurad gagzavnil
Setyobinebad (korespondenciad) (iuridiuli misamarTi).
sawarmosaTvis da ucxo qveynis sawarmos filialisaTvis saidenti-
fikacio nomris miniWeba xdeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgeni-
li wesiT. amonawers mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) i-
uridiuli pirebis reestridan aqvs igive Zala, rac
166
 sagadasaxado registraciis mowmobas.

sawarmos registraciis pirobebi

dainteresebuli piri sawarmos registraciis Sesaxeb gancxadebas

warudgens maregistrirebel organos. sawarmos registraciis
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi gancxadebas unda daerTos sawarmos yvela
partnioris mier xelmowerili da sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli
wesdeba (partniorTa SeTanxmeba), romelSic savaldebulo wesiT unda
mieTiTos:
a) sawarmos saxelwodeba/safirmo saxelwodeba;
b) sawarmos samarTlebrivi forma;
g) sawarmos iuridiuli misamarTi;
d) sawarmos damfuZnebeli partnioris (partniorebis) saxeli da
gvari, sacxovrebeli adgilis misamarTi da piradi nomeri, xolo Tu
partniori iuridiuli piria – misi safirmo saxelwodeba, samarTle-
brivi forma, iuridiuli misamarTi, registraciis TariRi, saidentif-
ikacio nomeri da monacemebi misi warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb;
e) sawarmos mmarTvelobis organo, gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi,
xolo SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi – mona-
cemebi partniorTa wilobrivi monawileobis Sesaxeb;
v) yvela im SezRudvis Sesaxeb (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi), ro-
melic Seexeba warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili piris mier war-
momadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebas;
z) komandituri sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi – aRniSvna, romeli part-
nioria SezRuduli da romeli – sruli.
sawarmos registraciisaTvis saregistracio gancxadebasTan,
wesdebasTan (partniorTa SeTanxmebasTan) da saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobiT gansazRvrul sxva saregistracio dokumentaciasTan erTad
wardgenili unda iqnes dokumenti, romelSic mieTiTeba sawarmos
xelmZRvanelobasa da warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili piris
(pirebis), prokuristis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) saxeli da gvari,
sacxovrebeli adgilis misamarTi da piradi nomeri. Tu sawarmos war-
momadgenlobaze uflebamosili ramdenime piri hyavs, unda mieTiTos,
isini erTad warmoadgenen sawarmos Tu cal-calke.
dokuments xels aweren sawarmos xelmZRvanelobasa da war-
momadgenlobaze uflebamosili piris (pirebis), prokuristis (aseTis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) daniSvnaze uflebamosili pirebi, rac
damowmebuli unda iqnes sanotaro wesiT. dokumentis sanotaro wesiT
damowmeba savaldebulo ar aris, Tu sawarmos xelmZRvanelobasa da
warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili piris (pirebis), prokuristis (aseT-

167
is arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) daniSvnaze uflebamosili pirebi mas xels
maregistrirebel organoSi aweren.
registraciisaTvis aseve wardgenili unda iqnes xelmZRvanelobaze
(warmomadgenlobaze) uflebamosili piris (pirebis) xelmoweris nimuSi
(nimuSebi), romelsac (romlebsac) is (isini) samarTlebriv ur-
TierTobebSi gamoiyenebs (gamoiyeneben). xelmoweris nimuSi unda
damowmdes sanotaro wesiT an xelmowera unda Sesruldes maregistri-
rebel organoSi.
Tu sawarmos partniori (partniorebi), xelmZRvanelobaze an/da
warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili piri (pirebi) arian saqarTvelos
moqalaqeobis armqone fizikuri pirebi an ucxo qveynis iuridiuli
pirebi, isini saregistraciod waradgenen Sesabamisad saqarTvelos
moqalaqisaTvis an saqarTveloSi registrirebuli sawarmosaTvis
dadgenil ekvivalentur monacemebs. saregistraciod warsadgeni doku-
mentebis ekvivalenturobis dadgenis wess gansazRvravs saqarTvelos
iusticiis ministri. ucxo qveynis iuridiuli piris SemTxvevaSi misi iu-
ridiul pirad registraciis damadasturebeli dokumentebi damowmebu-
li an legalizebuli unda iyos saTanado wesiT.
sawarmos registraciisaTvis an saqmianobisaTvis ar aris
savaldebulo sawarmos beWdis arseboba. dauSvebelia, normatiuli aq-
tiT an saxelmwifo organos mier moTxovnili iqnes sawarmos beWdiT
damowmebuli nebismieri dokumenti. registraciis miznebisaTvis
kapitalis arsebobis damadasturebeli dokumentis wardgena ar moiTx-
oveba.

sawarmos saregistracio monacemebis cvlilebis

registracia

sawarmos saregistracio monacemebis cvlilebis registraciis uz-

runvelyofis valdebuleba ekisreba sawarmos xelmZRvanelobaze
uflebamosil pirs (pirebs). es valdebuleba ar zRudavs partnioris
(partniorebis) da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebis an sxva dainter-
esebuli pirebis uflebamosilebas, uzrunvelyon cvlilebis registra-
cia.
sawarmos saregistracio monacemebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb
gancxadebas unda daerTos saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
wesiT Sedgenili, Sesabamisi cvlilebis damadasturebeli dokumenti.
sawarmos xelmZRvanelobasa da warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili pi-
168
ris (pirebis), prokuristis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) Sesaxeb
monacemebis cvlileba unda daregistrirdes maregistrirebel orga-
noSi. sawarmos xelmZRvanelobasa da warmomadgenlobaze uflebamo-
sili piris (pirebis), prokuristis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi)
Sesaxeb monacemebis cvlilebis registraciisTvis sawarmos wesdebis
wardgena savaldebulo ar aris.
saaqcio sazogadoebaSi partniorebis (aqcionerebis) da maTi wilo-
brivi monawileobis cvlileba ar moiTxovs cvlilebebs wesdebaSi da
registracias mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
pirebis reestrSi.
sawarmos saregistracio monacemebis cvlileba ZalaSia mewarmeTa
da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestrSi reg-
istraciis momentidan.

sawarmos registraciaze uaris Tqmis safuZvlebi

sawarmos registraciaze uari SeiZleba eTqvas, Tu:

a) saregistraciod wardgenili dokumentacia srulad ar
akmayofilebs am kanonis moTxovnebs;
b) saregistraciod wardgenilia cru, araidentificirebadi an
arasrulyofili monacemebi;
g) ar aris gadaxdili momsaxurebis safasuri.

safirmo saxelwodeba (firma)

safirmo saxelwodeba, anu firma aris saxeli, romliTac saqmianobs

mewarme subieqti.
individualuri mewarme saqmian urTierTobebSi gamodis sakuTari
saxeliT.
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis safirmo saxelwodeba
unda Seicavdes sul cota erTi partnioris saxels „sps“-is
damatebiT.
komandituri sazogadoebis safirmo saxelwodeba unda Seicavdes
sul cota erTi sruli partnioris saxels „ks“-is damatebiT. Tu sps-Si
an ks-Si gaerTianebuli arian mxolod iuridiuli pirebi, misi saxel-
wodeba unda Seicavdes erT-erTi maTganis safirmo saxelwodebas am
muxlSi aRniSnuli Sesabamisi damatebiT.
partniorTa saxelis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis garda, SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas, saaqcio sazogadoebas, kooperativs

169
 SeuZliaT safirmo saxelwodeba SearCion maTi saqmianobis sagnis
mixedviT, an SeiZleba es saxelwodeba iyos fantaziis nayofi; magram igi
unda Seicavdes:
saaqcio sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi – damatebas „saaqcio sazogado-
eba“ an „ss“, an „korporacia“; Sps-is SemTxvevaSi – damatebas „SezRudu-
li pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba“ an „Sps“; kooperativis SemTxvevaSi –
damatebas „registrirebuli kooperativi“ an „rk“. im sawarmos mimarT,
romlis saxelwodebac Seicavs sityvas „sazogadoeba“, „sazogadoebis“
nacvlad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes (Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi formis
mixedviT) sityva „kompania“. „Sps“-is nacvlad SeiZleba mxolod sityva
„kompaniis“ gamoyeneba. safirmo saxelwodebas ar unda erTodes raime
iseTi damateba, romelmac SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mesame piri
an/da gamoiwvios Secdoma an/da gaugebroba sawarmos formisa Tu saqmi-
anobis moculobis an/da partniorTa urTierTobis gamo.
mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis
reestrSi Setanili monacemebi sajaroa. nebismier pirs SeuZlia gaecnos
mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis ree-
stris monacemebs da maregistrirebeli organodan miiRos reestridan
amonaweri.

samamulo mewarmeobis istoriidan

saqarTveloSi mewarmeoba saTaves monaTmflobeluri wyobile-

bidan iRebs da sxva qveynebis msgavsad igi aqac vaWrobiT dawyebula.
saqarTvelos pirveli mefis farnavazis dros moiWra pirveli ver-
cxlis moneta (kolxuri). kolxetsi warmoebuli seli qveynis gareT
iyideboda.
feodaluri wyobis periodSi feodalur mamulebsi iqmneboda mi-
waTmoqmedebis damatebiTi produqcia. rac vaWrobis ganvitarebasTan
erTad xels uwyobda xelosnobis ganviTarebas.
xelosnuri warmoebis pirveli da uZvelesi forma iyo ojaxuri
mrewveloba, romlisganac Semdeg sxva formebic ganviTarda. memamu-
leTa ojaxebSi ymebis samuSao ZaliT keTdeboda xelosnuri produqti,
qsovilebi da tanisamosi, romelTa nedleuls matyls, bambas, sels, kan-
afs, abreSums awvdidnen valdebuli glexebi. ganviTarebuli iyo rkinis,
spilenZis, vercxlis, oqros mWedloba. ojaxuri mrewveloba didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadad mTaSi arsebobda. xelosnoba da vawroba ufro
farTod iyo ganviTarebuli TbilisSi. gavrcelebuli iyo mevaxSeobac,
romelsac ZiriTadad ucxo tomis warmomadgenlebi eweodnen. jansaRi
kreditis uqonlobisa da qveyanaSi kooperaciis susti ganviTarebis pi-

170
robebSi mevaxSeobas gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebi eqmneba Tavi-
si damRupveli saqmianobisaTvis.
msxvili warmoeba viTardeboda umTavresad mopovebiTi mrewvelo-
bis dargebSi, rac adgilobrivi bunebrivi simdidriT iyo ganpirobebu-
li, rogoricaa magaliTad spilenZis, qvanaxSiris, marganecis da sxva
wiaRiseulis damusavebis ganviTareba.
rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi, ise mis qalaqebSi did rols Ta-
maSobda Sinamrewveluri da xelosnuri warmoeba. xelosnuri warmoe-
bis maRali done saqartveloSi ar iyo SemTxveviTi movlena. mas gana-
pirobebda pirvelxarisxovani nedleulis siuxve. TiTqmis yvela regi-
onSi uxvad moipoveboda maRalxarisxovani Sali, abreSumi, seli, xis
jiSebi, giSeri. vercxli, spilenZi, Tixa da sxva.
qveyanaSi sawarmoTa didi umravlesoba mcire sawarmoebs war-
moadgenda.
TbilisSi jer kidev 1850-ian wlebSi sxvadasxva amqrul xelobaTa
raodenoba 40-s aRemateboda. maT soris aRsaniSnavia: vercxlisa da
oqromWedloba, Tof-iaraRis xelosnoba, zeinkloba, mebriliantoba,
mequdeoba (aziuri da evropuli), feiqroba, mrTveloba, TerZoba,
meCeqmeoba, xarazoba, dalaqoba, durgloba, sigarebis kveTeba, mepureo-
ba, meTuneoba, meRvineoba da sxva.
qarTuli samamulo mewarmeobis ganviTarebas sakmaod soliduri
istoria aqvs. vaWrebis umravlesoba glexobidan da saerTod Raribi
adamianebisagan iyvnen gamosulni. isini winaurdebodnen Tavisi Seupov-
robis, gamWriaxobis, xerxianobis da aTwleulobiT mZime Sromis wy-
alobiT. maT am Sromas Sealies yvela Zalebi da mTeli cxovrebis wesi,
vinaidan mxolod ase SeiZleboda siRaribidan Tavis daRweva. isini mu-
Saobdnen TavisTvis da erTdroulad qmnidnen qarTul mrewvelobas,
misdevdnen vaWrobas, afuZnebdnen bankebs, gahyavdaT rkinigza.
saqarTveloSi vaWrobas ZvelTagan misdevdnen. me-19 saukuneSi
Tbiliseli vaWrebis savaWro operaciebi scildeboda iran-TurqeTis
sazRvrebs da aRwevda TviT indoeTis ekonomikur centrebs. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia qarTveli vaWrisa da mogzauris, rafiel danibegaSvilis
mogzauroba indoeTsa da aziis qveynebSi da Semdeg ruseTSi. man
waruSleli da gansakuTrebuli kvali datova. sami aTeuli weli
mogzaurobaSi, xuTgzis Casvla indoeTsa da birmaSi, 70 aTasi kilo-
metric gavla, aTze meti saxelmwifos aRwera-aseTia misi Rvawli samo-
gzauri istoriaSi.
batoni paata guguSvili saTanado wyaroebze dayrdnobiT XIX
saukuneSi vaWarTa klasis warmomadgeneli samewarmeo saqmianobiT
cnobili qarTuli gvarebis safuZvlian analizs gvawvdis. qvemoT mog-
vaqvs es masala.
171
 1870-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi Cndebian axali formaciis
vaWrebi da mewarmeebi, romlebic xels hkideben momgebian sasoflo-
sameurneo da savaWro-samrewvelo dargebis organizacias.
1865 wels guriis TavadaznaurTa STamomavalma giorgi bolqvaZem
q. quTaisSi daarsa aryis qarxana, romelic sxvadasxva tipis magar
sasmels amuSavebda. g. bolqvaZis qarxana imxanad itvleboda amier-
imier kavkasiaSi erTaderTn maRalaRWurvil samrewvelo qarxanad. aq
koniaki mzaddeboda orgvari teqnologiiT: “naturaluri” da “xelov-
nuri”. naturalurma koniakma 25 jildo miiRo, xelovnurma ki – 9.
qarTuli koniakis pirvel did gamarjvebad iTvleba g. bolqvaZis
“kavkasiis naturaluri koniakis” mier 1879 wels parizis msoflio
gamofenaze mopovebuli oqros medali. saertod, misma sasmelebma 1865-
1900 wlebSi 100-ze meti jildo moipova.
amave periodSi saqarTveloSi gamoirCevian zubalaSvilebisa da
sarajiSvilebis savaWro saxlebi.

saerTod, zubalaSvilebis gvari odiTganve cnobili yofila

saqarTveloSi, rogorc warmatebuli movaWreebisa da mogvianebiT –
rogorc mewarmeebisa.
stefane zubalaSvili mewarmeobasTan erTad saSinao da sagareo
vaWrobas eweoda iranTan, TurqeTTan, indoeTTan, ruseTTan da
sxvebTan.
XIX s. oTxmociani wlebidan asparezze gamodis misi Zma – iakob
ivanes Ze, romelmac Tavisi biznesi ara amarto vaWrobiT, aramed war-
moebiT – kerzod ki, arysi warmoebiT daiwyo. man quTaissi daarsa ary-
is warmoeba. xazgasasmelia is, rom maSin dasavleT saqarTveloSi arc
erTi sawarmo ar arsebobda da arc vawrobasi iyvnen iqaurebi dax-
elovnebulni. iakob zubalaSvils aryis, warmoebaze monopolia mou-
povebia, riTac xazinis Semosavali 3-jer gazrdila. aryiT ZiriTadad
maragdeboda ruseTis jari. Semdeg mas Tavisi biznesi TbilisSi gad-
moutania. kerZod, aaSena didi qarvasla, romelSiv iyo 10 savaWro
maRazia, Rvinis sardafebi, sastumro 71 oTaxiT da sxva. iakob
zubalaSvilma 1873 wels gaxsna amierkavkasiaSi pirveli Saqris qarxana,
Tanac mTavrobisgan imaze did SeRavaTs miaRwia, rasa cadre aryis war-
moebisas iTxovda- mas saaqcizo gadasaxadi mouxsnes. samagierod
dazogili TanxiT saqarTvelosi Saqris lerwmis plantaciebi unda
gaeSenebina. magram misi erT-erTi partniori ugzo-ukvlod daikarga da
es wamowyena CaiSala.
Semdeg samewarmeo saqmianobaSi dawinaurdnen daviTi, giorgi, mi-
qel da anton zubalaSvilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zubalaSvilebi Tbi-
lisis komerciuli bankis umsxvilesi aqcionerebic iyvnen. magram um-
172
Tavresi, riTac isini SemorCnen saqarTvelos istorias, qvelmoqmedeba
iyo: baTumSi, gorSi, quTaissa da TbilisSi agebuli xuTi kaTolikuri
eklesia; Tbilisis universitetis mSeneblobisaTvis gaRebuli 100 000
maneTi (revoluciamdeli erTi maneTi 980 sinjis grami oqros eqviva-
lenti iyo); musikaluri skolis (axlandeli konservatoriis) asaSe-
neblad – 10 000 maneTi; qarTvelTa Soris werakiTxvis gamavrcelebel
sazogadoebas – 20 000 maneTi; stipendiebisaTvis 26 000 maneTi; qalaqis
keTilmowyobisatvis TviTmmarTvelobas – 10 000 maneTi; saxalxo
saxlis – (dRervandeli marjaniSvilis saxelobis Teatri)
mSeneblobisa da keTilmowyobisatvis – 350 000 maneTi; Tbilisis
pirveli saavadmyofos teritoriaze pediatriuli korpusis ageba da
evropidan Camotanili samedicino xelsawyoebiT aRWurva – 150 000 ma-
neTi. zubalaSvilebi afinansebdnen sxvadasxva saxis wignis gamocemas,
exmarebodnen Jurnalebs: “iveria”, “mogzauri”, sabavSvo Jurnali “naka-
duli”.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi, mTawmindaze, dRevandeli Zmebi
zubalaSvilebis quCis boloSi aigo “upovarTa TavSesafari”
(dRevandeli bavSvTa saavadmyofos Senoba), romlis mSeneblobisaTvis
saWiro Tanxa 220 000 maneTi, nikoloz zubalaSvilma gaiRo. sololakSi,
dRevandeli amaRlebis quCis bolos mecenatma Zmeba upovarTa
sasadilo “samadlo” gaxsnes, sadac yvela gaWirvebuls Seezlo ufasod
dapureba.
daviT zubalaSvilis biZaSvilma iakob konstantines Zem, saf-
rangetis moqalaqeoba 1922 wels, gasabWoebis Semdeg miiRo, qoneba ki
anderZiT saqartvelos dautova.
ramdenime wlis win azerbaijanis mTavrobam saqarTvelos gadmosca
baqos centrSi mdebare, XIX saukunis miwuruls agebuli,
zubalaSvilebiseuli saxli, sadac saqarTvelos saelCo ganlagdeba.
“vinc Rirsia Svelisa, movaleni varT vuSveloT” – stefane
zubalaSvilis mier mavanis madlobis pasuxad Tqmuli es sityvebi misi
sagavareulos cxovrebiseul kredod SeiZleba miviCnioT.
daviT zaqarias Ze sarajiSvilma 1871 wels haidelbergSi (germania)
daamTavra universiteti, gaxda qimiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, Camovida
TbilisSi da moawyo aryisa da koniakis warmoeba. igi gaxda am dargSi
yvelaze gamoCenili mrewveli kavkasiasa da mTeli ruseTis imperiaSi.
Mman magari sasmelebis warmoebis saqmis organizebas mohkida xeli. 1885
wels TbilisSi gaxsna saretifikacio qarxana, romelic 1887 wels
srulyofil aryis qarxnad gadakeTda. 1888 wels man gaxsna ruseTis im-
periaSi pirveli koniakis specializebuli qarxana.

173
 1884 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde d. sarajiSvili saTaveSi edga
firmas, romelic aerTianebda ramdenime liqior-aryisa da koniakis
qarxnebsa da sawyobebs ruseTis imperiaSi.
1889-1913 wlebSi daviT sarajiSvilis firmis koniakebma da sxva
sasmelebma saerTaSoriso, msoflio, sruliad ruseTis gamofenebsa da
bazrobebze mires 11 oqros, ori vercxlisa da erTi brinjaos medlebi.
male misma nawarmma Rirseuli konkurencia gauwia evropidan Semotan-
il sasmelebs. XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis ruseTis imperiis bazris
mesamedze meti sarajiSvilis produqciam daikava.
daviT sarajiSvili qvelmoqmedebiTac gamoirCeoda. mas didi
wvlili miuZRvis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mSeneblobaSi.
niWier qarTvel axalgazrdebs ruseTsa da sazRvargareT saswavleblad
uSvebda da stipendiebsac uniSnavda. mecenati daxmarebas uwevda Tbi-
lisSi saxalxo Teatris mSeneblobas. soliduri fuladi saxsrebi gai-
Ro avlabris saxalxo Teatris asagebad.
quTaisSi sarajiSvils axalgazrda kaci warudgines da gaasinjes
mis mier warmoebuli limonaTi. mas sasmeli Zalian moswonebia da
ukiTxavs, ratom ar gaafarToeb warmoebaso. razec axalgazrdam upasuxa
– usaxsroba miSlis xels da Tu damexmarebiT, kargi iqnebao. daviTi
uyoymanod daexmara. es axalgazrda kaci mitrofane laRiZe iyo.
al.xaxanaSvili 1911 wels gazeT “TemSi” werda: “arcerTi saqveyno
saqme ar dawyebula am 30 wlis ganmavlobasi, rom daviT zaqaraias Zes
Tavisi wvlili ar Seetanos, materialuri daxmareba ar gaewios,
Jurnal-gazetis, wignis gamocema, scenis moyvarulTa, momReralTa,
memusikeTa da mecnierTa aRzrda, skolis damSveneba, Rarib-uZurTa
gakiTxva, ucxoel da Sinaur moRvaweTa gamaspinZleba da maTi erT-
maneTTan daaxloeba – yvela es Seadgenda sazrunav sagans daviT saraj-
iSvilisa”.
pirveli nabijebi qarTuli Rvinomasalisgan Sampanuris sawarmoe-
blad gadaidga XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos gaburJuebuli me-
mamulis, Tavad i. bagration-muxranelis meurneobaSi.
nikolaZeebi warmomavlobiT ekuTvnian axali formaciis vaWarTa
kategorias. mamuka nikolaZe Tavad abaSiZeTa yma iyo. 1770-ian wlebSi is
Tavisi soflidan (skande, zemo imereTSi) gaqceula da qarTls gada-
vardnila. aq cxinvalis aremareSi ucxovria da CarCobiTa da vawrobiT
sakmao qoneba SeuZenia.
imereTSi carizmis gabatonebis Semdeg TurqeTis gaqceul Solomon
II Tan gahyvnen misi erTguli abaSiZeeebi, romelTac rogorc emigran-
tebs axalma xelisuflebam mamuli da ymebi CamoarTva. 1820-ian wlebSi,
rodesac nikolaZeebis yofili mebatone abaSiZeebi ukve daxocilebic
iyvnen, mamuka ukan dabrunda imereTs. igi rogorc didi xnis gada-
174
karguli aq arc aravis axsovda daraki amgvarad, ymobas sabolood Ta-
vi daaRwia, quTaisel moqalaqeebSi Caericxa. quTaisi am dros patara
qalaqi iyo. aq umTavresad xelmokle imereli aznauroba da “ucxouri”
(kaTolike qarTveli, ebraeli da somexi) vaWrebi da xelosnebi
saxlobdnen. mamuka nikolaZis ojaxi male dawinaurebula. “mis wevrebs
qarTlidan bevri iseTi codna, xelsaqme, iarari da Cveuleba Camoetan-
aT, rac im dros sruliad ucnobi yofila imereTSi”. didi xnis ganmav-
lobaSi es ojaxi imereTSi qarTlelebad miaCndaT Turme. mamukas
ojaxs qarTlSi Tavis megobrebTan „niadagi mimowera da misvla-mosvla
Seenaxa, ris gamo iqidan xSirad ucnobi sasmel-saWmeli Tu saqoneli
modioda”.
nikolaZeebis moqmedebis sarbieli sul farTovdeboda. “ocdaaTia-
ni wlebis naxevarSi mamuka da mamukas Svilebi vaWrobisTvis marto
tfiliss ki ara, ruseTSiac daiarebodnen. mamukas ufrosi Svili,
grigoli da mamaCemi (iakobi) im xanebSi, saqsoniaSic yofilan leip-
figis iarmukaSi, sanam kidev SeiZleboda sazRvargareTidan ruseTsi
saqonlis Semotana”.
“im dros quTaisidan ruseTSi savaWrod marto sami kaci daiare-
boda. goridan gadmosaxlebuli somexi petre mrebrovi, agreTve
goreli frangi gabriel endronikaSvili da mamaCemi: gazafxulze isini
Sekazmavdnen cxenebs, daibarebdnen Sin mRebrovi-terteras, endroni-
kaSvili-patrs, mamaCemi-dekanozs, gadaaxdevinebdnen mTeli naTesaobiT
TandaswrebiT parakliss, tiriliT dahkocnidnen colSvils da midi-
odnen ruseTSi tfilisis da kavkavis gziT. daqancul cxenebs hyiddnen
kavkavSi, saidanac daqiravebuli furgoniT midiodnen rostoviT makar-
iis (niJni-novgorodis) bazrobaze. iqidan nayid saqonels cxenebiT
gzavnidnen jer rostovs, sadac rkineulobas da Tevzeulobas hyidu-
lobdnen da merme yvelafers erTad CalvadrebiT kavkavis qediT
quTaiss agzavnidnen. ujdebodaT es gza mamasisxlis fasad. aranakleb
xuTi maneTisa fuTi.... vaWrebis mgzavroba TiTqmis naxevari weliwadi
grZeldeboda”.
iakob nikolaZis TaosnobaSi siaxlis elementebi iWreba. mamas
“rostovSi rom gemebi enaxa da gaego, rom iseni saqonels zRviT zi-
davdnen, ekiTxa - Sav zvazedac SeuZliaT amaT siarulio? yulevSic mii-
tanen saqonelso, ra fasaT? da sxv.”. roca es yvelaferi gamoikvlia, i.
nikolaZe winadadebas aZlevs Tavis quTaisel Tanamgzavrebs “saerTod
viqiravoT didi gemi da zRviT waviRoT saqonelio.
iakobma Savi zRvis gziT gemebiT Semoitana saqoneli saqarTveloSi.
igi didvaWari gaxda. cdilobda bambis fabrikis gamarTvas, ris
Sesaxebac 1865 wels swerda Tavis Svils nikos parizSi da sTxovda dax-
mareboda amerikuli saqsovi manqanis SeZenaSi, Tan, rogorc akade-
175
mikosi paata guguSvili miuTiTebs, aseT Segonebas urTavda: “popitka ne
ubitka”-o.
iakob nikolaZe moxerxebulad sargeblobs xelsayreli koniunqtu-
ruli pirobebiT. yirimis omis dros rogorc ucxoeTis, ise rusuli
saqonliT amierkavkasiis momaragebas Zlier Seferxda. Savi zRviT ukve
SeuZlebeli iyo saqonlis motana. rac ruseTidan, Zveleburad, kvlav
saxmeleTo gziT SemohqondaT. axla am gziT “fuTi saqonlis mitana Tu-
manze meti jdeboda”. saqoneli Zlier gaZvirda da moTxovnilebac
gaizarda. omi rom Sewyda 1856 wlis gazafxulze i. nikolaZem “makariis
iarmukas aRar ucada‟. igi saCqarod gaemgzavra moskovs. aqeTobas mos-
kovs da “rostovs nayidi saqoneli man did gemSi Caawyo da gaemgzavra
yulevs... mis Semdeg wasuli vaWrebic dabrundnen. weliwadic miiwura da
iakobi aRarsad Canda. yvela darwmunda „iakob mamukasvili Tavis
saqonliT Semodgomis qariSxalSi daiRupebodao... mas marTlac didi
gansacdeli gadaxdomia. aRelvebul zRavs misi gemi “sami Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi burTiviT uTrevia erTi kuTxidan meorisaken, xan sinopTan
gauriyavs, xan yirimis napirebze, sanamde yulevs miuyvania”. igi mainc
uvneblad dabrunda da konkurentebs, romlebic mas dascinodnen. kovzi
nacarsi CauvardaT - „misma motanilma auarebelma saqonelma Ses-
amCnevad gaaiafa imereTis cxovreba, raSiac misi metoqeebi xalxs ma-
neTs axdevinebdnen, mamaCemis sawyobebi am fasis naxevars, an mesameds
iRebdnen.
iakob nikolaZe Seiqmna didvaWari, romelic mniSvnelovani raode-
nobis fulsa da saqonels atrialebda.
Taosniani vaWrisa da meijaris xelSi dagrovili kapitali ukve
mrewvelobisaken miiswrafvis, e.i. mimoqcevis sferodan warmoebis
sferoSi unda gadavides. samrewvelo kapitalizmis ganviTarebas CvenSi
xelsayreli piroba Seeqmna batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg
daaxloebiT aanalogiuria gokielebis komerciuli dawinaurebis istoria.
isini warmoSobiT ejibiebi yofilan (sof. cividan samegrelo). aqedan maTi winapari
gadasula axalcixes, romelic maSin TurqeTis samflobeloebSi Sedioda. ejibias aq
kaTolikoba miuRia, axalcixidan is gadasaxlebula sof. gokias (javaxeTSi). s. goki-
idan merme misma naSierebma mires axali gvari – gokieli, xelosnobiT (oqromWed-
lobiT), mevaxSeobiTa da CarC-vaWrobiT gokielebi gamdidrebulan.
mas mere rac 1828 w. samcxe – saaTabago TurqeTis batonobisagan ganTa-
visuflda, da axalcixe quTaisis guberniis samazro qalaqi Seiqna, gokielebi
gadasaxldnen quTaiss, aq isini (gokielovebi) vawroben umeteswilad TambaqoTi
(TuTuniT), rac SemoaqvT samsunidan, trapizonidan da TviT konstantinopolidanac.
1860-iani wlebidan, rodesac TurqeTis mTavrobam daawesa Tambaqos saxelmwifo mo-
nopolia, xolo ruseTisam ucxouri, e.i. umTavresad Turquli Tambaqos importze 5
procenti baJi daado. am saqonliT vaWroba nakleb momgebiani gaxda. 1872 w. ki
“mSobliuri meTambaqoebis interesebisaTvis” ruseTma erTbaSad TiTqmis aTjer
gaadida saimporto Tambaqos sabaJo safasuri. amieridan arsebiTad savsebiT Sewyda
Turquli Tambaqos Semotana da gokielebmac, cxadia, airCies adgilobrivi meTam-
176
baqoeobis nedleulis gadamusavebasa da realizaciaze gadasuliyvnen. miT ufro,
rom am droisaTvis saukeTeso jiSis Turquli Tambaqoebi: “samsun” da “trapizonti”
ukve sakmaod iyo gavrcelebul-aklimatizebuli saqartvelos Savi zRvis sana-
piroebze”.
akaki xoStaria––qvelmoqmedi biznesmeni, misi xelmZRvanelobiTa da dafinansebiT
gaSenda baTumis mTavari zRvispira bulvari, maxinjauris botanikuri baRi da axali
aTonis centraluri parki. emigraciaSi myofi, ekonomikurad da finansurad exmare-
boda samSoblos. qarTvel mwerlebs maCablis quCaze mdebare sarajiSvilis sas-
axle man SeuZina.
dadianebis karis mouravi meTode xoStaria ras ifiqrebda, Tu mis umcros vaJs aka-
kis sadac ar unda ecxovra odesaSi, baqoSi, iransa Tu parizSi, yvelgan samSoblo-
sadmi Tanadgomisa da daxmarebis survili Tan dahyveboda. momaval mecenats wig-
nierebis siyvaruli da ganaTlebisadmi ltolva bavSvobidanve dedam Caunerga.
mSoblebi Svilebs zrdidnen ukeTesi momavlisaTvis. fiqrobdnen, rom naswavli kaci
cxovrebaSi ufro mets miaRwevda da meti SesaZleblobac eqneboda. am keTilSobil
ganzraxvaSi araferi iyo gasakviri. magram bunebam gacilebiT meti Caaqsova am kar-
gad aRzrdil axalgazrdaSi, uromlisodac marto umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba
verafers uSvelida.
niWiereba da moxerxeba iyo is qvakuTxedi, razedac aigo odesis agronomiis akade-
miis kursdamTavrebulis akaki xoStarias, rogorc biznesmenis momavali. arc misi
`dekoratiuli mebaReobis specialoba~ iyo didi, mCqefare cxovrebisaken biZgis
mimcemi. magram unikaluri samewarmeo niWis mqone axalgazrdam es SeZlo. man
Caifiqra Savi zRvispireTis sanapiros gamSveniereba aferadebuli zurmuxtferebiT.
am ideis xorcSesasxmelad akademiis damTavrebisTanave dekoratiuli da botaniku-
ri baRebis ganaSenianebaSi CaerTo. interesma da mondomebam Sno da lazaTi SesZina
mis saqmianobas. ise kargad aewyo yvelaferi, rom sruliad axalgazrda specialists
didad endobodnen yvelgan. yvela xedavda akaki xoStarias mier wamowyebuli saq-
mis perspeqtivas da mxardamWerebic gamouCndnen. Savi zRvispireTis ganaSenianebas
masStaburi xasiaTi mieca da enTuziazisti axalgazrda specialisti am didmniSvne-
lovan saqmeSi TandaTan winaurdeboda.
akaki xoStarias xelmZRvanelobiTa da dafinansebiT gaSenda baTumis mTavari
zRvispira bulvari, maxinjauris botanikuri baRi, axali aTonis centraluri parki
da ialtis mTavari baRi. mudam saqmis maZiebelma cota xani foTSic imuSava, sadac
daumegobrda vinme vaWar zodelavas. masTan erTad savaWro gemiT navTi waiRo
odesaSi, magram zRvaze amovardnilma qariSxalma gemis mimarTuleba Secvala da
ase aRmoCnda akaki xoStaria TurqeTSi. aq ki gzaabneulebma navTi oqros fasad
gayides, ramac akaki xoStaria axal samewarmeo saqmianobaze seriozulad daafiqra.
Savi zRvispireTis sanapiros ganaSenianebam sakmaod daarwmuna imaSi, rom nebismi-
eri wamowyebuli kargi, mamuliSviluri saqmis warmateba finansebzea damokidebuli
da Tu ginda kargi saqme akeTo, pirvel rigSi unda ifiqro mis finansur uzrun-
velyofaze. kargi ideebic saWiroebs materialur mxardaWeras.

axal biznesze seriozulad dafiqrebuli Cveni Tanamemamule TurqeTidan baqos

gaemgzavra da iq navTobmrewvel musa nagievisagan SeiZina nvTobsarewi danadgare-
bi, imavdroulad baTumSi Seisyida savaWro aqciebi da mTeli arsebiT Caeflo
navTobsamrewvelo da savaWro saqmianobaSi. Semdeg baqodan iranSi gadavida da
Tavisi samewarmeo da savaWro saqmianobiT iranis Sahis karze didi gavlena da pa-
tivi moipova. ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi mTel iranSi umdidres pirovnebad

177
iTvleboda.
1914 wels iranSi mcxovreb mdidar Tanamemamules Tbilisidan acnobes, rom iyide-
boda kapitalistis daviT sarajiSvilis saxli da sTxovdnen, rom mas SeeZina. akaki
xoStariam TanamemamuleTa es Txovna daakmayofila. Semdeg maCablis quCaze
mdebare daviT sarajiSvilis sasaxle mTlinad gadaakeTa, risTvisac italiidan
Camoitana lomis figurebi, sxva antikvaruli nivTebi, moawyo sazafxulo da
zamTris baRebi.
Tbilisidan gamgzavrebis win akakis axlo naTesavs poet dutu megrels, SegaxsenebT,
rom isic xoStaria gaxldaT, mweralTa kavSiris maSindeli TavjdomarisaTvis aka-
kis piradi survili gadaucia _ misi gamgzavrebis Semdeg sasaxle ufasod gadasce-
moda qarTvel mwerlebs. did biznesSi Cveni Tanamemamulis niWsa da profesional-
izmze metyvelebs is, rom man konstantinepolSi daaarsa Turqul-sparsuli banki,
sadac dausaqmebia Cveni qveynidan wasuli qarTvelebi. Rirseuli mamuliSvili sadac
ar unda yofiliyo, misTvis qarTvelebis gasaWiri mudam mtkivneuli iyo da mudam
Sveloda kidec Tavis xalxs. ekonomikur da finansur daxmarebas uwevda mSobliur
qveyanasac. 20-ian wlebSi puris deficitis gamo komunistebma akaki xoStarias sTx-
oves daxmareba. manac daarsa kompania `xoStaria_sabWoTa kavSiris erToba~, sta-
linsac Sexvda piradad. Semdeg Tavisi saxsrebiT iranSi purs yidulobda da
agzavnida baqoSi, saidanac nawildeboda. am purs `xoStarias purs~ eZaxdnen. Semdeg
aRmoCnda, rom komunistebma Sepirebuli Tanxa ar gadauricxes da saerTaSoriso
masStabiT skandali rom ar atexiliyo, akakis dapatimreba gadauwyvetiaT. am uma-
durobisa da veragobis Sesaxeb budu mdivans saidumlod ucnobebia akaki xoStaria-
saTvis, urCevda-Turme saqarTveloSi ar gamoCeniliyo. cnobili biznesmeni-
saTvis yvela qveynis kari Ria iyo, mas didi nacnoboba hqonda ruzveltTan da Cer-
CilTan, magram Cvenma Tanamemamulem saboloo sacxovreblad mainc parizi airCia.
aqedan kvlav qarTvelebisken mouwevda guli. safrangeTSi man SeiZina lado gudi-
aSvilisa da cnobili kubistis andre lotis suraTebi da saCuqrad saqarTvelos
xelovnebis muzeums gamougzavna. ufro adre saqarTveloSi axladdaarsebul isto-
riisa da eTnografiis sazogadoebas 8000 maneTi gadmouricxa. misi dafinansebiT
ganxorcielda rkinigzis gayvana foTsa da abaSas Soris. igi megobrobda da exmare-
boda emigraciaSi myof damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobas. jer kidev adre
1915 wels Tavisi dedis saxelze abaSis raionis sofel sujunis centrSi agebuli
umSvenieresi arqiteqturuli Senoba sofels aCuqa, raTa igi ganaTlebis kerad
eqciaT. madlieri qarTveloba ver iviwyebs amagdarsa da qvelmoqmeds akaki xo-
Starias. igi dakrZalulia parizSi, per-laSezis sasaflaoze.

(wyaro: “axali qarTuli gazeTi”,1998 w. 7 oqtomberi, gv. e-2.)

178
 danarTi a

ra gansxvavebaa menejersa da mewarmes Soris?

menejerebi arian adamianebi, romlebic organizaciuli miznebis efeqturad
da yairaTianad ganxorcielebis mizniT zedamxedvelobas uweven adamianuri da sxva
resursebis gamoyenebas. organizaciis resursebSi Sedis iseTi aqtivebi, rogoricaa:
muSaxeli Tavisi profesionalizmiT, specifikuri codniTa da gamocdilebiT; manqa-
na-danadgarebi, nedleuli, kompiuterebi da sainformacio teqnologiebi, finansuri
kapitali.
menejerebisgan gansxvavebiT, mewarmeebi arian adamianebi, romlebic amCneven
arsebul SesaZleblobebs da iReben pasuxismgeblobas im resursebis mobilizebaze,
romelic aucilebelia axali an gaumjobesebuli saqonlis da momsaxurebis misa-
wodeblad. mewarmeebi xels hkideben axal, sarisko bizneswamowyebebs da axorcie-
leben sawyis dagegmvas, organizebas, gaZRolasa da kontrols, romelic aucilebe-
lia maTi ideis realobad qcevisTvis. Tu idea sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, isini
izidaven momxmarebels da biznesic farTovdeba. amis Semdeg mewarmeebi qiraoben
menejerebs, romlebic pasuxismgeblebi xdebian yvela im specifikuri funqciuri
saqmianobis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, marketingi, sabuRaltro aRricxva da pro-
duqciis warmoeba) organizebasa da kontrolze, romelic saWiroa mzardi organiza-
ciis warmatebisaTvis.
rogorc wesi, axali biznesis dawyebis win mewarmeebs kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli
Tanmxlebi riski (riski sakmaod seriozulia, radgan bevri axali wamowyeba dasawy-
isSive kvdeba) da iReben yvelanair Semosavalsa Tu mogebas, romelic axal
wamowyebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. i. Sumpeteris Teoria mewarmeobis, mewarmis arsis da mewarmeobrivi un-
aris calke meoTxe faqtorad gamoyofis Sesaxeb.
2. mewarme subieqtebi saqarTveloSi, upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi.
3. rTuli biznesuri organizaciuli struqturebi - korporaciebi.
4. samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa samarTlebrivi formebi
saqarTveloSi.
5. samewarmeo saqmis subieqtTa dafuZneba saqarTveloSi.
6. daaxasiaTeT rogor viTardeboda samamulo mewarmeoba da misi mes-
veurebis, g. bolqvaZis, r. danibegaSvilis, zubalaSvilebis, d. sarajiSvilis,
nikolaZeebis, gokielebis, a. xoStarias da sxvaTa samewarmeo saqmianoba, maTi
miRwevebi da roli.

179
 merve Tavi
sawarmos finansebis zogadi mimoxilva
gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 sawarmos dafinansebis wyaroebi: dafinansebis Sida wyaroebi;
dafinansebis gare wyaroebi.
 sawarmos nasesxebi saxsrebi: moklevadiani dakrediteba; grZelva-
diani dakrediteba.
 Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebis dafinansebis wyaroebi: aqciebi;
obligaciebi; vauCeri.
 fasiani qaRaldebis bazris zogadi gacnoba: safondo birJa;
birJisgareSe bazari; rogor TamaSoben birJaze.

sawarmos finansebi
finansuri resursebis mudmivi modineba, es saWiroa imisaTvis, raTa sawarmom
regularulad gadauxados xelfasi muSebsa da mosamsaxureebs, Seisyidos nedleu-
li, gaaremontos Zveli mowyobiloba, SeiZinos axali dazgebi da a.S.
Tu sawarmos fuli ar yofnis yvela am xarjebis gasaRebad, maSin igi iZulebu-
lia SeaCeros warmoeba da saboloo angariSiT, Tavi gamoacxados gakotrebulad –
aRiaros Tavisi gadaxdisuunaroba, rasac, Cveulebriv mohyveba qonebis gayidva da
mesakuTresaTvis sxva arasasiamovno movlenebi.

sawarmos dafinansebis Sida wyaroebi

sawarmo Tavis mimdinare xarjebs – Sromis anazRaurebas, nedleulisa da ma-

salebis SeZenas da a.S. faravs im fuladi saxsrebidan, rasac igi Rebulobs mis mier
warmoebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis gayidviT.
icis ra, mewarmem, rom adre Tu gvian mowyobilobis gamocvla gaxdeba saWiro,
amisaTvis igi regularulad agrovebs (gadadebs) saxsrebs specialur fondSi. es e.w.
saamortizacio anaricxebia, romelic warmoebis danaxarjebSi CairTveba.
amortizaciis anaricxebi devs ara “usulo” tvirTis saxiT, aramed gamoiyeneba
sawarmos saWiroebisaTvis, magram ise, rom gansazRvrul dros man Tavis dan-
iSnuleba Seasrulos.
mzardi sawarmos mesakuTreni piradi saWiroebisaTvis mogebis mxolod nawils
xarjaven, meore nawils ki xelaxla deben saqmeSi, romelic midis warmoebis
gafarToebaze an dagrovebaze.
ZiriTad fondebSi saxsrebis dabandebas ewodeba kapitaldabandeba anu inves-
ticiebi. rogorc vxedavT, kapitaldabandeba finansirdeba Sida ori wyarodan:
amortizaciis anaricxebidan da mogebis nawilidan.

180
gaunawilebeli
mogeba

grZelvadiani kred-
itebi
dafinansebis Siga wyaroebi

dafinansebis gareSe wyaroebi

dafinansebis gareSe wyaroebi moklevadiani kred-
aqciebi itebi

sxva
saaqcio sazogadoebebis kapitaldabandebaTa dafinansebis wyaroebi aSS-Si

rodesac sawarmosaTvis mZime periodi dgeba, maSin igi saxsrebis naklebobas

ganicdis da ver faravs gaweul xarjebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sawarmo iZulebulia
warmoebis moculoba Sekvecos, adre gakeTebuli danazogebi gamoiyenos, an vali
aiRos. zogjer individualur kerZo sawarmoebsa da amxanagobebs uxdebaT
mesakuTreTa Senatanebis gazrda, xolo saaqcio kompaniebs damatebiTi aqciebis
gamoSveba.
saaqcio sazogadoebebi TavianT kapitaldabandebebs 30%-ze metad afinanseben
nasesxebi saxsrebidan da 4-5%-iT damatebiT gamoSvebuli aqciebidan.
roca sawarmo vals iRebs, igi valdebulebas kisrulobs miRebuli (nomi-
naluri) Tanxis gansazRvrul droSi dabrunebaze. am Tanxas emateba misi garkveuli
procenti premiis saxiT – daTqmul vadaSi fulis gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis. aR-
niSnul operacias dakrediteba ewodeba.

moklevadiani dakrediteba
komerciuli krediti . gaicema erTi sawarmos mier meoreze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
SemkveTi sawarmo amowers savalo dokuments – veqsils, romlis Tanaxmad igi
valdebulebas iRebs gadaxda ganaxorcielos daTqmul vadaSi.
sabanko krediti- ბანკის მიერ აკუმულირებული თავისუფალი ფულადი
სახსრებისა და საკუთარი კაპიტალის ნაწილის გაცემა დროებით სარგებლობაში..
komerciuli fasiani qaRaldebi.

181
grZelvadiani dakrediteba

sawarmoebi grZelvadian dakreditebas mimarTaven ZviradRirebul kapitalda-

bandebaTa dafinansebisaTvis – Senobis agebisaTvis, mowyobilobebis SeZenisaTvis
da a.S. aseTi krediti erT welze meti vadiT gaicema bankebisa da sxva safinanso
dawesebulebebis mier.
krediti SeiZleba gaices “patiosan sityvaze”. mas uwodeben arauzrunvelyofil
savalo sesxs. naklebad cnobil msesxebelze grZelvadiani krediti gaicema mxolod
giraoTi.
grZelvadiani sesxis aseT saxes ewodeba uzrunvelyofili. grZelvadiani
dakreditebis gansakuTrebuli forma SeuZlia gamoiyenos Ria tipis saaqcio
sazogadoebas. igi uflebamosilia gamouSvas specialuri sakredito fasiani
qaRaldebi – obligaciebi.
Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebis dafinansebis wyaroebi
aqciebi da obligaciebi fasiani qaRaldebis ZiriTadi saxeebia. maT Soris mTa-
vari gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aqciebis mflobeli saaqcio sazogadoebis
TanamesakuTrea, xolo obligaciebisa (rogorc savalo dokumentis mflobeli) –
misi kreditori.
aqciebi
imisaTvis, raTa ganvaxorcieloT aqciebis sajaro gamoSveba (emisia), sawarmo
valdebulia gasces sruli informacia Tavis finansur mdgomareobaze da amis
Semdeg miiRos mis gamoSvebaze oficialuri Tanxmoba. Cveulebriv, kompaniisagan
iTxoven monacemebs mis naRd saSualebebze (aqtivebze), valebze, mogebasa da zaralze
bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, aseve yvela adre gamoSvebul fasian
qaRaldebsa da maT pirobebze.
nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg sawarmo ganacxads akeTebs aqciebis gamoSvebaze da
avrcelebs maT, rogorc wesi, sainvesticio bankis saSualebiT.
kerZo pirebze aqciebis pirveli gayidva (e.w. pirveladi gavrceleba), marTa-
lia, nominalur fasSi warmoebs, magram, roca gamoSveba ramdenime Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi vrceldeba da fasebis saerTo mateba maRalia, maSin aqciis gasayidi fasic
icvleba da yovelTviur matebas ganicdis nominalTan mimarTebaSi.
aqciebi gamodis rogorc naRdi, aseve unaRdo.
unaRdo formis aqciebis gamoSveba xdeba ara specialuri mowmobis an serTif-
ikatis saxiT, aramed unaRdod, angariSze CaweriT, romelic ixsneba aqcioneris sax-
elze.
saaqcio sazogadoebas SeuZlia gamouSvas, rogorc saxelobiTi aqciebi
(mflobelis saxeli Caiwereba aqciis saregistracio wignSi), ise, aqciebi war-
momdgenze – roca mflobelis saxeli ar registrirdeba.
zogjer amtkiceben, rom sabalanso fasi tolia im Tanxisa, romelsac aqcioneri
Rebulobs sawarmos gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi. magram aseT situaciaSi saaqcio
sazogadoebis qonebis gayidva, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba imaze mniSvnelovnad
nakleb fasebSi, rac dafiqsirebulia sabuRaltro CanawerebSi (wignSi). amitom imis

182
imedi, rom Cveulebrivi aqciis mflobeli ukan daibrunebs mis SeZenaze daxarjul
fuls – Zalze mcirea.
privilegiuri aqciebi Cveulebrivisagan, upirveles yovlisa, imiT gansxvavde-
ba, rom maTze dividendebis gacema gaTvaliswinebulia pirvel rigSi – Cveulebriv
aqciebze dividendebis gacemamde, xolo kompaniis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi, aseve,
pirvel rigSi xdeba mis mflobelze qonebrivi wilis (dabandebuli kapitalis)
dabruneba.
privilegiuri aqcia, rogorc wesi, xmis uflebas ar iZleva aqcionerTa saerTo
krebaze (A) tipis privilegiuri aqcia), magram maTgan gansxvavebiT arsebobs e.w.
“oqros aqciebi”, romelTa mflobels vetos uflebas aZlevs aqcionerTa saerTo
krebaze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
arsebobs privilegiuri aqciebis ramdenime saxe. aSS-Si metad gavrcelebulia
e.w. kumulaciuri aqciebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben dividendis dagrovebas.
ufro iSviaTad xdeba privilegiuri aqciebis gamoSveba, romelic damatebiTi
dividendebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva.
arsebobs privilegiuri aqciebis kidev erTi tipi - konvertirebadi aqciebi,
romlebic SeiZleba gadaicvalos Cveulebriv aqciebze specialurad dadgenili kur-
sis an Tanafardobis mixedviT drois gansazRvrul periodSi.
dafarvaze warsadgeni aqciebi, romelTac uSveben garkveuli vadiT, ris Semdeg
xdeba maTi gamosyidva principiT: nominals plius 5-10%. bunebrivia, rom gam-
osyidvis Semdeg aqcia uflebas kargavs dividendis miRebaze.

obligaciebi
obligacia, es valdebulebaa – erTgvari savalo xelwerili. aqciebisagan ob-
ligaciebis mTavari gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aqcioneri warmoadgens
sawarmos TanamesakuTres, xolo obligaciis mflobeli mis kreditors.
aqcioneris riski ufro maRalia, radgan sawarmos gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi man
SeiZleba dakargos aqciebSi Cadebuli mTliani Tanxa. obligaciebis mflobeli,
rogorc kreditori, davalianebis gastumrebis upiratesi uflebiT sargeblobs. am
TvalsazrisiT, obligacia ufro saimedoa (“daculi” kapitaldabandebaa), vidre
Cveulebrivi an Tundac privilegiuri aqcia.
obligaciac ramdenime saxis arsebobs. uzrunvelyofis xerxis mixedviT ga-
nasxvaveben arauzrunvelyofil obligaciebs da obligaciebs, romelic gamodis
saaqcio sazogadoebis giraos qveS. garda amisa, maT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels
warmoadgens Semosavlianobis procenti da dafarvis vada.
rogor gansazRvraven obligaciis sabazro fass? axali gamoSvebis obligacia,
pirveli gavrcelebis aqciis msgavsad, nominalis mixedviT iyideba. amasTan, misi
wliuri procentuli Semosavali ar SeiZleba imaze naklebi iyos, rac am momenti-
saTvis sabanko angariSze arsebobs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas aravin SeiZens,
radgan bevrad ukeTesi iqneba fulis bankSi Cadeba da ufro maRali wliuri pro-
centis miReba.

183
fasiani qaRaldebis bazari
aqciebi da obligaciebi dafinansebis popularuli saSualeba gaxda imis me-
oxebiT, rom maTi gayidva iolad SeiZleba, Tuki amas maTi mflobelebi saWirod
CaTvlian. maT yidian da yiduloben specialurad organizebul bazarze, romelic
safondo birJis saxels atarebs. dReisaTvis arsebobs aseTi bazris ori ZiriTadi
tipi – sabirJo da birJisgareSe.
safondo birJa
birJa mkacr kontrols awesebs, raTa verc erTma myidvelma an gamyidvelma
ver SeZlos fasebis diqtati. aq yvela garigeba dgeba Ria vaWrobis wesiT da yovel
maTganze gaicema sruli informacia. Tavdapirvelad es fiqsirdeba eleqtronul
tabloze, Semdeg qveyndeba presaSi.
rogorc amtkiceben, pirveli birJa aRmocenda 1406 w. holandiis qalaq bri-
ugeSi, vinme SeZlebuli kacis van der bursis saxlis maxloblad.
safondo birJebi Tavidan arsebobdnen sasaqonlo birJebis ganyofilebebis
saxiT. SemdgomSi fasiani qaRaldebis bazrebi Camoyalibda damoukideblad, imis
kvalobaze, Tu rogor izrdeboda brunvaSi arsebuli aseTi qaRaldebis raodenoba.
arsebobs centraluri birJa- qveynis msxvil saaqcio kompaniaTa fasiani
qaRaldebiT vaWrobis arena da aseve, regionaluri birJebi, sadac ganxorcielebu-
lia am regionis saaqcio sazogadoebaTa aqciebisa da obligaciebis yidva-gayidva.
yvela kompanias ara aqvs ufleba birJaze gayidos Tavisi fasiani qaRaldebi. aseTi
uflebis mopovebisaTvis (anu birJaze registraciisaTvis) kompania unda pasuxobdes
mTel rig mkac moTxovnebs: flobdes msxvil kapitals, gamouSvas gansazRvruli
raodenobis aqciebi, rigi bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdes mogebaze da a.S. is
saaqcio sazogadoebebi, romlebic amgvar moTxovnebs ar pasuxoben, TavianT
aqciebsa da obligaciebs yidian ara birJaze, aramed birJisgareSe bazarze, anu spe-
cializebuli saSuamavlo firmebis saSualebiT.
birJis gareSe bazari
birJis gareSe bazris zoma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT.
ase, mag., aSS-Si, operaciebis RirebulebiTi moculobis mixedviT, igi praqtikulad
gautolda niuiorkis safondo (centraluri) birJis brunvas.
birJisgareSe bazarze, klienti SekveTas aZlevs saSuamavlo firmas (anu
sxvanairad, dilers).
Tu dilers es aqciebi ar gaaCnia, maSin igi mas klientisaTvis iZens sxva
dilerisagan. saSuamavlo firmebs Soris garigebaSi aseT fass sabiTumo fasi, anu
Sida fasi ewodeba – gansxvavebiT saboloo, anu sacalo fasisa, romliTac igi
klients mieyideba. Sesabamisad, sacalo fasze wanamati dgeba Sida fasis mimarT.
rogor TamaSoben birJaze
birJa xSirad ganimarteba rogorc “fasiani qaRaldebis meoradi bazari”. masze
warmoebs, upiratesad, adre nayidi fasiani qaRaldebis gayidva (gadayidva), rom-
lebic Seadgenen yvela gamoSvebuli aqciebisa da obligaciebis mcire nawils.
arsebobs birJis TamaSebis ori saxe: awevaze da dawevaze.
awevaze moTamaSeebi birJis JargoniT iwodebian xarebad.

184
 moTamaSis operaciebi dawevaze, romelic daTvis saxeliTaa cnobili, ufro
rTulia. igi Sedgeba ara ori, aramed araumcires sami etapisagan. pirveli nabijia –
fasiani qaRaldebis aReba sesxad, meore - maTi gayidva, mesame – adre gayiduli
fasiani qaRaldebis Sesyidva da isev gamsesxeblisaTvis ukan dabruneba. sxva
sityvebiT, “daTvi” moqmedebs sawinaaRmdego wesiT da, erTi SexedviT, jansaRi
azris sapirispirodac ki. Tu “xari” Tavidan yidulobs da Semdeg yidis, “daTvi” pi-
riqiT – jer yidis da mere yidulobs. dawevaze TamaSis wesi SemdegSi mdgomareobs.
yidis ra fasian qaRaldebs mimdinare kursiT, “daTvi” imedovnebs rom SemdegSi mas
iyidis ufro dabal fasebSi. swored sxvaoba gasayid da Sesasyid fasebs Soris
Seadgens mis mogebas.
TamaSis awevasa da dawevaze – es aris sabirJo operaciebis ori ZiriTadi
forma, magram orTave arsebiT saxecvlilebas ganicdis garigebis anazRaurebis
pirobebis mixedviT: anazRaureba xdeba garigebisTanave (praqtikulad erTi ori
dRis ganmavlobaSi), Tu garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg. pirveli tipis garigebas
ewodeba sakaso, romelmac farTo gavrceleba miiRo aSS-Si. meore rigis garigeba
cnobilia rogorc vadiani da xSirad gamoiyeneba evropaSi.

danarTi a

“krediti, wminda ekonomiuris Tvisebis, imisTana ram aris,

romlis ZaliTac fuli erTis xelidam meoreSi gadadis marto
im azriT, rom ekonomiuri warmoeba ganaZlieros”.

“...saWiroa avxsnaT, ra aris krediti.

Cven xSirad vxedavT, rom fuliani da ufulo erTmaneTSi garigdebian ase, rom
erTi meores fuls asesxebs. maggvari garigeba moxdeba maSin, roca gamrigebelT
Soris ndobaa. ai mag ndobas, romlis meoxebiTac fuli erTis xelidam meoreSi
sesxad gadaaqvs da romelsac garigeba da piroba zed dahyveba xolme, hqvian kredi-
ti.
ekonomiuri sagani kreditisa gansakuTrebiT is aris, rom igi usaTuod unda
moixmaros kacma ekonomiuris warmoebis warmatebisaTvis. krediti mxolod amiT
Seiqmneba erT im ekonomiur Roned, romlis meoxebiTac qveynis nivTieri keTil-
dReoba da simdidre matulobs. maSasadame, krediti, wminda ekonomiuris Tvisebis,
imisTana ram aris, romlis ZaliTac fuli erTis xelidam meoreSi gadadis marto
im azriT, rom ekonomiuri warmoeba ganaZlieros. eg warmoebis gaZliereba erTis
mxriT ekonomiuri mizania kreditisa, da meores mxriT mxoloobiTi ekonomiuri
saxsaric aris kreditiT naSovni sesxis gadaxdisa.
radganac ekonomiuri warmoeba da masTan SekavSirebuli qoneba
sxvadasxvagvaria, amis gamo sxvadasxvagvari kreditic aris.”
ilia WavWavaZe

185
 danarTi b
„finansuri dawesebuleba igia, romelic ganagebs. . . saxelmwifos
Semosaval-gasavlis saqmeebs“.

„finansuri dawesebuleba igia, romelic ganagebs „finansebs“, ese igi saxelmwifos

Semosaval-gasavlis saqmeebs. ra aqvs saerTo saTavadaznauro banks „finansur
dawesebulebasTan? sruliad araferi. banki sakredito dawesebulebaa da „finansur
dawesebulebasTan“ iseTive msgavseba aqvs, rogorc zRvasa da xmeleTs, wyalsa da
cecxlsa“. aqao da Cveneburs banks finansebi aqvs, anu, rogorc leqsikoni ambobs,
fulad gamoxatuli nivTieri mdgomareoba, da nuTu amiT hxdiT mas „finansur“
dawesebulebad?“
ilia WavWavaZe

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. daaxasiaTeT sawarmos dafinansebis wyaroebi.
2. ganmarteT da daaxasiaTeT sawarmos nasesxebi saxsrebi.
3. daaxasiaTeT Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebis dafinansebis wyaroebi.
4. fasiani qaRaldebis bazris zogadi daxasiaTeba.

186
 mecxre Tavi
konkurencia da misi mniSvneloba

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 srulyofili konkurencia
 monopoliis arsi da maxasiaTeblebi
 arasrulyofili konkurenciis saxeobani
 monopolisturi konkurencia
 oligopolia
 monopsonia da oligopsonia
 efeqtianoba da bazris struqturis sxvadasxva tipebi
 arasrulyofili konkurenciis Teoriis Semqmnelebi – joan robinsoni (1903-
1983) da edvard Cemberlini (1899-1967)
 bazris ZiriTadi tipebis mokle daxasiaTeba

konkurencia da monopolia
Cvens mier ukve aRwerili safondo bazari axlosaa sruli (Tavisufali)
konkurenciis modelTan. magram arsebobs sxva modelebic – aranakleb mniSvnelo-
vani ekonomikuri procesebis gagebisTvis.
bazars, rogorc myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTmoqmedebis sferos,
SeiZleba gaaCndes (rogorc ekonomistebi amboben) sxvadasxva struqtura.
ra raodenobis myidveli da gamyidvelia masSi warmodgenili da rogor ur-
TierTmoqmedeben isini: erTnairia Tu ara maTi Zalisxmeva da gavlena sabazro
fasis formirebaze; bazarze fasebis diqtati xelewifeba erT maTgans Tu ramdenimes
erTdroulad.
ganasxvaveben bazris struqturis Semdeg tipebs: srul konkurencias, monop-
olias, monopolistur konkurencias, oligopolias, monopsonias da oligopsonias.

sruli konkurencia
am modelis Tanaxmad, sabazro fasebis formireba xdeba mxolod moTxovna-
miwodebis kanonis zemoqmedebiT. sruli konkurencia Semdeg pirobebs gulisxmobs:
1. uamravi damoukidebeli myidvelisa da gamyidvelis arsebobas, romelTagan
arc erTs ar SeuZlia TavianTi fasebis diqtati;
2. bazarze identuri saqonlis gamotanas (aseT dros myidvelisaTvis sul erTi
xdeba Tu konkretulad visgan SeiZens saqonels);
3. yvela gamyidvelisa da myidvelisaTvis saqonlis fasebze sruli informaciis
arsebobas;
4. im SezRudvebis gamoricxvas, rac xels SeuSlis bazarze axali myidvelebis
(firmebis) gamoCenas.
realur cxovrebaSi Zalze mcirericxovani (safondo da sasaqonlo) bazrebia
amgvarad organizebuli da mxolod miaxloebiT akmayofileben am pirobebs.

187
monopolia
monopolia sruli konkurenciis sapirispiro modelia. zustad rom vTqvaT,
monopolia bazarze arsebobs mxolod iq da maSin, sadac erTi gamyidvelia, romlis
saqonels (an momsaxurebas) axlo Semcvleli ar gaaCnia.
sruli konkurenciisagan gansxvavebiT monopoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
Semdegi pirobebi:
1. erTi monopolisti-gamyidvelis arseboba;
2. produqciis Semcvlelis uqonloba (monopolistis saqoneli unda gansxvavde-
bodes sxva firmebis mier damzadebuli saqonlisagan);
3. barierebis arseboba, romlebic xels uSlian aseTive saqonlis
damamzadeblebis bazarSi SeRwevas.

sabazro fasi monopoliis pirobebSi

moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanoni, romelic sruli konkurenciis pirobebSi sab-
azro fasebs gansazRvravs, moqmedebs monopoliis SemTxvevaSic, magram Taviseburad.
sruli konkurenciisas sabazro fasi dgeba moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebis gad-
akveTis wertilis mixedviT. amasTan, moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi asaxaven
gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis “koleqtiur gonebas”, romlis Tanaxmad, arc erT
maTgans fasebis diqtati ar SeuZlia.
monopoliis pirobebSi moTxovna aseve momxmarebelTa “koleqtiuri gonebiT”
ganisazRvreba da gamoixateba moTxovnis mrudiT. magram, radganac arsebobs mxo-
lod erTi gamyidveli, amitom mas SeuZlia miwodeba mTlianad akontrolos. es
SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas daawesos nebismieri fasi, magram saqonlis raodenoba,
romlis gayidvasac igi am fasad SesZlebs mainc moTxovnis kanonze iqneba
damokidebuli. sxva sityvebiT, monopolisti fass SeirCevs moTxovnis mrudze, es ki
gansazRvravs saqonlis moculobas, romlis realizaciac SesaZlebeli xdeba yoveli
fasis Sesabamisad.
rogori fasi SeuZlia daawesos monopolistma Tavis saqonelze Tu es fasi
yvela SesaZlo fasze maRali iqna, maSin masze moTxovna minimumamde dava da saqon-
lis mcire raodenoba gaiyideba. Tu monopolisti Zalze dabal fass daawesebs,
maSin moTxovna mkveTrad gaizrdeba da igi bevr saqonels gayidis. magram, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, mogeba mcire iqneba. amitom monopolisti Seecdeba moTxovnis mrudze
iseTi fasi SearCios, romelic mas maqsimalur mogebas moutans. aqedan gamomdinare,
igi ixelmZRvanelebs standartuli wesiT: mogeba maqsimaluria, roca zRvruli
Semosavali zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia. es situacia warmovidginoT grafikis
saxiT, romelzec mocemulia: moTxovnis (C), zRvruli danaxarjebis (S) da zRvruli
Semosavlebis mrudebi. S da D mrudebis gadakveTis P wertilSi zRvruli Semosava-
li zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia.

188
 f
a
s
i C

A R

D
P
B
S
O
H raodenoba

Nnax. 9.1 sabazro fasi monopoliis pirobebSi

Tu am wertilze ordinatas paralelur wrfes gavatarebT, maSin igi abcisebis

RerZs gadakveTs H wertilSi, xolo moTxovnis C mruds R wertilSi. firmisaTvis
OH monakveTi warmoebis im optimalur moculobas Seesabameba, romelzec zRvruli
danaxarjebi zRvruli Semosavlis tolia, xolo saerTo mogeba –maqsimaluri
sididisa. gasayidi moculobis am mniSvnelobas moTxovnis mrudze Seesabameba R
wertili. es imas niSnavs, rom OH moculobis (raodenobis) produqciis realizacia
SesaZlebelia OA (an, rac igivea - HR) fasSi.
imaTTvis, visac jer-jerobiT ver gaucnobierebia zRvruli sidideebisa da
grafikebis saSualebiT analizis gakeTebis moxerxebuloba, moviyvanT Cveulebriv
ricxviT magaliTs.
davuSvaT, romeliRac farmacevtul kompanias gavrcelebuli daavadebis mkur-
nalobisaTvis gaaCnia metad efeqturi saSualebis warmoebis monopoliuri ufleba.
am axali produqtis gamoSvebis dawyebamde, firmis specialistebi akeTeben bazris
analizs da adgenen fasebis, xarjebisa da Semosavlebis cxrils.

189
 cxrili 9.1
firmis xarjebi da Semosavlebi samkurnalo preparatis
sxvadasxva fasebisas

cxrilis monacemebidan Cans, yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali fasebis Sem-

TxvevaSi kompania zarals ganicdis. maqsimaluri (1ml 750 lari). mogeba miiReba
maSin, roca 1 cali kolofis fasi 30 laria. swored es fasi SeiZleba iyos rek-
omendirebuli, rogorc optimaluri, monopoliis pirobebSi.
kanoniT nebadarTuli monopoliis saxeebi
erTi monopolistis ganuyofeli batonoba bazarze kanonmdeblobiT akrZalu-
lia, praqtikulad, yvela qveyanaSi. magram monopolia, arsebuli Teoriis sa-
pirispirod, SeiZleba arsebobdes maSinac ki, roca bazarze ramdenime gamyidvelia,
magram erT-erT maTganze modis warmoebis lomis (mometebuli) wili. am SemTxveva-
Si, ZiriTadi mwarmoebeli, arsebiTad, monopolistia da bazars igi karnaxobs Tavis
fasebs. ase, mag., rogorc cnobili profesori marina maSina aRniSnavs, XX saukunis
dasawyisSi ruseTis metalurgiuli mrewvelobis produqciis 80% monopolizebuli
iyo sindikatis “prodamet”-is mier, romelic aerTianebda 30 metalurgiul sawar-
mos. me-19 saukunis bolos aSS-Si Saqris warmoebis 90%-s akontrolebda erTaderTi
firma “amerikan Sugar refaining kompani”. dRemde giganturi sawarmoebi, romleb-
zec modis calkeuli saqonlis warmoebis umetesi wili, SenarCunebulia bevr qvey-
anaSi da maT Soris ruseTSic, Tumca antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba mniSvnelov-
nad zRudavs maT diqtats bazarze.Mmonopolisti sawarmoebis mier calkeul saxeo-
baTa produqciis warmoebis masStabebze warmodgenas gvaZlevs cxrili 9.2.

190
 cxrili 9.2
calkeul saxeobaTa produqciis warmoeba monopolisti
sawarmoebis mier 1992 wels

rogorc wesi, sazogadoebrivi azri monopoliasTan mimarTebaSi negatiuria.

miuxedavad amisa, zogierT sferoSi mas gverds ver avuvliT. amitom, praqtikulad,
yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs specialuri kanonmdeblobiT nebadarTuli monopolia,
romelic romelime mwarmoebels gamonaklis uflebas aniWebs.
aseTebia, pirvel rigSi:
saxelmwifo monopolia – bazarze monopoliuri uflebis mqone saxelmwifo
daqvemdebarebis sawarmoebi. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba: safosto samsaxuri, sarkinigzo
kavSiri da a.S. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi saxelmwifo sawarmoebi monopo-
listebi xdebian iseTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze, romelic aucilebe-
lia mosaxleobisaTvis, magram aramimzidveli (arasargebliani) kerZo mewarmeTaT-
vis – didi danaxarjebisa da dabali Semosavlebis gamo;
bunebrivi monopolia – monopolia bunebrivi resursebis eqspluataciaze. maT
ricxvSia komunaluri momsaxurebis sferoSi funqcionirebadi sawarmoebi (wylis,
gazisa da eleqtromomsaxureba – yovel calkeul regionSi).
bunebriv monopolias miekuTvneba, agreTve, satelefono da satelevizio sam-
saxuri. warmovidginoT aseTi situacia: Tqvens raionSi moqmedebs ramdenime erT-
maneTTan konkurenciaSi myofi satelefono kompania. maSin, imisaTvis, rom sam
megobars daurekoT, romlebic sxvadasxva kompaniebTan arian CarTuli, Tqven sami
sxvadasxva aparati dagWirdebaT an sxvadasxva kodis codna mainc. msgavsi gar-
Tulebebis (da areul-dareulobis) Tavidan acilebis mizniT TiToeul regionSi
satelefono momsaxurebaze kanonmdeblobiT monopoliuri ufleba miniWebuli aqvs
romelime erTs.
patentebi, saavtoro ufleba, savaWro markebi – aseve, kanonmdeblobiT mini-
Webuli monopoliaa, patenti gamomgonebels aZlevs gansakuTrebul uflebas sa-
kuTari gamogonebis gamoyenebaze gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi. yvelas, visac
ki survili aqvs isargeblos dapatentebuli gamogonebiT, dasWirdeba specialuri
nebarTvis miReba - licenziis SeZena, risTvisac garkveuli sazRauri unda gadaixa-
191
dos. ase, mag., ungrelma gamomgonebelma erno rubikma licenzia 17 wliT mihyida
amerikul korporacias “toi korporeiSen”-s, amJamad msoflioSi cnobili saTama-
Sos “kubik rubikis” warmoebaze. analogiurad, saavtoro ufleba icavs mwerlebis,
kompozitorebis, mxatvrebis uflebas. maTi nawarmoebebi, umravlesi qveynebis ka-
nonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ar eqvemdebareba reproduqcias an gadmobeWdvas ara mar-
to avtoris sicocxleSi, aramed misi gardacvalebidan 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
cnobili kompaniebi TavianT nawarmze akeTeben specialur e.w. savaWro niSans
mwarmoeblis identifikaciisaTvis. aviRoT, mag., savaWro niSani kompaniisa “koka-
kola korporeiSen” - “Coca”. sxva kompaniebs ekrZalebaT TavianTi nawarmis
reklamisaTvis gamoiyenon aseTi an misi msgavsi simbolo. am savaWro niSnis
Rirebuleba dRes Zalze maRalia. simbolos mxolod oTxi aso - “Coca” Sefasebulia
24 mlrd. dolarad, rac samjer aRemateba firmis wliuri realizaciidan amonagebs.
ra “ziani” moaqvs monopolias?
arsebobs ramdenime garemoeba, ris gamoc sazogadoebrivi azri uaryofiTia
monopoliis mimarT da mTavrobac cdilobs igi SezRudos.
1.sabazro fasebi monopoliis pirobebSi praqtikulad yovelTvis ufro maRa-
lia, vidre konkurenciis pirobebSi. davubrundeT Cvens magaliTs samkurnalo
preparatis damzadebis Sesaxeb. roca monopolisti 1 kolofze misTvis yvelaze
momgebian fass - 30 lars awesebs, mas am fasad SeuZlia 125 aTasi cali kolofis re-
alizeba da maqsimaluri mogebis miReba, romelic 1 ml.750 aTasi laris tolia.
Tu bazarze mas konkurenti gamouCndeba, maSin fasma SesaZlebelia daiwios (vTqvaT)
20 laramde, xolo am fasSi preparatze moTxovnam 275 aTasi cali kolofi
Seadginos. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi sawarmo nakleb mogebas miiRebs, magram, samag-
ierod, momxmareblebi moigeben - fasis Semcirebis xarjze dakmayofildeba meti
moTxovna.
monopolia gansakuTrebiT saSiSia pirveli moTxovnilebis sagnebis warmoebis
sferoSi. ramdenadac maTze moTxovna araelastiuria (anu umniSvnelodaa fasze
damokidebuli), momxmareblebs ar SeuZliaT mniSvnelovnad Seamciron moxmarebis
moculoba da iZulebulni xdebian SeiZinon igi momatebul fasebSi.
2. jer kidev XIX saukunis ekonomistebi samarTlianad aRniSnavdnen, rom mo-
nopoliis pirobebSi mewarme nakleb efeqturad da araracionalurad iyenebs
warmoebis resursebs, vidre mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi myofi mewarme,
radgan, roca konkurenciaa, maSin fasi dgeba mxolod moTxovna-miwodebis
moqmedebiT da mewarmis nebaze aRaraa damokidebuli resursebis ekonomia;
warmoebis danaxarjebis Semcireba misTvis ukve sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sa-
kiTxi xdeba. monopolists ki, gaaCnia ra saSualeba bazars Tavisi fasebi
ukarnaxos, SeuZlia imuSaos arcTu imdenad mkacri ekonomiis reJimSi;
daawesos ufro maRali fasebi da amiT sakuTari danaxarjebis mTeli simZime
momxmareblebze gadaitanos.
3. monopolizacias Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegebi gaaCnia ara marto momxmare-
blebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis, mTlianad, aramed mocemuli (aRebuli) dargis
mSromelebisaTvisac. roca bazarze erTi msxvili mewarme (firma) batonobs,
192
 maSin muSebs samuSao adgilebis SerCevis naklebi SesaZlebloba rCebaT. Sro-
mis anazRaurebis saSualo doneze metad Semcirebisas, muSas SeuZlia, konku-
renciis pirobebSi, ipovos ufro maRali anazRaurebis samuSao sxvasTan –
konkurentTan. monopolizacia ki mas am uflebas arTmevs.
4. xSirad monopolistebs arc Tu usafuZvlod akritikeben arasamarTliani
konkurenciisaTvis, rasac isini wvrili mwarmoeblebis e.w. autsaiderebis
mimarT iCenen. monopolists, bazarze gafarToebis mizniT, SeuZlia Tavisi
saqonlis fasis droebiT Semcirebaze wavides. aseT dros konkurentebic iZu-
lebulni arian igive gaakeTon, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mouwevT bazarze Ta-
vianTi adgilis dakargva. aseT situaciebSi wvrili mwarmoeblebi xSirad ko-
trdebian, monopolists ki konkurentisagan Tavis daRwevis Semdeg SeuZlia
ara marto xelaxla aswios fasi Tavdapirvel doneze, aramed masze zeviTac
ki.
5. da bolos, cnobilia mravali SemTxveva gavleniani politikuri moRvaweebis
mosyidvisa msxvili kompaniebis mier, romelTac bazarze monopoliuri
mdgomareoba ukaviaT. magaliTad, 1993 wels didi aurzauri atyda italiaSi
korumpirebuli politikosebis mxilebasTan dakavSirebiT. erT-erTi aseTi
kompania aRmoCnda “livetti”. am korporaciis gamgeobis Tavmjdomarem kar-
lo de benedetim aRiara, rom 80-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi politikur da
maRali Tanamdebobis saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs qrTamis saxiT misca 20 mil-
iardi lira. amitom, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom misi kompaniis Semosavali am
periodSi orjer metad gaizarda.
drodadro msxvili kompaniebi axdenen TviT konkurenti pretendentebis
saarCevno kompaniebis subsidirebasac ki im varaudiT, rom vinc ar unda gaimarjvos,
daxarjuli Tanxebi mainc asmagad anazRaurdeba.

arasruli konkurenciis saxeebi

praqtikaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs, upiratesad, arasrul konkurenciasTan, ro-
melic aerTianebs sruli konkurenciisa da monopoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs. ekonomistebi gamoyofen arasruli konkurenciis or tips – monop-
olistur konkurencias da oligopolias.
monopolisturi konkurencia
monopolisturi konkurencia bazaria, sadac moqmedebs mravali msgavsi, magram
araidenturi saqonlis gamyidveli.
konkurenciis safuZvels warmoadgens is, rasac ekonomistebi produqciisa da
momsaxurebis diferenciacias eZaxian.
Tu sruli konkurenciis pirobebSi absoluturad identuri saqoneli iyideba,
realur cxovrebaSi konkurencia arasrulia da saqme gvaqvs msgavs, magram araiden-
tur saqonelTan.

193
fasebi monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobebSi
msgavsi saqonlis mwarmoeblebi erTmaneTs gaafTrebul konkurencias uweven,
magram maTi sruli konkurenciisagan gansxvavebiT damyarebulia ara fasebis
dawevaze, aramed myidvelis darwmunebaze maTi produqtis gansakuTrebulobaSi.
monopolisturi konkurenciis metad gavrcelebuli formaa reklama. magram am
ZviradRirebuli meTodis gamoyeneba sawarmos zogjer mTeli xarjebis 50% ujdeba.
fasebi monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobebSi ufro maRalia, vidre sruli
konkurenciis dros, magram ufro dabali, vidre monopoliuri fasebia.
monopolisturi konkurencia-sikeTe Tu boroteba?
produqciis diferenciaciaze dafuZnebul monopolistur konkurencias hyavs
rogorc Tavisi momxreebi, aseve mowinaaRmdegenic. kritikosebi, Cveulebriv, mian-
iSneben, rom monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobebSi reklamaze gaweuli didi dan-
axarjebi iwvevs saqonlis xelovnur gaZvirebas da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
dawevas. am faqtis dasabuTebisaTvis gamodgeba Semdegi magaliTi. 1867 wlis mona-
cemebiT, aSS-Si reklamaze daixarja 50 ml.dolari, 1900 wels – 500 ml. dolari,
xolo 1985 wels – 95 miliardi dolari. es ukanaskneli qveynis saSualo ga-
naTlebis sistemaze maSindeli yovelwliuri danaxarjebis naxevars Seadgenda.
monopolisturi konkurenciis momxreni ki, piriqiT, Tvlian, rom igi xels
uwyobs sxvadasxvagvari saqonlis gamoSvebas da momxmareblebis sxvadasxva gemov-
nebiTi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. amasTan, ramdenadac gemovnebaze ar davo-
ben, amitom es cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze metyvelebs.

oligopolia
oligopolia bazaria, sadac batonobs ramdenime msxvili mwarmoebeli
(gamyidveli). tipiuri oligopolisturi bazrebi warmoadgens foladis, aluminis,
avtomobilis, sigaretis da a.S. bazrebs, sadac gamoSvebis ZiriTadi wili modis
ramdenime (Cveulebriv 2-dan 5-mde) msxvil mwarmoebelze.
statistikaSi, bazris monopolizaciis xarisxis gazomvisaTvis iyeneben warmoe-
bis koncentraciis donis maCvenebels. igi gviCvenebs produqciis gamoSvebis wils,
romelic modis ramdenime msxvil mwarmoebelze (ix. cxrili 9.3).

194
 cxrili 9.3
warmoebis koncentraciis done aSS-is dammuSavebeli mrewvelobis
zogierT dargSi, 1989 wels

msxvil sawarmoTa organizaciuli formebi oligopoliisa da

monopoliis pirobebSi

pirvel formas karteli warmoadgenda, romelic aseve me-19 saukunis bolos

aRmocenda. es iyo ramdenime damoukidebeli firmis SeTanxmeba konkurenciis
Sewyvetasa da bazarze monopoliis dawesebaze, rac iTvaliswinebda warmoebis
moculobis SezRudvas da erTiani fasebis dawesebas. Tanamedrove kartelebidan
metad cnobilia “opeki”-i navTobis eqsportiori qveynis organizacia.
kartelisagan gansxvavebiT, sawarmoTa gaerTianebis iseT organizaciul for-
mas rogoric sindikatia, safuZvlad udevs maTSi Semavali sawarmoebis momar-
agebisa da gasaRebis centralizacia, magram es xels ar uSlis maT sawarmoo
damoukideblobas.
sawarmoo damoukideblobas kargaven sawarmoebi, romlebic qmnian trests.
pirveli tresti Camoayaliba jin de rokfelerma 1882 wels, saxelwodebiT
“standart oil kompani”. adre erTmaneTTan gaafTrebul konkurenciaSi myofma or-
195
moci navTobkompaniis sakontrolo paketebis mflobelebma (romlebzec modioda
aSS-is navTobmopovebisa da navTobgadamuSavebis 90%) gadawyvites TavianTi aqciebi
gadaecaT sando pirTa jgufisaTvis. swored aqedan warmodgeba misi saxelwodebac
– tresti (inglisurad trust niSnavs ndobas). navTobkompaniebis aqciebis adrin-
delma mflobelebma sanacvlod miiRes axali sawarmos – trestis fasiani
qaRaldebi da amis mixedviT mogebis Sesabamisi wili dividendebis saxiT.
trestebi Tavdapirvelad aRmocendnen erT dargSi, magram Semdgom TandaTan
iwyes gamosvla misi CarCoebidan (kombinirebuli tresti). es xdeboda e.w. horizon-
taluri kombinirebis gziT anu ZiriTadi warmoebis Tanamdevi produqtebis gam-
oyenebiT sxva saxis saqonlis gamosaSvebad (im saqonlisa, romelic sxva dargs
miekuTvneba) an vertikaluri kombinirebiT, rac gulisxmobs sawarmoTa gaerTiane-
bas, romelic axorcielebs Tanmimdevrul stadiebze produqtis (maT Soris sxva
dargSi Semavali – mag., Cais fxvnilidan kofeinis miReba – T.g.) damuSavebas.
sxvadasxva dargis (mrewvelobis, transportis, momsaxurebis sferos, safinanso
dawesebulebebis), magram erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sawarmoebis
gaerTianeba qmnis koncerns, romelic centralizebuls xdis marTvas, momaragebas
da gasaRebas, magram inarCunebs masSi Semavali sawarmoebis sawarmoo damoukide-
blobas.
koncernis gansakuTrebuli saxea konglomerati, romelic aerTianebs erT-
maneTTan kavSirSi aramyof sxvadasxva sawarmoebs. isini inarCuneben TavianT
damoukideblobas warmoebis, momaragebisa da gasaRebis sakiTxebSi da kontrols
eqvemdebarebian mxolod rig mniSvnelovan finansur maCveneblebze.
korporacia niSnavs gaerTianebas. samewarmeo korporaciaSi aqcionerebis
pasuxismgebloba gansazRvrulia aqciebSi gadaxdili TanxiT. korporacia xasiaTde-
ba TaviseburebebiT, riTac gansxvavdeba saaqcio sazogadoebisagan.
koncerni aris sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebis, savaWro firmebis, bankebis, sa-
transporto da safinanso kompaniebis gaerTianeba maTi samrewvelo da sabanko
kapitalis Serwymis saxiT.
konsorciumi laTinuri sityvaa da Tanamonawileobas niSnavs. konsorciumi
aris bankebis, kompaniebis an saxelmwifoebis droebiTi gaerTianeba iuridiuli pi-
ris uflebis gareSe, msxvilmasStabiani proeqtis an safinanso operaciebis real-
izaciisaTvis, romlebic teqnikuri, finansuri, savaWro da sxva mizezebis gamo moi-
Txoven ramdenime partnioris Zalisxmevas.
karteli aris mewarmeobis erT-erTi rTuli organizaciuli forma, romelSic
gaerTianebulia firmebi da sawarmoebi. karteli SeiZleba iyos: Siga, saeqsporto,
saimporto da saerTaSoriso. Siga kartelebi muSaoben erovnuli bazris farglebSi
an mis nawilSi.
saeqsporto karteli Sedgeba erovnuli firma-eqsportiorebisagan.
saimporto karteli iqmneba firmebisagan, romlebic sazRvargareTis saqonlis
msxvili importiorebia.
saerTaSoriso karteli iqmneba ramdenime qveynis firmebisagan. maT SeuZliaT
imuSaon eqsportze, importze, an orive operaciaze erTdroulad.

196
 sindikati berZnuli sityvaa da erTad moqmedebas niSnavs. es forma umTavresad
gavrcelebulia masobrivad erTgvarovani produqciis mwarmoebel dargebSi.
tresti inglisuri sityvaa da ndobas niSnavs. igi aris ramdenime sawarmoTa ne-
bayoflobiTi gaerTianeba, romlebic gadascemen Tavis sakuTrebas warmoebis saSu-
alebebze, teqnologiebze, patentebze, warmoebul produqciaze trestis
gamgeblobaSi.
sabazro fasi oligopoliis pirobebSi
oligopoliis pirobebSi fasebi Cveulebriv formirdeba umsxviles mwarmoe-
belTa Soris araformaluri SeTanxmebis Sedegad. marTalia, maT Soris faruli
SeTanxmeba arakanonierad iTvleba, magram igi arc Tu iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi,
xdeba raRac “jentlmenuri SeTanxmebis” – bazris gayofisa da fasebis doneze.
fasebis cvlilebisas kompaniebi TavianTi moqmedebis koordinacias axdenen
Semdegnairad. rogorc ki erT-erTi yvelaze msxvili firma gamoacxadebs fasebis
cvlilebas, danarCenebic “liders wabaZaven” da gaatareben analogiur kore-
qtirebas TavianTi saqonlis fasebze. swored, amitom, oligopoliis pirobebSi
fasebi praqtikulad iseTive maRalia, rogorc erTi msxvili mwarmoeblis batono-
bisas anu monopoliis arsebobis dros. amasTan, oligopoliis pirobebSi firmebi
naklebi moqnilobiT xasiaTdebian, radgan fasebis yovelgvari cvlileba moiTxovs
moqmedebis koordinacias, romelic yovelTvis arc Tu ioli misaRwevia.
bazarze ramdenime msxvili mewarmis batonobas (oligopolias), mTlianobaSi,
qveynisaTvis iseTive uaryofiTi Sedegebi gaaCnia, rogoric monopolias, anu ba-
zarze erTi msxvili firmis diqtats.
monopsonia da oligopsonia
“konkurenciis Tavisuflebaze” didi SezRudva gamomdinareobs gamyidvelebisa-
gan, magram SezRudvebi SesaZlebelia myidvelebis mxridanac arsebobdes.
bazars, romelzec erTi myidveli batonobs monopsonia ewodeba. war-
movidginoT, rom mocemul regionSi arsebobs rZis produqtebis mwarmoebeli er-
TaderTi msxvili sawarmo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, didi satransporto danaxarjebis
gamo, rZis yvela ferma mibmuli (damokidebuli) gaxdeba am erT momxmarebelTan.
akontrolebs ra moTxovnas, am erTaderT momxmarebels SeuZlia Tavis fasebi
ukarnaxos momwodeblebs.
monopsoniis pirobebSi fasebis formireba analogiuria faswarmoqmnisa mo-
nopoliis dros.
rogorc erTaderTi gamyidveli irCevs moTxovnis mrudeze misTvis sasurvel
optimalur fass da amiT realizaciis SesaZlo moculobas gansazRvravs, aseve er-
TaderT myidvelsac SeuZlia saqonlis fasi da misi Sesabamisi gayidvis moculoba
SeirCios miwodebis mrudze.
bazari, romelzec moqmedebs ramdenime msxvili myidveli (firma) ewodeba oli-
gopsonia. momwodeblebsa da faswarmoqmnaze meTodebiT igi oligopolisturi ba-
zaris analogiuria.

197
bazris struqturis sxvadasxva tipebi da efeqturoba
Teoriulad miRebulia, rom warmoeba metad efeqturia Tavisufali konku-
renciis pirobebSi. am dros saqonelze fasebi dabalia, moTxovna metad kmayofil-
deba, axalwamowyebaTa interesi metia da resursebis gamoyenebac metad
ekonomiurad warmoebs. miuxedavad amisa msxvili, TviT monopolisturi da oligi-
polisturi bazris pirobebSi moqmed sawarmoebSic Sromis nayofiereba praqtiku-
lad yovelTvis ufro maRalia ra aris am paradoqsis mizezi?
mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi mcire sawarmo iZulebulia ekonomiurad
xarjos yoveli TeTri. aqedan gamomdinareobs misi maRali efeqturoba moklevadi-
an periodSi. gigantebi ki daculi arian ra konkurenciisagan, Tavs uflebas aZleven
drodadro uyairaTod (mflangvelurad) gamoiyenon resursebi. mogebis norma
maRalkoncentrirebul dargebSi saSualod 50-100%-iT maRalia, vidre konkurenciis
pirobebSi: es finansuri “siWarbe” SeiZleba mimarTuli iqnes msxvilmasStaburi
mecnierul-teqnikur gamokvlevebze, uaxlesi mowyobilobis SeZenaze. mcire sawar-
moebi mwvave fasobrivi konkurenciis pirobebSi xSirad aseT SesaZleblobebs
moklebulni arian. amitom msxvili sawarmos teqnikuri aRWurviloba mniSvnelov-
nad ukeTesia, vidre mcire zomis sawarmosi. garda amisa, maTSi Sromis nayofierebac
ufro maRalia grZelvadian periodSi da ukeTesia Sromis pirobebic.
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti. Tumca adamianTa cnobierebaSi
monopolia da oligopolia, Cveulebriv, borotebasTan asocirdeba, xolo sruli
konkurencia - sazogadoebriv sikeTesTan (dovlaTTan), magram sinamdvileSi arc
erTi da arc meore am daniSnulebas ar amarTlebs. bazris orive modelisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia mogebis maqsimizacia da ara sazogadoebrivi sikeTe. arsebiTi
gansxvaveba maT Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom konkurenciis pirobebSi mwarmoebe-
li iZulebulia momxmareblis gemovnebis mixedviT imoqmedos, monopolisti ki
momxmareblis am e.w. suverenitets Tu mTlianad ver arRvevs, mniSvnelovnad mainc
axerxebs mis SezRudvas.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: arasruli konkurenciis Teoriis

Semqmnelebi
joan robinsoni (1903-1983)
da edvard Cemberlini (1899-1967)
1933 wels gamoqveynda ori wigni: erTi – “arasruli konkurenciis ekonomika”,
romlis avtoria kembrijis universitetis pedagogi joan robinsoni da, meore, -
monopolisturi konkurenciis Teoria” – harvardis universitetis pedagogis
edvard Cemberlenis avtorobiT.
joan robinsonma aCvena, rom momxmareblis Tviseba – upiratesoba mianiWos
ama Tu im saqonels – SesaZleblobas aZlevs calkeul mwarmoeblebs moaxdinon
fasebis manipulireba.
edvard Cemberlinma SeimuSava produqciis diferenciaciis Teoria. orive
ekonomistma kargad axsnes is, Tu rogor moqmedebs faswarmoqmnis procesze sxva
mwarmoebelTa mxridan konkurencia, Tundac ramdenime msxvili firmis batonobis

198
pirobebSic. maTi Sromebis meSveobiT Seiqmna monopolisturi konkurenciisa da
oligopoliis Teoria.
e. Cemberlinis SemoqmedebiT da mecnierul biografiaSi mniSvnelovani
etapi gaxda harvardis universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis ganyofilebis
gamged (1939-1943) arCeva, romelic maSin Tavis SemadgenlobaSi aerTianebda
iseT saxelovan mecnierebs, rogorebicaa v. leontievi, e. hanseni, i. Sumpeteri
da sxvebi, da aseve dainiSnva harvardis yovelkvartaluri Jurnalis („The Quarterly
Journal of Economics“) redaqtoris postze (1948-1958). 1965 wels airCies amerikuli
ekonomikuri asociaciis damsaxurebul wevrad. 1967 wels mis samaxsovrod
gamosces ekonomistebis Sromebis krebuli saxelwodebiT „monopolisturi
konkurenciis Teoria: urTierTzemoqmedebis gamokvleva“.
1933-1962 wlebSi misi nawarmoebebi aSS-Si 8-jer gamoica da dResac popula
rul saswavlo saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens mravali qveynis ekonomikuri
Teoriis kursis swavlebaSi. igi Seicavs monopoliis arsis mravalmxriv
daxasiaTebas, monopoliuri fasis warmoqmnis da monopoliuri mogebis
damajerebel analizs.
harvardis universitetis profesoris sityvebiT Tu vityviT, - monopoliis
arsia miwodebaze kontroli, da maSasadame, fasis kontrolic, romelic
miiRweva konkuretul saqonelTa urTierTSenacvlebadobis gaZlierebiT, e.i.
„produqtis diferencirebiT“. e. Cemberlini amis Taobaze wers:
„diferencirebasTan erTad Cndeba monopolia da diferencirebis gaZlierebis
kvalobaze monopoliis elementebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba“. yvelgan,
sadac raRac zomiT arsebobs diferencireba, yovel gamyidvels absoluturi
monopolia gaaCnia Tavis sakuTar produqtze, magram amasTan, konkurencias
ganicdis metad an naklebad arasrulyofili Semcvlebisgan aqedan
gamomdinare igi varaudobs, rom yvela gamyidvelTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
marTlzomieria visaubroT, rogorc konkurirebad monopolistebze
„monopolisturi konkurenciis“ ZalTa moqmedebis pirobebSi.
bazrebi, e. Cemberlinis SexedulebiT, urTierTdakavSirebulia, ramdenadac
TiToeul maTganze erTmaneTze damoukidebeli gamyidvelebi Tavisi
daniSnulebiT iZulebulebi arian erTmaneTze urTierTzemoqmedeba moaxdinon
Tavisi daniSnulebiT erTmaneTTan axlos myofi produqtebis realizaciaSi.
amasTan, mecnieri darwmunebulia, rom „bazrebi realur sinamdvileSi, metad
199
an naklebad arasrulyofilebi arian“, xolo gulubryvilo daskvnas, romelic
ambobs, rom “faqtobrivi SedegebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia miswrafeba
wonasworobisken, safuZveli ar gaaCnia“.
Sedegad, yoveli gamyidveli maT mier ganixileba monopolistis saxiT,
romelic sakuTari „unikaluri“ saqonlis flobis xarjze, myidvelTa sakuTar
wres, e.i. sakuTar subbazars da „produqtis diferencirebis dones“ ayalibebs,
romelic asaxavs gamyidveli ra zomiT aregulirebs fass da bazarze gamodis
monopolistis saxiT. es aseve niSnavs, rom saqonelTa da momsaxurebis
mowodebis realuri moculoba naklebi aRmoCndeba, xolo maTi fasebi ufro
maRali iqneba, vidre „wminda“ konkurenciis pirobebSi. gamyidvelis monopolia
Tavis produqtze da monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobebSi erTmaneTs Soris
konkurirebadi monopolistebi, SeuZlebelia, e. Cemberlinis azriT, mTavari
pirobis - produqciis diferencirebis gareSe.
e. Cemberlini aRniSnavs, rom diferencirebuli produqtis ZiriTadi
niSania saqonlisTvis (an momsaxurebisTvis) erTi-erTi romelime gamyidvelis
arseboba mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli niSniT. myidvelisTvis es niSani
SesaZloa iyos, rogorc realuri, ise warmosaxviTic, mxolod man is
gamoiwvios, rom upiratesoba mieces saxeldobr mocemuli produqtis
nairsaxeobas. „iq, sadac arsebobs aseTi saxis diferencireba, - azustebs igi, -
myidvelebi wyvil-wyvilad dajgufdebian gamyidvelebTan ara SemTxvevis nebiT,
da ara uwesrigod (rogorc es xdeba wminda konkurenciis dros), aramed
arCevanis Sesabamisad, romelic mjobinebas emyareba“.
maSasadame, gamyidvel-monopolists, e. Cemberlinis logikiT, SeuZlia
kidec gazardos gasayidi produqciis moculoba, damatebiTi danaxarjebis
gamoyenebiT misi fasis SemcirebiT im varaudiT, rom saqonelTa erTsaxeliani
jgufis danarCeni gamyidvelebi myisierad ver SeZleben iseve moqcevas, e.i.
gazardon warmoebis xarjebis done. amaSia, misi SexedulebiT, imisi mTavari
mizezi, rom mocemuli markis saqonlis firma - konkurenti, misi fasis
SemcirebiT an axali konkurirebadi saqonlis gamoSvebiT, arsebiTad
Sewuxebuli ar aris imiT, rom analogiuri zomebi miiReba sxva konkurentebis
mier.

200
 „produqtis diferencirebis“ Tavisi ideis ganviTarebaSi, rogorc
konkurentebis bunebrivi reaqciis Sesaxeb TviT konkurenciis SedarebiT
nakleb bunebriv gamovlenaze, e. Cemberlini asabuTebs am procesze konkurenciis
arasafaso faqtorebis mzard zegavlenas, saqonelTa xarisxisa da reklamis
gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiTa da individualuri TaviseburebebiT
ganpirobebuli saqonlis xarisxisa da reklamis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. amasTan,
igi wers: „diferencireba SeiZleba daeyrdnos TviT produqtis gansazRvrul
Taviseburebebs, TiTqosda iseTebs, rogoricaa gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi -
safabriko markebi, safirmo saxelwodebebi, safuTavis an taris (Tuki aseTi
arsebobs) Tavisebureba, an iseTebi, rogorebicaa individualuri Taviseburebebi,
romlebic xarisxs, formas, fers an stils Seexeba“.
e. Cemberlinis mosazrebiT, arasworia, rom monopolia da konkurencia
ganixilebodnen, rogorc antiTezebi da urTierTgamomricxavi sawyisebi, im
varaudiT, rom „umetes SemTxvevebSi orives gaTvaliswineba fasebis racionaluri
axsnis aucilebeli pirobaa“. aucilebelia, wers igi, gavigoT Semdegi: „wminda
konkurenciis dros yoveli gamyidvelis bazari erwymis misi metoqeebis
bazars; im pirobebSi ki romelTanac Cven axla gvaqvs saqme (monopolisturi
konkurenciis pirobebi. angariSis gaweva gixdeba imasTan, rom es bazari
garkveuli zomiT gamocalkevebulia sxvebisagan, ase, rom yvelaferi
mTlianobaSi warmoadgens ara mraval gamyidvelTa erTian bazars, aramed
urTierTdakavSirebuli bazrebis qsels, TiToTiTod ganawilebuls
gamyidvelebs Soris“.
Tuki pirvel pirobas miviRebT, Tanxmdeba e. Cemberlini, maSin wminda
konkurenciis Teoriis Sesabamisad, calkeuli gamyidvelis bazari Seerwymeba
saerTo bazars da nebismieri gamyidveli SeZlebs imdeni saqonlis gasaRebas,
ramdenic mas moundeba, magram mxolod moqmedi fasiT. meore pirobis
mixedviT, rodesac mravalricxovani konkurenciis ZaliT calkeuli
gamyidvelis bazari garkveuli zomiT gamocalkevebulia misi metoqeebis
bazrebisgan, saqonelTa gasaRebis moculoba „limitirebulia da ganisazRvreba
sami axali faqtoriT: 1) fasiT, 2) produqtis TaviseburebebiT da 3) reklamis
danaxarjebiT“.

201
 harvardeli profesori darwmunebulia, rom monopolisturi
konkurenciis faqtorTa warmodgenil klasifikaciaSi produqtis
diferencirebis bazaze adgili aqvs iseT faqtorebs, romelTa inicireba xdeba
gamyidvelTa mier, myidvelTa samomxmareblo gadawyvetilebebze zegavlenisTvis.
maT ricxvSi igi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs faqtorebs, romlebic abrkoleben
fasis Semcirebas, da, rogorc magaliTi, asaxelebs, kerZod, damaxasiaTebel
samomxmareblo midrekilebas, ganixilos ufro dabali fasi, rogorc
produqtis ufro dabali xarisxis maCvenebeli.
magram aseT SemTxvevebSi, amtkicebs „monopolisturi konkurenciis
Teoriis“ avtori, gamyidvel-monopolistTa konkurentuli brZola ar
amowuravs sakuTar Tavs, amasTan Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebiT.
swored monopolisturi konkurenciis specifikur Taviseburebebs
miakuTvnebs e. Cemberlini im garemoebas, rom igi aRmofxvris safaso
konkurencias, ris Sedegadac mudmivi da Cveulebrivi movlena xdeba Warbi
simZlavris fenomeni, romelic (siWarbe) „dausjelad“ izrdeba xangrZlivi
periodebis manZilze fasebiT dafarvis wyalobiT, romlebic yovelTvis
aWarbeben danaxarjebs. misi SexedulebiT, mocemuli fenomeni, romelic
mowmobs saerTo bazris garkveuli nawilebis dauflebis xarisxs,
mxardaWerilia ara mxolod calkeuli patentebiT da safabriko markebiT,
aramed aseve iseTi movlenebiT, rogoricaa reputacia, ostatoba, gansakuTrebuli
niWi.
joan vaiolet robinsonma (1903-1983) daamTavra kembrijis universiteti da
gaxda a. marSalis skolis moZRvrebis erT-erTi saxelganTqmuli
warmomadgeneli da gamgrZelebeli. profesoris Tanamdeboba am universitetSi
ekava 1965-idan 1971 wlamde. igi miekuTvneba im avtorTa ricxvs ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi, visac msoflio cnobadoba moutana naSromma, romelic dawerilia
SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisSi, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom „arasrulyofili
konkurenciis ekonomikuri Teoria“ misi kalmidan gamovida 30 wlis asakSi.
wignis mTavari idea monopoliebis sabazro aspeqtebis gamovlenaSi
mdgomareobs, konkurencia, romlis arsebobis pirobebSi da romelTa Soris
wonasworobis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT ekonomikaSi, misi SexedulebiT,
arasrulyofilia (xolo e. Cemberlinis terminologiiT-monopolisturi). ise

202
rogorc e. Cemberlini, j. robinsonic Tavis winaSe svams amosaval amocanas -
axsnas fasebis dadgenis meqanizmi situaciaSi, rodesac mwarmoebeli gamodis
sakuTari produqciis monopoliur mflobelad, e.i. fass saxeldobr ratom
gaaCnia es sidide da myidveli ratom Tanxmdeba iyidos saqoneli gamyidvelis
mier dawesebuli fasiT, romelsac misTvis monopoliuri mogeba moaqvs.
magram avtoris Semdgomi msjeloba didad scildeba e. Cemberlinis logikur
azrTwyobebs. kerZod, Tuki ukanaskneli monopolistur konkurencias
ukavSirebda bazris bunebrivi mdgomareobis erT-erT maxasiaTebels
wonasworobaSi, maSin j. robinsoni arasrulyofili konkurenciis Sesaxeb
saubrisas, masSi uwinares yovlisa xedavda konkurentuli sameurneo sistemis
rRvevas da normaluri wonasworobiTi mdgomareobis darRvevas da
daqiravebulo Sromis „eqsploataciasac“ ki.
rogorc „arasrulyofili konkurenciis Teoriis“ Sinaarsobrivi
nawilidan Cans, monopoliis arsi masSi negatiurad ganixileba, rogorc
faqtori, romelic sabazro garemos social-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
destabilizebas axdens.
warmoebis monopolizaciasTan dakavSirebiT am da sxva msjelobebidan
gamomdinare, j. robinsoni miuTiTebs dilemis: efeqtianoba Tu samarTlianoba
gadaWris aucileblobaze. misi mosazrebiT, „monopolizaciis upiratesobis
asaxsnelad, arasakmarisia vaCvenoT, rom igi xels uwyobs warmoebis
efeqtianobis amaRlebas“. magram, rogorc m. blaugma SeniSna, imisi rwmena, rom
„efeqtianoba“ da „samarTlianoba“ SeiZleba raRacnairad daiyos, warmoadgenen
ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-erT yvelaze adrindel iluzias“.
Tavisi gamokvlevis Sedegad, j. robinsons savsebiT SeeZlo sxva
logikuri daskvnebis gakeTebac, maT Soris ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo Carevis
konkretuli zomebis Sesaxebac, mis mier gamovlenil arasrulyofili
konkurenciis winaaRmdegobaTa aRmoxvris mizniT. aseTi zomebis safuZvliani
dasabuTeba, j. robinsonis wignis gamocemidan sami wlis Semdeg, SemogvTavaza
sxva mecnierma (aseve kembrijis skolis warmomadgenelma, a. marSalis erT-erTma
mowafem) j. m. keinzma.

203
 danarTi a
bazris sxvadasxva tipebis maxasiaTeblebi

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. daaxasiaTeT sruli konkurenciis ZiriTadi niSnebi.
2. daaxasiaTeT monopoliis ZiriTadi niSnebi.
3. daaxasiaTeT kanoniT nebadarTuli monopoliebi.
4. daaxasiaTeT ra ziani moaqvs monopolias.
5. daaxasiaTeT arasruli konkurenciis saxeebi: monopolisturi konku-
rencia da oligopolia.
6. ganixileT bazris sxvadasxva tipebis maxasiaTeblebi.

204
 meaTe Tavi
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva: mizezebi, instrumentebi, zomebi

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mizezebi
 ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis instrumentebi da zomebi
 biujeti
 gadasaxadebi
 erovnuli biujetis deficiti da vali

saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis roli

saxelmwifos yovelTvis eZleoda garkveuli roli “sazogadoebrivi interese-

bis damcvelisa” (t.jefersoni – aSS-is me-3 prezidenti) bolo aswleulSi ki igi
yvelgan xdeba TviT sameurneo sistemis aucilebeli nawili.

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mizezebi

me-18 saukuneSi adam smitma Semdegnairad gansazRvra mTavrobis ZiriTadi

funqciebi:
erovnuli uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa;
gamarTuli marTlmsajuleba;
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis (samuSaos) organizeba, romelic kerZo mewarmeo-
bisaTvis ar aris sasargeblo, magram aucilebelia mosaxleobisaTvis;
mozardebis ganaTleba;
gadasaxadebis akrefa saxelmwifos saWiroebisaTvis.
cnebebs “saxelmwifo” da “qveyana” umeteswilad ise iyeneben, rogorc sino-
nimebs. amis miuxedavad, maT Soris raRac gansxvaveba mainc arsebobs. qveynad iwode-
ba istoriulad gansazRvruli, gamocalkevebuli teritoria, romelsac Cveulebriv
garkveuli saxelmwifo suvereniteti gaaCnia. saxelmwifos ki uwodeben xelisufle-
bis aparats, romelic sazogadoebis saqmeebs marTavs. praqtikaSi qveynebi saxelm-
wifoebs yovelTvis rodi emTxveva. magaliTad, Sotlandia an “baskebis qveyana”
ueWvelad qveynebia, magram ara saxelmwifoebi.
saxelmwifos aseTi misaRebi gansazRvrebac arsebobs: “saxelmwifos qveS Cven
vgulisxmobT adamianTa sazogadoebas, ganTavsebuls “qveynad” wodebul sivrceSi.
saxelmwifo aris organizacia, romelic qveynis masStabiT eswrafvis adamianebis
fizikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas, rogorc gare (erovnuli usafrTxoeba),
aseve Sida saSiSroebisagan (damnaSaveobasTan brZola). misi funqciaa aseve
moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi samarTlianobis principis dacva” (leSek balceroviCi).

205
 am ganmartebidan naTlad Cans, rom nebismieri qveynis sazogadoebrivi ganvi-
Tareba, maT Soris ekonomikuri ganviTarebac, uaRresad mWidrod aris dakavSire-
buli saxelmwifosTan. saxelmwifo da ekonomika mudmivad urTierTmoqmedeben.
mTavari safinanso instituti, romlis meSveobiTac saxelmwifo ereva qveynis
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, aris biujeti. is aris saxelmwifos ZiriTadi safinanso
gegma; mas adgenen balansis saxiT da Sedgeba ori mTavari nawilisagan: Semosavle-
bisa da xarjebisagan.
Semosavlebis nawilSi mocemulia is muxlebi, romelTa mixedviTac saxelm-
wifom unda miiRos Semosavlebi, e.i. naCvenebia, saidan moipovos saxsrebi. es Semo-
savlebi mTlianad grovdeba xazinaSi, anu saxelmwifos angariSze. Semdeg am Semo-
savlebs saxelmwifo mimarTavs anu xarjavs saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi saWiro-
ebisaTvis, rac aisaxeba biujetis gasavlis muxlebSi.
saxelmwifo biujeti koncetrirebulad asaxavs qveynis
ekonomikaSi Carevas
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom Tu saxelmwifos xarjebs
(biujetis mTlian moculobas), mTliani Sida produqtis 1/4-1/3-mde doneze Sevinar-
CunebT, warmoiqmneba mastabilizebeli faqtori, romelic ganviTarebul sabazro
ekonomikas icavs metismeti ekonomikuri vardnisagan, metad saSiSi, dabali kerZo
sainvesticio aqtiurobisagan. garda amisa, sabiujeto sistema aris sazogadoebaSi
dabegvris, socialuri gadasaxdelebisa da daxmarebebis sistemis meSveobiT Seqmni-
li, Semosavlis xelaxali ganawilebis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti.
xorcs asxams ra sabiujeto sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel funqciebs, saxelm-
wifo imavdroulad riskavs, rom SeiZleba gadaametos biujetis meSveobiT mep-is
gadanawilebis racionalur sazRvrebs, amitom gadasaxadebis saerTo done, maTi
struqtura, agreTve xarjebis moculoba da struqtura ar unda anelebdnen sazoga-
doebaSi stimulebs yairaTianobisadmi, mewarmeobisa da SromiTi saqmianobisadmi
(miCneulia, rom qveynis ekonomika veRar viTardeba, Tu biujeti mTliani Sida
produqtis 2/3-s gadaaWarbebs). SvedeTis ganviTarebis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom
biujetis meSveobiT gadanawilebuli mep wilis “gabervas” mohyva ekonomikuri
aqtiurobis stimulirebis CaxSoba, depresiuli ekonomika, ramac qveynis mTavroba
aiZula ganexorcielebina, ekonomikis meti liberalizaciisaTvis gamiznuli re-
formebi, e.i. xeli aeRo ekonomikur cxovrebaSi “zedmetad” Carevaze.
ra vuyoT garemos dabinZurebas, inflacias, masobriv umuSevrobas, ekonomiku-
ri zrdis ciklur meryeobas? am „makroekonomikuri boroti movlenebis” winaaRm-
deg brZolas ufro xSirad, swored, saxelmwifo organoebs akisreben. ekologiis,
finansebis, Sromis saministroebi dResdReobiT praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebul
qveyanaSi arsebobs.
rac TvalSi sacemia, centraluri organoebi dRes TviT „wmindaTawminda” ba-
zarSic erevian da faswarmoqmnazec axdenen zemoqmedebas. ra Tqma unda, sabazro e-
konomikis pirobebSi mTavroba fasebs ise pirdapir ar awesebs calkeul saqonelze,
rogorc es centralizebuli dagegmvisas xdeboda, magram samagierod (vTqvaT) ban-

206
kidan aRebul kreditze procentis regulirebiT, mas SeuZlia daaCqaros an Seane-
los fasebis zrdis saerTo tempi.
realuri bazari Sorsaa sruli konkurenciis abstraqtuli modelisagan, anu
srulyofisagan. rodesac erTi an ramdenime msxvili mewarme (firma) Tavis sa-
sargeblod maRal fass awesebs, maSin sruli konkurenciis meqanizmi – idealuri sa-
bazro regulireba - irRveva. amitom saxelmwifo iZulebulia “Careva” ganaxorcie-
los.
ra formiT unda moxdes saxelmwifos “Careva”? erTni amtkiceben, rom man na-
wilobriv bazris gareT unda gadawyvitos resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis prob-
lema. meoreni, piriqiT, frTxiloben da miaCniaT, rom araferi sasargeblo amgvari
pirdapiri CareviT ar miiReba da saxelmwifos funqcias unda Seadgendes mxolod
“bazris TamaSis” wesebis SenarCuneბa, mag., bazarze “diqtatorebis” Zalauflebis Se-
zRudva. sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili produqtis udidesi wili amjerad saxelmwifos
xelSi xvdeba da gadanawildeba uSualo mwarmoeblebidan sxva jgufebze. amis
ganxorcieleba xdeba specialuri safinanso instrumentis meSveobiT, romelsac
biujeti ewodeba.
biujeti
ისევე, როგორც ყოველი ოჯახი, winaswar gegmavs, ufardebs erTmaneTs
Semosavlebs და xarjebs, mTavrobac adgens specialur safinanso gegmas. aseT
gegmas, romelic erTad ajamebs Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs biujeti ewodeba. mas
adgens rogorc centraluri xelisufleba (saxelmwifo an federaciuli biujeti)
aseve adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebi, romelsac adgilobrivi biujeti
ewodeba.
biujets, romlis Semosavlebi zustad xarjebis tolia, dabalansebuli ewodeba.
Tu Semosavlebi xarjebs aRemateba, anu Seiqmneba raRac zedmeti saxsrebi, maSin
amboben, rom biujets dadebiTi saldo gaaCnia. Tu piriqiT, dagegmili xarjebi
mosalodnel Semosavlebze metia, maSin biujets uaryofiTi saldo anu deficiti
gaaCnia.
biujetis damtkiceba xdeba qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos mier 12
Tviani vadiT. es e.w. safinanso welia, romelic SesaZloa arc ki daemTxves
kalendarul wels.
wyaroebs, saidanac saxsrebi Sedis biujetSi, ewodeba Semosavlebis muxlebi,
xolo mas, razec es saxsrebi ixarjeba – xarjviTi muxlebi.
biujetis yvela donis Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaroa gadasaxadebi da
mosakrebeli.
saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsSi ganmartebulia terminebi:
biujeti - saqarTvelos centraluri, avtonomiuri respublikebisada
adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis funqciebisa da valdebulebebis Sesrulebis mizniT
misaRebi Semosulobebis, gasawevi gadasaxdelebisa da naSTis cvlilebis
erToblioba, romelic damtkicebulia saqarTvelos centraluri, avtonomiuri
respublikebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis Sesabamisi organoebis mier;

207
 saqarTvelos naerTi biujeti - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, avtonomiuri
respublikebis respublikuri da adgilobriovi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis
konsolidirebulu biujeti. naerTi biujeti ar eqvemdebareba arc erTi
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier damtkicebas;
saxelmwifo biujeti - saqarTvelos parlamentis mier damtkicebuli,
saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis funqciebisa da valdebulebebis
Sesrulebis mizniT misaRebi Semosulobebis, gasawevi gadasaxdelebisa da naSTis
cvlilebis erToblioba;

biujetis Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaroa gadasaxadebi. saxelmwifos gadasaxadi

amoaqvs moqalaqeTa piradi Semosavlebidan , sawarmoebidan da maTi sakuTrebidan.
biujetis xarjviTi muxlebi saSualebas გვაძლევს gaverkveT, Tu raSi xedavs
mTavroba Tavis pirveli rigis amocanebs. ramdenadac saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi
arsebuli saxsrebi SezRudulia, igi iZulebulia finansuri resursebi xarjos
mxolod mniSvnelovani daniSnulebisaTvis (miznebisaTvis).
sagadasaxado sistemis agebis principebi
saqarTvelos moqmed sagadasaxo kodeqsis meeqvse muxlSi Camoyalibebulia
gadasaxadis cneba da saxeebi:

1. gadasaxadi aris am kodeqsis mixedviT savaldebulo, upirobo fuladi

Senatani biujetSi romelsac ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis aucilebeli,
araekvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdinare.
2. gadasaxadis saxeebia saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebi.
3. saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebia am kodeqsiT dawesebuli
gadasaxadebi, romelTa gadaxdac savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.
4. adgilobrivi gadasaxadia am kodeqsiT dawesebuli da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organos normatiuli aqtiT SemoRebuli
gadasaxadi (zRvruli ganakveTebis farglebSi), romlis gadaxdac savaldebuloa
Sesabamisi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis

teritoriaze.
5. saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba:
a) saSemosavlo gadasaxadi;
b) mogebis gadasaxadi;
g) damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg);
d) aqcizi;
e) importis gadasaxadi.
6. adgilobriv gadasaxads miekuTvneba qonebis gadasaxadi.
mosakreblebis Sesaxeb amJamad saqarTvelosi ori kanoni moqmedebs. es
kanonebia: saqarTvelos kanoni „mosakreblebis sistemis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb“ da
saqarTvelos kanoni „adgilobrivi mosakreblebis Sesaxeb“.
208
 kanonis Tanaxmad, mosakrebeli aris aucilebeli gadasaxdeli biujetSi,
romelsac fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi da amxanagobebi ixdian saxelmwifo an
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier maTTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis an/da sargeblobis uflebis miniWebisaTvis, agreTve
saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier garkveuli
momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis.
mosakreblis saxeebia:
1. SemoRebis wesis mixedviT mosakreblebi aris saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi da
adgilobrivi.
2. saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi mosakreblebia:
a) salicenzio dasanebarTvo mosakreblebi (garda adgilobrivi
mosakreblebisa);
b) saxelmwifo sertifikatis mosakrebeli;
g) saregistracio mosakrebeli;
d) saxelmwifo saeqspertizo mosakrebeli;
e) saxelmwifo baJi;
v) sakonsulo mosakrebeli;
z) samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuris gadavadebis mosakrebeli;
T) bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis mosakrebeli;
i) sajaro informaciis aslis gadaRebis mosakrebeli
3. adgilobrivi mosakreblebia:
a) mSeneblobis (garda gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis radiaciuli an birTvuli
obieqtis mSeneblobisa) nebarTvis mosakrebeli;
b) dasaxlebuli teritoriis dasufTavebis mosakrebeli;
g) saTamaSo biznesis mosakrebeli;
d) specialuri (zonaluri) SeTanxmebis gacemis mosakrebeli.
e) kulturuli memkvidreobis sareabilitacio arealis infrastruqturis
mosakrebeli.
v) mSeneblobis (garda gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis radiaciuli an birTvuli
obieqtebis mSeneblobisa) sanebarTvo pirobebis Sesrulebis dadasturebis
(eqspluataciaSi miRebis) Taobaze aqtis gamocemis (masSi cvlilebis Setanis)
daCqarebuli momsaxurebis mosakrebeli.
z) mSeneblobis saxelmwifo-teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis momsaxurebis mosakre-
beli.
adgilobrivi mosakrebeli aris aucilebeli gadasaxdeli adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTveli erTeulis biujetSi, romelsac fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi ixdian
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier gansazRvruli vadiT an uamisod,
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli saqminaobis ganxorcielebis an/da sargeblobis uflebis
miniWebisaTvis, agreTve adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier garkveuli
momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, rac sagadasaxado sistemas waeyeneba, es aris
misi sicxade da mkafiooba. jer kidev 200 wlis ukan adam smiti werda amis Sesaxeb
209
xatovnad: “gadasaxadi, romelic valdebulia yovelma calkeulma pirma gadaixados,
unda iyos zustad gansazRvruli da ara TviTneburi. gadaxdis vada, xerxi, Tanxa –
yvelaferi es unda iyos naTeli da gansazRvruli gadamxdelisa da yvela danarCeni
pirisaTvis. iq sadac es ar aris, TiToeuli piri, romelic gadasaxadiT ibegreba,
metnaklebad eqceva gadasaxadis amkrefis Zalauflebis qveS, romelsac SeuZlia
daamZimos gadasaxadi, misTvis yoveli arasasurveli gadamxdelisaTvis, gamoZalos
muqaris qveS saCuqari an qrTami”.
meore moTxovna, rasac sagadasaxado sistema unda akmayofilebdes, aris misi
simartive da efeqturoba. Tu gadasaxadis akrefis organizeba saxelmwifos ujdeba
amosaReb Tanxaze meti, maSin aseTi dabegvra saerTod kargavs azrs.
dabegvris yvelaze mniSvnelovani principia misi samarTlianoba. saubaria
imaze, Tu vin da ra zomiT unda gadaixados gadasaxadi. TviT samarTlianoba rTuli
cnebaa da igi sxvadasxvanairad esmiT. amitom arsebobs dabegvraSi
samarTlianobisadmi principulad sxvadasxva midgoma.
erTi midgomis Tanaxmad gadasaxadi man unda gadaixados vinc sikeTiT
sargeblobs (mag.: Tambaqoze – Tambaqos mwevelma, benzinze avtomobilis mflobelma
da a.S.) aq logika aseTia: saxsrebi, romelic akrefilia, vTqvaT, sagzao gadasaxadis
saxiT, moxmardeba gzebis remonts: es imas niSnavs, rom igi avtomobilis mflobels
daubrundeba sikeTis (garemontebuli gzebis) saxiT. “miRebuli sikeTis” principi
Tavisi logikurobis miuxedavad yovelTvis ar moqmedebs.
dabegvris mimarT gamoyenebuli samarTlianobis meore cnebis Tanaxmad,
gadasaxadi man unda gadaixados, visac gadaxda SeuZlia. sxvanairad, ZiriTadi
sagadasaxado tvirTi SeZlebulma ojaxebma unda zidon. mag., ojaxma, romlis
Tviuri Semosavalia 500 aTasi lari. saxelmwifos meti unda gadauxados, vidre 100
aTasi laris Semosavlis mqone ojaxma. umravlesobis TvalsazrisiT aseTi midgoma
ufro dasabuTebuli da humanuria.
Tumca, masSi aris Tavisi “magram”. saqme imaSia, rom dRemde veravin SeZlo
verc mecnierulad da verc martivi damajereblobiT imis dadgena, Tu konkretulad
ra Tanxa SeiZleba (an saWiroa) amoviRoT gadasaxadebis saxiT “mdidrebisagan”.
Semosavlebis ramdeni procenti unda iqnes amoRebuli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva
fenidan da rogori unda iyos sagadasaxado ganakveTi.
sagadasaxado gasaprocento ganakveTebis sididis mixedviT yvela gadasaxadi
iyofa progresul, proporciul da regresul gadasaxadebad.
progresuli gadasaxadis dros, rac metia gadamxdelis Semosavali, miT maRa-
lia sagadasaxado anaricxebis procentuli wili; rac mcirea Semosavali, miT ufro
dabalia sagadasaxado ganakveTi.
proporciuli gadasaxadis dros gaTvaliswinebulia erTnairi ganakveTi
Semosavlebis sididis miuxedavad.
proporciuli dabegvris dros maRalSemosavliani subieqti met Tanxas ixdis,
vidre dabali Semosavlebis mqone, rac erTi SexedviT, proporciuli gadasaxadis
met samarTlianobaze metyvelebs. magram Tu situacias SevafasebT ufro yuradRebiT
da gamoviyenebT e.w. narCeni Semosavlis meTods, maSin sxva suraTs davinaxavT.
210
 jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi germanelma statistikosma ernst engelma (1821-1896),
romelic momxmarebelTa qcevas swavlobda, SeimuSava (miiRo) kanoni (dRemde cno-
bilia engelis kanonis saxeliT), romlis Tanaxmad, dabali Semosavlebis mqone
ojaxebi Semosavlebis did nawils xarjaven pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze (kvebis
produqtebi, Casacmeli, sacxovrebeli), vidre maRali Semosavlebis mqone ojaxebi.
თუ, ინდივიდის Semosavali mTlianad gaixarjeba mxolod da mxolod aucilebel
saWiroebaze, mas fufunebis sagnebis SeZenis da sxva survilebis dakmayofilebis
saSualeba აღარ ექნება. narCeni Semosavlis analizi aCvenebs, rom proporciuli
dabegvrisas gadasaxadis ZiriTadi simZime awveba mcireSemosavlian ojaxebs.
regresuli (da ufro naklebad proporciuli) gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi,
dawesebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi miT ufro mcirea, rac didia Semosavali, da pi-
riqiT, maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi dawesebulia dabal Semosavalze. aqedan
gasagebia, rom gadasaxadis ZiriTadi masa (tvirTi) modis dabalSemosavlian
ojaxebze. regresuli gadasaxadis magaliTad gamodgeba aqcizebi da damatebuli
Rirebulebis gadasaxadi.
regresuli (da ufro naklebad proporciuli) gadasaxadis dros gadasaxdeli
Tanxis meti wili modis mcireSemosavlian ojaxebze, progresuli gadasaxadisas ki
sagadasaxado simZime SeZlebul ojaxebze gadadis.

sagadasaxado tvirTis gadatana

gadasaxadis sxvaze gadatanis SesaZlebloba gansxvavebulia TviT gadasaxadis

saxisagan damokidebulebiT. yvela arapirdapiri gadasaxadi (damatebuli
Rirebulebis, aqcizebi, sabaJo gadasaxadi da a.S.) umetesad emateba (zrdis) produ-
qtis fass da gadaitaneba myidvelze, anu xdeba gadasaxadis gadakisreba momxmare-
belze. iSviaTad xdeba maTi gadatana momwodeblebze an amave warmoebaSi momu-
Saveebze.
gadasaxadis gadatanas ar SeuZlia samarTliani gaxados sagadasaxado sistema.
gadasaxadis ZiriTadi tvirTi, iZulebulia ataros mosaxleobis arc Tu yvelaze
uzrunvelyofilma fenam, anu awveba dabalSemosavlian momxmarebels, magram
dabegvris samarTlianobas yvelaze met seriozul dartymas ayeneben ekonomikaSi
arsebuli rigi seqtorebi, romlebic winaaRmdeg arsebuli kanonebisa saerTod ar
ixdian gadasaxadebs.

Crdilovani ekonomika
davuSvaT, Tqvenma ojaxma gadawyvita Caataros binis remonti da amisaTvis
mimarTa kerZo xelosnebs, romlebmac Seasrules yvela aucilebeli samuSao, magram
Tqvengan gasamrjelos miRebis dros aranairi oficialuri angariSsworebis
dokumenti ar gaformda. es ki imas niSnavs, rom maT mier miRebuli Semosavali ar
iqneba asaxuli saSemosavlo deklaraciaSi da SemdgomSi ar daibegreba
saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT.

211
 sxva, gacilebiT ufro „rTuli“ SemTxvevebi gaxlavT kriminaluri
saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis dafarva (narkobiznesidan, iaraRis
kontrabandidan, naqurdalis gasaRebidan .
iseTi Semosavlis momtani saqmianoba, romelic ar aRiricxeba oficialuri
statistikis mier da Sesabamisad ver xdeba ar eqvemdebareba dabegvra, miekuTvneba
Crdilovan ekonomikas.
gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis gamo dakisrebuli iuridiuli sanqciebi nebismier
qveyanaSi Zalze mkacr saxes atarebs. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 1997 wlidan moqmedi
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, gadasaxadis Tanxis damalvis, an ganzrax Semcirebis
gamo, gadamxdels emuqreba jarima, damaluli an Semcirebuli Tanxis 10 procentis
odenobiT, amis Camdeni Tanamdebobis piri dajarimdeba minimaluri xelfasis 10-
magi odenobiT. Tu, igive danaSauli Cadenil iqna ganmeorebiT (jarimis dadebidan
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi), jarimis moculoba 20 minimalur xelfass miaRwevs.
rodesac xdeba, gansakuTrebiT didi odenobiT Tanxis damalva an Semcireba (1997
wels 25 aTasi laris zeviT Tanxa), kanonis damrRvevs emuqreba, xuT wlamde vadiT
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, qonebis konfiskaciiT, an jarima Sromis anazRaurebis 300-
jeradi minimaluri odenobiT.
miuxedavad mkacri sanqciebis SemoRebisa, mravali qveynis ekonomikaSi
Crdilovani seqtoris moculoba sakmaod didia. misi masStabebis zusti dadgena,
rasakvirvelia, gaZnelebulia, magram mravali ekonomistis azriT, saSualod,
msoflioSi Crdilovani brunvis done oficialuri ekonomikis 10-dan 30
procentamde SualedSi meryeobs.
magaliTad, aSS-Si bolo monacemebiT Crdilovani ekonomika saerTo erovnuli
produqtis 10 procents aRwevs, israelsa da SveicariaSi-10-10 procents Seadgens,
ruseTSi 30-40 procents.
saqarTveloSi, ruseTis msgavsad, eqspertebi asaxeleben 30-40 procentian
maCvenebels, rac msoflioSi miRebuli kriteriumebiT Crdilovani ekonomikis
ganviTarebis maqsimalur dones asaxavs. bevris azriT, 40-procentiani sazRvris
zeviT Crdilovanma ekonomikam SesaZloa saxelmwifoSi wamyvani poziciebi
daimkvidros da oficialuri seqtori mTlianad daimorCilos, rasac qveynisaTvis
gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi moyveba.yvela saxis saqmianoba, romelsac Semosavali
moaqvs, magram oficialuri statistikiT aRricxuli araa da, Sesabamisad, ar eqceva
dabegvris qveS, Crdilovan ekonomikas qmnis.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Crdilovani ekonomikis brunva, oficialuri brunvis 10-30
procents Seadgens. ruseTSi 1993 wlis dasawyisSi igi Seadgenda 20%-s, xolo 1994
wlis dasawyisSi igi ukve 30-40%-ze avida.
Crdilovani ekonomika damRupvelia ara marto imitom, rom badebs da xels
uwyobs damnaSaveobas, igi sazogadoebas da mis calkeul wevrs wminda ekonomikur
zaralsac ayenebs. saqme imaSia, rom mas mohyveba agreTve wminda ekonomikuri saxis
zaralic. magaliTad, Tu qveynis mosaxleobis Semosavlis 20 procenti ar
eqvemdebareba safinanso kontrols anu dabegvras, maSin kiTilsindisier
gadamxdelebs uxdebaT, ara mxolod sakuTari gadasaxadebis gadaxda, aramed imaTi
212
wilis gadaxdac, vinc Tavad ugulvebelyofs gadasaxadebs. qveynis finansebis
maregulirebeli, saxelmwifo organoebi ver iReben zust informacias imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra xdeba realurad qveynis ekonomikis erT-erT seqtorSi da amis gamo, xSirad
araswor gadawyvetilebebs Rebuloben. maTi ekonomikuri politika SesaZloa
nakleb efeqtiani an mcdari aRmoCndes imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo srulad ver
marTavs situacias.
kidev ufro rTuldeba Crdilovan ekonomikasTan brZolis procesi iseT
pirobebSi, rodesac qveynis ekonomika zogadad daubalansebelia, kanonmdebloba ki,
realuri situaciis araadekvaturi da naklebad gaazrebuli. amitom SemTxveviTi
rodia. Crdilovani ekonomikis avTvisebian simsivnesTan Sedareba. am saSiSi
daavadebis msgavsad xelsayrel pirobebSi Cavardnili Crdilovani seqtori
swrafad izrdeba da lamobs saxelmwifoebrivi Tu kerZo struqtutrebis sul ufro
meti rgolis „CaTrebas“ Tavisi moqmedebis areSi.

biujetis deficiti da erovnuli vali

rodesac saxelmwifos xarjebi mis Semosavals aRemateba, maSin iqmneba
saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti. wlidan wlamde misi dagroveba qmnis saxelmwifo
anu erovnul vals. saidan Rebulobs mTavroba saxsrebs mis dasafaravad? pirveli
gza mosaxleobisagan sesxis aRebaa. ganviTarTebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi
es meqanizmi moqmedebs saaqcio sazogadoebis analogiurad – uSvebs fasian
qaRaldebs (savalo valdebulebas) dafarvis sxvadasxva vadebiT da procentebiT.
martivi operaciis Sedegad, marTalia, Cndeba saxelmwifo biujetis kidev erTi
xarjviTi muxli – saxelmwifo valis momsaxureba anu procentebis gadaxda
daufarav (gaustumrebel) fasian qaRaldebze, magram, igi gacilebiT mcirea im
TanxebTan SedarebiT razec mTavroba ganvadebas Rebulobs.
arsebobs deficitis dafarvis sxva, garegnulad ufro martivi da radikaluri
gza-saxelmwifos monopoliuri ufleba brunvaSi gamouSvas fuli, dabeWdos didi
raodenoბis axali kupiurebi da dafaros yovelgvari davalianeba. samwuxarod,
aseT martiv xerxs mohyveba erT-erTi yvelaze saSineli ekonomikuri movlena –
inflacia.

vali
vali, mTavrobis finansuri valdebulebebis jamia. is zomavs, Tu ras sesxulobs
saxelmwifo misi moqalaqeebisgan, ucxouri organizaciebisgan, ucxouri
mTavrobebisa da saerTaSoriso instituciebisgan. rac ufro metia mTliani vali,
miT gaurkvevelia ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da potenciali.
mravali qveynisTvis erovnuli vali – mtkiced, Tumca nela matulobs. dRes es
sakiTxi mkveTrad Seicvala, ramdenadac mTavrobebma reagireba moaxdines
globalur finansur krizisze. kompaniis finansurma daxmarebebma, umuSevrobis
Semweobebma da makroekonomikurma stimulma gamoiwvia uprecedento vali.
213
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) gamoTvlebiT, 10 yvelaze mdidari qveynis 2007
wlis vali maTi mSp-s 78 %-dan 2014 wlisTvis TiTqmis 115%-mde gaizarda. es
mTavrobebi, saSualod, valdebulni iqnebian, daaxloebiT, 50,000 dolaris
odenobiT TiToeuli moqalaqis mimarT. Cven mier moyvanili magaliTi -
„globaluri finansuri krizisi: mizezebi da Sedegebi“ asaxavs am sakiTxebs.
saSinao da sagareo vali. qveynis vali ori saxeobisaa: saSinao da sagareo.
saSinao valmTavroba xarjavs ufro mets, vidre agrovebs SemosavlebSi. deficiti
ramdenime mizezis gamo warmoiSoba, magaliTad, roca arasrulyofili
sagadasaxado sistema sakmarisad ver agrovebs gadasaxadebs, usafrTxoebisa da
socialuri programebi aWarbebs sagadasaxado Semosavlebs an saxelmwifos
mflobelobaSi myofi sawarmoebi deficituria.88 aqedan gamomdinare, mTavrobebi
ebrZvian xarjvis prioritetebs, cdiloben biujetis marTvasa da sagadasaxado
politikis srulyofas. saSinao valebis mogvarebis mizniT, aucilebelia, is
politika gadaixedos, romelic qmnis ekonomikur gaurkvevlobas
momxmareblebisTvis, investorebisa da kompaniebisTvis. momxmareblebisTvis mzardi
sazogadoebrivi vali, Cveulebriv, mkacri zomebisa da gadasaxadebis matebis
adreuli indikatoria.
sagareo vali warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac mTavroba sesxulobs fuls qveynis
gare kreditorebisgan, iseTebisgan rogorebicaa: kerZo komerciuli bankebi, sxva
mTavrobebi an saerTaSoriso finansuri instituciebi (mag., saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi an msoflio banki). am valis procentis da, sabolood, ZiriTadi Tanxis
gadaxda xorcieldeba nasesxebi valutiT. amgvarad, msesxebel qveyanas,
SesaZlebelia, mouwios misi saqonlis eqsportireba gamsesxeblis qveyanaSi, raTa
gamoimuSavos es valuta, an moaxdinos am valutis konvertacia kreditoris
valutaSi. valTan dakavSirebuli krizisi xSirad warmoiqmneba maSin, roca sust
ekonomikas ar SeuZlia amis gakeTeba an SeuZlia mxolod didi politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri xarjiT. am situaciaSi ekonomika stagnaciaSi imyofeba.
stresi da danakargi, Cveulebriv, win uZRvis mis mcire masStabis, magram efeqtian
gadatvirTvas.

214
mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSebis zogadi meTodologia

saqarTvelos erovnuli angariSebis meTodologiur safuZvels

warmoadgens gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis, evrogaerTianebis
statistikuri komisiis, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
organizaciis, msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier
rekomendebuli erovnul angariSTa 1993 wlis (SNA-93) sistemis
standartuli meTodologia.
msoflio qveynebis umravlesoba erovnuli angariSebis
warmoebisas iyenebs 1993 wlis meTodologias, Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
2009 wels dasrulda muSaoba erovnuli angariSebis sistemis axal 2008
wlis versiaze da
2011 wlidan igegmeba SNA 2008 meTodologiaze etapobrivad
gadasvlis samuSaoebis dawyeba. SNA 2008-is meTodologia bevr sakiTxSi
identuria SNA-
93-is principebis da mxolod ramodenime sakiTxSi, gansakuTrebiT
finansuri angariSis nawilSi, Setanilia garkveuli cvlilebebi.

gansxvaveba ZiriTadad Seexeba globalizaciis procesis gavlenis

gaTvaliswinebas multinacionaluri korporaciebis maCveneblebze. aseve
cvlilebebi Sevida kapitalis angariSis Sedgenis meTodologiaSi. ZiriTad
kapitalSi investiciebad ganixileba kvlevebsa da damuSavebebze gaweuli
xarjebi, rac SNA-93-is mixedviT ganixileboda rogorc mimdinare
xarjebi. aseve calke iqna gamoyofili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis cneba da
daixvewa misi gaangariSebis meTodologia.

erovnul angariSTa sistemis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes ekonomikur

maCvenebels warmoadgens mTliani Sida produqti, romelic qveynis
teritoriis SigniT warmoebuli saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
sabazro fasebSi gamoxatuli mTliani Rirebulebaa.

mSp-is gaangariSeba mimdinare fasebSi xorcieldeba saerTaSorisod

aRiarebuli sami sxvadasxva meTodiT:

1. warmoebis meTodi:

215
 mTliani Sida produqti, rogorc qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze
drois Sesabamis monakveTSi ekonomikis rezidenti erTeulebis mier
(ekonomikuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxeebSi) Seqmnili mTliani
damatebuli Rirebulebebis jams damatebuli gadasaxadebi produqciaze
da importze (dRg, aqcizi da sabaJo gadasaxadi) minus subsidiebi
produqtebze.

gaangariSebis sqema:

saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT produqciis (saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis)
mTliani gamoSveba sabaziso fasebSi
-
saqonelisa da momsaxurebis gamoSvebisaTvis gamoyenebuli
Sualeduri moxmareba
=
mTliani Sida produqti sabaziso fasebSi
+
gadasaxadebi produqciaze da
importze
_
subsidebi produqtebze
=
mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi.

2. gamoyenebis (danaxarjebis) meTodi:

mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba danaxarjebis meTodiT efuZneba
ekonomikis rezidenti erTeulebis mier mimdinare periodSi gaweuli danax-
arjebis gamoTvlas.

gaangariSebis sqema:

Sinameurneobebis samomxmareblo xarjebi

+

Sinameurneobebis momsaxure arakomerciuli organizaciebis mier

gaweuli momsaxureba
216
+
saxelmwifo marTvis organoebis mier gaweuli koleqtiuri (sax-
elmwifos marTva, Tavdacva, sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTx-
oebis dacva) da personaluri (ganaTlebisa da jandacvis) momsaxureba
+
ZiriTadi kapitalis mTliani
formireba
+
materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis maragebis
cvlileba
=
mTliani Sida xarjebi sabazro
fasebSi
+
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
eqsporti
-
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im-
porti
=
mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fa-
sebSi.

3. Semosavlebis meTodi:
mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba Semosavlebis meTodiT emyareba
im instituciuri erTeulebis Semosavlebis jams, romlebic uSu-
alod monawileoben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeqmnaSi mocemuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi.
gaangariSebis
sqema:

Semosavali dasaqmebidan daricxuli xelfasisa da danamatebis saxiT (xel-

fasze daricxuli gadasaxadebis CaTvliT)
+

TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Sereuli Semosavali

217
+
kompaniebis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobidan miRebuli mTliani mogeba
+
gadasaxadebi warmoebasa da importze
_
subsidiebi warmoebasa da produqtebze
=
mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi.

sxvadasxva meTodebiT gaangariSebuli mTliani Sida produqtis

moculobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs ar emTxveodes, radgan maTi informaciuli
wyaroebi gansxvavebulia, gansxvaveba aisaxeba striqonSi “statistikuri
gansxvaveba”.
mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba warmoebis meTodiT efuZneba e-
konomikur saqmianobaTa saxeebis saqarTvelos erovnul klasifikators
(sek
001-2004), romelic SemuSavebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobis
saxeebis klasifikatoris evropuli standartis NACE rev.1.1 bazaze.
saerTaSoriso meTodologiis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT ekono-
mikuri operaciebi aRiricxeba daricxvis meTodiT maTi ganxorcielebis mo-
mentisaTvis arsebul mimdinare sabazro fasebSi.
erovnul angariSTa (SNA-93) sistemiT rekomendebulia mSp-is realuri
zrdis indeqsis kvartaluri periodulobiT gaangariSeba. amasTan, realuri
zrdis maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis mimarT mud-
miv fasebSi gaangariSebuli mTliani Sida produqtis monacemebis safuZvel-
ze.

mSp-is mudmiv fasebSi gadayvana jer-jerobiT xdeba mxolod warmoebis

meTodiT gaangariSebuli maCveneblebis mixedviT ormagi deflirebis gziT,
rac xorcieldeba fasebis Sesabamisi indeqsebis meSveobiT, saqmianobis
saxeebis mixedviT mTliani gamoSvebisa da Sualeduri moxmarebis
cal-calke deflirebiT da Semdeg maTi sxvaobis gamoTvliT.

saerTaSoriso meTodologia, mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSebisas,

218
iTvaliswinebs daukvirvebadi ekonomikis gazomvas.
daukvirvebadi ekonomika izomeba saqmianobis saxeebis
mixedviT statistikuri informaciis arsebul standartul wyaroebSi
sxvadasxva mizeziT moucveli saqmianobis, produqciis, Semosavlebis,
moxmarebis an sxva ekonomikuri operaciebis moculobiT. misi Sefase-
bisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc pirdapiri kvlevis, aseve arapirdapiri Sefase-
bebi.

mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSebisas gamoiyeneba Semdegi mo-

nacemTa wyaroebi:
• biznes statistikis kvartaluri da wliuri gamokvlevebi. mo-
nacemTa bazebi yovelkvartalurad muSavdeba erovnul angariSTa
sistemisaTvis saWiro formatiT, ris safuZvelzec iangariSeba
produqciis mTliani gamoSvebebi 45 saxis saqmianobis mixedviT
daukvirvebadi ekonomikis gaTvaliswinebiT;
• Sinameurneobebis kvartaluri kvlevis monacemebi. yovelkvartalur-
ad muSavdeba dasaqmebulTa da Sinameurneobebis saboloo
moxmarebis monacemTa bazebi erovnul angariSTa sistemisaTvis sa-
Wiro formatiT.
• fasebis statistikis monacemebi mwarmoebelTa da samomxmareblo fasebis
Sesaxeb deflirebis ganxorcielebis
mizniT;
• soflis meurneobis statistikis sammarTvelos kvartaluri da wli-
uri gamokvlevis monacemebi soflis meurneobis sferoSi
Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebulebis gasaangariSeblad;
• erovnuli bankis monacemebi:
- komerciuli bankebis yovelTviuri monacemebi Semosavlebisa da xar-
jebis
Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec iangariSeba komerciuli bankebis gamoSveba.
- erovnuli bankis yovelTviuri monacemebi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis
Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec iangariSeba erovnuli bankis gamoSveba.
- aRniSnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT iangariSeba finansuri Sua-
mavlobis momsaxurebis arapirdapiri Sefasebis maCvenebelic.
- qveynis sagadasaxdelo balansis monacemebi;

219
 • sadazRvevo kompaniebis yovelkvartaluri monacemebi, ris safuZvelzec
iangariSeba sadazRvevo kompaniebis gamoSveba. erovnuli da
komerciuli bankebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis gamoSvebebis
SejamebiT miiReba safinanso Suamavlobis seqtoris gamoSveba.
• finansTa saministros yovelTviuri monacemebi (naerTi, saxelmwifo da
TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis biujetebis Semosulobebis (gadasaxadis
saxeebis mixedviT) da gadasaxdelebis (funqcionaluri da ekonomikuri
klasifikaciis mixedviT)), romelTa damuSavebiT miiReba saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis seqtoris mTliani gamoSveba; agreTve gadasaxadebi pro-
duqciaze da importze (dRg, aqcizi da sabaJo gadasaxadi).

danarTi a
vekonomikuri Tavisufleba

ekonomikuri sakiTxebis farTo speqtris analizi koncentrirebulia imaze, Tu

risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT Tavisuflad ekonomikur agentebs: ra investiciebis
dabandeba ZaluZT? rogor anawileben resursebs? sakuTrebis romeli uflebebis
moTxovna xelewifebaT? rogoria konkurencia? visi daqiravebis da daTxovnis
ufleba aqvT? ra operaciebs iyeneben? bevr qveyanaSi Tavisuflebis am saxeobebs
seriozulad ar uyureben. sxva qveyanaSi es Tavisuflebebi imdenad iSviaTia, rom
isini konfliqtebis mizezadac ki iqceva xolme.
am yvelafris fonze, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebaa: „sakuTrebis mflobelobis
absoluturi ufleba, Sromis, kapitalisa da saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da
absoluturi ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, rac aucilebelia moqalaqeebisTvis, raTa
maT daicvan da SeinarCunon Tavisufleba“.21 saxelmwifos nacvlad, individebi
wyveten, rogor surT muSaoba, warmoeba, moxmareba, dazogva da investireba.
mniSvnelovania, rom Tavisuflebis ufleba saxelmwifos mieraa daculi.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsiT fasdeba mTavrobis mier Tavisufali
arCevanisa da warmoebis SezRudvis xarisxi. es indeqsi efuZneba adam smitis
mosazrebas, rom „ZiriTad instituciebs, romlebic sakuTari ekonomikuri
interesebis misaRwevad individebis Tavisuflebas icavs, sazogadoebisTvis meti
keTildReoba moaqvs“.22 ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsi Sedgeba 50
indikatorisgan (ixileT cxrili 10 a.1). analitikosebi iyeneben am indeqss 183

220
qveyanaSi da afaseben TiToeuls. rac ufro maRalia qula TiToeul faqtorze - 0-
dan 100 %-mde arealis farglebSi, miT maRalia ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis xarisxi.
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba dRes
2011 wels msoflio ekonomikuri Tavisufleba ibrunebs didi finansuri krizisis da
globaluri recesiis Semdeg dakarguli mamoZravebeli Zalis funqcias. 183
qveyanaSi 2011 wels saSualo Tavisuflebis qula iyo 59,7 %; 2010 wels ki – 59.4 %.23
msoflio masStabiT mTavrobebma Secvales finansebi, Ria bazrebi, maregulirebeli
reforma da sakuTrebis uflebebi. Tumca, 2007 wlis krizisamde ekonomikuri
Tavisufleba 60.2 %-ze dabali iyo.
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba msoflios regionebs Soris gansxvavebulia, xalxi
CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi ufro metad sargeblobs am TavisuflebiT, vidre
sxvagan. msoflios regionul doneze ekonomikuri Tavisufleba SedarebiT maRali
xarisxisaa dasavleTis qveynebSi da dabali xarisxisaa aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.
monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom xalxis umetesoba cxovrobs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
dabali xarisxis qveynebSi. daaxloebiT, 1.2 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis saSualo xarisxiT. msoflios umetesi nawili,
daaxloebiT, 5.2 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs qveynebSi, romlebSic ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis dabali xarisxia.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis analizi msoflioSi gviCvenebs, rom eqvs qveyanas aqvs
Tavisufali ekonomika, 27 met-naklebad Tavisufalia, 57 - saSualo doneze
Tavisufali, 57 ar aris Tavisufali da 32 represirebulia. yvelaze Tavisufali
ekonomikebia hong-kongi, singapuri, avstralia, axali zelandia, Sveicaria da
kanada. yvelaze naklebad Tavisufali ekonomikebia CrdiloeT korea, kuba, zimbabve,
eriTrea da venesuela. mTavrobis momatebuli xarjis, valis da regulaciebis gamo,
2011 wels aSS-m mecxre adgilze gadainacvla. 77.8 quliT is miekuTvneba „yvelaze
ufro Tavisufal“ kategorias. 2007 wels aSS mexuTe adgilze iyo, 81.2 quliT,
„Tavisufal“ kategoriaSi.
ekonomikur Tavisuflebasa da mosaxleobas Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba
miuTiTebs, rom msoflio mosaxleobis umetesoba, daaxloebiT 5.5 miliardi
adamiani, cxovrobs qveynebSi, sadac mTavrobebi zRudaven maT samuSaos, warmoebis,
moxmarebis, dazogvisa da investirebis arCevans.

221
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis fasi

naklebad Tavisufal qveynebTan SedarebiT, ekonomikurad Tavisufal qveynebs erT

sul mosaxleze meti Semosavali, cxovrebis maRali standartebi da socialuri
stabiluroba aqvT.
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba gviCvenebs qveynis ganviTarebasa da potencials. maRali
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mqone qveynebs aqvT zrdisa da produqtulobis maRali
maCveneblebi. maRali ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mqone qveynebis saSualo
Semosavali Svidjer aRemateba, araTavisufali da represirebuli ekonomikebis
Semosavals (ixileT sqema 4.5). dadebiTi urTierTkavSiri arsebobs ekonomikur
Tavisuflebas, inflaciasa da dasaqmebas Soris. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba qmnis
socialur dividendebs. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, wigniereba, politikuri
gamWvirvaloba da garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli mdgradoba aCvenebs dadebiT
kavSirs socialur faqtorebsa da ekonomikur Tavisuflebas Soris. monacemebi
aseve miuTiTebs ekonomikur Tavisuflebasa da sicocxlis xarisxis sxvadasxva
sazomebs Soris dadebiT kavSirze.25 monacemebi adasturebs, rom resursebis
samTavrobo kontrolisgan ganTavisufleba aumjobesebs makroekonomikur
stabilurobasa da cxovrebis standartebs.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis tendenciebi

bolo ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi menejerebs SeeZloT evaraudaT, rom

qveynebi ganaxorcielebdnen iseT reformebs, romlebic gazrdida ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis xarisxs. Tavisufali bazrebi mudmivad uswrebdnen „araTavisufal“
qveynebs. did da mzard umravlesobas sjeroda, rom adamianebi sargebels iReben
meti da ara naklebekonomikuri Tavisuflebisgan. 1989 wels berlinis kedlis
ngrevam, rac komunizmze kapitalizmis triumfs gamoxatavda, daadastura
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis uzenaesoba.
qveynebma TandaTan uari Tqves saxelmwifo kontrolze, miiRes kapitalizmis
principebi da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis praqtika. mTel msoflioSi mTavrobebma
daTmes moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebi, bazris e.w. „uxilav xels“ „xiluli
xelis“ politika Caenacvla da msoflioSi ekonomikuri upiratesoba mieniWa
ekonomikur regulirebas.
222
 ekonomikuri Tavisufleba mniSvnelovanad aris dakavSiriebuli bazris
socialur da politikur sazomebTan. aq Cven vxedavT, rom ekonomikurad
Tavisufal qveynebs aqvT maRali Semosavlebi, dabali inflacia da umuSevroba.
cvalebadi sabazro pirobebi da gamovlenili politikuri tendenciebi
miuTiTebs, rom multinacionaluri sawarmoebi gaurkvevel ekonomikur pirobebSia.
globalurma finansurma krizisma xeli SeuSala ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
gafarToebas. krizisis dasrulebisTanave industriulma warmoebam, eqsportis
maCvenebelma da aqciebis fasebma imaze metad gaauareses mdgomareoba, vidre es
„didi depresiis“ dros iyo.26 meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seupovari recesia bevr
ekonomikaSi yvelaze did globalur ekonomikur Semcirebaze miuTiTebda.
globaluri finansuri krizisis masStabi, moculoba da siswrafe xels uwyobda
sabazro ekonomikis SezRudvebs, uaryofda sabazro fundamentalizmis
sargeblianobas da moiTxovda ekonomikaSi mTavrobis rolis gadaxedvas.
zogierTis azriT, saxelmwifom frTxilad unda daareguliros Tavisufali
bazrebis suliskveTeba, „daaSoSminos“ panika, daicvas moqalaqeebi, gadaanawilos
simdidre da SeinarCunos moTxovna. es faqtorebi, yvela erTad aRebuli da cal-
calke, amcirebs ekonomikur Tavisuflebas.
dRes, krizisis Semdeg, bevri ekonomika stabiluri gaxda. Tumca, valebis
krizisi, ekonomikuri zrdis neli tempi, ZviradRirebuli farTo moxmarebis sagnebi
da umuSevrobis maCveneblis mateba arTulebs ekonomikur aRorZinebas. axla, roca
mimdinareobs msoflios xelaxli gadanawileba, menejerebi ibrZvian, raTa
gansazRvron TavianTi midgomebi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis tendenciebis mimarT.
SedarebiT Tavisufali bazrebis SiSi. globaluri finansuri krizisis mizezebi da
Sedegebi, romlebsac winamdebare Tavis daskvniT magaliTSi vixilavT,
gansazRvravs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis maqsimumamde zrdis Sesaxeb kvlevis
legitimurobas. qveynebi, gansakuTrebiT ki isini, romlebmac Tavdapirvelad
yvelaze rTulad miiRes globaluri finansuri krizisis dartyma da kvlav
ganicdian sust zrdas, Tavisufali bazrebis mimarT Sesustebul mxardaWeras
gviCveneben. upirobo idealis nacvlad, isini frTxiloben ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis maqsimumamde zrdis sakiTxSi. amis Sedegad gamowveulma
usafrTxoebis zomebma, krizisis meore etapis Tavidan asacileblad, saxelmwifoebis

223
mier ekonomikuri sakiTxebis kontroli gazarda. es, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs
ekonomikur Tavisuflebas.
kapitalizmiT ukmayofileba mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda . 27 qveynis
gamokiTxuli respondentebis saSualod 11 % miiCnevs, rom kapitalizmi kargad
muSaobs,27 23 % kapitalzms xedavs, rogorc fatalurad naklovans. bevri moiTxovs
axal ekonomikur sistemas, maT Soris, 43 % –safrangeTSi, 38 % - meqsikaSi, 35 % -
braziliasa da 31 % - ukrainaSi. mxolod or qveyanaSi - aSS-sa (25 %) da pakistanSi
(21 %) - xuTidan erTi respondenti fiqrobs, rom kapitalizmi kargia iseTi,
rogoric aris.28
2002 wels amerikelebis 80% Tavisufal bazars momavlis saukeTeso
ekonomikur sistemad miiCnevda da aSS am sistemis maSindel mxardamWer liderad
iTvleboda. 2010 wlisTvis es mxardaWera 59 %-mde daeca. amis sapirispirod, axla
axalbeda ekonomikebi Seesabameba an uaxlovdeba aSS-s ekonomikur sistemas.
nominalurad, komunisturi CineTis mosaxleobis 68 % Tavisufali bazrebis
msoflioSi yvelaze Zlieri mxardamWeria, 2002 wels es mxardaWera 66 % iyo.
brazilielebis 67 % da indoelebis 59 % Tavisufal bazrebs momavlis saukeTeso
alternativad miiCnevdnen. sabolood, msoflios, daaxloebiT, naxevari fiqrobs,
rom Tavisufali bazari jer kidev saukeTeso arCevania. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom
endemur xarvezebs reformireba da regulacia sWirdeba.

danarTi b
“var kvotebis winaaRmdegi. magram, var Tanasworobis momxre. da Tu
vxedav rom Tanasworoba ver miiRweva kvotebis gareSe, me maSin vxdebi
kvotebis momxre”.

K16 marti 2015 weli, konferencia: “maRali donis Sexvedra qalTa

politikuri monawileobis xelSesawyobad”. (saqarTvelos televiziis “2”

arxis programa brifingis dro). konferenciis monawileTa gamosvlebi:

manana kobaxiZe, parlamentis genderuli Tanasworobis sabWos Tav-re:

”dRevandeli Sexvedra, konferencia, swored eZRvneba sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs

224
qalTa politikuri monawileobis gaZlierebisTvis, gaaqtiurebisTvis. meti qali
politikaSi, meti qali parlamentSi. ai es aris is devizi, romliTac swored aris
gamsWvaluli dRevandeli RonisZieba da me vityodi, rom namdvilad uprecedentoa
dRevandeli konferencia, rodesac saqarTvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos
parlamentis Tavmjdomare, deputatebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, saerTaSoriso
organizaciis warmomadgenlebi, saelCoebi, yvelani erTad vsxdebiT magidasTan,
imisTvis, rom vifiqroT, Tu rogor SevuwyoT xeli qalTa monawileobis gazrdas
politikur cxovrebaSi, ra instrumentebis gamoyenebiT....”
Ggiorgi margvelaSvili, saqarTvelos prezidenti: “qarTul realobaSi,
qarTul sinamdvileSi, bevrad meti qali unda iyos CarTuli maRal Tanamdebobaze.
... es WeSmariteba Cven ar gamogvigonia. qveynebSi, sadac qalTa monawileoba aris
ufro maRali, bevrad ufro stabiluri, konkretul miznebze, kvalificiur
gadawyvetaze orinetirebuli politikaa. es aris faqtobrivi realoba... jer kidev
ar gvaqvs sasargeblo statistikuri done... ganviTarebadi qveynebis mmarTvelobis
sistemaSi qalbatonebis warmodgena 40%-mdea. .... amisken dinamiurad unda
miviswrafvodeT.... “momxre var..... Cven SemoviRoT kvotirebis sistema.... nabiji aqeT
unda gadavdgaT.... gareT vsaubrobdiT da me amisic mjera, rom me-5 prezidenti
saqarTveloSi, kargi iqneba rom qali iyos da amis mimarTulebiTac kargi iqneba
rom nabijebi gadavdgaT erTad....”

daviT usufaSvili, saqarTvelos parlamentis Tav-re: “minda mainc yuradReba

gavamaxvilo am tipis iniciativebze, imitom rom swored ase xdeba Temis da sakiTxis
gaazreba da ase xdeba sazogadoebis doneze ama Tu im Rirebulebis, ama Tu im
standartis, ama Tu im politikuri gadawyvetilebis gaazreba da mofiqreba. es unda
gaviTvaliswinoT realur cxovrebaSi. rac Seexeba sakiTxis SuqCrdilebs, me minda
mogaxsenoT, rom var kvotebis winaaRmdegi. magram, minda amasobaSi mogaxsenoT,
rom me var Tanasworobis momxre. da Tu vxedav rom Tanasworoba ver miiRweva
kvotebis gareSe, me maSin vxdebi kvotebis momxre. ( am sityvebs konferenciis
monawileni Sexvdnen taSiT). me mgoni ase unda davinaxoT Cven sakiTxi, ase unda
davinaxoT Cven es Tema da ara vaqcioT igi ideafiqsad, an raRac iseT Temad, rom
kvotebi kargia Tu cudia. cudia kvotebi, sircxvilia kvotebi. raze vsaubrobT, ra
Tqma unda es ar aris kargi, magram, CavxedoT sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss.

225
sircxvili ar aris rac iq gviweria? qurdoba ar SeiZlebao, amas kanonSi sWirdeba
Cawera? gana ar viciT, rom ar SeiZleba, da mkvleloba, da aseTi ambebi. Zalian
bevri ramea araswori da cudi, magram regulirdeba kanoniT. am SemtxvevaSi Cven
saqme gvaqvs iseT mdgomareobasTan, rodesac samwuxarod aucilebelia
sakanonmdeblo Careva. me garda imisa, rom winaaRmdegi var kvotebisa da momxre
var Tanasworobis, kidev yvelaze ufro momxre var Tavisuflebis. nebismieri
kanoni es aris Tavisuflebis SezRudvis axali meqanizmi, es viciT. magram amasobaSi
kargad viciT, rom Tu kanoniT raRaceebi ar SevzRudeT, maSin Cveni nanatri
Tavisufleba verasodes ver miiRweva. swored amasTan gvaqvs saqme da amitom me
vacxadeb, am SemTxvevaSi piradad Cemgan, darwmunebuli var rom am etapze, saWiroa
nabijebis gadadgma sakanonmdeblo doneze am sakiTxSi daregulirebis, imisaTvis
rom Cven am kanonis gauqmeba rac SeiZleba male mogviwios. da me am mimarTulebiT
gadadgmul nabijebs davinaxavdi droebiT zomad, imisTvis rom Cven erTmaneTs
kargad davanaxoT raze gvaqvs saubari da Semdgom me darwmunebuli var es kanoni
aRar iqneba saWiro. da ratom ar iqneba saWiro? mis saukeTeso sailustracio
magaliTad me SemiZlia dagasaxeloT Tqven, pativcemulo qalebo, vinc aq
brZandebiT da Zalian bevri Tqveni kolega, romelic dRes moRvaweobs
parlamentSi, moRvaweobs TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi, mTavrobaSi,
arasamTavrobo seqtorSi. is qalebi, romlebmac Zalian konkretuli magaliTebiT
daudastures yvelas, Tuki vinmes sWirdeboda raimes damtkiceba damatebiT, rom
maTi saqmianoba sajaro sferoSi, es aris Zalian mniSvnelovani, Zalian saWiro,
Zalian saSuri saqme. “amitom am TvalsazrisiT, qalTa monawileobis gazrda
sWirdeba ara imdenad qalebs, ramdenadac kacebs. mokled saqmis keTebazea aq
saubari da ara privilegiebze. parlamentSi meti qali es ar niSnavs met
privilegirebul qals. es niSnavs meti qalis CarTulobas jojoxeTur katorRul
SromaSi. da vinc namdvili parlamentaria, misTvis parlamentaroba es aris
katorRuli Sroma. da namdvil parlamentarobas qalebi metad axerxeben Tu kacebi,
amaze me komentars ar gavakeTeb zogadad. Yyovel SemTxvevaSi aq rame
gansakuTrebuli magaliTebi imis sawinaaRmdegod rom kacebi ufro Sromoben,
vidre qalebi parlamentSi, maincdamainc empiriuli daskvnebi amis sasualebas ar
gvaZlevs. ase, rom SromaSi erTad yofnazea saubari, Sromis da pasuxismgeblobis
ganawilebazea saubari da ara privilegiebis ganawilebaze. imitom rom

226
sazogadoebaSi jer kidev aris am tipis mosazrebebi: privilegiebi, ki batono,
qalbatonebs, avtobusSi adgils davuTmob, parlamentSi adgils ar davuTmob.
modiT sxvanairad SevxedoT. avtobusSi nu dauTmob, Tu ar surs qalbatons
dajdoma, magram parlamentSi dauTmoT adgili, sakrebuloSi dauTmoT adgili.
amitom es Tema me mgoni ukve gadawyvetilebis fazisaken unda wavides. magram me
minda erT garemoebas gavusva xazi. kerZod imas, rom Zalian xSirad, sazogadoebaSi
iwvevs Tu politikur cxovrebaSi, gancda aseTia, rom kanoniT unda daiwyos saqme
da kanonis miRebiT damTavrdeba saqme, ufro swored gakeTebulad CaiTvleba saqme.
es ase ar aris. amitom Zalian didi mnisvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad eqneba
sakanonmdeblo winadadebebs da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis proeqtebs mxardawera
sazogadoebis mxridan da ramdenad iqneba igi sazogadoebisaTvis ganmartebuli da
axsnili mosaxleobisaTvis. xSirad Cven gvCvevia aseTi ram, CavvardebiT xolme
raRaca garkveul eiforiaSi, garkveuli wreebi adamianebis, visac saSualeba gvaqvs
ai ase SevikriboT, an erTmaneTi vnaxoT, an xma mivawvdinoT da Cvens wreSi Tu
raRaca momwifda, vTvliT rom sazogadoeba unda gamogvyves, aba ra, Cven xom maTi
warmomadgenlebi varT, liderebi varT, politikuri Tu arasamTavrobo da ase
Semdeg. nu gveqneba aseTi iluziebi da nu dagvezareba is, rom ukan mivixedoT da
gaverkveT mogvyveba Tu ara Cven sazogadoeba ama Tu im konkretuli sakiTxis
gadawyvetis procesSi. jobia gacilebiT meti dro davxarjoT iq muSaobaSi, oRond
konkretikaze. vTqvaT, Seicvleba kanonproeqti? me visurvebdi rom es kanonproeqti
gamxdariyo rac SeiZleba farTo saerTo saxalxo ganxilvis sagani, sadac iqneboda
axsnili da ganmtkicebuli Tu raze vsaubrobT, ra aris misi Sinaarsi, ratom aris
politikuri procesis Zalebis monawileoba ukiduresad aucilebeli, ratom aris
amaze damokidebuli Cveni politikuri cxovrebis Sedegianoba, efeqturoba,
politikuri kulturis daxvewa, inteleqtualuri resursis ukeT gamoyeneba,
moqalaqe ra dadebiT Sedegs miiRebs amisgan, qalic da kacic. anu, Cven yvela, vinc
sajaro samsaxurSi varT an dRes viqnebiT CarTuli, maT Soris sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebis Sedegadac ratom da ra konkretul sargebels moutanT sazogadoebas.
es unda kargad ganvmartoT. imitom, rom mxolod Rirebulebis doneze aq ver
davrCebiT. mxolod im doneze rom sazogadoeba sam TveSi gaiazrebs da gaiTavisebs
Tanasworobis principis aucileblobas. sxva mxridanac unda SevxedoT amas, es
aucilebelia da amis gakveTilebi Cven Zalian bevri gvaqvs sxva kanonebidan

227
gamomdinare, romelTa danergva garTulebula xolme, imitom rom ai am sakiTxSi
ar iyo mTlaT ase vTqvaT, erTnairi gageba am sakiTxebis.
rac Seexeba perspeqtivas imisa, rom rodis da ra nabijebiT SeiZleba viaroT,
me mgonia, rom momavali saparlamento arCevnebisTvis Cven SegviZlia gadavdgad
mniSvnelovani nabiji win. amisTvis aucilebelia politikur ZalTa Soris farTo
konsensusis miRweva da amaze unda vimuSaoT, imitom rom gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
saWiroa garkveuli raodenobis xmebi. Prezidentis mxridan veto rom ar mohyveba
am kanons es ukve viciT, miTxra. magram jer miReba unda am kanons. amitom saWiroa
politikur Zalebs Soris meti konsultaciebi. me piradadac mzad var CaverTo am
procesSi, respublikuri partia, misi Tavmjdomare ager aris warmodgenili da
partiis saxeliTac vambob rom aqtiurad gvinda am procesSi CarTva. Tumca, aqve
mogaxsenebT, rom iavardiT mofenili gza ar aris, arc respublikelebis SigniT. me
axla rom vsaubrob, Tan maxsendeba ramdenime gvari da saxeli, aqedan rom gaval,
vici rom momxvdeba, imitom, rom reebs laparakob Sen mando. magram respublikur
partiaSi gvaqvs es tradicia, rom vimsjeloT, vikamaToT da mere miviRoT
gadawyvetilebebi. me vTxov yvela partias, politikur jgufs, vimsjeloT,
vikamaToT SigniT, gaviTvaliswinoT yvela mosazrebebi, magram mere poziciebi
CamovayaliboT da poziciebi iyos mkafio. me aseve minda giTxraT, rom gamiWirdeba
im politikuri Zalebis, maTi mosazrebebis gageba, romlebic moxreni iyvnen an
arian dRes moqmedi sistemis da winaaRmdegi iqnebian nabijs win gadadgmis. imitom
rom dRes moqmedi sistema, es egreTwodebuli fuladi jildo partiisTvis, Tu met
qals Cawerda siaSi, me mgonia rom erT-erTi yvelaze araswori da ise me met
sityvas ar vixmar iseTi momentia. mokled, Tu viRaca mzad iyo fuli mieRo meti
qalis CawerisTvis da maSin is Cawerda, axla fuls veRar miiRebs da ar unda es
ambavi, nu axla aq politikasTan ar gvaqvs saqme, sxva ramesTan gvaqvs saqme. amitom
me yvelas vTxovdi, rom Tanmimdevruli viyoT am procesSi, Tu nabijebi gadaidga
raRac mimarTulebiT, Semdegi nabijebic iyos logikuri da kargad gaazrebuli.
parlamentSi, aqve minda giTxraT, ar aris am wuTis mdgomareobisTvis iseTi
viTareba, calsaxa. saWiroa meti muSaoba, axsna-ganmarteba. aq ucxoeTis magaliTebi
Zalian mniSvnelovania da kargia, rom warmodgenilia xolme, magram Cveni
magaliTebic ar iqneboda cudi. magaliTad istorikosebma iqneb amoswion
garkveuli istoriuli wyaroebidan, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb yvela bednieri iyo Tu

228
ara, rodesac mefe Tamari taxtze avida. arc maSin iyo yvela Tanaxma, da aRmoCnda,
rom es iyo SesaZloa erT-erTi yvelaze swori gadawyvetileba istoriulad
qarTuli saxelmwifos meTaurebs Tu miuRiaT. ase rom Tu raRaceebi, vTqvaT mTlad
bolomde darwmunebuli ar varT vinme, movuwodeb yvelas, viyoT ufro Tamamebi,
gadavdgaT nabijebi win, viaroT win.
da erTi Tema da amiT me davasruleb. ismis xolme argumentebi, rom ai, Tu
garkveuli sakanonmdeblo privilegiebi Tu kvotebi iqneba qalebisTvis politikur
cxovrebaSi monawileobisaTvis gasazrdelad, maSin ratom ar unda iyos es sxva
jgufebisaTvis, socialuri jgufebisaTvis Tu interesjgufebisaTvis. es SeiZleba
iyos umciresobebi, SezuRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi, an asakobrivi
jgufebi, pensionerebi da ase Semdeg da ase Semdeg. me mgoni am sakiTxSi saWiroa
isev da isev kvalificiuri saganmanasTleblo ganmartebiTi samuSao, rom aq
sruliad sxvadasxva TemasTan gvaqvs saqme da Cven am SemTxvevaSi qalebs ar
ganvixilavT rogorc umciresobas. jer erTi imitom, rom umravlesoba brZandebiT,
amitom ver gangixilavT umciresobad da kidev sxva faqtorebi, aq aris saubari
interesTa jgufze, ar aris saubari raRaca gamokveTil kategoriaze, rogorc es
umciresobis SemTxvevaSia, rom es aris erTi interesis gamomxatveli da amitom
undaT. es aris, Cven, Cven sazogadoeba varT aseTi da Cven vcdilobT gamovasworoT
is, rac jer kidev gamosasworebelia, da am Temas aqvs Tavisi winaistoria, romelic
yvelam unda gaviTavisoT. asi wlis win saerTod saubari ar iyo am Temaze, ufleba
ar hqonda qals da am process hqonda Tavisi, ase vTqvaT ganviTarebis istoria
romelic movida dRemde. ar aris, elementarul raRacazea saubari. Tu Cven gvaqvs
ierarqiuli sazogadoeba, romelic formaluria Tu araformaluri, ra
mniSvneloba aqvs? Tu es aris ierarqiuli sazogadoeba, Tu viRaca dabadebidan ukve
aris, viRaca ufro maRali da magari, gvariSvilobis gamo Tu ar vici Tmis feris
gamo Tu sqesis gamo, Tu maSin, masin gasagebia saiT mivdivarT. Tu gvinda rom amas
wertili daeasvas da “Tu gvinda rom marTla Tavisufleba damkvidrdes da Tu
gvinda rom am qveyanaSi adamianebs gauCndeT umTavresi gancda, rom varT
Tanaswori, rom varT Tanabari uflebebis matarebeli, es nabijebi gadasadgelia da
kidev vimeoreb, es nabiji ara mxolod da ara imdenad qalTa gaTavisuflebisaken
aris mimarTuli, es aris mimarTuli magaliTad sazogadoebis da kacebis
gaTavisuflebiskenac garkveuli stereotipebisagan, romelic Cveni brali ar aris,

229
romelic mogviwevs Cven. am qveynis Svilebi varT, am sazogadoebis Svilebi varT da
es arc qarTuli movlenaa, es zogadad msoflio procesia, zogadsakacobrio
Temebze vsaubrobT Cven, da qarTvelebi sxvaTa Soris ar varT yvelaze ukan am
tipis sakiTxebSi.”

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis

1. daaxasiaTeT ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mizezebi.

2. rogor ereva saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi biujetis meSveobiT.
3. sagadasaxado sistemis agebis principebi.
4. dabegvraSi samarTlianobisadmi sxvadasxva midgomebi.

230
 meTerTmete Tavi
fuli da safinanso institutebi

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 fulis warmoSoba. fulis funqciebi
 inflaciis cneba.
 safinanso institutebis zogadi gacnoba.
 ekonomikuri azris istoriidan: fulis raodenobrivi Teoria.

fuli da safinanso institutebi

wina TavSi SevexeT ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careვis sakiTxs da saubari
gvqonda (am Carevis) ramdenime formaze. sagadasaxado regulireba da saxelmwifos
mier sawarmosagan saqonlis (momsaxurebis) SeZena, Cveulebriv, regulirebis pir-
dapir formas warmoadgens da saxelmwifos fiskalur politikas Seadgens. am TavSi
Cven sxva, e.w. irib (arapirdapir) RonisZiebebze SevCerdebiT. es ukve saxelmwifos
ara brZanebebi da SekveTebia mewarmeebisadmi, aramed garkveuli finansuri piro-
bebis cvlileba, romlezec mewarmeebi, marTalia, reagireben “sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr”, magram moqmedeben ise, rogorc mTavrobas miaCnia mizanSe-
wonilad. Tu ekonomikis marTvis centralizebuli sistemis dros centridan pir-
dapiri Careva iyo daSvebuli, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ufro efeqturi Cans
arapirdapiri zemoqmedeba. igi gadis fulad-sakredito sferoze da mis maxasi-
aTeblebze (mdgenelebze) – fulsa da kreditebze, rasac Cven qvemoT SevexebiT.
f u l i
fuli – es araa ubralod larebi, dolarebi, frankebi, Tu markebi. balzaki,
magaliTad, amtkicebda, rom “fuli – es meeqvse grZnobaa, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs visiamovnoT danarCeni xuTiT”. ar davayenebT eWvis qveS didi mwerlis am
mosazrebas da aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom ekonomistebi ufro mSral da mkacr
ganmartebas iZlevian. mag., a. smiTi fuls uwodebda “mimoqcevis borbals”, k. marqsi
– “sayovelTao eqvivalents”. imisaTvis raTa CavwvdeT am gamonaTqvamebis azrs, jer
mokled SevexoT fulis aRmocenebis istorias, Semdeg ganvixiloT misi funqciebi da
dRes arsebuli saxeebi. davaxasiaToT, agreTve, dRevandeli fulis mimoqcevis Zi-
riTadi problemebi.
rogor gaCnda fuli
marTalia, fuli Zalze didi xania rac gaCnda, magram igi yovelTvis ar
arsebobda. naturaluri meurneobis dros, roca yoveli ojaxi TviTuzrun-
velyofili iyo aucilebeli moxmarebis sagnebiT, fulis saWiroeba, ubralod, ar
arsebobda. rodesac robinzon kruzom dausaxlebel kunZulze ganZi da fulebi ipo-
va man “uvargisi nagavi” uwoda maT, radgan naturalur meurneobaSi misi gamoyeneba
SeuZlebeli iyo, da amdenad, verc martoxela “milioneris” mdgomareobas
Secvlida igi.
fuli arc maSinaa saWiro, roca martivi, naturaluri formiT erTi saqonlis
gacvlas vawarmoebT meoreze. aseTi garigebebi dResdReobiTac xdeba da mas
barteruli gacvla ewodeba. axal samyaroSi pirveli kolonistebi, waawydnen iseT
231
SemTxvevas, roca indiliebs ar surdaT bewveulis da Tevzis sanacvlod metalis
monetebis miReba da amjobinebdnen samkaulebs an “cecxlovan wyals”.
fulze moTxovnileba gaCnda mxolod gacvlis garTulebasTan dakavSirebiT.
rogor moviqceT, magaliTad, maSin, roca Tevzis sanacvlod misi SeZenis msurvels
Ceqmis micema SeuZlia, magram meTevzes igi ar sWirdeba? mebadurs xorci unda,
magram xorcis gamyidvels erbokvercxze misdis suli. ra xerxiT gavcvaloT Zroxa
erT duJin kvercxze da ra formiT miviRoT xurda? yvela aseTi sakiTxebis gadaWra
SeuZlebeli iyo ubralo barteruli gacvliT; amitomac gamoigones fuli.
Tavdapirveli fuli Zalze gansxvavdeboda dRevandeli fulis niSnebisagan.
maSin fulis saxiT SeiZleboda sruliad sxadasxva sagnebis gamoyeneba. ase, mag.,
Zveli romaelebi iyenebdnen marils, actekebi (meqsikeli indielebi) – kakaos
marcvlebs, sxva xalxebi – isris wvets, TevzsaWer kauWs (ankess), niJarebs, bewveuls
da sxva. Zalze gvian gaCnda metalis fuli. igi pirvelad gamoiyenes Zvelma
egviptelebma daaxloebiT 2500 wels Cvens eramde, romelic damzadebuli iyo
rgolis formis mcire zomis metalisagan.
oTxi saukunis Semdeg Zvel CineTSi brunvaSi Sevida oqros kubiki. sakuTriv
monetebis Wedva daiwyes pirvelad lidiaSi (axlandel TurqeTis teritoriaze) Cven
welTaRricxvamde me-7 saukeneSi. bolos monetebi srulyofil saxeze daiyvanes
Zvelma berZnebma, daiwyes ra amotvifra mis orTave mxareze. bolo saukunemde
monetebs Weddnen upiratesad ZviradRirebuli metalebis – oqrosa da vercxlis
Senadnobisagan. jer erTi, maT, rogorc uJangavs, SeeZloT brunvaSi didi xniT
arseboba, ekavaT mcire adgili da SesaZlebeli iyo maTi dayofa – mcire zomis
monetebis gamoWedva, an, ubralod, rogorc amas adre xSirad akeTebdnen xolme,
naWrebad daxerxva. amtkiceben, rom saxeldobr ase daibada rusuli maneTi –
rogorc CamonaWeri («от-руб-ок»-руб., maneTi) ufro Zveli rusuli fulis erTeulis
“grivni”-sagan (0,5 funtis vercxlis zodi) erTi Rirsebis yvela moneta iyo
identuri, Tu, ra Tqma unda, monetebis saxli specialurad ar Seecdeboda mis
“gafuWebas”.
yvela am Tvisebis wyalobiT fuli, rogorc amas imperatori vespasiane ityoda
xolme, “suns ar adenda” da amiT iyo moxerxebuli. Tumca igi Zalze iSviaTobas
warmoadgenda. fulis sesxad aRebisas (mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi) mevales
igi minimum 20%-iani TavniT (namatiT) unda daebrunebina ukan. cxadia, aseTi
sixarbis gamo gamsesxebeli sZuldaT jer kidev bibliuri droidan da eZebdnen
saSualebebs raTa SeezRudaT misi Zalaufleba, romelic, cxadia, winaaRmdegobas
uwevda gacvlis ganviTarebas. amitom gamoigones qaRaldis, anu sakredito fuli.
qaRaldis fuls didi xnis istoria gaaCnia. jer kidev marko polo
adasturebda mis gamoyenebas CineTSi me-13 saukuneSi. magram misi aqtiuri moxmareba
daiwyes evropaSi mxolod Sua saukuneebSi. Soreuli mogzaurobisas vaWrebi
eridebodnen mcire Tu didi gzebis yaCaRebs da cdilobdnen Tan ar waeRoT oqrosa
da vercxlis monetebi. isini monetebs utovebdnen (anu Tanamedrove eniT rom
vTqvaT depozitze abarabdnen TavianT fuls) oqros nakeTobaTa xelosans
(iuvelir-ostats _ da sanacvlod misgan iRebdnen xelweris (sabuTs), romelic maT
232
uflebas aniWebda mieRoT TavianTi fuli sxva qalaqSi – ostatis kolegisagan. TviT
yaCaRebisaTvis iuveliris saxelobiTi xelwerili, raime faseulobas ar
warmoadgenda. es dokumenti gaxda swored, qaRaldis fulis pirvelsaxe. maTi
gamoyeneba daiwyes sxva garigebaTa gadasaxdeladac. Tumca, xelwerilis mimRebi,
rogorc wesi, moiTxovda msesxeblis gadaxdisunarianobis dasturs, romelime
cnobili vaWris an bankirisagan. es ukanasknelni Tavdapirvelad, ubralod, TavianT
xelwerils svamdnen sxvis sagadasaxado dokumentze, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi
TviT daiwyes axali, gansazRvruli nimuSis sabuTis gacema, cxadia im valdebulebiT,
rac iTvaliswinebda moTxovnisTanave monetebze mis gacvlas. ase Seiqmna banknotebi.
droTa ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebma aRmoaCines, rom
maT SeuZliaT sargebeli naxon imiT, Tu ZviradRirebuli monetis moWras
nawilobriv qaRaldis fulis gamoSvebiT Secvlian. SemCneuli iyo, rom brunvaSi
didxans namyofi fuli cvdeboda da masSi Zvirfasi metalis Semcvelobac iklebda.
miuxedavad amisa, igi iseve monawileobda yidva-gayivaSi, rogorc srulfasovani
(axali) monetebi. amitom monetis saxlma (sawarmom) ekonomiis mizniT daiwo
monetaSi Semavali Zvirfasi metalis Semcireba da, amdenad, misi Segnebuli
“gafuWeba”. ekonomiis Semdgomi logikuri gagrZeleba iyo am “gafuWebuli”
monetebis nacvlad qaRaldis fulis gamoSveba. es, e.w. saxazino veqseli anu saxazino
bileTebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis valdebulebas warmoadgenda da
iTvaliswinebda misi mflobelis (warmdgenis) moTxovnisTanave valis oqroTi
dafarvas. ruseTSi mas asignaciebs uwodebdnen da uSvebdnen 1796 wlidan.
qaRaldis fulis dayofa banknotebad da saxazino veqsilebad dResac
SenarCunebulia mraval qveyanaSi, magram ZiriTadad, rogorc tradiciisadmi
pativiscema. ruseTSi, mag., uSvebdnen 1,3 da 5 maneTis Rirsebis saxazino bileTebs,
romlebic uzrunvelyofili iyo saxelmwifos mTeli qonebiT. 10 maneTisa da meti
Rirebulebis banknotebis uzrunvelyofa xdeboda oqroTi, Zvirfasi metalebiT da
saxelmwifo bankis aqtivebiT. Dდღes ukve msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi oqroze ar
gadaicvleba (gadaxurdavdeba) arc banknotebi da arc saxazino bileTebi. maT Soris
is gansxvavebaa SenarCunebuli, rom banknotebis gamoSveba xdeba meti RirsebiT
(RirebulebiT).
fulis evoluciis procesi ar damTavrebula qaRaldis fulis gamogonebiT.
arsebobs dReisaTvis misi mravali saxe, romelic TiTqmis SeumCnevelia
(araxelSesaxebia) da ubralod sabanko angariSs Seadgens. magram sanam fulis
mimoqcevis Tanamedrove struqturas ganvixilavdeT, SevecadoT ganmarteba mivceT
fuls da gamovyoT is funqciebi, romelsac igi ekonomikaSi asrulebs.
fulis funqciebi
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, fulis saxiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, anu fuli aris,
nebismieri saqoneli, romelic miRebulia qveynis mTels teritoriaze saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Rirebulebis gadasaxdelad. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs fulis,
rogorc kanonieri gadaxdisunariani saSualebis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli
ganmarteba.

233
 sagadasaxado Tvisebebis SesaZenad fulma unda Seasrulos mTeli rigi
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri funqciebi. upirveles yovlisa, fuli warmoadgens
Rirebulebis sazoms, anu im standarts, romlis saSualebiTac gamoisaxeba yvela
sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba. magaliTad, SeiZleba Senobis sigrZe
misi siganiT an simaRliT gavzomoT da vTqvaT, rom sigrZe tolia ori “siganis” an
oTxi „simaRlisa”. magram umjobesia es Tanafardoba ricxvebiT gamovsaxoT: sigrZe
12 sm, sigane 6 sm, xolo simaRle 3 m. swored aseT standartul sazoms – “metrians”
ekonomikaSi fuli warmoadgens. adamianebi grZeli jaWvis agebas ki ar mimarTaven
saqonlis Rirebulebis dasadgenad (1 kg xorcis fasi etoleba 2 kg Tevzis fass, 4 kg
zeTis Rirebulebas da a.S.), aramed ubralod gamosaxaven maT fass fuladi TanxiT: 1
kg xorci Rirs 12 lari., 1 kg Tevzi 4 lari., 1 kg karaqi – 11 lari da a.S.
fulis meore funqcia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi mimoqcevis saSualeba anu
rogorc amas a. smiti xatovnad gamosaxavda – “mimoqcevis borbalia”. naturaluri
anu materialuri gacvlisas garigebis msurvelma is kaci unda moZebnos, romelsac
unda ara ubralo saqonlis aReba, aramed mis sanacvlod SeuZlia saWiro saqonlis
SemoTavazeba. fuladi mimoqcevis pirobebSi ki saqoneli SeiZleba mivyidoT
nebismier msurvels, Semdeg ki viyidoT CvenTvis aucilebeli saqoneli nebismieri
myidvelisagan. es SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod fulis saSualebiT.
da bolos, fuli unda warmoadgendes dagrovebis saSualebas. miiRebT ra
dRevandeli saqonlis sanacvlod fulad Tanxas, Tqven igi SegiZliaT gadadoT
sayidlebisaTvis momavalSi. mag., glexi, romelic rZes yidis, yovldRiurad mcire
Tanxas inaxavs raTa daagrovos fuli momavali wlisaTvis misTvis saWiro
aucilebeli mowyobilobis SesaZenad. aseTi dagroveba ki SesaZlebelia mxolod
fulad formaSi, radga rZis Senaxvas momaval wlamde cxadia igi ver SeZlebs.
fulis es funqciebi mWidro urTierTkavSirSia. amdenad, mxolod is saqoneli
SeiZleba CavTvaloT fulad, anu gadaxdis universalur saSualebad, romelsac am
samive funqciis Sesruleba SeuZlia.

fulis Tanamedrove saxeebi

samamulo safinanso statistika tradiciulad gamoyofs fulis mimoqcevis or
saxes – naRdsa da unaRdos. naRdi fuli – es monetebi da qaRaldis kupiurebia.
ZiriTadad maTi saSualebiT aნxorcielebs mosaxleoba gadaxdas. ruseTis
centraluri bankis monacemebiT 1994 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis qveynis teritoriaze
mimoqcevaSi iyo 13,3 trilioni maneTis naRdi fuli.
unaRdo mimoqceva, rogorc TviT saxelwodeba mianiSnebs, aris angariSsworeba
naRdi fulis monawileobis gareSe, anu ubralod fuladi Tanxis gadagzavna erTi
piris an sawarmos angariSidan meore piris (sawarmos) angariSze.
upiratesad, amgvarad warmoebs angariSsworeba sawarmoebs Soris. mTlianad,
unaRdo angariSsworebaze modis sagadasaxado operaciebis ZiriTadi masa. 1990-iani

234
wlebis dasawyisSi dsT-s qveynebSi da ruseTSi unaRdo brunva Seadgenda fulis
masis eqvs aTeul procentze mets.
umravles qveynebSi miRebulia ramdenime gansxvavebuli ufro detaluri
klasifikacia da TviT fulis gagebasac ufro farTo xasiaTi gaaCnia. analogiuri
midgoma gamoiyeneba dRes Cvens safinanso statistikaSic.
naRd fulTan erTad, romelsac Mo-iT aRniSnaven (sadac M inglisuri sityvis
money-s abreviaturaa), gamoyofen fuls garigebisaTvis (M1). masSi naRdi fulis
garda Sedis agreTve saxsrebi bankis angariSebze. aseTi angariSebi, rogorc wesi,
uprocentoa iqedan nebismier dros SeiZleba aviRoT naRdi fuli an Ceki
gamovweroT da gadavitanoT sxva piris (organizaciis) angariSze. mimoqcevis aseTi
moxerxebuloba, naRd fulad gadaqceva da gaxarjvis SesaZlebloba xasiaTdeba e.w.
likvidurobiT, rac uflebas gvaZlevs bankis mimdinare angariSebze arsebuli
saxsrebi fuls gavutoloT. Tumca arsebobs sxva ufro farTo ganmarteba “TiTqmis
fulisa”. ase, mag., “fuli farTo gagebiT” (M2), garda naRdi fulisa da mimdinare
angariSebze saxsrebisa, moicavs, agreTve, mcirevadian anabrebs. vadiani anabrebi
inaxeba Semnaxvel angariSebze.
maT moaqvT meanabrisaTvis procentebi, magram maTi moxsna angariSidan
SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveuli drois Semdeg – ramdenime Tvidan ramdenime
wlamde. ramdenadac aseTi angariSidan saxsrebis moxsnaze an gadagzavnaze arsebobs
SezRudvebi, vadiani anabrebi naklebi likvidurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre saxsrebi
mimdinare angariSebze. kidev ufro Znelia did saxsrebze vadiani anabrebis naRd
fulad gadaqceva. M2-is jamTan erTad isini Seadgenen fuls, romelsac M3-iT aRniS-
naven.
dabolos fuli, metad farTo gagebiT, garda naRdi fulisa da saxsrebisa
mimdinare da Semnaxvel sabanko angariSebze, moicavs, agreTve, saxelmwifo fasian
qaRaldebsac. aSS-Si aseTi “TiTqmis fulis” aRsaniSnavad miRebulia simbolo “L”
(inglisuri sityvidan Liquidity - likviduroba), xolo did britaneTSi – M5.
sakiTxi იmis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mivakuTvnoT fuls, srulebiT ar rais Teoriuli
xasiaTis, rogorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos. masze pasuxis gacema
damokidebulia saxelmwifos praqtikul moqmedebaze – brunvaSi arsebuli fulis
raodenoბisa da misi msyidvelobiTi unarianobis regulirebaze. am sferoSi
mcireodeni cvlilebebi praqtikulad TiToeul CvenTagans exeba.

fulis msyidvelobiTi unari

ise, rogorc yvela saqonlis Rirebuleba fuliT izomeba, aseve izomeba fulis
Rirebulebac sxva saqonlis saSualebiT. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is raodenoba,
romelic SeiZleba viyidoT fulis gansazRvruli raodenobiT, aris misi (fulis)
Rirebuleba anu msyidvelobiTi unari.
fulisa da saqonlis Rirebulebas Soris arsebobs Sebrunebuli
damokidebuleba, romlis saerTo wesi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: roca fasebi

235
matulobs, fulis msyidvelobiTi unarianoba mcirdeba da, piriqiT, Tu fasebi ecema,
maSin fulis msyidvelobiTi unarianoba imatebs.
fulis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsi da sawarmoo fasebis indeqsi.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi tipiuri momxmareblis mier SeZenili
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo Rirebulebis maCvenebelia. am maCvenebels aSS-
Si iTvlis Sromis statistikis biuro, romelic Sromis departamentis nawilia.
rodesac Sromis statistikis biuro samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss da
inflaciis dones gansazRvravs, iyenebs monacemebs aTasobiT saxeobis saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis fasebis Sesaxeb. ekonomistebi termin “inflacias” iyeneben im
situaciis aRsawerad, rodesac ekonomikaSi fasebis saerTo done izrdeba. inflaciis
done fasebis indeqsis procentuli cvlilebaa wina welTan SedarebiT. daubrundeT
isev fasebis indeqsis gamoTvlas. Amisaთvis aviRoT martivi SemTxveva, rodesac
momxmarebeli magaliTad mxolod, , or saqonels yidulobს. aSS Sromis statistikis
biuro fasebis indeqsis gamoTvlas xuT safexurad ayalibebs. es safexurebi aris
Semdegi:
I. samomxmareblo kalaTis dafiqsireba: pirvel safexurze biuro
momxmarebelTa gamokiTxviT adgens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im kalaTაs,
romelsac tipიuri momxmarebeli yidulobs. II. fasebis dadgena; me-2 safexurze
dgindeba samomxmareblo kalaTis Semadgeneli TiToeuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis fasebi, drois TiToeuli periodisTvis. III. kalaTis Rirebulebis
gamoTvla; aRsaniSnavia, rom am gamoTvlebSi mxolod fasebi icvleba, kalaTis
Semadgenloba ki ucvleli rCeba. IV. sabazo wlis arCeva da indeqsis gamoTvla; am
safexurze xdeba romelime wlis sabazo wlad arCeva. indeqsis gamosaTvlelad
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis kalaTis fasi TiToeul wels, iyofa kalaTis fasze
sabazo wels da Semdeg es Sefardeba 100-ze mravldeba. miRebuli ricxvi
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsia. es indeqsi sabazო wels yovelTvis 100-is tolia. V.
inflaciis donis gamoTvla; me-5 da ukanaskneli safexuria samomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsis gamoyeneba, inflaciis donis gamoTvlisTvis, romelic fasebis indeqsis
procentul cvlilebas warmoadgens, wina periodTan SedarebiT. Sromis
statistikis biurო aSS-Si yovelTviurad agrovebs da amuSavebs monacemebs
aTasobiT saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis Sesaxeb da am xuTi safexuris
gavliT, gansazRvravs ra siCqariT icvleba tipიuri momxmareblis cxovrebis
Rirebuleba.
Sromis statistikis biurო gamoiTvlis sawarmoo fasebis indeqssac, romelic
momxmareblis mier SeZenili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis kalaTis Rirebulebas ki
ar asaxavs, aramed firmebisas. vinaidan firmebi sabolood TavianT danaxarjebs
momxmareblebs gadaabareben gazrdili samomxmareblo fasebis saxiT. sawarmoo
fasebis indeqsSi, xSirad Zalian sasargebloa, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis
cvlilebaTa prognozireb.

236
 samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss mravali samTavrobo programa iyenebs fasebis
saerTo donis cvlilebaze saTanado reagirebisaTvis. mag., isini vinc
socuzrunvelyofis programiT sargeblobენ, yovelwliurad damatebiT Tanxas
iReben, rac samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsidan gamomdinareobs. zogierTi
ekonomisti am programebis modificirebas gvTavazobs, fasebis indeqsis
gamoTvlasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Sesabamisi Sesworebis gziT. mag.
avtomaturad mzardi Tanxebis sididis Semcirebas.
fasebis zrdis tempis Sesafaseblad ekonomistebi da politikosebi akvirdebian
rogorc samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss ise mep-s deflators.
ნომინალური მშპ
მშპ დეფლატორი
რეალური მშპ
vinaidan nominaluri mep mimdinare fasebad Sefasebuli produqciis mimdinare
raodenobaa, xolo realuri mep sabazo wlis fasebSi Sefasebuli produqciis
mimdinare raodenobaa, mep-is deflatori fasebis mimdinare dones asaxavs sabazo
wlis fasebis donesTan SefardebiT.
mep-is deflatorsa da samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss Soris განსხვავება imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom mep-is deflatorSi mimdinare periodSi warmoebuli saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis fasia Sedarebuli sabazo wels, amave saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
fasTan. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsSi ki, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ucvleli
kalaTis fasi Sedarebulia sabazo wels amave kalaTis fasTan. imisaTvis, rom
dolarebis adrindeli raodenoba SevadaroT dolarebis dRevandel raodenobas,
gamoiyeneba Semdegi formula: dRevandeli Tanxis raodenoba dolarebSi = Tanxis
ფასების დღევანდელი დონე
raodenoba T wlis dolarebSi  .
ფას დონე წელს
rodesac raime Tanxa kanonis an kontraqtis safuZvelze koreqcias
eqvemdebareba, am Tanxas, inflaciis mixedviT indeqsirebuls uwodeben. magaliTad,
mravali grZelvadiani kontraqti firmebsa da profkavSirebs Soris iTvaliswinebs
xelfasis nawilobriv an srul indeqsacias samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis
mixedviT. aseT xelSekrulebas cxovrebis Rirebulebis koreqcia ewodeba. am
xelSekrulebis mixedviT xelfasi izrdeba samomxmareblo indeqsis zrdasTan
erTad. amas garda indeqsacia mravali kanonis Semadgeneli nawilia.
indeqsacia - aris inflaciis tempis mixedviT Tanxebis avtomaturi koreqtireba
mTavrobis Sesabamisi kanonis safuZvelze.
inflacia
calkeul saqonelze fasebis meryeoba moTxovna-miwodebis cvlilebis
Sesabamisad, ekonomikis ZiriTadi kanonidan gamomdinareobs. rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT fasebis saerTo donis cvlilebac ar ewinaaRmdegeba sabazro kanonebs.
magram rogor aexsnaT fasebis cvlilebis gagrZeleba mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi.?
anda, rogorc es gacilebiT iSviaTad xdeba, maTi mdgradi Semcireba? swored
amgvari Znelad asaxsneli movlenebi gamovidnen iSviaTobis sferodan da wesad
damkvidrdnen Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi. maT aRsaniSnavad ekonomistebma SemoiRes
specialuri terminebi.
237
 fasebis saerTo donis mdgrad xangrZliv zrdas uwodeben inflacias, mis
mdgrad xangrძliv Semcirebas – deflacias.
am saukunis ganmavlobaSi deflaciuri periodebi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda,
inflaciuri ki wesad damkvidrda.
inflacia
inflacia, sabazo msyidvelobiTunarianobis donesTan SedarebiT, fasTa
saerTo donis zrdas niSnavs. Cven mas vafasebT produqtebis ori wyebis SedarebiT
drois or monakveTSi da mis zrdas vangariSobT xarjebSi, romelebic araa
ganpirobebuli xarisxis gaumjobesebiT. ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
gulisxmobs, rom inflacia warmoiqmneba maSin, roca erToblivi moTxovna,
miwodebasTan SedarebiT, swrafad izrdeba - ZiriTadad, metismetad bevri adamiani
cdilobs, iyidos sagrZnoblad cota saqoneli da, amgvarad, izrdeba moTxovna,
romelic aWarbebs miwodebas, rac, SemosavlebTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafad zrdis
fasebs. ekonomikis avstriuli skola amtkicebs, rom inflacia warmoiSoba
centraluri bankebis mier fulis mzardi miwodebis Sedegad.72 rogoric ar unda
iyos inflaciis ganmarteba, menejerebi uyureben, rogor axdens is zegavlenas
saprocento ganakveTebze, cxovrebis xarjebze, momxmarebelTa ndobasa da
politikur stabilurobaze. rac Seexeba am ukanasknels, 1989 wels mzardi fasebiT
ukmayofilebam saprotesto gamosvlebi gamoiwvia CineTis tiananmenis moedanze.
inflacia da cxovrebis xarjebi. ganvixiloT inflaciis zegavlena cxovrebis
xarjze. Tu Semosavlebi ar gaizrdeba imave tempiT an ufro swrafad,
momxmareblebi Seecdebian, SeiZinon sxvadasxva sasursaTo saqoneli, zogjer
ubralod sxva ramis yidva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi
braziliaSi, iugoslaviasa da TurqmeneTSi swrafi inflaciis Tu „hiperinflaciis“
periodebis ganmavlobaSi, momxmareblebi, fuls, gaufasurebis SiSiT, xarjavdnen
swrafad. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi zimbabveSi yovel dRe fasebi 95 %-iT
matulobda; 2009 wlisTvis inflaciis wliurma maCvenebelma gansacvifrebel
79,600,000,000 %-s miaRwia da fasebi ormagdeboda yovel 25 saaTSi. zimbabves erT-
erTi mkvidri aRniSnavda: „aq surealizmia, risi axsnac xalxisTvis rTulia. Tu
gWirdeba raime da gaqvs naRdi fuli, yidulob. Tu gaqvs naRdi fuli, unda daxarjo
dRes, radgan xval am fuliT 5 %-iT naklebs iyidi. aq ar arsebobs normaluri
horizontebi“. normalur pirobebSic ki inflacia gadamwyveti ekonomikuri
pirobaa. aviRoT inflacia aSS-Si - umetesi dasavluri bazris msgavsad, aq inflacia

238
mniSvnelovnad cvlis produqtebis Rirebulebas. magaliTad, 1913, 1960 an 2000 wels
$10.00 aSS dolaris Rirebulebis nivTis SeZenas 2011 wlisaTvis moaxerxebdiT,
Sesabamisad, $227.18, $57.97 an $13.06 aSS dolarad.
istoria gviCvenebs, rom qronikuli inflacia (anu maRali inflacia
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis valutas ndobas ukargavs da iwvevs
xalxis mier cxovrebis donis SenarCunebis sxva gzebis Ziebas. qronikul inflacias
arasaxarbielo Sedegebi moaqvs kompaniebisTvis. maTac da momxmareblebsac ar
SeuZliaT grZelvadiaini investiciebis dagegmva. ar arsebobs stimuli da
spekulaciuri xdeba polisebi da grZelvadiani valdebulebebi. inflacia zewolas
axdens mTavrobaze mis gasakontroleblad; is aiZulebs, gazardos saprocento
ganakveTebi, daareguliros xelfasebi da fasebi an awesebs proteqcionizms. es
sazomebi anelebs ekonomikur zrdas.
inflaciis gazomva. inflaciis gazomva xasiaTdeba zogadi sirTuleebiT,
kerZod, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, Tu ras zomavs qveyana, roca afasebs ekonomikur
cvlad sidides. am mizniT zog qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba fasebis indeqsi. magaliTad, aSS
iyenebs samomxmareblo fasis indeqss (CPI). evrokavSirSi is samomxmareblo fasebis
harmonizebuli indeqsia (HICP).
Tu inflacia ara, maSin - deflaciaa. globaluri finansuri krizisis erT-
erTi uaryofiTi Sedegi deflaciaa. ara mxolod inflacia, aramed deflaciac
warmoSobs saSiS risks. zegegmiuri warmoeba, berketebis sistematuri kleba,
kreditebis, korporaciuli xarjebis Semcireba, uZravi qonebis Rirebulebebis
kleba da momxmarebelTa moTxovnis dacema aZlierebs deflaciur dinamikas.
deflacia inflaciis sapirispiroa - fasebi produqtebze ecema. teqnikurad, is xdeba
maSin, roca inflaciis wliuri maCvenebeli nulze naklebia.
deflacia sakmaod Cveuli garemoebebis Sedegia. fulisa da kreditis maragis
kleba amcirebs pirad da sainvesticio xarjebs. Semcirebuli moTxovna da mzardi
miwodeba iwvevs produqciis momatebul raodenobas da fasebis klebas. ekonomikebi
aRmoCndebian deflaciur labirinTSi, sadac ibrZvian produqtebis gayidvisTvis.
amis gasakeTeblad da momxmarebelTa mosazidad isini mimarTaven fasdaklebebs.
Tavis mxriv, momxmarebeli dRes uars ityvis raimes Sesyidvaze, raTa isargeblos
xvalindeli fasdaklebiT. iaponelma analitikosma aseTi jaWvi warmogvidgina:
„mogebis dacemis Semdeg iklebs xelfasebi, momxmareblebi wyveten sayidlebze

239
siaruls. da radganac xalxi aRar dadis sayidlebze, kompaniebi amcireben fasebs...
rTulia Tavis daRweva“.
deflacia da umuSevroba urTierTkavSirSia. dabali moTxovna anelebs
kompaniis aqtivobas, rac Semdgom samsaxuridan TanamSromlebis daTxovnas iwvevs,
Sesabamisad mcirdeba moTxovna da a. S. amJamad, centraluri bankebi da mTavrobebi
eyrdnobian reflacias - ekonomikuri aqtivobis dasaCqarebelad fulis maragis
zrdas da gadasaxadebis Semcirebas deflaciis dasamarcxeblad. magaliTad, OECD-ma
(ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia) daarwmuna iaponiis
banki, gaegrZelebina fulis Cadeba ekonomikaSi „sanam ZiriTadi inflacia ar
iqneboda gamyarebuli“.82 analogiurad, aSS-s federalurma sarezervo sistemam
ganaxorciela programebi - ZiriTadad, fulis beWdva - raTa, inflaciis miznobrivi
maCveneblis misaRwevad, stimuli mieca moTxovnisTvis.
inflaciis tipebi da mizezebi
Cveni saukunis 50-60ww. fasebis saerTo donis zrdis tempi umravles
ganviTarebul qveynebSi Seadgenda 3-5%-s, weliwadSi. amgvar inflacias damcinavad
“mcocavi” uwodes.
70-ian wlebSi, roca fasebis zrdis tempis gamosaxvisaTvis ukve orniSna
cifrebi Seiqmna sawiro, inflacias dauwyes ufro pativiscemiT moxsenieba da
“monavarde” daarqves.
80-ian wlebSi ekonomikuri zrda da mastan erTad inflacia ramdenadme
Senelda, Tumca zogierT qveynebSi inflaciis tempebma weliwadSi 100%-s gadaaWarba.
mTavrobisagan ukve praqtikulad umartavi am procesis dasaxasiaTeblad SemoiRes
axali termini “superinflacia” (hiperinflacia”).
samomxmareblo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasebis zrda ssrk-Si 80-ian
wlebSi gamoiyureba metad zomierad TviT savsebiT „dalxinebul” Sveicariasa da
avstriasTan SedarebiTac ki. Tumca aq ar SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gavuSvaT arc Tu
umniSvnelo garemoeba.
oficialuri statistikiT moyvanili monacemebi mxedvelobaSi ar Rebulobs e.w
farul inflacias.
bevri samomxmareblo saqoneli da momsaxureba deficituri iyo da mosaxleo-
bas misi SeZena uxdeboda ara dabali saxelmwifo fasebiT, aramed ramdenjerme
masze maRali “Sav bazarze” dawesebuli fasebiT. amgvari faruli inflaciis gaT-
valiswinebiT TviT 80-ian wlebSi mdgomareoba aRmoCnda bevrad nakleb “saxarbie-
lo”. 90-ian wlebSi Tavisufal fasebze gadasvlam gamoiwvia inflaciis feTqebadms-
gavsi zrda. dReisaTvis ruseTi da dsT-s qveynebi, am mxriv, uswreben iseT aRi-
arebul „lidersac” ki rogoric braziliaa: 1992 wels ruseTSi fasebis indeqsi
samomxmareblo saqonelze Sefasda 2000%-iT, braziliaSi 1150%-iT. ruseTSi fasebis
aseTi cvlileba efuZneba faswarmoqmnis erTi sagegmo sistemidan axal sabazro
sistemaze gadasvlas da tradiciuli sameurneo kavSirebis moSlas im respublikebs
Soris, romlebic adre ssrk-s SemadgenlobaSi imyofebodnen. magram sxva qveynebic,

240
romlebsac ar ganucdiaT aseTi mZafri socialuri kataklizmebi, uZluri aRmoCnd-
nen inflaciis damarcxebaSi. raSi mdgomareobs amis metad zogadi mizezebi?
fuladi mimoqcevis Teoriis dargSi cnobili avtoriteti – amerikeli
ekonomisti m.fridmani, inflacias gansazRvravs rogorc “fulad fenomens, romelic
gamowveulia fulis siWarbiT gamoSvebul produqciasTan mimarTebaSi”.

cxrili 11.1 fasebis indeqsi samomxmareblo saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze (1980 w.-100%)

dRes ekonomistebis umravlesoba gamoyofs faqtorebis or jgufs, romlebic

inflacias badeben (an saubroben kidec ori tipis inflaciaze). jer erTi, igi
SeiZleba gamoiwvios faqtorebma, romlebic ganapirobeben moTxovnis zrdis
winswrebas miwodebasTan mimarთebaSi, xolo, meorec, faqtorebiT, romlebic
amuxruWeben miwodebis zrdas.
moTxovniT ganpirobebul inflaciis mizezs miekuTvneba, upirveles yovlisa,
mTavrobis iseTi xarjebi, romlebic qmnian Semosavlebs, magram ara uzrun-
velyofls saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT. ase, mag., roca mTavroba zrdis saxelmwifo
xarjebs Tavdacvaze, maSin izrdeba Tavdacvis seqtorSi momuSave personalis
Semosavlebi, sovialuri programebis gaCaRebisas – nakleb uzrunvelyofili
fenebis Semosavali. Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrda iwvevs maT mier
wamoyenebuli moTxovnis zrdas, magram ekonimikas ar ZaluZs (yovel SemTxvevaSi
erTbaSad) misi dakmayofileba. es moTxovna aRmoCndeba Warbi, miwodebasTan
SedarebiT fasebi gaizrdeba rac gamoiwvevs mosaxleobaze fsiqologiur
zemoqmedebas. momavalSic fasebis zrdis SiSiT adamianebi Cqaroben fulis

241
„gasaqonlebas” da uars amboben Cveulebrivi danazogis gakeTebaze. es Tavis mxriv
qmnis axal biZgs fasebis zrdisa da a.S.
miwodebiT ganpirobebul inflaciis mizezs miekuTvneba warmoebis danaxar-
jebis zrda. pirvel rigSi xelfasis gadideba. Sromis anazRaurebaze danaxarjebis
zrda iwvevs mewarmis xarjebis gazrdas erTeuli produqciis warmoebaze (Tu cxa-
dia, Sromis nayofiereba ar izrdeba winmswrebi tempiT). amitom, imisaTvis raTa
danaxarjebis zrdam mogeba ar Sekvecos, mewarme fasebs umatebs. magram produqci-
aze fasebis momateba amcirebs misi momxmareblebis realur Semosavlebs, romlebic
Tavis mxriv, cdiloben miaRwion xelfasis gazrdas. Sromis anazRaurebis momateba
niSnavs imavdroulad warmoebis danaxarjebis zrdas da, Sesabamisad, fasebis gazr-
das im saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, rasac isini awarmoeben. es ki Tavis mxriv miz-
ezia imisa, rom produqciis momxmareblebi iTxoven, savsebiT gamarTlebulad, Ta-
vianTi xelfasis gazrdasac.
inflaciuri spirali iwyebs gaSlas principiT: danaxarjebis zrda –
Semosavlebis zrda – danaxarjebis zrda da a.S.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi fasebis saerTo donis gazrda SeiZleba dakavSirebuli
iyos erTi romelime produqtis gaZvirebasTan, romelic bevri sxva produqtis
warmoebis danaxarjebSi Sedis, - magaliTad, navTobi. aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba
ara aqvs imas, Tu rogori ekonomikuri (an araekonomikuri) faqtorebiთ iyo
gamowveuli.
ratomaa, saerTod, sabazro ekonomikaSi SesaZlebeli moTxovnis xangrZlivi
metoba miwodebaze da, Sesabamisad, fasebis mdgradi mateba?
bazris kanonebis Tanaxmad, konkurenciis pirobebSi adgili unda hqondes mxo-
lod fasebis mudmiv meryeobas, erTi saxis saqonlis gaiafebas, meores – gaZvirebas,
magram fasebis saerTo done unda darCes mudmivi. ekonomistebis umravlesoba am
wesis darღvevas xsnis TviT bazris naklovanebiT, saxeldobr konkurenciis “defi-
citiT”. roca calkeul mewarmeebs saSualeba gaaCniaT bazarze fasebis “diqtatisa”,
maSin isini TavianT sasargeblod maRal fasebs aweseben. ufro metic, roca moTx-
ovna ecema, akontroleben ra miwodebas, isini warmoebis moculobis Sekvecaze mid-
ian da ara fasebis Semcirebazე. Sedegad, fasebis saerTo donec iwyebs cvlilebas
erTi mimarTulebiT – maTi zrdisaken.
dReisaTvis praqtikulad yvela qveynis mTavroba Seupovrad ibrZvis inflaci-
is winaaRmdeg, iyenebs ra amisaTvis sxvadasxva zomebs. moTxovnis faqtoriT
gamowveuli inflaciis damarcxebisaთvis isini amcireben saxelmwifo xarjebs, xo-
lo miwodebiT ganpirobebul inflacias, ebrZvian xelfasis “gayinviT”. iSviaT Sem-
TxvevaSi calkeulი saqonlis fasebze aweseben “Wers”. magram cota ram Tu keTdeba,
TviT arasruli konkurenciis faswarmoqmnis meqanizmis gasamarTad. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT, ekonomistebi xandaxan ironiiTac laparakoben, rom dRes gamoyenebuli
antiinflaciuri zomebi, emsgavseba nabaxusevze mkurnalobas, magram imgvars, rome-
lic winaswar „gadakvraze“ uars ar gulisxmobs. gamoricxuli araa, rom swored am-

242
itom inflaciis mkurnaloba, rogorc amas praqtika anaxebs, jerjerobiT naklebe-
feqturia – da ara marto Cven qveyanaSi.
inflaciis Sedegebi

fasebis inflaciur zrdas sakuTar Tavze SeigrZnobs yvela, magram es imas ar

niSnavs, rom amiT yvela zaralდება. arsebobs adamianTa kategoria, vinc amisgan mo-
gebas Rebulobs.
yvelaze seriozul dartymas inflacia ayenebs, vinc fiqsirebul Semosavals
Rebulobs: pensionerebs, moswavleebs, da a.S. fasebis zrdasTan erTad Zvirdeba
cxovreba. imisaTvis raTa moixmaron produqtebis Tu momsaxurebis Cveuli raode-
noba, saჭiro xdeba ufro da ufro meti fulis xarjva. Tu Semosavlebi fiqsirebuli
rCeba, maSin momxmarebeli iZulebuli xdeba uari Tqvas Cveul sikeTeze. fiqsirebu-
li Semosavlebi, ra Tqma unda periodul gadasinjvas eqvemdebareba, magram am Sem-
TxvevaSic maTi momateba praqtikulad yovelTvis dagvianebiT xdeba, fasebi zemoT
miiwevs “liftiT”, Semosavlebi ki – “kibiT”. am problemebidan gamosavals
zogierTi xedavs Semosavlebis indeqsaciaSi – indeqsis saSualebiT maT mibmas
inflaciis temptTan. am SemTxvevaSi Semosavlebi avtomaturad unda gaizardos
cxovrebis gaZvirebasTan erTad, romelsac inflacia iwvevs. magram es moxdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeba Sesabamisi maCveneblis gamoTvla regularulad da
keTilsindisierad.
inflacia aCanagebs imaT, vinc danazogebi gaakeTa wina wlebSi. aRmoCndeba, rom
maT amaod gaiRes msxverpli – danazogi Tanis msyidvelobiTi unari gacilebiT
naklebi xdeba, vidre igi iyo im wlebSi, roca xalxi mas inaxavda da uars ambobda
moxmarebaze. aseT mdgomareobaSi vardebian kreditorebic. gasces ra maT sesxi
garkveuli procentiT drodadro aRmoaCenen, rom inflacia “Wams” ara marto maT
mTlian mogebas, aramed TviT sesxis msyidvelobiT unarsac.
mewarmeebi ara marto xedaven warmoebaSi danaxarjebis zrdas, aramed iZu-
lebulni arian imuSaon gaurkvevlobis pirobebSic. bevrs miaCnia, rom inflacia
(yovel SemTxvevaSi maRali) sazogadoebisaთvis saerTo siborotea.
SesaZlebelia piradi (kerZo) sargeblis miRebac. inflacia sasargebloa
imaTTvisac, visac SeuZlia Tavisi Semosavali gazardos ufro maRali tempiT vidre
inflaciis tempia. Tu, mag., inflaciis biZgi iwvevs romelime produqtis gaZvirebas,
maSin misi mwarmoeblebi mogebaSi rCebian. garkveul mogebas naxuloben mevaleebic,
radgan kreditorebisaთvis maთ mier dabrunebuli Tanxa da procentebi უkve iseTi
fulia, romlis msyidvelobiTi unari mniSvnelovnad Semcirebulia. inflaciis
pirobebSi mTavrobasac SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi Semosavlebi. es xdeba
sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdis xarjze. garda amisa, Tu saxelmwifos wina wlebSi
vali hqonda aRebuli, maSin igi, rogorc nebismieri mevale mogebuli rCeba
gaufasurebuli fulis ukan dabrunebis gamo.
Tumca garkveul etapze inflacia mogebulebsac da damarcxebulebsac gamoutans
TavianT sasjels. misi Sedegebi SesaZlebelia katastrofaSi gadaizardos yvela-
saTvis. moviyvanoT mxolod ramdenime cifri, romelic hiperinflaciis klasikur
243
magalitad iqca 1918-1923 ww. germaniaSi. 1918 wels qa mimoqcevaSi iyo 22 mlrd.
qaRaldis marka, 1919 wels – 49 mlrdi, 1920-81 mlrdi, 1921 – 122 mlrd. amis Semdeg
mimoqcevaSi fulma daiwyo zrda Tovlis gundasaviT: 1922 wlis 30 ivniss gaxda 211
mlrd., 1923 wlis 23 agvistos – 116402 mlrd., 1923 wlis 15 noembers 92844729000
mlrdi marka.
sabeWdi manqana muSaobda dRe da Rame, uSvebda ra savsebiT gaufasurebul
kupiurebs. fasebi da xelfasi icvlebida ყoveldRe. sawarmoebi Canagdeboda, xalxi
kargavda samuSaos da arsebobis saSualebas …. . aTi wlis Semdeg germaniaSi da-
myarda erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri diqtatura..
safinanso institutebi
safinanso institutebi, romlebsac adre CvenTan fulad-sakredito
dawesebulebebs uwodebdnen, warmoadgens finansur Suamavals, romelic or Zi-
riTad funqcias asrulebs: isini Rebuloben da inaxaven fulad anabrebs imaTgan, vi-
sac igi „zedmeti aqvs”, da aZleven sesxs maT, visac amis saWiroeba gaaCnia. dRes-
dReobiT es dawesebulebebi bevr sxva operaciebsac asruleben, rogoricaa:
ucxouri valutis gacvla, klientebisatvis sadazRvevo, sabrokero da sakonsul-
tacio momsaxureba, Zvirfaseulobis Senaxva da sakredito baraTebis gamoSveba
unaRdo angariSsworebisaTvis.
komerciuli bankebi tradiciulad specializebuli arian sawarmoTaTvis
moklevadiani kreditebis gacemaze, magram dRes isini mosaxleobasac uweven momsax-
urebas. Semnaxveli bankebi anabrebs Rebuloben mosaxleobisagan da ewevian
grZelvadian dakreditebas. safinanso institutebs miekuTvneba sainvesticio bankebi,
romlebic iTavseben fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebas. zogierT qveyanaSi arsebobs
safinanso saxlebi, sakredito samomxmareblo kavSirebi da mravali sxva.
TviT sityva “banki” italiuri sityvisagan – “banca” aris nawarmoebi da niSnavs
duqans (savaWros) bazarze fulis gadasacvlelad.
umravles qveynebSi dRes sabanko sistema ordoniania. mis xelmZRvanel da mim-
marTvel Zalas centraluri banki warmoadgens.
centraluri banki
sxva safinanso institutebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic komerciuli
sargeblis principiT xelmZRvaneloben, centraluri banki mowodebulia daicvas
sazogadoebrivi interesebi. misi daniSnulebaa qveynis mTeli safinanso sistemis
regulireba.
centraluri banki SeiZleba warmoadgendes erTian centralizebul
dawesebulebas, anu erT banks. SesaZlebelia igi ramdenime bankisganac Sedgebodes.
ase mag., aSS-Si centraluri bankis funqcias asrulebs federaluri sarezervo
sistema, romelic 12 regionaluri bankisagan Sedgeba da romelsac xelmZRvanelobs
qveynis prezidentis mier daniSnuli sabWo.
umravles qveynebSi centraluri banki saxelmwifos sakuTrebas warmoadgens.
iqac ki, sadac igi Seიqmna, rogorc kerZo saaqcio kompania (mag., inglisis banki),
misi funqcionireba warmoebs, arsebiTad, rogorc sazogadoebrivi an saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebisa, romlebsac mkacr meTvalyureobas uwevs mTavroba. Tumca mTav-
244
robisadmi misi dqvemdebarebis xarisxi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva. safrangeTisa da
iaponiis bankebma mTavrobis nebis Semsruleblis (morCilebis) reputacia daim-
kvidres. germanulma “bundersbankma” ki piriqiT, moipova “avtonomiuroba mTav-
robis politikis interpretaciaSi” (amgvaradaa aRniSnuli germaniis konstituci-
aSi). gamoricxuli araa, rom swored sakuTari azris (moqmedebis) am uflebiT “bun-
desbanki” warmatebiT icavs mTeli qveynis nacionalur interesebs.
saqarTvelos centraluri banki uSualod eqvemdebareba sakredito resursebis
gamanawilebel uwyebaTaSoriso komisias. dRes misi damoukideblobis xarisxi
dabalia ara marto germanul, aramed frangul da iaponur bankebTan SedarebiT.
centraluri bankis funqcia ar daiyvaneba safinanso Suamavlobaze. igi ufro
farToa.
jer erTi, centraluri banki tradiciulad warmoadgens mTavrobis bankirs.
mas mihyavs angariSi saxelmwifos Semosavlebsa da gasavalze, gascems masze fuls
sesxad. umravles qveynebSi mTavrobis savalo valdebuleba formdeba saxelmwifo
fasiani qaRaldebis saxiT, romlis SeZenis Semdeg centraluri banki mas avrcelebs
sazogadoebaSi, mis mierve organizebul specialur auqcionze da sxva.
Cven qveyanaSi aseTi praqtika mxolod axla iwyebs Camoyalibebas. 1992 wlis
noemberSi miRebuli kanonis (“saxelmwifo Sida valis Sesaxeb”) safuZvelze ruseTis
centralurma bankma daiwyo moklevadiani saxazino valdebulebebis gamoSveba.
dRes ruseTis centraluri banki afinansebs mTavrobas, gascems mis angariSze kred-
itebs (cxadia, garkveuli procentiT) an mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT gansazRvravs
naRdi fulis gamoSvebis (emisiis) formas.
meore - centraluri banki bankebis bankiria. qveynis bankebs evalebaT TavianTi
saxsrebis nawili yovelTvis xelze iqonion, xolo nawili anabrebis saxiT cen-
tralur bankSi Seinaxon, es, e.w. rezervia.
ruseTSi bankebisaTvis sarezervo anaricxebis ganakveTi dadgenilia maTi ana-
brebis 20%-is odenobiT. uZRveba ra aseT angariSebs, centraluri banki
aნxorcielebs samTavrobo dawesebulebebTan bankebis saangariSo operaciebs.
mesame – centraluri banki warmoadgens bolo instaciis gamsesxebels
kritikul situaciaSi, roca romelime banks gakotreba emuqreba da ar SeuZlia sxva
bankebisagan kreditis aReba, igi mimarTavs saxeldobr centralur banks.
ამ ukanasknels ki SeuZlia masze gasces krediti, gadaudavis gadasaxadi, ankidev,
Tavis Tavze daiweros davalianeba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, am bankis Senaxva (SenarCuneba)
qveynis mTeli safinanso sistemis interesebs pasuxobs.
meoTxe – saxelmwifo centraluri banki aნxorcielebs mTavrobis davalebiT
bankebis saqmianobisadmi meTvalyureobas, organizacias ukeTebs ra maT mier
safinanso wesebis dacvis periodul Semowmebas.
centraluri bankis funqciaSi Sedis, nacionaluri fuladi erTeulis gacvliTi
kursis regulireba sxva qveynebis valutaze. magram centraluri bankis ZiriTadi
ekonomikuri funqcia mdgomareobs, mTavrobis fulad-sakredito politikis gatare-

245
baSi, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi saSualeba.
tradiciulad es xorcieldeba ramdenime gziT.
pirveli. centraluri banki danarCeni bankebisaTvis awesebs sarezervo an-
aricxebis procents. misi gadidebiT da, maSasadame, im saxsrebis gazrdiT, romelic
bankebma centralur bankSi unda Seinaxon, mcirdeba maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli
(darCenili) sakredito saxsrebis zoma, da piriqiT, sarezervo anaricxebis ganak-
veTebis Semcirebisas bankebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT damatebiTi saxsrebi gam-
oiyenon sawarmoebisa da mosaxleobis dakreditebisaTvis.
meore. centralur banks SeuZlia procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTis varireba,
romliTac igi kredits gascems komerciul bankebze. misi zrdis Sesabamisad, axdens
centraluri bankis kreditebiT mosargeble, yvela sxva banki TavianTi kred-
itebisaTvis ufro maRali procentebis dawesebas. fulze moTxovna am SemTxvevaSi
daecema, radgaნ bazris kanonis Tanaxmad procentis gazrdasTan erTad Semciredeba
dainteresebul msesxebelTa raodenobac. saprocento ganakveTis Semcirebisas ki
piriqiT, bankebis kreditebi ufro iafi gaxdeba (dabali procentiT gacemis gamo) da,
Sesabamisad, masze moTxovnac gaizrdeba. dRes ruseTSi fulad-sakredito reguli-
rebis meTods warmoadgens ara imdenad saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba, ramdena-
dac saxalxo meurneobaze gasacemi kreditebis saerTo raodenoba.
mesame. fulad-sakredito regulirebis ZiriTadi meTodia centraluri bankis
mier saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis yidva an gayidva. ruseTSi misi gamoyeneba
daiwyes sul axlaxan. adre mTavrobis savalo valdebulebis gaformeba saxelmwifo
fasiani qaRaldebis saxiT ar warmoebda.
imaze, Tu ramdenad moxerxebulad iyenebs centraluri banki mis xelT arsebul
fulad-sakredito regulirebis meqanizmebs da ramdenad efeqturad asrulebs igi
Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs, damokidebulia ara marto qveynis finansuri mdgomareo-
ba, aramed misi ekonomikuri ganviTareba mTlianad.
komerciuli bankebi
komerciuli bankebis uSualo saqmianobaSi Sedis angariSebis, e.w. depozitebis
miReba imaTgan, visac “zedmeti” (Warbi”) saxsrebi gaaCnia da sesxis imaze gacema, vi-
sac igi სWirdeba. komerciuli banki, iseვე rogoრc nebismieri komerciuli sawarmo,
muSaobs mogebaze, romelic Semdegnairad miiReba. gascems ra sesxs, banki gan-
sazRvrul droSi ukan ibrunebs ara marto am Tanxas, aramed garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi damatebiT Rebulobs procentebs premiis saxiT, anu sargebels
gacemuli kreditisaTvis. marთთalia, anabrebis miRebisas banki TviT uxdis pro-
cents meanabres, magram misi sidide imaze dabalia, rasac banki kreditis gacemi-
saTvis awesebs. ase, mag., Tu banki anabrebs Rebulobs wliuri 5%-iT, kredits gascems
– 8%-iT, an Tu miiRebs 10000%-iT, gascems – 2000%-iT da a.S am sidideTa sxvaoba
warmoadgens swored sabanko mogebis wyaros.
bankebs TavianTi klientebis angariSebic mihyavT. arsebobs angariSebis mrava-
li sxvaდasxva saxe, magram yvela isini SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT or ZiriTad tips:
Semnaxvels da mimdinares. pirveli maTgani gamoiyeneba danazogebis SenaxvisaTvis.
misTvis banki procents uxdis meanabres, magram iqedan fulis moxsnaze arsebobs
246
garkveuli SezRudvebi. mimdinare angariSi es muSa angariSia, saidanac SeiZleba
fulis moxsna moTxovnis Sesabamisad da misi gadatana sxva angariSebze. Tavda-
pirvelad mimdinare angariSebis momsaxurebisaTvis bankebi meanabreebs axdevineb-
dnen gansazRvrul gasamrjelos. dRes es momsaxureba umravles SemTxvevaSi ufasod
warmoebs.
garda safinanso Suamavlobisa da angariSebis warmoebisa, komerciuli bankebi
asruleben mniSvnelovan makroekonomikur funqcias. isini qmnian sakredito fuls,
sabeWdi dazgis daxmarebis gareSe. Tu centraluri banki akontrolebs naRdi fulis
emisias, komerciuli bankebi aნxorcieleben unaRdo “emisias” (cxadia, aseve cen-
traluri bankis kontrolis qveS).
warmovidginoT, rom romeliRac banki (vuwodoT mas pirveli) meanabresagan
Rebulobs depozits 100 ml.laris odenobiT. centraluri bankis moTxovnebis Tanax-
mad, komerciulma bankma rezervis saxiT, unda Seitanos (Seinaxos) am Tanxis 20%,
anu 20 ml. lari. magaliTis simartivisaTvis CavTvaloT, rom mTel am Tanxas (20
ml-s), is gadaricxavs centralur bankSi Tavis angariSze. danarCen 80 ml. lars igi
gascems sesxad, raTa gamoimuSavos mogeba – procenti. vTqvaT am pirvel banks
mimarTa A sawarmom kreditisaTvis da miiRo kidec igi, rac mTlianad daxarja Б
sawarmosagan manqana-danadgarebis SesaZenad. Б sawarmo A sawarmosagan miRebul
saxsrebs aTavsebs Tavis angariSze meore bankSi. es ukanaskneli rezervis saxiT 80
ml. laris 20%-s, anu 16 ml. lars itovebs sarezervod (centralur bankSi
gadasaricxad), xolo danarCen 64 ml. lars sesxis saxiT gascems sxva, B sawarmoze,
romelic am TaxiT Г sawarmos usworebs angariSs miwodebul saqonelze. Г sawarmo,
miRebul Tanxas Tavis angariSze aTavsebs me-3 bankSi. ufro sworad, meore bankidan
(Tavis angariSidan) В sawarmo saxsrebs gadaricxavs mesame bankSi Г sawarmos an-
gariSze. am 64 ml. laridan, mesame banki itovebs 20%-s rezervis saxiT da darCenil
51,2 ml. lars gaasesxebs Semdeg klientze. Teoriulad fuli SeiZleba gadaadgildes
erTi bankidan meoreSi manam, sanam igi ar daixarjeba, bolo kapikamde. Cven
magaliTze igulisxmeba, rom sawarmoebs angariSebi gaaCniaT sxvadasxva bankebSi.
rogorc vxedavT, Tavdapirvel anabrebze (100 ml.larze, bankebma sesxis saxiT
gasces 400 ml.lari, xolo anabrebi gaizarda 500 ml.maneTamde, ramac 5-jer gada-
aWarba Tavdapirvels. amrigad, bankebi rogorRac fuls akeTeben.
am movlenis safuZvels Seadgens, amJamad moqmedi nawilobrivi sarezervo uz-
runvelyofis principi. iRebs ra anabrebs, banki valdebulia rezervis saxiT
Seinaxos, am TanxiT ara 100%, aramed misi nawili – Cven SemTxvevaSi 20%. Sesabami-
sad, bankebis mier Seqmnili sakredito Tanxis raodenoba, damokidebulia
sarezervo anaricxebis ganakveTis konkretul sidideze,

247
 cxrili 11.2 unaRdo fulis moZraoba Tavdapirveli deponirebis
Semdeg (100 ml. lari)

ufro zustad mis Sebrunebul sidideze, romelsac fuladi mimoqcevis mul-

tiplikatori (mamaravli) anu depozituri multiplikatori ewodeba:

sadac – fuladi mimoqcevis multiplikatoria:

sarezervo anaricxebis ganakveTi.
Tavdapirveli anabrebiT Seqmnili saerTo Tanxa, iangariSeba martivi
formuliT:

sadac sabanko anabrebis jamuri namatia;

Tavdapirveli anabrebi
sarezervo anaricxebis ganakveTi.
magaliTSi Tavdapirveli anabrebi 100 mln. lars Seadgenda, xolo
sarezervo anaricxebis ganakveTi 20%-s, anu 0,2-s. amitom sabanko depozitebis
jamuri nazardi iqneba:
1001/0,2=500 mln.lari
Tu sarezervo ganakveTi dawesdeba 25%-is odenobiT, maSin fulis mimoqcevis
multiplikatori iqneba 1/0,25=4, xolo sabanko depozitebis jamuri nazardi – 400
ml.lari. 100%-is ganakveთze depozitebis jamia 1000 ml.lari, xolo 100%-ian ganak-
veTze depozitis gacemas adgili aRar eqneba:
100´11=100 mln.lari.
angariSidan naRdi fulis moxsnis efeqti, deponirebis sapirispiro Sedegs
iZleva. Tu Cven magaliTSi, 20%-iani sarezervo anaricxebis SemTxvevaSi, romelime
etapze bankis angariSidan naRdi fuli moixsneba da igi sxva bankis angariSze ar
moxvdeba, maSin erTi laris gamotana yvela sabanko anabrebis saerTo Tanxis 5
lariT Semcirebis tolfasi iqneba.
bankebi, ise rogorc sxva komerciuli sawarmoebi, dazRveuli ar arian gako-
trebisagan. Tu bankidan TavianTi saxsrebis amoRebas gadawyvets meanabreTa didi
raodenoba, maშin igi gadaxdisuunaro aRmoCndeba garkveul etapze. istoriaSi cno-
bilia sakredito dawesebulebebis gakotrebis bevri SemTxveva, meanabreTa “paniku-
ri gaqcevis‟”gamo. gasul saukuneSi SeimuSaves amis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis
RonisZiebaTa mTeli sistema. londoni sitიSi, magaliad, klerkebs (kantoris
248
moxeleebs), aseT SemTxvevaSi instruqcias aZlevdnen – fuli gaecaT minimaluri
Rirsebis monetebiT da gaekeTebinaT es, rac SeiZleba nela, gasacemi Tanxis
ramodenimejer gadaTvliT.
amasTan, fulis mimRebTa rigSi, Caayenebdnen xolme TavianTi bankis
TanamSromels, an sxva cru pirovnebas, romelic valdebuli iyo, fuli,
miRebisTanave, ukan daebrunebina. sainteresoa, rom TviT aseTi “patara eSmakobac”,
xandaxan sakmarisi iyo krizisis gasaneitraleblad. magram panika es erTaderTi
saSiSroeba araa, rac bankebs emuqreba.
gansakuTrebiT mZime situaciaSi vardebian bankebi, maRali inflaciis
pirobebSi. fulis gaufasureba banks aiZulebs moizidos anabrebi da gadaixados
maTTvis sul ufro maRali procentebi. amasTan, adre sesxebze dawesebuli
procenti, SeiZleba ufro naklebi aRmoCndes, vidre anabrebze mimdinare procenti.
am SemTxvevaSi banki pirdapir zarals ganicdis. swored aseT mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda dRes ruseTis mravali banki.
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi arsebobs specialuri cneba-realuri sabanko
procenti. igi warmoadgens sxvaobas nominalur procentsa da gaufasurebul fulze
procents Soris. mag., Tu banki sesxs gascems 100%-ze, xolo inflacia Seadgens 99%-s,
maშin, realuri sabanko procenti erTis toli iqneba. bankebisaTvis kidev erT
saSiSroebas, msesxeblis gadaxdisuunaroba warmoadgens. Tu es ukanaskneli
dadgenil vadamde ver dafaravs Tavis valdebulebas, maSin banki ubralod kargavs
fuls. es movlenac xSiria dRes ruseTis ekonomikaSi. magram bevrma ucxourma
bankmac gadaitana am mizeziT 80-iani wlebis Zneli dro. yvelaze metad dazaraldnen
amerikuli da evropuli bankebi, romelTac guluxvad gasces sesxebi ganviTarebadi
qveynebis mTavrobebze. am qveynebma მიbaZes ra meqsikis magaliTs, SeaCeres valebze
procentis gadaxdac da TavianTi damkreditebeli bankebi, gakotrebis piras
miiyvanes.
gaCanagebisagan itanjeba ara marto bankebi, aramed maTi meanabreebic, maSinac
ki, Tu maT anabrebs saxelmwifo azRves. (bankis gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi, mTavroba
abrunebs anabrebs, magram mxolod gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa saxsrebidan). qveynis
mTeli safinanso sistemis moryevis Tavidan acilebisa da bankebis gadarCenis
mizniT, mimarTaven Seupovar Zalisxmevas. Tu arsebobs imis Sansi, rom gaCanagebuli
banki momavalSi SeZlebs Tavis mdgomareobis gamosworebas, maSin centraluri da
sxva bankebi mas kredits gamouyofen, gadasaxadis ganvadebas miscemen an Camoaweren
valebis nawils. magram miuxedavad am RonisZiebebisa bankebis marcxi araiSviaTia
Cvens ganviTarebul saukuneSi.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan

fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis fuZemdeblad iTvleba me-16 saukunis frangi

moazrovne Jan bodeni. swored man, erT-erTma pirvetTaganma, gaakeTa imis
konstantireba, rom mis dros axali samyarodan evropaSi oqrosa da vercxlis
modinebam gamoiwvia am Zvirfas metalebze fasebis Semcireba da saqonelze fasebis
gadideba.
fulis raodenobrivi Teoria SeimuSava amerikelma ekonomistma, irving
fiSerma (1867-1947), Tavis SromaSi – “fulis msyidvelobiTi unari” (1911), man mogvca
gantoleba:
MV=PQ
249
 sadac M – M - fulis miwodebaa:
V- fulis mimoqcevis siCqare da gviCvenebs, Tu mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
ramdenjer gadadis igi xelidan xelSi;
P – saqonlis da momsaxurebis saSualo fasi;
Q – gayiduli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenoba;
gantolebis azri SemdegSi mdgomareobs: fulis miwodeba, gamravlebuli misi
brunvis siCqareze, უტოლდება danaxarjebis jams, yvela saqonelsa da momsaxureba-
ze (maTi saSualo fasis namravls raodenobaze).
Tu fiSeris logikis mixedviT, am gantolebas gavavrcelebT mocemul wels,
warmoebul yvela saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze da davuSvebT, rom fulis brunvis
siCqare da gamoSvebuli fulis raodenoba mudmivia, maSin aqedan miviRebT fuZem-
deblur daskvnas: fulis miwodeba gansazRvravs saqonlis fasebs.
am daskvnazea dafuZnebuli mTeli koncefcia, romelic monetarizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili. misi metad cnobili Tanamedrove warmomadgenelia amerikeli ekonomisti
milton fridmani (1912-2006), romelic nobelis premiis laureati gaxda ekonomikaSi
1976 wels. fulis raodenobrivi Teoriidan, man gaakeTa kidev erTi Sors mimavali
daskvna: mTavrobam unda areguliros fulis miwodeba, magram amiT SeizRudos misi
Careva ekonomikaSi. Aam Teoriul mimarTulebas SemdegSi kidev SevexebiT.
fulis raodenobrivi Teoria, ar warmoadgens erTaderT variantს im pro-
cesebis asaxsnelad, romelic fulis sferoSi mimdinareobs. am Teoriis oponentebis
Sexedulebebs, romelTac neokeinzianelebs uwodeben, Cven Semdeg TavebSi SevexebiT.

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis

1. ra აris da rogor gaCnda fuli?

2. daaxasiaTeT fulis funqciebi.
3. CamoayalibeT inflaciis cneba. daaxasiaTeT misi mizezebi.
4. daaxasiaTeT ra Sedegebi moaqvs inflacias.
5. ganmarteT ras gulisxmoben safinanso institutebSi. daaxasiaTeT
centraluri bankis funqciebi.
6. irving fiSeris fulis raodenobrivi Teoria da misi gantoleba.

250
 meTormete Tavi
ekonomika rogorc mTlianoba

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 ekonomikuri “wrebrunva”
 makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis daxasiaTeba
 mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSebis meTodebi
 faruli ekonomika, rogorc erovnuli ekonomikis nawili

mTliani ekonomika
zogjer mikroekonomikas amsgavseben mikroskopul gamokvlevas, xolo mak-
roekonomikas – dedamiwis xedvas Citis frenis simaRlidan. am xedvisas Cven ver
vamCnevT detalebs – calkeul mewarmeTa da momxmarebelTa saqmianobas, magram sa-
magierod SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT, erTi mxriv warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis mTeli masis moZraobis mimarTuleba, xolo meore mxriv, fuladi nakadis
moZraoba mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis Semosavlebisa da gasavlis formis sax-
iT. imisaTvis raTa aseT moZraobas mieces zogadi saxe (warmodgena) ekonomistebi
mimartaven e.w. “wriuli nakadebis” sqemis moSveliebas, ise, rogor es cnobilia
bunebaTmcodneobis gakveTilebidan bunebaSi wylis wriuli moZraobis magaliTze.
am nakadebis moZraobisas Cven saqme gvaqvs jamur, makroekonomikur sidideebTan,
rogorc mTliani ekonomikis sazomTan. yvelaze popularul aseT sazoms war-
moadgens erToblivi erovnuli (nacionaluri) produqti, magram arsebobs sxva
maCveneblebic.
yvela makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi imyofeba urTierTkavSirSi da qmnian
e.w. nacionalur (erovnul) angariSTa sistemas. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor xdeba am maCvenebelTa gansazRva da ra movlenebis axsna SeuZliaT maT.
ekonomikuri wrebrunva
Sromis danawilebaze agebul Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi TiToeuli adamiani yo-
veldRiurad moixmars uamrav produqtsa da momsaxurebas, romelsac Tavad qmnis.
samagierod yovel maTgans gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli codna, Cvevebi, unari an sxva
sawarmoo resursebi, romelTa gayidviT garkveul Semosavals Rebulobs. am
Semosavals adamiani xarjavs saWiro produqtebis SeZenaze, romelTac sxva
awarmoebs. Tu resursebis yvela mflobelisaTvis SemoviRebT cnebas – “saojaxo
meurneoba”, xolo yvela mewarmisaTvis, romelic am resursebs produqtis warmoe-
bisaTvis moixmars, cnebas – “sawarmo” an “firma”, maSin martiv ekonomikur
wrebrunvas SeiZleba mivceT naxazze warmodgenili saxe..

251
 nax. 12.1 ekonomikuri wrebrunvis martivi sqema
saqoneli da momsax-
ureba

danaxarjebi saqonelsa da momsax-

urebaze

saojaxo meurneobebi sawarmoebi(firmebi)

Semosavlebi

warmoebis faqtorebi

sawarmoebs(firmebs) da saojaxo meurneobebs Soris mimdinareobs orgvari

gacvla. saojaxo meurneobebi iZenen sawarmoebis mier damzadebul saboloo
produqts (momsaxurebas) dawyebuli manqanidan, sacxovrebeli binidan, dam-
Tavrebuli aspiriniTa da nayiniT. magram am sayidlebisaTvis maT sWirdebaT fuli,
rasac iZleva Semosavali sawarmoze miyiduli sakuTari Sromis, samewarmeo unaris,
miwis an kapitalis sanacvlod. amrigad, saojaxo meurneobebi Semosavlebis
sanacvlod sawarmos uzrunvelyofen resursebiT, anu warmoebis faqtorebiT.
realur ekonomikaSi aseT wrebrunvaSi sawarmoebisa da saojaxo meurneobebis
garda monawileobs kidev ori seqtori – saxelmwifo da sazRvargareTis seqtori.
naxazze warmodgenilia wrebrunvis ufro rTuli (srulyofili) sqema.
sqemis centraluri nawili igive rCeba – sawarmoebsa da saojaxo meurneobebs
Soris produqtebis gacvla Semosavlebze da Semosavlebis resursebze
saxelmwifo seqtoris damatebiT Cven vRebulobT wrebrunvas erovnul
ekonomikaSi. gadasaxadebis amoRebiT saxelmwifo Semosavals Rebulobs orive se-
qtoridan, magram amasTan igi produqtebisa da momsaxurebis nawils iZens sawar-
moebisagan, xolo resursebs saojaxo meurneobebidan. samagierod saxelmwifosagan
orive seqtori Rebulobs garkveul Semosavlebs.
Tu qveyana sxva qveyanasTan vaWrobs, iZens misgan erTi saxis saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas da imavdroulad awvdis mas sxva saxis saqonels (momsaxurebas), maSin
mis ekonomikas Ria ewodeba. qveynis ekonomikas, romelic praqtikulad sxva
qveynebTan vaWrobaSi ar monawileobs daxuruli ewodeba.
Ria ekonomikaSi saojaxo meurneobebi iZenen ra ucxour saqonels, mis sa-
fasurs ixdian sakuTari Semosavlebidan. sawarmoebi TavianT saqonels yidian ucx-
oeTSi da Rebuloben Semosavals (sqemaSi asaxuli araa sawarmoebis mier sazRvar-

252
gareTidan Semotanili warmoebis faqtorebi: nedleuli, masalebi, naxevarfabri-
katebi da a.S.).
axla gadavideT im sakiTxis ganmartebaze Tu ra gziT SeiZleba aseTi rTuli
mTliani ekonomikis gazomva.
Nnax.12.2 wrebrunvis sqema oTx seqtors Soris

danaxarjebi
warmoebis saqonelsa
faqtorebi da momsaxureba-

saqoneli da momsax-
Semosavlebi saxelmwifo ureba

saqoneli da momsaxureba

danaxarjebi saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze

saojaxo
sawarmoebi(firmebi)
meurneobebi

Semosavlebi

warmoebis
faqtorebi

eqsporti
importi
eqsportis anaz-
sazRvargareTis Raureba
importis anaz- seqtori
Raureba

oTxive CamoTvlil seqtors Soris (saojaxo meurneobebi, sawarmoebi,

saxelmwifo, sazRvargareTis seqtori) gacvlebis mTliani Tanxa axasiaTebs
qveynis mTel ekonomikas.

makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi
erovnuli ekonomikis funqcionirebis saboloo Sedegebis damaxasiaTebeli
ganmazogadebeli maCvenebelia mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (produqti). igi war-
moadgens instituciuri erTeulebis mier miRebuli pirveladi Semosavlebis jams.
es Semosavlebi yalibdeba mwarmoebeli rezidentebis samewarmeo saqmianobidan da
nawildeba, umTavresad, danarCen instituciur erTeulebze. Tumca, maTi nawili
SeiZleba gadaeces ararezidentebsac; amis paralelurad, pirveladi Semosavlebi
iqmnena ucxoeTSic, romlis nawili SeiZleba miiRon rezidentebma. amdenad, mTliani
erovnuli Semosavali yalibdeba Semosavlebisagan.
253
 makroekonomikuri analizisatvis farTod gamoiyeneba agreTve iseTi
maCvenebeli, rogoricaa mTliani Sida produqti. igi warmoadgens rezidenti in-
stituciuri erTeulebis samewarmeo saqmianobis procesSi Seqmnil saboloo Sedegs.
misi gansazRvris safuZvels warmoadgens damatebuli Rirebuleba.
mep-s ganmarteba
mTliani Sida produqti (mep) yvela im saboloo saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis
sabazro Rirebulebaa, romelic iwarmoeba qveynis SigniT drois mocemul peri-
odSi.
sabazro Rirebulebaa...”
is sxvadasxva saxis produqtebs ekonomikuri saqmianobis Rirebulebis erT
maCvenebelSi aerTianebs da amisTvis sabazro fasebs iyenebs. radgan sabazro fasebi
asaxavs im Tanxas, romlis gadaxdisTvisac adamianebi mzad arian sxvadasxva saqon-
lis SeZenis mizniT, amitom fasebi am saqonlis Rirebulebas gvaZlevs.
“...yvela is...”
mep cdilobs, yovlismomcveli iyos, is ekonomikaSi warmoebuli da bazrebze
kanonierad gayiduli saqonlis da momsaxurebis yvela erTeuls Seicavs. magram
arsebobs zogierTi produqti, romelTa Rirebulebas mep ar Seicavs, vinaidan am
Rirebulebis daTvla Zalian Znelia. mep ar Seicavs ukanonod warmoebul da gayid-
ul saqonels, magaliTad, narkotikebs. mep ar Seicavs agreTve umetesobas im saqon-
lisa, romelic saxlebSi mzaddeba da moixmareba, da amitom bazarze arasdros ga-
dis gasayidad. bostneuli, romelsac maRaziaSi yidulobT, mep-s nawilia;
bostneuli, romelic sakuTar baRSi mogyavT, ar aris mep-s nawili.
am gamonaklisebs zogjer paradoqsul Sedegebamde mivyavarT. magaliTad,
rodesac kareni dags fuls uxdis gazonis gakreWaSi, es garigeba mep-s nawilia. Tu
kareni da dagi iqorwineben, situacia Seicvleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom dagi albaT
karenis gazonis gakreWas gaagrZelebs, gakreWis Rirebuleba aRar Seva mep-Si,
vinaidan amjerad dagis momsaxureba bazarze aRar gaiyideba. amgvarad, Tu kareni da
adgi iqorwineben, mep Semcirdeba.

“...saboloo...”
rodesac “interneiSnel peiperi” qaRalds amzadebs, romelsac Semdeg “pol
marki Ria baraTebis dasabeWdad iyenebs, am qaRald Sualeduri saqoneli ewodeba,
xolo Ria baraTs – saboloo saqoneli. mep mxolod saboloo saqonlis
Rirebulebas Seicavs. amis mizezi isaa, rom Sualeduri saqonlis Rirebuleba ukve
Sesulia saboloo saqonlis fasebSi.
“...saqoneli Tu momsaxureba...”
mep Seicavs rogorc materialur saqonels (sursaTi, tansacmeli, manqanebi), ise
aramaterialur momsaxurebas (varcxniloba, binis dalageba, eqimTan viziti).
rodesac Tqveni sayvareli jgufis kompaqtdisks yidulobT, yidulobT saqonels da
am SenaZenis fasi Mmep-s nawilia. rodesac amave jgufis koncerts usmenT, yidulobT
momsaxurebas da bileTis fasic mep-s nawilia.
254
 “...romelic iwarmoeba...”
mep Seicavs mimdinare periodSi warmoebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. is ar
Seicavs garigebebs, romlebic warsulSi warmoebul saqonels exeba. rodesac
“jeneral motorsi” axal avtomobils amzadebs da yidis, am manqanis Rirebuleba
mep-s nawilia. xolo, Tu erTi adamiani meorisagan naxmar avtomobils yidulobs, am
naxmari avtomobilis fasi mep-Si ar Sedis.
“...qveynis SigniT...”
mep asaxavs produqciis Rirebulebas qveynis geografiul sazRvrebs SigniT.
“...drois mocemul periodSi”
mep asaxavs im produqciis Rirebulebas, romelic drois konkretul mo-
nakveTSi iwarmoeba. Cveulebriv, drois es monakveTia weliwadi an kvartali (sami
Tve). mep asaxavs ekonomikis Semosavlisa da xarjebis nakads drois am monakveTSi.
rodesac mTavroba kvartaluri mep-s angariSs iZleva, rogorc wesi, mep-s
“wliur sidided” warmoadgens. es imas niSnavs, rom ricxvi, romelic kvartalur
mep-s warmoadgens, erT kvartalSi miRebuli Semosavlisa da xarjebis oTxze
namravlia. am pirobiTobas mTavroba imisTvis iyenebs, rom kvartaluri da wliuri
mep erTmaneTTan ufro advili Sesadarebeli iyos.
amas garda, rodesac mTavroba waradgens angariSs kvartaluri mep-s Sesaxeb,
is warmoadgens monacemebs, romlebic miRebulia specifikuri modificirebis, e.w.
sezonuri Sesworebebis Sedegad. Seusworebeli monacemebi cxadad gviCvenebs, rom
ekonomika wlis erT monakveTSi met saqonelsa da momsaxurebas awarmoebs, vidre
meoreSi (albaT, xvdebiT, rom dekembris saSobao vaWroba umaRlesi wertilia).
ekonomikis procesebze dakvirvebisas ekonomistebsa da politikosebs xSirad
sWirdebaT am perioduli sezonuri cvlilebebis amsaxveli obieqturi informacia.
amitom samTavrobo uwyebaTa statistikosebi oficialurad gamoqveynebul kvarta-
lur monacemebs mep-s Sesaxeb yovelTvis am sezonuri ryevebis gaTvaliswinebiT
asworeben.
Sejameba:
ganmarteba mep-s warmogvidgens, rogorc ekonomikis mTlian danaxarjebs. Tum-
ca ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom myidvelis mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad
daxarjuli TiToeuli dolari am saqonlis gamyidvelis Semosavali xdeba. ase
rom, mTavroba mep-s mTliani Semosavlebis SekrebiTac gamoiTvlis. mep-s gamoT-
vlis es ori xerxi TiTqmis erTsa da imave Sedegs iZleva (ratom “TiTqmis”? mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom orive Sedegi zustad erTnairi unda iyos, arsebobs statisti-
kuri cdomileba, romelic mep-s gamoTvlis ori xerxis gamoyenebis dros am gan-
sxvavebas iZleva). axla ki, albaT, aSkaraa, rom mep ekonomikuri saqmianobis
Rirebulebis rTuli maCvenebelia.

255
 danarTi a
Semosavlis sxva makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi

aSS-s vaWrobis departamenti yovel sam TveSi qveynis mep-sTan erTad

Semosavlis sxva maCveneblebsac angariSobs, rom ufro sruli suraTi miiRos imisa,
Tu ra xdeba ekonomikaSi. es maCvenebeli mep-sagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
iTvaliswinebs an ar iTvaliswinebs Semosavlis calkeul kategoriebs. mokled
gadavavloT Tvali maTgan xuT yvelaze mniSvnelovan maCvenebels, romlebic
klebis mixedviTaa dalagebuli.
mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) aris qveynis mudmivi rezidentebis, anu
moqalaqeebis, mier gamomuSavebuli mTliani Semosavali. igi mep-sagan imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom Seicavs aSS-s moqalaqeebis mier sazRvargareT gamomuSavebul
Semosavlebs da ar Seicavs im Semosavlebs, romlebsac ucxoeli moqalaqeebi iReben
aSS-s teritoriaze. magaliTad, Tu kanadis moqalaqe droebiT aSS-Si muSaobs, misi
Semosavali aisaxeba mep-Si, magram ar CaiTvleba mep-Si (misi Semosavlebi kanadis
mep-Si Seva). qveynebis umetesobaSi, maT Soris aSS-Sic, rezidentebi qmnian Sida
warmoebis did nawils. Sesabamisad, mep-sa da mep-is maCveneblebi TiTqmis
erTnairia.
wminda erovnuli produqti (wep) aris qveynis rezidentebis mTliani
Semosavali, romelSAic ar Sedis amortizaciis Rirebuleba. amortizacia
ekonomikaSi arsebuli Senobebisa da mowyobilobebis cveTaa, magaliTad, satvirTo
manqanebis daJangva da kompiuterebis moZveleba. vaWrobis departamentis mier
momzadebul erovnul angariSebSi amortizacia moixsenieba, rogorc “mudmivi
kapitalis moxmareba.
erovnuli Semosavali (eS) aris mTliani Semosavali, romelsac gamoimuSaveben
qveynis rezidentebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis procesSi. igi wep-isagan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ar moicavs biznesze dawesebul arapirdapir gadasaxadebs
(rogoricaa gayidvebis gadasaxadi) da moicavs biznesze gacemul subsidiebs. wep-sa
da eS-s Soris gansxvavebas garkveuli statistikuri cdomilebebic iwvevs.
piradi Semosavali (pS) aris saojaxo meurneobisa da arakorporaciuli
biznesebis Semosavali. erovnuli Semosavlisagan gansxvavebiT, pS ar Seicavs
gaunawilebel Semosavals, anu im Semosavals, romelsac korporaciebi iReben,
magram dividendebis saxiT ar uxdian mflobelebs. is ar moicavs korporaciis
saSemosavlo gadasaxadsa da socialuri dazRvevis Senatanebs (socialuri
usafrTxoebis gadasaxads). garda amisa, piradi Semosavali Seicavs sargeblidan
miRebul Semosavals, romelsac saojaxo meurneobebi iReben samTavrobo
obligaciebidan da agreTve im Semosavlebs, romlebsac saojaxo meurneobebi
samTavrobo transferuli programebidan iReben, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
socialuri uzrunvelyofa.
wminda piradi Semosavali (wpS) aris Semosavali, romelic momxmareblis
gankargulebaSia. is momxmarebels yvela sagadasaxado valdebulebis gadaxdis
Semdeg rCeba. wpS miiReba Semosavlidan gadasaxadebisa da garkveuli
arasagadasaxado xarjebis, magaliTad, samgzavro bileTebis Rirebulebis
gamoklebis Semdeg.
Sejameba:
miuxedavad imisa, rom Semosavlis sxvadasxva maCveneblebi erTmaneTisagan
detalebiT gansxvavdeba, ekonomikis mdgomareobas isini TiTqmis erTnairad
asaxavs. rodesac mep mkveTrad izrdeba, sxva maCveneblebic, rogorc wesi, imatebs.
rodesac mep mcirdeba, sxva maCveneblebic iklebs. amdenad, ekonomikaSi momxdar
256
cvlilebebze dakvirvebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Semosavlis
romel maCvenebels gamoviyenebT.
mep-s gaangariSebis gzebi
mTliani Sida produqti warmoadgens yvela rezidenti instituciuri erTeulis
mier Seqmnili mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebis jams damatebuli wminda
gadasaxadebi (gadasaxadebs minus subsidiebi) produqtebsa da importze.
mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba warmoadgens sxvaobas mTlian gamoSvebasa da
Sualedur moxmarebas Soris.
garda amisa, mTliani Sida produqti ganisazRvreba agreTve, rogorc
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo moxmareba (Sualeduri moxmarebis garda),
erTis mxriv, da rogorc rezident ekonomikur erTeulebze ganawilebuli
pirveladi Semosavlebis jami, meores mxriv.
mTliani Sida produqtis zemoaRniSnul ganmartebebs gansazRvravs misi
gaangariSebis sami meTodi: warmoebis (warmoebuli mep) moTxovnis da
(gamoyenebuli mep) da ganawilebis (mep Semosavlis wyaroebis mixedviT) meTodebi.
warmoebis meTodi
qveynebis umravlesobaSi erovnuli ekonomikis warmoebis wliur moculobas
zomaven mTliani gamoSvebiT
mTliani gamoSveba – es aris garkveuli periodis (ufro xSirad erTi wlis an
kvartlis) ganmavlobaSi erovnuli ekonomikis mier warmoebuli saboloo
produqtisa da momsaxurebis erToblioba sabazro fasebSi. konkretulad
ganvixiloT am gansazRvraSi Semavali kategoriebi.
ratom mainca da mainc saubaria mxolod saboloo produqtsa da
momsaxurebaze? sailustraciod moviyvanoT merqnisagan qaRaldis warmoebis
magaliTi, romelic mravalsafexurian process warmoadgens da moicavs 20-mde
sxvadasxva stadias. simartivisaTvis gamovyoT mxolod xuTi ZiriTadi da
warmovadginoT cxrilis saxiT.
pirvel stadiaze satyeo meurneoba merqans aZlevs xe-tyis damamzadebels 150
aTas larad. es fasi Seicavs rogorc tyis gaSenebis procesis, aseve misi gaCexvis,
transportirebisa da a.S. Rirebulebas. meore stadiaze xe-tyis damamzadebeli
Reros (mors) aclis qerqs. xerxavs mas da amgvari saxiT awvdis celulozis
sawarmos 200 aTas larad. es 200 aTasi lari moicavs rogorc satyeo meurneobis
xarjebs (150 aTas lars), aseve TviT xe-tyis damamzadeblis mier Seqmnil an
damatebiT Rirebulebas – 50 aTas lars.
Semdgomi damuSavebis kvalobaze, yovel mocemul stadiaze damuSavebis
Rirebuleba emateba wina stadiis Rirebulebas (fass). es gagrZeldeba manam, sanam
qaRaldi ar moxvdeba momxmareblis xelSi. cxrilis svetSi – “gasayidi fasi”
warmodgenilia Rirebuleba, ra fasSic mewarmeebi yidian TavianT produqcias,
xolo svetSi – “damatebuli Rirebuleba‟ naCvenebia damuSavebis mocemul stadiaze
damatebuli Rirebuleba. rogorc vxedavT, es ukanaskneli tolia momdevno da wina
stadiebze produqciis RirebulebaTa sxvaobisa.
qaRaldi, romelic momxmarebels mieyideba, saboloo produqtia, xolo
merqani, daxerxili morebi, xis burbuSela, celuloza da qaRaldi, romelic
savaWro organizaciebis sawyobebSi inaxeba – Sualeduri produqtebi.
saboloo produqtis (qaRaldis) Rirebuleba SeiZleba gamovsaxoT saboloo
fasiT (ra fasSic igi myidvels mieyideba) an im RirebulebaTa jamiT, romelic
damuSavebis yvela stadiaze Seiqmna (daemata). orTave SemTxvevaSi igi 400 aTasi
laris tolia.

257
 Tu Cven yvela gayiduli produqtis (merqnis, celulozis da a.S.) fasebs
SevajamebT, maSin miviRebT e.w. erTobliv produqts. misi sidide mniSvnelovnad
aRemateba saboloo produqtis Rirebulebas (Cven SemTxvevaSi erToblivi
produqtis Rirebuleba Seadgens 1 ml. 330 aTas lars). es imitom, rom erToblivi
produqti ganmeorebiT angariSs moicavs. ase, mag., Cvens magaliTSi merqnis
Rirebuleba aRricxulia xuTjer, daxerxili morisa – 4-jer da a.S. saboloo
produqtis Rirebuleba ki Seicavs damuSavebis yvela wina stadiebze mxolod
erTxel damatebul Rirebulebas gamoricxavs ganmeorebiT angariSs. am mizeziT
erToblivi erovnuli produqtis (eep) gaangariSebisas iTvaliswinebe mxolod
momxmareblebis mier SeZenili (realizebuli) qaRaldis, rogorc saboloo
produqtis Rirebulebas ukve Sedis misi damzadebisas gamoyenebuli yvela
Sualeduri produqtis Rirebuleba.
cxrili 12.1 Rirebulebis formireba merqanisagan qaRaldis warmoebis
procesSi

moxmarebis (moTxovnis) da ganawilebis meTodi

umravles qveynebSi metad aqtiurad iyeneben danarCen or meTodikas, rom-
lebic imavdroulad imis gagebis saSualebasac iZlevian, Tu rogor fun-
qcionirebs mTliani ekonomika.
davubrundeT am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemuli brunvis sqemebis ganxilvas
da SemovitanoT ramdenime axali ekonomikuri cneba.
wrebrunvis martivi sqema Sedgeba ori urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTu-
li nakadisagan – xarjebisa da Semosavlebisagan. warmoebis nebismieri pro-
cesi imavdroulad warmoadgens Semosavlebis Seqmnis processac; igi moiTx-
ovs warmoebis faqtorebis SeerTebas, romelTa calkeuli mflobelebi sawar-
moo momsaxurebis sanacvlod garkveul Semosavals Rebuloben, rac produ-
qtis RirebulebaSi Sedis. warmoebis faqtorebis Semosavlebze gacvlis naka-
di naCvenebia sqemis qveda nawilSi. am SemosavlebiT xdeba mza produqtis
SeZena da maTi (Semosavlebis) xarjebSi gadasvla, romelTa nakadi naCvenebia
258
sqemis zeda nawilSi. saboloo produqtebis SeZenaze danaxarjebis jami to-
lia mis RirebulebaSi Semavali Semosavlebis jams plius danaxarjebi, ro-
melic Semosavals ar ekuTvnis. amitom eep, rogorc yvela saboloo produ-
qtisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebis jami SeiZleba kidev ori meTodiT gavian-
gariSoT: rogorc jami yvela danaxarjebisa da rogorcjami yvela
Semosavlebisa – cxadia zogierTi aucilebeli Sesworebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
eep rogorc danaxarjebis jami. axla mivubrundeT naxazze gamosaxul
wrebrunvis sqemas. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze yvela danaxarjebi
oTxi didi jgufisagan Sedgeba: saojaxo meurneobaTa xarjebi, sawarmoebis
danaxarjebi, saxelmwifosa da sazRvargareTis seqtoris xarjebi.
saojaxo meurneobaTa xarjebs sxvanairad pirad samomxmareblo xarjebs
uwodeben. igi Tavis mxriv moicavs xarjebs mimdinare moxmarebis sagnebze
(tansacmeli, sakvebi da a.S.)
piradi samomxmareblo xarjebis struqtura calkeul qveynebSi gan-
sxvavebulia da xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebiT. aRsaniSnavia, ro,, rac
maRalia qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, miT ufro naklebia danaxar-
jebis wili mimdinare moxmarebis sagnebze (upirveles yovlisa kvebis produ-
qtebze) da maRali – xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebsa da momsaxurebaze.
cxrilSi mocemulia zogierT qveynebSi piradi samomxmareblo xarjebis
struqturis statistikuri monacemebi.
piradi samomxmareblo xarjebi Seadgenen saerTo xarjebis yvelaze did
wils. sididiT meore jgufs miekuTvnebasawarmoTa xarjebi, romelsac
uwodeben erTobliv Sida kapitaldabandebas anu investiciebs. es aris sawar-
moTa danaxarjebi manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis SeZenaze, axali Senobis
mSeneblobaze (sacxovrebeli binis mSeneblobis CaTvliT), agreTve mza produ-
qciis maragis cvlileba sawarmoTa sawyobebSi.
ratom uwodeben aseT investiciebs erToblivs? rogorc ukve me-5 TavSi
aRvniSneT, manqanebis, mowyobilobebisa da Senobebis gamoyeneba warmoebis
procesSo xdeba xangrZlivad (mravaljeradad); amitom droTa ganmavlobaSi
isini cveTas ganicdian da kargaven TavianTi Rirebulebis nawils. cveTis
sidides amortizacias uwodeben. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi gaufasureba Sesa-
Zlebelia gamowveuli iyos teqnikuri daZvelebiTac, roca gayidvaSi Cndeba
axali da ufro Tanamedrove manqanebi, Zvelis Rirebuleba ki ecema. erTo-
blivi kapitaldabandeba moicavs sawarmoTa yvela xarjebs, rogorc axali te-
qnikisa da Senobebis SeZenaze, aseve im xarjebs, romelic midis gacveTili
mowyobilobis aRdgenaze da warmoebis gafarToebaze. maTgan gansxvavebiT
wminda kapitaldabandeba midis mxolod warmoebis gafarToebaze. igi utol-
deba erTobliv kapitaldabandebas Semcirebuls cveTiT anu amortizaciiT. Tu
sawarmoTa xarjebi axali manqanebis, mowyobilobebisa da Senobebis SeZenaze
ufro naklebia vidre arsebulis cveTa, maSin maTi wminda investiciebi uar-
yofiTi sididis iqneba.
kapitaldabandeba unda ganvasxvavoT ZiriTadi sawarmo fondebisaga, anu
eqspluataciaSi arsebuli manqana-mowyobilobebisaga, romelTa Rirebuleba
259
ganisazRvreba drois konkretuli momentisaTvis – wlis dasawyisis an bo-
losaTvis. kapitaluri dabandebebi ki qmnian saxsrebis nakads drois
garkveul SualedSi: weliwadSi, kvartalSi, TveSi da ara mocemul momentSi.
statistikuri monacemebi ertoblivi investiciebis xvedriT wilze eep-Si
sxvadasxva qveynebisaTvis mocemulia cxrilSi. saxelmwifo saxsrebs gaiRebs
agreTve saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze. saxelmwifo xarjebis
saxiT eep-Si gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis pir-
dapiri Sesyidva, mag., jaris samxedro formaSi gamowyoba an SeiaraReba, ma-
gram ara xelfasis gadaxda samxedro mosamsaxureTaTvis anda pensiebisa da
daxmarebis gacema mosaxleobaze, romelTac transfertuli (gadasanawilebe-
li) gadasaxdelebi ewodeba. saboloo angariSiT es saxsrebic ixarjeba
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze, magram isini, rogoirc aseTi, ukve gaT-
valiswinebulia mosaxleobis samomxmareblo xarjebis saxiT.
dabolos, xarjebis me-4 jgufi warmoadgens mocemul qveyanaSi wlis
ganmavlobaSi gamoSvebul da sxva qveynebis mier Sesyidul saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas. roca frangebi an germanelebi qarTul Rvinos yiduloben,, es
saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis tolfasia samamulo momxmareblebis mier maTi
SeZena, - gamoSvebis gazrda. da piriqiT, roca saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sa-
kuTar saxsrebs xarjavs „rolsroisis” SeZenaze, es am manqanebis warmoebas
zrdis ucxoeTSi, magram amcirebs samamulo avtomobilebis warmoebas. am miz-
eziT, eep-Si CairTveba mxolod sxvaoba sazRvargareT gayidul saqonelsa da
momsaxurebis jamur sididesa da sxva qveynebSi SeZenil saqonelmomsaxurebis
jamur sidides Soris. am sxvaobas wminda eqsporti ewodeba.
amrigad, qveynis mep SeiZleba gaviangariSoT mocemul wels gamoSvebuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze gaweuli yvela danaxarjebis Sejamebis
gziT, romelSic Sedis: piradi moxmarebiTi xarjebi (aRvniSnoT isini C-Ti),
erToblivi Sida investiciebi (J), saqonel-momsaxurebis pirdapiri saxelmwifo
Sesyidva (G) da wminda eqsporti (X-M):
Y=C+J+G+(X-M).
is, Tu xarjebis romel kategorias mivakuTvnoT saqonlis SeZena,
damokidebulia upirveles yovlisa, Sesyidvis mizanze. Tu Tqven macivars
SeiZenT da samzareuloSi dadgamT, maSin Tqveni xarjebi pirad samomxmareblo
xarjebSi Seva. magram Tu imave macivars Tqvens restoranSi dadgamT, romelic
sazogadoebrivi kvebis sawarmos warmoadgens, maSin es xarjebi kapitaldaban-
debaSi CaiTvleba. Ti igive macivari SeiZines samxedro nawilis sasadiloSi
dasadgmelad, maSin igi saxelmwifo xarjebSi CaiTvleba. dabolos, Tu Cvens
samamulo macivars ucxouri firma yidulobs, maSin es ukve eqsportia. oTxi
jgufis danaxarjebis Tanafardoba ganxilulia da mocemulia zogierTi
qveynebis eep-i cxrilSi.
eep rogorc Semosavlebis jami. igi gaiangariSeba ramdenime etapad. Tav-
dapirvelad jamdeba warmoebis faqtorebis yvela mesakuTris (mflobelebis)
Semosavali (SromiTi, sainvesticio, bunebrivi resursebisa da samewarmeo ta-
lantebisa). mas emateba transferti, rogorc Semosavali, romelic ar war-
260
moadgens gadasaxads sawarmoo resursebze da bolos e.w. “araSemosavliani”
sidideebi – saamortizacio anaricxebisa da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis
jarimis saxiT, ramdenadac erTica da meorec iwvevs produqciis gaZvirebas.
danarTi b
mep-s gaangariSebis sami meTodi prof. i. gurovas “msoflio ekonomikis”
saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT
mep-is gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba sami meTodi Semdeg safuZvelze:
warmoebis (warmoebuli mep);
moTxovnis (gamoyenebuli mep);
ganawilebis (mep Semosavlis wyaroebis mixedviT).
cxrili 2.3
cxrili 12.2 aSS-Si warmoebuli mep 2007 wels, mlrd dol.

wyaroebi: Gross Domestic Product by Industry Accounts. US Department of Commerce. Bureau of

Economic Analysys. National Economic Accounts, 2007
gamoyenebuli mep aRricxavs institucionaluri seqtorebis danaxarjebs yvela dan-
axarjis SejamebiT saqonlis da momsaxurebis saboloo moxmarebaze, anu xarjebs
Sinameurneobebis da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis saboloo moxmarebaze, kapitalis
mTlian dagrovebaze, romelic moicavs ZiriTadi kapitalis mTlian dagrovebas da
materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis maragTa cvlilebas, rac kerZo investiciebs
axasiaTebs, aseve wminda eqsports (cx. 2 4). igi axasiaTebs erTobliv mak-
roekonomikur moTxovnas:
Y = C + I + G + Xn,
sadac,
Y _ aris mep;
C _ SinameurneobaTa moxmareba;
I _ kerZo investiciebi;
G _ saxelmwifo xarjebi;
Xn _ wminda eqsporti.
cxrili 2.4.
cxrili 12.3 aSS-Si gamoyenebuli mep 2007-2008 wels, mlrd. dol.

261
wyaroebi:Gross Domestic Product. Accounts Table. US Department of Commerce. Bu
reau of Economic Analysys. National Economic Accounts. 2007.

mTlianobaSi, msoflio meurneobaSi 2006 wels SinameurneobaTa xarjebi

saboloo moxmarebaze Seadgenda 61%-s, saxelmwifo xarjebi _ 17%-s, kapital-
is mTliani dagroveba _ 21%-s (ix. dan. 7).
mep-is gamoTvla Semosavlebis safuZvelze iTvaliswinebs Semosavlebs,
romlebic miRebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegad, iseTebis, rogorebicaa:
muSakTa xelfasi, samewarmeo Semosavali da Semosavali sakuTrebidan, pir-
dapiri saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi da subsidiebi, ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmare-
ba, pirveladi Semosavlebi miRebuli sazRvargareTidan da gadaxdili
sazRvargareT. Semosavlebis mixedviT mep-is gansazRvras SeuZlia gamoavlinos
urTierTkavSiri mep-sa da meS-s Soris (meSE mTliani erovnuli produqtis
identuria, romelic bolo dromde gamoiyeneboda eas-Si).
mTliani erovnuli Semosavali _ esaa damatebuli Rirebulebis Tanxa
warmoebuli yvela mwarmoebeli rezidentis mier, plus wminda gadasaxadebi,
plus pirvelad Semosavlebze wminda Semonatanebi (xelfasi da Semosavali
sakuTrebaze), miRebuli sazRvargareTidan. qveynis meS-iTizomeba erToblivi
damatebuli Rirebuleba, warmoebuli, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis far-
glebs gareT, gancxadebuli misi rezidentebis mier. meS gansxvavdeba mep-isgan,
wminda Semosavlis TanxiT, romelic miRebulia sazRvargareTidan. igi Tavis-
Tavad sxvaobaa (balansi) pirveladi Semosavlebis erTobliv Rirebulebas
(xelfasi, sainvesticio Semosavlebi), romelic miRebulia rezidentebis mier
ararezidentebisgan, erTi mxriv, da, meore mxriv, Semosavlebs Soris, rasac
rezidentebi uxdian ararezidentebs. qveynis meS gadaaWarbebs mis mep-s im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tuki warmoebis faqtorTa mesakuTreni, mis rezidentebs rom war-
moadgenen, sazRvargareT gamoimuSaveben mets, vidre ararezidentebi mis
ekonomikur teritoriaze.
Semosavlebis mixedviT mep moicavs ekonomikuri saqmianobis (cx. 2.5)
subieqtebisagan miRebul yvela Semosavals:muSakebisgan (xelfasi), me-
warmeebisgan (samewarmeo Semosavali da Semosavali sakuTrebidan), sax-
elmwifosgan (wminda gadasaxadebi). IgiiTvaliswinebs agreTve saxsrebis
dagrovebas moxmarebuli ZiriTadi kapitalis aRsadgenad.
cxrili 12.4 aSS-s mep Semosavlebis mixedviT 2007 da 2008 wels, mlrd. dol.
262
wyaroebi:Table 9. Relation of Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, and
National Income. US Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Na-
danarTi გ
tional Economic Accounts. 2007.
makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa urTierTkavSiri

mTliani Sida + wminda = mTliani

produqti eqsporti erovnuli
produqti

mTliani erovnuli _ amortizacia** = wminda

produqti eqsporti erovnuli
produqti

wminda erovnuli _ arapirdapiri = erovnuli

produqti gadasaxadebi Semosavali

.
piradi _ individualuri = pirad gankargvadi
produqti gadasaxadi*** Semosavali

erovnuli dazRvevis anaricxi; transfer-

Semosavali _ mogebis gadasaxadi _ tuli = piradi
gaunawilebeli mogeba gadasaxadebi Semosavali

*eqsportsa dsa imports Soris sxvaoba

**ZiriTadi kapitalis cveTisas misi Rirebulebis mza produqciaze gad-
atana.
***gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreba calkeuli piris dasabegri Semosavali.

263
 danarTi d
Crdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi

Crdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi

mizezebi

saxelmwifos araefeqturi ekonomikuri politika

reformebis araswori strategia

mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis gauareseba.

araefeqturi sagadasaxado da sabaJo sistema.

kriminaluri privatizacia.

ararealuri sabiujeto politika.

aRricxvisa da kontrolis arasaTanado sistema.

marTvis biurokratiuli sistema.

politikuri arastabiluroba da sxva.

264
 danarTi ე
korufciis negatiuri socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi

korufciis negatiuri socialur-

ekonomikuri Sedegebi

xels uwyobs ekonomikaSi monopoliuri

tendenciebis warmoSobas.

mcirdeba investiciebi.

xels uwyobs fasebis zrdas.

izrdeba qonebrivi uTanabroba.

Zlierdeba Crdilovani ekonomika.

mcirdeba socialuri problemebis gadaWris Sesa-

Zleblobebi

izrdeba mosaxleobis undobloba xelisu-

flebisadmi

ecema qveynis prestiJi msoflio arenaze da sxva.

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan ekonomikuri wrebrunvis martivi sqema da
wrebrunva ekonomikis oTx seqtors Soris.
2. ganmarteT ras axasiaTebs mep da Semosavlis makroekonomikuri
maCveneblebi.
3. ganmarteT da daaxasiaTeT ras moicavs mep-s maCvenebeli.
4. mep-s gaangariSebis meTodebi: sami gza.

265
 mecamete Tavi
ekonomikuri zrda

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:

 ekonomikuri zrdis cneba

 ekonomikuri ciklebi
 dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis cnebaTa mniSvneloba
 2008 wlis msoflio finansuri krizisi
 ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: jon meinard keinzi (1883-1946)

ekonomikuri zrda

Tu ekonomikas xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi “zemodan” davakvirdebiT

naTlad davisaxavT, rom igi mudmivad cvlilebas ganicdis. saqonlisa da Semo-
savlebis nakadi periodulad xan iwureba (ileva), xan ki Zlierdeba da Sevsebas ga-
nicdis. ekonomikuri cvlilebis am Taviseburebebis aRwerisas mecnierebi
sargebloben iseTi cnebiT, rogoricaa – “ekonomikuri cikli”. aRniSnul Temaze
saubrisas Cven SevCerdebiT kidev erT (adamianuri TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia,
yvelaze mTavar) sakiTxze, romelic dakavSirebulia adamianTa saqmianobasTan eko-
nomikuri zrdis (cvlilebis) procesSi – maT dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobasTan.
ekonomikuri zrdis cneba
ekonomikuri zrda axasiaTebs drois gansazRvrul periodSi saqonlisa da mo-
msaxurebis erovnuli warmoebis gadidebas. mag., Tu qveynis mep mocemul wels 5%-iT
metia vidre wina wlis erovnuli produqti, maSin es imas niSnavs, rom erovnuli
warmoebis moculoba 5%-iT gaizarda.
Tu inflaciis wliuri 10%-iani tempis dros mep –is nominaluri sidide 5%-iT
gaizarda, maSin es iqneba erovnuli warmoebis 5%-iT Semcirebis da ara misi zrdis
maCvenebeli. mep-is nominaluri da realuri sidideebis gansxvavebaze Cven ukve
vimsjeleT wina TavSi.
ekonomikuri zrdis meore sazomia erTeul mosaxleze mosuli realuri mep,
romelic gamoricxavs ara marto fasebis, aramed mosaxleobis zrdis gavlenasac da,
amdenad, warmoadgens kidev ufro metad “gasufTavebul” maCvenebels. amitom, roca
laparakoben ekonomikur zrdaze, Cveulebriv gulisxmoben realur mep –s an er-
Teul mosaxleze realur mep –s drois gansazRvrul periodSi.
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri ena bevrad paradoqsulia. ase, mag., roca adgili
aqvs warmoebis Semcirebas, ekonomistebi mainc zrdas ganixilaven, Tumca “uaryo-
fiTs” xolo, roca ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi erovnuli warmoebis moculoba
ucvlelia (arc izrdeba da arc mcirdeba) es movlena “nulovani zrdis” kategorias
miekuTvneba.

266
ekonomikuri zrdis mdgenelebi

erovnuli warmoeba, ise rogorc nebismieri saqonlis warmoeba SeiZleba

aRvweroT moTxovna-miwodebis SepirispirebiT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTel masas
ewodeba erToblivi miwodeba. Sesabamisad, saojaxo meurneobebisagan, sawarmoebisa
da saxelmwifos mxridan jamur moTxovnas ewodeba erToblivi moTxovna. gamarti-
vebis mizniT, mep -is meoTxe Semadgeneli nawili – moTxovna sxva qveynebis mxridan
– CarTuli gvaqvs sawarmoTa moTxovnaSi). es ganzogadebuli maCveneblebi
gansazRvraven, swored, ekonomikur zrdas, mis tempsa da xasiaTs.
miwodebis mxridan ekonomikuri zrda ganisazRvreba sawarmoo SesaZleblobe-
biT. yovel mocemul momentSi isini (es SesaZleblobani) izRudebian arsebuli sa-
warmoo resursebiT (SromiTi, sainvesticio, bunebrivi) da maTi mwarmoeblurobiT.
imisaTvis, raTa gavzardoT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba, saWiroa,
pirvel rigSi, warmoebaSi CavrToT axali, damatebiTi, adre gamouyenebeli resur-
sebi: daviqiraoT muSebi, romlebic adre ar muSaobdnen, avaSenoT axali qarxnebi,
movxsnaT daumuSavebeli mindori da a.S. ekonomikuri zrdis aseT tips ewodeba eqs-
tensiuri.
erovnuli warmoebis moculoba damokidebulia ara mxolod imaze, Tu ramdeni
SeuZlia awarmoos saxalxo meurneobas, aramed momxmareblebis, mewarmeebisa da
saxelmwifos gadaxdisunariani moTxovnis sididezec. Tu erToblivi moTxovna
izrdeba, maSin es stimuls iZleva adrindelTan SedarebiT meti raodenobis saqon-
lis da momsaxurebis warmoebaze. Tu piriqiT xdeba da erToblivi moTxovna mcir-
deba, maSin adgili aqvs warmoebis SeCerebas da masTan erTad resursebis ga-
moTavisuflebas: sawarmoo simZlavreebis arasrul gamoyenebas, muSebis daTxovnas
da a.S.
erToblivi moTxovnis gavlena ekonomikur zrdaze naCvenebia nax.13.1-ze. er-
Toblivi moTxovnis mrudebis – C1, C2, C3, C4, gadaadgilebiT. es mrudebi gadakveTen
erToblivi miwodebis П mruds P1, P2, P3 da P4 wertilebSi. P2 wertils marcxniv mde-
bare mrudis monakveTi axasiaTebs ekonomikis mdgomareobas resursebis arasruli
gamoyenebis, xolo monakveTi P3 wertils zemoT – sruli gamoyenebis pirobebSi. P2,
P3 monakveTi gamosaxavs resursebis gadasvlas arasrulidan srul gamoyenebaze
(dasaqmebaze – datvirTvaze).
Nnax. 13.1 erToblivi moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi

fasebis done
П

267

moculoba
 warmoebis moculobis gazrdis meore xerxi gulisxmobs ukve moqmedi resurse-
bis meti efeqturobiT gamoyenebas, maTi mwarmoeblurobis gazrdas. es miiRweva an
wminda organizaciuli cvlilebebiT (mag., sawarmoTa marTvis sxva meTodebis
gamoyenebiT), an, kidev axali, ufro srulyofili teqnikisa da warmoebis teqnolo-
giis gamoyenebiT. ekonomikur zrdas, romelic efuZneba gamoyenebuli resursebis
erTeulebian ukugebis gadidebas ewodeba intensiuri. sinamdvileSi ekonomikuri
zrda ganpirobebulia am ori faqtoris SexamebiT, amitom saubari SeiZleba iyos
mxolod erTis an meoris upirates gamoyenebaze.
grafikulad orive faqtoris gavlena sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis mrudze
gamoixateba am ukanasknelis gadaadgilebiT marjvniv. ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da-
mokidebulia imaze, Tu ra iwarmoeba. imisaTvis raTa gaizardos saqonlisa da mo-
msaxurebis gamoSveba aucilebelia dResve Caidos saxsrebi axal manqanebSi, daz-
gebsa da mowyobilobebSi, radgan rac didia maTi gamoSveba miT meti aRmoCndeba
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi momavalSi. arsebobs pirdapiri damokidebuleba mep-Si
warmoebis saSualebebis (romlebic axali warmoebebis mSeneblobaze an Zvelis
gafarToebaze midis) wilsa da mep-is zrdis temps Soris, rasac yvela qveynis
gamocdileba adasturebs.
davuSvaT, 1990 wels A qveyanam awarmoa garkveuli moculobis produqcia,
romlis 1/3-s warmoebis saSualebebi (kapitaldabandebebi), xolo 2/3-s moxmarebis
sagnebi Seadgenda. Б qveyanam ki warmoebis igive moculobis pirobebSi mTliani
produqciis 2/3 warmoebis saSualebebi, xolo 1/3 moxmarebis sagnebi gamouSva. Sede-
gad, 2000 wlisaTvis A qveynis warmoebis moculoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, bevrad
mcire aRmoCndeba, vidre Б qveynisa. grafikze es gamosaxulia Б qveynis warmoebis
SesaZleblobaTa mrudis marjvniv meti gadaweviT (nax.13.2).

Nnax. 13.2 warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudebi

A Б
warmoebisqvey-
saSualebebi qvey-
warmoebis saSualebebi

2000 wlis 2000 wlis

1990 wlis

moxmarebis problemebi moxmarebis problemebi

268
ekonomikuri zrdis ori modeli

dReisaTvis arsebobs ori neoklasikuri da neokeinsianuri Teoria, romelTac

ekonomikuri zrdis asaxsnelad iyeneben.
neoklasukuri mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom miwodeba TviT
qmnis moTxovnas: rac iwarmoeba, is iyideba. es winadadeba wamoayena frangma ekono-
mistma Jan batist seim (1767-1832). fasi, amtkicebda igi, Seicvleba im doneze, rom re-
sursebis sruli gamoyenebis pirobebSi moTxovna gaawonasworebs miwodebas. Tu
romelime etapze Seiqmneba umuSevroba, es mxolod imitom, rom Sromis anazRaureba
Zalze maRalia. bazari Sromis anazRaurebas daswevs im donemde, romlis drosac
yvela msurveli visac ki muSaoba SeuZlia samuSaos iSovnis.
erToblivi moTxovnis Semcireba, neoklasikosebis azriT, iwvevs mxolod fa-
sebisa da Semosavlebis Semcirebas. Sedegad ekonomika gadadis axal wonasworul
mdgomareobaSi fasebis ufro dabali donis pirobebSi. sxva sityvebiT, adgili aqvs
ara realuri, aramed nominaluri mep-is dacemas. grafikis 10.2 mixedviT es mdgoma-
reoba samarTliania, magram mxolod mrudis um ubnisaTvis, romelic wertilis
zemoTaa yvela produqtze, aramed warmoebis yvela faqtorze aris absoluturad
moqnili (elastiuri).
neoklasikuri skolis zemoaRniSnuli debulebebi eWvis qveS daayena 19 sau-
kunis 30-ian wlebSi ingliselma ekonomistma jon meinard keinzma. igi Tvlida, rom
warmoebis faqtorebis fasebma da upirveles yovlisa Sromis anazRaurebam, dakar-
ges TavianTi moqniloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi dawevis mxares. erToblivi moTxovnis
Semcirebis Sedegad wonasworoba dgeba ara imdenad fasebis SemcirebiT produqcia-
sa da warmoebis faqtorebze, realuri mep, adgili aqvs adre dasaqmebuli resurse-
bis gamoTavisuflebas da ekonomika gadadis wonasworobaSi resursebis arasruli
dasaqmebis pirobebSi. grafikze 10.2 am situacias gamosaxavs grafikis is ubani,
romelic wertilis marcxniv mdebareobs. piriqiT, erToblivi moTxovnis gazrda
(moTxovnis mrudebis gadaadgileba dan -mde da mde) iwvevs warmoebis
moculobis gazrdas da ganapirobebs ekonomikis gadayvanas resursebis arasruli-
dan sruli dasaqmebis mdgomareobaSi.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis am or mimarTulebas Soris arsebobs sxva, principu-
li uTanxmoebac. neoklasikosebs miaCniaT, rom bazari idealuri sameurneo meqaniz-
mia, romelsac ZaluZs Tanamedrove problemebis gadaWra. aqedan ki im daskvnis ga-
keTeba SeiZleba, rom ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva da unda iyos minimaluri da
arapirdapiri (fulad-sakredito) xasiaTis. keinsianelebi ki, piriqiT, amtkiceben,
rom sabazro meqanizmi moqmedebs ukiduresad nela da ekonomikis gamoyvana aras-
ruli dasaqmebis mdgomareobidan mas SeuZlia mxolod Soreul perspeqtivaSi, ro-
ca (rogorc amas TviT keinsi aRniSnavda) “Cven yvelani davixocebiT”. aqedan gamo-
mdinareobs daskvna - ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos pirdapiri Carevis aucileblobaze.
sruli dasaqmebis mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis keinsianuri modelis arsi SeiZ-
leba gamovsaxoT sakamrisidan martivi formuliT:
mep=
269
 sadac:
moxmarebaa;
- investiciebi;
saxelmwifo xarjebi;
danazogebi.
danaxarjebidan gamomdinare mep-is gaangariSebis srandartul formulas
keinsma daamata “mokrZalebuli” piroba: investiciebi toil unda iyos
danazogebisa.
mTlianobaSi, keinsianelebs miaCniaT, rom saWiroa erToblivi moTxovnis
yvela mdgenelis (Semadgenlis) zrdis stimulireba, es iqneba saojaxo meurneobebis
samomxmareblo xarjebi, sawarmoebis investiciebi Tu saxelmwifo xarjebi.
saqme imaSia, rom warmoebis gafarToebisaTvis sawarmoebi saxsrebis mobi-
lizacias axdenen nawilobriv sakuTari mogebidan, xolo nawilobriv sesxis
imaTgan aRebiT, romelTac TavianTi danazogebi gaaCniaT. danazogi saxsrebi
SeiZleba CairTos investiciebSi an darCes gamouyenebeli. es xdeba imitom, rom
danazogebis raodenobasa da kapitaldabandebis moculobaze gadawyvetilebas
Rebuloben sxvadasxva adamianebi, romlebic, cxadia, xelmZRvaneloben (moqmedeben)
sxvadasxva mosazrebebiT. roca sazogadoebaSi gakeTebuli danazogebi investiciebs
aRemateba, maSin danaxarjebze Semosavlebis aseTi metoba ekonomikas mZime tvirTad
awveba: erToblivi moTxovna ecema da ekonomika funqcionirebs resursebis
arasruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi. amitom, imisaTvis raTa sruli dasaqmebis pirobeb-
Si ekonomikam wonasworobas miaRwios, keinsis azriT, saWiroa yvela danazogi
saxsrebis warmoebaSi Cadeba (S=J).
mTlianobaSi, keinsianelebs miaCniaT, rom sawiroa erToblivi moTxovnis
yvela mdgenelis (Semadgenlis) zrdis stimulireba, es iqneba saojaxo meurneobebis
samomxmareblo xarjebi, sawarmoebis investiciebi Tu saxelmwifo xarjebi.
ase magaliTad, dabali inflacia saojaxo meurneobebs aiZulebs gazardon
xarjebis wili dRevandel moxmarebaze da Seamciron danazogebis wili. bankis
saprocento ganakveTis Semcireba stimuls aZlevs sawarmoebs gazardon kapitalda-
bandeba. dabolos, saxelmwifos mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena aseve zrdis
erTobliv moTxovnas.
keinsianelebis rekomendaciebi gamoiyena msoflios bevrma qveyanam omis
Semdgmi periodidan 80-ian wlebamde. magram sruli dasaqmebis mdgomareobasTan
ekonomikis miaxloebasTan erad Tavi iCina erToblivi moTxovnis stimulirebis
uaryofiTma Sedegmac, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom miwodebam ver SeZlo xelovnurad
gazrdil moTxovnaze gamodevneba. fasebi izrdeboda da inflacia Rebulobda saSiS
saxes (zomas). amitom 80-ian wlebSi umetesi qveynis mTavrobebma yurad iRes ne-
oklasikosebis rekomendaciebi.

270
ekonomikuri zrdis winaaRmdegobani

bolo dromde ekonomikuri zrda udavo sikeTet iTvleboda. rac meti

saqoneli da momsaxureba iwarmoeba, miT met sikeTes floben adamianebi da, Sesa-
bamisad, maRalia maTi cxovrebis done. mxolod swrafad ganviTarebad ekonomikas
SeuZlia xarjebi gaiRos msxvil socialur programebze (magaliTad, mosaxleobis
Rarib fenaze an sxva qveynebze daxmareba). rogorc gamocdileba aCvenebs,
ekonomikuri zrda, garda amisa, uzrunvelyofs met politikur stabilurobas,
rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve msoflioSic, mTlianad.
Tumca, ekonomistebi yovelTvis davobdnen imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos ide-
aluri ekonomikuri zrda. erTni amtkicebdnem, rom igi unda iyos gawonasworebuli
– moTxovnis zrdis proporciulad unda ganviTardes ekonomikis yvela dargi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi ekonomikaSi ganxorcielebuli Zvrebi naklebmtkivneuli iqneba mo-
saxleobisaTvis. meoreni amgvari zrdis siCqares arasakmarisad miiCnevdnen. sustad
ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, magaliTad, isini rekomendaciebs iZleodnen, raTa
swrafad gazrdiliyo mxolod calkeuli dargebi, e.w. lideri rgolebi, romelTac
SeeZloT sxva dargebis gamosworebis gzaze dayeneba (ganviTareba). dRes bevri
ekonomisti-swavluli iZulebulia aRiaros, rom maT ar gaaCniaT filosofiuri
marcvali da ar ZaluZT ekonomikis zrdis universaluri idealuri modelis moce-
ma.
calkeuli qveynebisaTvis specialurad SemuSavebul rekomendaciebs xandaxan
SeuZliaT ara Tu sasurveli, aramed gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegic ki gamoiwvion.
magaliTad iseTi, rogoricaa garemos gaCanageba. adamianebisaTvis sawiro saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis garda ekonomikuri zrda gulisxmobs (moicavs)
usargeblo da mavne narCenebis “warmoebasac”. aravis ar epareba eWvi imaSi, rom
avtomanqana gadaadgilebis Zalian moxerxebuli saSualebaa, magram igive avtomo-
bilebis msoflio parki weliwadZSi izrdeba Zalze mniSvnelovnad (10 ml-iT
msubuqi, xolo 5 ml-iT satvirTo manqanebi da avtobusebi).
zrdis amgvari tempis pirobebSi 2030 wlisaTvis msoflioSi maTi raodenoba 1
mlrd-s miaRwevs. magram samwuxarod, swored satransporto saSualebaa haeris
gaWuWyianebis ZiriTadi wyaro (70-90% naxSirJangi, 40-70% azotis Jangi, 50% tyviis
Senaertebi). sxva sityvebiT, ekonoimikur zrdas SeuZlia moitanos rogorc sikeTe,
aseve ubedurebac. ufro metic, misi uaryofiTi Sedegi xandaxan kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebs sakiTxs kacobriobis gadarCenaze. amis magalitad gamodgeba kvalsaTburis
efeqti (saSualo temperaturis mudmivi zrda) an atmosferos ozonis fenis rRveva,
romelic garemos dabinZurebiTaa gamowveuli.
dRevandeli ekonomikuri zrdis meore (uaryofiTi-T.g.) Sedegi bunebrivi
resursebis amowurvaSi mdgomareobs. dedamiwis zurgze yovelwliurad iCexeba
tropikuli tyeebi da teritoriebi, romelic zomiT Tanamedrove avstrias etoleba;
nadgrurdeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa aseulobiT saxe. eqspluataciis amjamindeli
normebis Sedegad mineraluri wiaRiseulis arakvlavwarmoebadi saxeebis-vercxlis,
cinkis, gogirdis, tyviis, aluminis, spilenZis, nikelis da platinis maragi SeiZleba
271
amoiwuros ukve XXI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. ramdenadac garemo aris dabin-
Zurebis tempi da bunebrivi resursebis amowurva pirdapir kavSirSia ekonomikuri
zrdis tempebTan, amitom zogierTi ekonomistis mosazrebiT saWiro xdeba
ekonomikuri zrdis SeCereba. Tumca, am ideas seriozuli mowinaaRmdegeni gamouCnd-
nen. oponentebs mohyavdaT aseTi magaliTi. Cveni planeta xatovnad SeiZleba Se-
vadaroT xomalds, romelic gaSlil okeaneSi moqceulia nislis areSi. isini rom-
lebic maRali klasis kaiutaSi (“luqsSi”) imyofebian da romelTac produqtebis
sakmarisi maragic gaaCniaT (ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogi), gamarTlebulad
Tvlian xomaldis gaCerebas da nislis gafantvamde lodins. imiT ki, visac araferi
gaaCniaT da gembanze sacodavad mo\buzulan (sustad ganviTarebuli qveynia analo-
gi) urCevniaT gemma imoZraos, radgan SiSi aqvT: Tu geno gaCerda, iqneb napiramde
cocxlebma verc ki miaRwion.
kacobriobis Cqari daRupvis winaswarmetyveleba, ra Tqma unda, axali araa.
ase, mag. jer kidev me-18 saukuneSi ingliselma ekonomistma Tomas robert malTusma
(1766-1834) SimSilisagan kacobriobis gawyveta iwinaswarmetyvela. misi azriT, amis
mizezi isaa, rom dedamiwis mosaxleoba izrdeba geometriuli progresiiT, xolo
kvebis produqtebi-ariTmetikuli progresiiT. magram kacobriobam gamoigona am
ubedurebis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba – axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba sa-
soflo-sameurneo kulturebis moyvanisaTvis.
imedi unda viqonioT, rom gamoiZebneba agreTve Tanamedrove ekonomikur
avadmyofobasTan brZolis saSualebebic. jer-jerobiT ki moxandas gandis (in-
doeTis nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri. 1869-1948 ww.)
kvalad SegviZlia davafiqsiroT, rom “miwa iZleva yvelafers rac saWiroa yoveli
adamianis moTxovnilebis, magram ara sixarbis dasakmayofileblad”.

ekonomikuri ciklebi
ekonomikis zrdas ar gaaCnia mudmivi da mdgradi xasiaTi. calkeul wlebSi
produqtisa da moxmarebis warmoeba maRali tempiT viTardeba, sxva dros ki uar-
yofiTi mimarTulebiT “izrdeba”. TviT centralizebuli dagegmvis drosac ssrk-s
saxalxo meurneobis zrdac ar iyo absoluturad Tanabari. mniSvnelovani mak-
roekjonomikuri maCveneblebis wliuri matebis tempi ryevas ganicdida wlidan
wlamde. kidev ufro mkveTri iyo zrdis tempebis meryeoba sabazro ekonomikis
qveynebSi. ekonomistebi didi xania cdiloben kanonzomiereba aRmoaCinon am rxeveb-
Si, romlis axsna da gageba saSualebas mogvcems viswavloT maTi marTva

ekonomikuri ciklis fazebi

warmoebis zrdis periodul rxevebs uwodeben ekonomikur anu koniunqturul
ciklebs. cveulebriv maTSi gamoyofen oTx fazas, rac sqematurad warmodgenilia
grafikze.
piki (anu bumi) ciklis zeda gazas warmoadgens. warmoiebis moculoba da real-
izacia SesaZlo maqsimums aRwevs. sazogadoebaSi Semosavali izrdeba. moTxovna
272
miwodebas uswrebs, rac fasebis zrdas iwvevs. ekonomika imyofeba sruli dasaqmebis
mdgomareobaSi.
dacema (anu, rogorc amas ucxoelebi ityvian-recesia) warmoebisa da realiza-
ciis zrdis tempis Semcirebis periods gamosaxavs. sabazro ekonomikaSi warmoebis
zrdis Seneleba iwvevs muSaxelis daTxovnas da, Sesabamisad, jamuri Semosavlebis
Semcirebas. SemosavalebTan ertad ecema moTxovnac. magram roca moTxovna
miwodebaze dabalia, maSin bazris kanonebis Tanaxmad fasebic klebas ganicdis. es
xdeba saxalxo meurneobis mxolod konkurentul seqtorSi. monopolizebuli se-
qtori (kerZo Tu saxelmwifo) fasebis daWeras axerxebs adrindel (maRal doneze).
krizisi – es mrudis qveda wertilia, romelzec warmoebisa da realizaciis
moculoba minimalur mniSvnelobas aRwevs. am momentisaTvis umuSevrobis done
maRalia, mcirdeba Semosavlebi da mastan ertad gadaxdisunariani moTxovna.
me-20 saukuneSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan ciklur kriziss adgili hqonda 1929-1933
ww., romelmac moicva praqtikulad yvela ganvitarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi da
miiRo saxelwodeba – “didi depresia”. krizisis gansxvaveba (gamorCeva winare dac-
emisagan xandaxan sakmarisad rTulia. adamianebma, romelTac “didi depresia”
gadaitanes, amastan dakavSirebiT xmrobac dagvitoves: “dacemaa, roca Tqven samu-
Saos gareSe rCebiT, krizisi – roca me vrCebi umuSevari”. aRmavloba krizisidan
gamosvlas iuwyeba, rasac mohyveba warmoebis gamococxleba, dasaqmebisa da
Semosavlebis gazrda. es, Tavis mxriv, xarjebisa da warmoebis zrdis stimuls
iZleva. me-20 saukuneSi ekonomikuri ciklebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodnen
Tavisi siRrmiTa da xangrZlivobiT. sxvadasxvanairad mimdinareobs igi calkeul
qveynebSic. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu ara sabWouri ekonomikisaTvis damax-
asiaTebeli ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis rxeva (bevrad gasworebuli da araregu-
laruli) miekuTvnos ekonomikur ciklebs, jer-jerobiT Riad rCeba da gadawyvetas
elodeba. amitom Cven SevCerdebiT mizezebze, romlebic sabazro ekonomikaSi cikis
fazebis cvlas iwveven.

bumi
warmoebis
moculobabumi aRmavloba

krizisi

dacema

dro
273
ekonomikuri ciklebis mizezebi

gamoangariSebulia, rom arsebobs 100-ze meti Teoria, romlebic pretenzias

acxadeben ekonomikuri zrdis ciklurobis axsnaze. erT-erTi pirveli maTgani Sem-
oTavazebuli iqna ingliseli ekonomist-maTematikosis uiliam stenli jevonsonis
mier jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi igi Tvlida, rom ekonomikuri ciklebi aRmocendebi-
an . . . mzeze bneli laqebis gaCenisas. isini gavlenas axdenen dedamiwis sferos
amindis cvlilebaze da iwveven mousavlianobas, fasebis zrdas sasoflo-sameurneo
produqtebze, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Semcirebas, moTxovnis dacemas da, sab-
oloo angariSiT, warmoebis saerTo vardnas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebma gaaqarwyles jevonsonis astronomiuli
Teoria da aCvenes, Tu raoden saSiSia ekonomikuri Teoriis meqanikurad ageba
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis safuZvelze. Tumca, dResac arsebobs mTeli rigi Te-
oriebi, romlebic ekonomikuri zrdis ryevebs xsnian sakuTriv ekonomikis
sazRvreba gareT arsebuli mizezebiT. erT-erTi maTgania ciklis inovaciuri Teor-
ia.
am Teoriis momxreTa azriT, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis safuZveli devs warmoe-
bis axal teqnikur principebze gadasvaSi. amis magaliTia safeiqro mrewvelobaSi
xeliT samuSaodan manqanur Sromaze gadasvla, romliTac daiwyo samrewvelo gad-
atrialeba: “cxenisgareSe gamwes” – avtomobilis masobrivi danergva me-20 saukunis
mijnaze, Cvens dRevandelobaSi arsebuli kompiuteruli revolucia da a.S. yvela es
axali wamowyeba moiTxovda mscvil kaptaldabandebas da zrdida axali teqnikis
mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebs. isini, Tavis mxriv, TavianTi Semosavlebis daxarjviT
zrdidnen imaT Semosavals, visganac yidulobdnen saWiro saqonelsa da momsax-
urebas da a.S. sazogadoebaSi jamuri Semosavlebisa da xarjebis gazrda stimuls
aZlevda warmoebis zrdas. axal teqnikur principebze ekonomikis gadasvlis dam-
TavrebasTan erTad dgeba aRmavlobis bolo momentic. saxalxo meurneoba iwyebs
Sesvlas dacemis fazaSi axali teqnikuri revoluciis warmoSobamde (dadgomamde).
garedan analogiuri biZgi ekonomikas SeuZlia misces politikurma viTarebam,
magaliTad, omebma.
ekonomikuri ciklebis Teoriis meore jgufi (mimdinareoba) gamodis movlenis
sakuTriv ekonomikuri ganmartebidan. aseTs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, magaliTad,
Warbwarmoeba da mouxmarebloba. sawarmoebi, romlebic orientirebulni arian mo-
mavalSi moTxovnis zrdaze iwyeben warmoebis gazrdas. amasTan, radgan maT
moTxovnis gansazRvrisaTvis zusti orientirebi ar gaaCniaT, amitom produqcias
ufro mets awarmoeben, vidre ekonomikas misi moxmareba SeuZlia. “Warbwarmoeba”
iwvevs ciklis produqcia gasaRebas ver poulobs, mcirdeba (ecema) mewarmeTa Semo-
savlebi, iwyeba samuSaodan daTxovna, gakotreba, mastan erTad mcirdeba jamuri Se-
mosavlebi sazogadoebaSi da erToblivi moTxovna. roca warmoebis dacema miaRwevs

274
kritikul wertils da aRmoCndeba moTxovnaze dabla, daiwyeba fasebis zrda da
masTan erTad ekonomikis aRmavali moZraoba.
arsebobs sxva – sainvesticio ciklebis koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad ekonomi-
kuri zrdis araTanabrobis safuZveli devs ara yvela saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
warmoebaSi, aramed mxolod investiciebis sikeTeSi. statistika adasturebs im faqts,
rom saxeldobr maTi (warmoebis saSualebebis) da ara moxmarebis sagnebis
warmoeba ganicdis metad Zlier rxevebs. ase, mag., axali qarxnis mSenebloba qmnis
damatebiT samuSo adgilebs, zrdis dasaqmebas, Semosavlebs da, Sesabamisad,
moTxovnasac. es sawyisi moTxovna axali qarxnis mSeneblebis mxridan stimuls iZ-
leva gaafarToon im saqonlis warmoeba, romlis SeZenazec isini xarjaven TavianT
gazrdil Semosavlebs da a.S.
sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis jamuri zrda mravalgzis faravs sawyis sainvesti-
cio xarjebs. am efeqts ekonomikaSi ewodeba multiplikaciuri efeqti.
მეპ is nazardi
multiplikatori
investiciebis nazardi
Semosavlebis nazardSi moxmarebaze mosuli danaxarjebis wili cnobilia
moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midrekilebis saxelwodebiT (mzm), xolo danazogebze mo-
suli wili - danazogebisadmi zRvruli midrekilebis saxelwodebiT (dzm).
jamSi wils uwodeben moxmarebisadmi saSualo midrekilebas, xolo amave
jamSi danazogebis wils - danazogebisadmi saSualo midrekilebas. multiplikaci-
uri danazogebisadmi zRvruli midrekilebis Sebrunebuli sididea da ganisazRvreba
formuliT:

multiplikatori
mzm dzm

Tu, mag., mosaxleoba Tavisi damatebiTi Semosavlebis 2/3-s moxmarebaze xar-

javs, xolo, 1/3-s zogavs (inaxavs)0, maSin multiplikatori 3-is tolia (1:1/3). xolo
Tu viciT, rom Semosavlebis zrda gamowveuli iyo investiciebis gazrdiT (vTqvaT) 1
mlrd. lari. maSin Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT eep-is zrdac: eep=1 mlrd. man ×3 (mul-
tiplitatori)=3 mlrd.lars. sainvesticio ciklis meqanizmi analogiuria Warb-
warmoebis saerTo ciklis meqanizmisa. miltiplikaciur efeqts ekonomika gamoyavs
misi SesaZleblobebis zRvrebidan – miwodeba aWarbebs gadaxdisunarian moTxovnas,
iwyeba warmoebis dacema.

dasaqmebis ekonomikuri cneba

roca dasaqmebaze saubroben, ekonomistebs mxedvelobaSi aqvT, pirvel rigSi,

imaTi dasaqmeba, visac muSaoba SeuZlia, anu mosaxleobis Sromisunariani asaki.
Cvens qveyanaSi am kategorias miekuTvneba 16 welze meti xnis da sapensio asakamde
miuRweveli (qalebi 60 wlamde, mamakacebi 65 wlamde) adamianebi.
oficialurad, umuSevrad Tvlian mxolod im dausaqmeblebs, romlebsac ara
marto SeuZliaT, aramed survilica aqvT imuSaon. ufro metic, oficialuri statis-

275
tikiT, mxedvelobaSi miiReba mxolod is adamianebi, romelTac samuSao ar gaaCniaT,
aqtiurad eZeben mas da registracias gadian dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebSi,
Sromis mowyobis biuroSi, Sromis bazarze da a.S. maT, vinc samuSaos Sovnis imedi
dakarga daam mimarTebit araviTar Zalisxmevas ar iCens, statistikur aRricxvaSi
ar CarTaven.
statistikaSi ar CairTvebian isinic, romlebic samuSaos Zebnas mxolod saga-
zeTo gancxadebebis gadaTvalierebiT amTavreben. adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi
survilis miuxedavad iZulebulni arian imuSaon mxolod arasrul samuSao kviraSi,
iTvlebian dasaqmebulad.

umuSevroba
umuSevrobis done gviCvenebs im adamianTa raodenobas, romelnic eZeben
samsaxurs, Sesabamisi anazRaurebiT. qveynebi, romlebsac ar SeuZlia samuSao
adgilebis Seqmna, ganicdis Senelebul zrdas, socialur wnexsa da politikur
aramdgradobas. qveyanaSi dasaqmebuli muSakebis proporcia aCvenebs, ramdenad
kargad iyenebs is adamianur resurss. anazRaurebiT dasaqmebuli xalxi gviCvenebs
politikosebis kompetenturobas produqtiuli ekonomikis SenarCunebaSi. mudmivi
umuSevroba asaxavs imas, rom mTavrobas ar SeuZlia qveynis Sida marTva.
zogierTi ekonomisti gvirCevs siRaribis indeqsis kvlevas, rac warmoadgens
qveynis inflaciisa da umuSevrobis donis jams. rac ufro maRalia jamuri ricxvi,
miT metia ekonomikuri siRaribe, Sesabamisad, momxmareblebic da kompaniebic ufro
amcireben xarjebsa da investicias. garda amisa, rogorc ityvian, siRaribes uyvars
sxvadasxva kampania - rogorc ki siRaribis indeqsi izrdeba, izrdeba socialuri
xarjebic: danaSauli, ukmayofileba da ojaxuri stresi.
umuSevrobis gazomva. rogorc inflaciis SemTxvevaSi, rTulia qveynebSi
umuSevarTa raodenobis gazomva. sxvadasxva varaudi da gamonaklisi cvlis
sazomebs.84 xSirad umuSevrobis done saTanadod ver afasebs umuSevarTa masStabsa
da moculobas. teqnikurad, is miuTiTebs, ramdeni adamiani eZebs anazRaurebad
samuSaos. Tumca, is ar iTvlis im xalxis raodenobas, romlebic saerTod ar
muSaoben an muSaoben anazRaurebis gareSe, anda Sewyvites samsaxuris Zieba. bevr
Rarib saxelmwifoSi umuSevrobis sazomebi saTanadod ver afasebs umuSevrobis
realur xarisxs.
sazomebi xSirad ver gadmoscems muSakTa produqtiulobas aziaSi, afrikasa da
samxreT amerikaSi, sadac, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri
problemebia, arasruli samuSao drois gamo. anu, miuxedavad imisa, rom
276
oficialurad dasaqmebulni arian, adamianebi mxolod naxevari ganakveTiT
muSaoben, amgvarad mcirdeba produqtiuloba, iklebs Semosavlebi da iryeva
socialuri stabiluroba. gazomvis sakiTxebis garda, umuSevrobis doneSi
sxvadasxva ram igulisxmeba, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, sxvadasxva socialuri politikis
gamo. zogi qveyana, magaliTad, safrangeTi da germania, uzrunvelyofs umuSevrobis
Semweobebs, xolo iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa CineTi, kenia an iordania, Zalian
mcire Semweobas Tu uzrunvelyofs an is saerTod ar gaicema.

umuSevrobis tipebi
ekonomistebi gamoyofen umuSevrobis oTx tips: friqciuls, sezonurs,
struqturuls da ciklurs.
friqciuli umuSevroba (warmodgeba inglisuri sityvidan friction- xaxuni,
uTanxmoeba) dakavSirebulia samuSaos ZiebasTan an molodinTan. magaliTad,
umaRles saswavlebel-damTavrebuli manam iTvleba umuSevrad, sanam ar iSovis im
adgils, romelic misi momzadebis donesa da specialobas Seesabameba. friqciuli
umuSevroba droebiTi movlenaa da Tavis arsiT gardauvali.
sezonuri umuSevroba dakavSirebulia zogierT dargSi sezonuri xasiaTis
saqmianobasTan (mag., soflis meurneobaSi).
struqturuli umuSevroba Tvis warmoebis teqnikuri gardaqmnis Sedegia.
moTxovna erT profesiaze mcirdeba, magram ertdroulad izrdeba moTxovna sxva
specialobebze.
cikluri umuSevroba ibadeba ekonomikuri ciklis msvlelobaSi warmoebis
dacemiT. gamoSvebis Sekveca iwvevs adre dasaqmebuli muSebis gaTavisuflebas.
k. marqss sruli dasaqmeba esmoda rogorc 100%-iani dasaqmeba.
j.keinsi srul dasaqmebad Tvlida ara 100 %-ian dasaqmebas, aramed iseTs,
romlis drosac Sromaze moTxovna miwodebis toli xdeba Sromis anazRaurebis
arsebuli ganakveTis pirobebSi. misi azriT, Tu dasaqmeba aseTi nominaluri
mdgomareobis dones aRemateba, maSin adgili aqvs inflaciis aRmocenebas.
dReisaTvis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba srul dasaqmebaze
mogvawoda m. fridmanma. misi azriT, 100%-iani dasaqmeba, ubralod, SeuZlebelia,
ramdenadac struqturuli da friqciuli umuSevroba, arsebiTad, gardauvalia da
qmnis umuSevrobis bunebriv dones. Sesabamisad, sruli dasaqmeba - es dasaqmebaa
umuSevrobis am garduval saxeTa gamoklebiT.
7%-ze maRali umuSevroba imis mauwyebelia, rom ekonomikuri sistema
Seferxebas ganicdis. magaliTad, gamoTvales, rom umuSevrobis 1%-iT gadaWarbeba
bunebriv donesTan SedarebiT iwvevs mep-is Semcirebas misi potencialuri
mniSvnelobis mimarT 2,5%-iT. (es e.w. oukenis kanonia). Tu umuSevrobis done
miaRwevs (vTqvaT) 9%- momsaxurebis warmoeba Semcirdeba 5%-iT. ( )
kidev ufro saSiSia umuSevrobis socialuri Sedegi, romelic raodenobriv
aRricxvas ar eqvemdebareba. erT dros CvenSi gavrcelebul xumrobas - cxovreba
277
uSromelad Znelia, magram Cven ar gvaSinebs siZneleebi - manam SeeZlo Rimilis
mogvra, vidre es boroteba CvenTvis mxolod wminda Teoriul xasiaTs atarebda.

2008 wlis msoflio finansuri krizisi

finansuri krizisi _ esaa ekonomikis mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba

farTomas Stabiani darRvevebiT finansuri organizaciebis saqmianobasa da
finansuri bazrebis funqcionirebaSi. igi xSirad gvevlineba ekonomikuri krizisis
wanamZRvrad, vinaidan finansuri Zvrebis Sedegebi realuri seqtorisTvis
gamoixateba erTobliv moTxovnaze, Sesabamisad, warmoebasa da dasaqmebaze
uaryofiTi zemoqmedebiT.
2008 wlis globaluri krizisi yvelaze seriozuli finansuri ryeva iyo didi
depresiis droidan da aqvs misi zogierTi saerTo Tviseba. jer erTi, orive
SemTxvevaSi epicentrs warmoadgenda aSS-s ekonomika mravali sxva krizisisgan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic, ZiriTadad, vrceldeboda naklebad msxvil qveynebze da ar
iwvevda Zalian seriozul Sedegebs msoflio ekonomikisTvis. meore, orive
SemTxvevaSi finansur kriziss win uswrebda sakredito bumis periodebi, romelTac
Tan sdevda finansuri inovaciebi: 1920-an wlebsa da 2004_2007 wlebSi.
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ganxilul msoflio krizisebs Soris isaa, rom 1930-
an wlebSi proteqcionizmis zrdis, satarifo omebisa da msoflios umsxviles
qveynebs Soris politikuri konfliqtebis gamo ar arsebobda saerTaSoriso
TanamSromloba krizisis daZlevaSi, maSin, roca 2008 wels saerTaSoriso
gaerTianeba (sazogadoeba) gaerTianda SeTanxmebuli zomebis misaRebad, ramac
asaxva hpova araformaluri saerTaSoriso organizaciis `jgufi ocis~ SeqmnaSi,
romelmac gaaerTiana msoflios 20 umsxvilesi saxelmwifo.
kidev erTi gansxvaveba _ esaa ekonomikis saswrafo aqtiuri mxardaWera
saxelmwifos mxridan finansuri sistemebis likvidurobis uzrunvelyofiT. es
aisaxa, kerZod, imaSi, rom aSS-Si SeiniSneba fuladi masis swrafi zrda, maSin, roca
didi depresiis periodSi igi, piriqiT, mcirdeboda. didi depresiis adreul
etapebze sapasuxo anticiklur zomebs ar iRebdnen, xolo aSS-sa da sxva mraval
qveyanaSi makroekonomikuri zomebis uqonloba gaxda niSnadi faqtori, romelic
xels uwyobda globaluri depresiis gaRrmavebasa da gaxangrZlivebas. mxolod 1933
wlis damdegs f. ruzvelti Seudga antikrizisul zomaTa kompleqsis realizacias,
rasac SemdgomSi ewoda `axali kursi~.
2008 wels krizisis Sedegebis dasaZlevad msoflios mraval qveyanaSi
tardeboda farTomasStabiani zomebi: finansuri seqtoris uSualo mxardaWera
(magaliTad, kapitalis `gadasxma~, aqtivebis Sesyidva, saxelmwifo dakrediteba),
agreTve iseTi finansuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba, rogorebicaa: sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebi, deficituri dafinanseba finansuri krizisi daiwyo ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, Tumca, globaluri integraciis pirobebSi mravali arxiT igi gadavida
sxva qveynebSi. am krizisis Sedegebi gansakuTrebiT Zlier vlindeba formirebadi
bazrebis mqone qveynebSi. finansuri Zvrebis efeqtTa gadacemaSi gamoyofen, pirvel
yovlisa, zogads (saerTos) da meore, sxvadasxva qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebel
specifikur faqtorebs
saerTo faqtorebs aqvs globaluri xasiaTi, isini zemoqmedebas axdens yvela
qveyanaze, romlebic CarTulia globalur ekonomikaSi. es qveynebi aris rogorc
ganviTarebuli, ise formirebadi bazrebis mqone. maT exeba msoflio birJebze

278
fasebis, msoflio warmoebis moculobebis, msoflio saprocento ganakveTebis
cvlileba.
qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri faqtorebi ganapirobebs
gansxvavebas calkeul qveynebs Soris. gamoyofen arxebis or tips:
1) arxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia qveynis ekonomikis TaviseburebebTan;
2) savaWro da finansuri kavSirebi ganviTarebul qveynebTan.
konkretuli qveynebisTvis mowyvladobis specifikuri wyaroebi gare Sokebis
mimarT moicavs gadaxdisunarianobis da likvidurobis problemebs, sabanko
sistemebis sisustes da faqtorebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia ekonomikis
gaxsnilobasTan. isini zrdis midrekilebas krizisebisken, romlebic
dakavSirebulia kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraobasTan da savaluto
urTierTobebTan.
kavSiri ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebTan xels uwyobs finansuri
ryevebis gadacemas ori arxis _ savaWro da finansuri kavSiris meSveobiT.
finansuri stresi gadaecema savaWro kavSiris meSveobiT ganviTarebuli ekonomikis
mqone krizisul qveynebSi eqsportis Sekvecis Sedegad am qveynebSi moTxovnis
Semcirebis gamo. am kavSiris mniSvneloba formirebadi bazris mqone qveynisTvis
raodenobrivad izomeba misi eqsportis SefardebiT ganviTarebuli ekonomikis
mqone qveynebis erovnul mep-Tan: igi Seadgens formirebadi bazris qveynis mep-is
20%-s. am eqsportis TiTqmis naxevari modis aziis qveynebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki
CineTidan. finansuri kavSirebis meSveobiT uSualod gadaecema kapitalis ukudena,
romelic warmoiSoba investorebis iniciativiT ganviTarebuli ekonomikis
qveynebidan. finansuri ryevebis zrdas xels uwyobs zarali, romelsac ganicdian
investorebi formirebadi bazrebis qveynebidan; investorebisa, romelTac TavianTi
saxsrebi Cades iseT ganviTarebul qveynebSi, romlebic finansur kriziss ganicdian.
saerTaSoriso saqmiani cikli _ es ara marto vaWrobis da produqciis zrda
da Semcirebaa, is agreTve moicavs cvlilebebs erovnul ekonomikaTa struqturasa
da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis, warmoebis, finansebis da ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi.
im dros, roca saqmiani cikli erovnul ekonomikaSi iwvevs Sromis, kapitalis da
sxva resursebis seqtorebs Soris ganawilebaSi cvlilebebs, amcirebs ra siWarbes,
araefeqtian gamoyenebasa da disbalansebs, saqmian cikls msoflio meurneobaSi
SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi qveynebis SedarebiT upiratesobebSi
saerTaSoriso nakadebis da balansebis SecvliT. amis Sedegad zogierTi qveyana
zrdis Tavis wils globalur bazrebze, maSin, roca sxva qveynebis wili SeiZleba
Semcirdes.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan:

jon meinard keinzi (1883-1946)

msoflio aRiareba keins moutana misma akademiurma naSromma – “procentis,

dasaqmebisa da fulis zogadi Teoria”, romelic dRis sinaTleze gamovida 1936 w.
me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi milionobiT adamiani darCa umuSevari amerikasa
da evropaSi, sawarmoebi gaCerdnen, realuri Semosavlebis dacemis gamo xalxs ar
SeeZlo eyida aucilebeli produqtebi. amis safuZvelze keinsi mivida im daskvnamde,
rom misi Tanamedrove ekonomika wonasworobaSi imyofeba, magram resursebis a-
rasruli gamoyenebis (dasaqmebis) pirobebSi; sabazro meqanizms ar SeeZlo mokle-

279
vadian periodSi ekonomikis gamoyvana am mdgomareobidan. es saxelmwifos funqcia
unda gamxdariyo.
keinsis Teoriis safuZvelia erToblivi moTxovnis cneba. misi SenarCuneba sa-
Wiroa im donemde, romelic srul dasaqmebebs uzrunvelyofs. Tu erToblivi
moTxovna am doneze qvemoT daeca, maSin aRmocendeba umuSevroba, xolo Tu am do-
nes gadaaWarbebs, maSin inflacia gaizrdeba. amitom saxelmwifos amocanaa resurse-
bis arasruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi stimuli misces erTobliv moTxovnas yvela Se-
saZlebeli saSualebiT – TviT piramidebis mSeneblobisaTvis sazogadoebrivi Sro-
mis organizaciamdec ki.
Tavis ZiriTad naSromSi “dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoria”
(1936) keinzma SemogvTavaza ekonomikuri Teoriis kardinalurad axali koncefcia
da ena. misma ekonomikurma Teoriam saSualeba mogvca dasaqmeba, bankis procenti,
danazogi da mep-s done dagvekavSirebina erTian, sakmaod mtkice modelad. man Semo-
iRo moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midrekilebis cneba da Teoriulad daafuZna multi-
plikaciuri efeqti “Semosavlebis gamravlebisa”. misi arsi SemdgomSia. roca raime
mizeziT iwyeba krizisi, warmoeba ecema. muSebi Rebuloben cota fuls da amcireben
moxmarebas. moxmarebis simcires mivyavarT warmoebis axal SemcirebasTan da a.S.
krizisi mZafrdeba.
keizma SemogvTavaza axali, revoluciuri meTodi krizisidan gamosasvlelad,
romelic dafuZnebulia ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebaze. kerZod, keinsis Te-
oriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom krizisis momentSi unda gaafarTovos sakuTari
moTxovna saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. Suagul krizisSi man unda daiwyos farTo
masStabiani samuSaoebi, vTqvaT, gzaTa mSenebloba. maSin krizisis spirali daiwyebs
gaSlas uku mimarTulebiT: sazogadoebriv samuSaoze miRebuli muSebi daiwyeben
xelfasis miRebas Þisini SeZleben TavianTi moxmarebis, da Sesabamisad, saqonelsa
da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis gazrdas Þ moTxovnas gamoexmaurebian mewarmeni da ga-
zrdian produqciis gamoSvebas Þ amisaTvis isini daiqiraveben axal muSebs, romel-
Ta Semosavlebi kvlav wava moxmarebaze Þ moTxovnis gafarToeba migviyvans
warmoebis zrdamde Þ daiwyeba ekonomikuri aRmavloba. aRmoCnda, rom saxelmwifos
Tavdapirvel danaxarjebs mivyavarT masTan SedarebiT mravalgzis multiplikaci-
urad did ekonomikur zrdasTan mTeli qveynis masStabiT. es efeqti brwyinvaled
iqna aprobirebuli praqtikaSi. ruzveltis axali kursis realizaciisas mniS-
vneloivnad iqna gafarToebuli saxelmwifo investiciebis moculoba sazogado-
ebrivi samuSaoebis Catarebaze (gzaTa mSenebloba da a.S.) aman, sxva saxelmwifo re-
gulirebis zomebTan erTad, swrafad gamoacocxla qveynis ekonomika da gamoiyvana
igi “didi depresiidan”.
keinzi ar iTvleboda kabinetis mecnierad. is iyo erT-erTi iniciatori bre-
ton-vudsis konferenciaze saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis Seqmnisa (ssf) da
msoflio bankisa. sxvaTa Soris, keinsma Tavad SeZlo moego birJaze 2 mln. dolari.
keinzis Semdeg mTeli ekonomikuri mecniereba gadavida erTnair enaze, sadac
yvela ZiriTadi kategoria gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. es ena gaxda saerTo
yvela ekonomistisaTvis, maT Soris, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri skolebisaTvis,
280
romelTac sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi hqondaT. magaliTad, swored am gagebiT
ganacxada cnobilma monetaristma m. fridmanma: “axla Cven yvela keinsianelebi
varT”. keinzis mier SemoTavazebulma midgomam moipova sayovelTao aRiareba, ra-
mac saSualeba misca keinsianel f. modilianis eTqva, rom “ar arsebobs seriozuli
analitikuri gansxvavebani wamyvan monetaristebsa da wamyvan aramonetaristebs
Soris”. keinzma gaafarTova maTematikuri mikrodonis sfero, riTac ZiriTadad
operirebda marJinalisturi Teoria, makrodonemde.

danarTi a

ekonomikuri zrdis sazomebi

mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (meS-i/GNI) qveynis ekonomikis yvelaze farTo

sazomia. is zomavs sqonlisa da momsaxurebis jamur Rirebulebas qveynis Sida
ekonomikaSi sxva qveynebidan miRebul SemosavalTan (ZiriTadad, procenti da
dividendebi) erTad. magaliTad, samxreT koreasa da iaponiaSi damzadebuli
Samsung-is televizoris Rirebuleba aRiricxeba samxreT koreis mTlian erovnul
SemosavalSi. analogiurad, Sony-s resursebis gamoyenebiT, samxreT koreaSi
damzadebuli Sony-s televizoris Rirebuleba aRiricxeba iaponiis mTlian erovnul
SemosavalSi. sabolood, Tu Samsung-is iaponuri filiali axorcielebs mogebis
repatriacias seulis saTao ofisebSi, is zrdis samxreT koreis mTlian erovnul
Semosavals. cxrili 4.4 gviCvenebs mTliani erovnuli Semosavlis maCveneblis
mixedviT msoflioSi 15 yvelaze did ekonomikas.
mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep-i/GNP) mocemul weliwadSi saxelmwifos
farglebSi warmoebuli dasrulebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebaa,
romelsac unda mivumatoT sazRvargareT misi moqalaqeebis mier gamomuSavebuli
Semosavali da gamovakloT ucxoelebis mier adgilobrivi warmoebidan miRebuli
Semosavali. konceptualurad, msoflios mTliani erovnuli produqti da
msoflios mTliani erovnuli Semosavali erTmaneTis tolia. Tumca, maTi odnav
gansxvavebuli gaangariSeba zogjer qveynis doneebSi gansxvavebas iZleva. aqedan
gamomdinare, menejerebi damatebiT amowmeben TavianT analizs: iTvaliswineben
konkretuli qveynis sazomisa da maxasiaTeblebis savaraudo cvlas

281
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis farglebSi, adgilobrivi Tu ucxouri kompaniebis
mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo Rirebuleba warmoadgens
mTlian Sida produqts (mSp). is mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia im qveynebis
SefasebisaTvis, romelTa multinacionaluri seqtoris nawarmi ekonomikuri
aqtivobis mniSvnelovani wilia. magaliTad, irlandiuri eqsportis TiTqmis 90 %
damzadebulia ucxouri firmebis mier da mSp-i, ufro zustad zomavs mas, vidre mep-i.
teqnikurad, mSp-s damatebuli eqsportisgan, importisa da saxelmwifo kompaniebis
saerTaSoriso operaciebisgan miRebuli Semosavali udris mep-s. maSasadame,
Samsung-isa da Sony-s is televizorebi, romlebic samxreT koreaSia damzadebuli,
aisaxeba samxreT koreis mSp-Si, magram Samsung-is mier iaponiaSi damzadebuli
televizorebi - ara.

analizis gaumjobeseba
meS-iT xdeba ekonomikis absoluturi Sefaseba. qveynebis Sedarebis dros am
maCvenebelma, SesaZloa, menejerebi SecdomaSi Seiyvanos. magaliTad, roca meS-is
mixedviT xdeba maTi klasifikacia, aSS, iaponia da germania mudmivad maRal
reitingebs aCveneben. zogierTma, SeiZleba, SecdomiT ivaraudos, rom isini aseve
metad produqtulni da swrafad mzardni arian, vidre dabali reitingis mqone
qveynebi. xSirad realoba sapirispiroa. menejerebi analizis procesSi, meS-Tan
erTad, ekonomikur zrdis, mosaxleobis ricxovnebisa da adgilobrivi valutis
kursis maCveneblebsac iTvaliswineben.
ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli. Semosavlis maCveneblebi qveynis mier erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli saqmianobis mokle Sejamebaa. isini ar zomaven
cvlilebebs sxva indikatorSi. momavlis prognozirebisTvis damatebiT aucileblia
ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblis dadgena. qveynebze dakvirveba, maTi ekonomikuri
zrdis maCveneblis mixedviT, vrceli analizisaTvis farTo areals gvitovebs.
magaliTad, 2000-2008 wlebSi CineTis ekonomikuri zrda weliwadSi 11 %-s Seadgenda.
imave periodis ganmavlobaSi iaponiam 1.2 %-ian zrdas miaRwia. sqema 4.7 gviCvenebs
sxvadasxva ganviTarebadi da ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mSp-is zrdis realur
maCveneblebs.
nominaluri mSp-i wlidan wlamde izrdeba nawilobriv imitom, rom qveyana
awarmoebs met saqonelsa da momsaxurebas an imitom, rom izrdeba fasebi. realuri
282
mSp-i ugulebelyofs fasis gavlenas ekonomikur zrdaze, raTa gviCvenos
warmoebaSi arsebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis faqtiuri wliuri zrda. am
maCveneblis analizi gviCvenebs, rom bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana ufro swrafad
izrdeba, vidre ganviTarebuli.

mSp-s realuri zrdis maCvenebeli

mSp-s zrdis maCvenebeli miuTiTebs qveynis ekonomikur potencialze: Tu is

mosaxleobaze swrafad (an nela) izrdeba, qveynis cxovrebis standartebic izrdeba
(an klebulobs).51 is aseve miuTiTebs biznesSesaZleblobebze. magaliTad, bolo 30
wlis ganmavlobaSi CineTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomikaa. istoriulad es
qveyana siRaribidan yvelaze swrafad da masStaburad gamovida. CineTis meS-i 2000
wels Tu 1.68 trilion dolars Seadgenda, 2010 wels is ukve 5.700 trilionia.
Semosavlis zrdam momxmareblis moTxovnis zrdac gamoiwvia da, Sesabamisad,
moizida ucxouri investiciebi.
mosaxleoba. bevri sxva ekonomikuri indikatoris msgavsad, menejerebi axdenen
meS-is koreqtirebas qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT.52 es cvlileba
Seesabameba saR azrs, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens meS-ze
msoflios 6,967,367,182-iani mosaxleobis (2011 wlis monacemebiT) ganawileba
qveynebis mixedviT (anu, CineTi 1.34 miliardi mosaxleobidan, pitkernis kunZulis
50–kacian mosaxleobamde). maSasadame, meS-is mosaxleobis mixedviT regulireba
azustebs am maCvenebels.
absolutur erTeulebSi meS-i, SesaZloa, dabali iyos. aviRoT monakos
magaliTi, romelic 33,000 moqalaqiT msoflios yvelaze mcire zomis ekonomikaTa
ricxvs miakuTvneba, Tumca, 2009 wels monako pirvel adgilze iyo msoflioSi erT
sul mosaxleze meS-s mixedviT ($203,900 ), amasTan SedarebiT, aSS 18-ze ($46,360),
iaponia - 32-ze ($38,080), brazilia 84-ze ($8,040), CineTi 125-esa (3,650) da indoeTi 154-
ze ($1,180). 2010 wels erT sul mosaxleze meS-i iyo $9,097, 2007 wels - $7,995, 2005
wels - $7,011 da 2003 wels - $5,500.
maRali Semosavlis mqone qveynebi Tavmoyrilia msoflios ramdenime
regionSi. isini Seadgens msoflios mosaxleobis 15 %-s, xolo globaluri meS-is 70
%-ze mets. maTSi saSualo meS-i Seadgens aTas dolarze mets erT sul mosaxleze.
283
dabali Semosavlis mqone qveynebi Seadgenen msoflio mosaxleobis did, magram
msoflios meS-is mcire nawils. maTSi saSualo meS-i erT sul mosaxleze aTas
dolarze naklebia.
meS-i erT sul mosaxleze gviCvenebs mis moculobas mosaxleobis ricxovnobis
gaTvaliswinebiT. qveynis meS-i, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos, rodesac
viTvaliswinebT mosaxleobas. magaliTad, CineTi meS-is mixedviT, msoflios meore
yvelaze didi ekonomikaa. amasTan, misi uzarmazari mosaxleobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
erT sul mosaxleze meS-is mixedviT, CineTi saSualoze dabali Semosavlis mqone
qveyanaa.
msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti. mxolod erT sul mosaxleze meS-is
gamoTvliT ar xdeba erTi qveynis cxovrebis donis meoris donesTan Sedareba.
piriqiT, rom aviRoT mineapolissa da mumbaiSi erTi dolari, vnaxavT, rom maT
msgavsi msyidvelobiTi unari aqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovrebis Rirebuleba
aSS-sa da indoeTSi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, erT sul
mosaxleze meS-i ver mogvcems informacias imis Sesaxeb, ra raodenobis saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis yidva SeuZlia erTi qveynis Semosavlis erT erTeuls sxva qveynis
Semosavlis erT erTeulTan SedarebiT. maSasadame, menejerebi aregulireben meS-s
adgilobriv da ucxour bazarze erTi qveynis valutis erTeulis msyidvelobiTi
unaris paritetis (PPP) mixedviT. ZiriTadad, is gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas,
ganvsazRvroT, ramden „wvrilmans“ SevisyidiT ucxoeTSi, konkretuli qveynis erTi
dolariT.
Cven vaxorcielebT PPP-s gamoTvlas qveynebs Soris saqonlisa (mag., saponi da
puri) da momsaxurebis (mag., telefoni da eleqtroenergia) universaluri
„kalaTis“ RirebulebiT, romlis Sesyidvac SesaZlebelia qveynis valutis erTi
erTeuliT. magaliTad, indoeTSi 49.16 rupiad Rirebuli erTi puri, aSS-Si unda
Rirdes 1 amerikuli dolari, indoeTsa da aSS-s Soris gacvliTi kursis
gaTvaliswinebiT - 49.16 induri rupia = 1 amerikul dolars.
cxrili 4.5 gviCvenebs PPP-s qveynebis mixedviT. maSasadame, cxrili 4.4-Si
naCvenebi qveynis reitingebi meS-is mixedviT icvleba. magaliTad, CineTi, indoeTi,
ruseTi, meqsika da kanada maRla inacvleben, iaponia, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi
da italia ki - dabla. aSS-sa da indoeTis Sedarebas rom gadavxedoT, aRmovaCenT,
rom indoeTis meS-i erT sul mosaxleze 2009 wels aris $1,180, magram, roca is

284
morgebulia adgilobriv msyidvelobiT unarze, izrdeba $3,250-mde.55 sapirispiro
xdeba im qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac cxovrebis ZviradRirebuli standartebi
aqvT, magaliTad, monako. misi meS-i erT sul mosaxleze $203,900-dan $131,694-mde
ecema maSin, rodesac is morgebulia im Semcirebul msyidvelobiT unarze, romelic
valutis erT erTeuls aqvs maRali fasebis mqone monakoSi. ruka 4.4 gviCvenebs
qveynebis PPP erT sul mosaxleze meS-is mixedviT.
Sesrulebisa da potencialis farTo koncefciebi
mTliani erovnuli Semosavlis sazomebi gviCvenebs monetarul erTianobas.
Sedegad, meS-i, mep-i da mSp-i, da, maTTan erTad, zrdis, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da
cxovrebis Rirebulebis maCveneblebi nawilobriv asaxavs qveynis ekonomikur
potencials. menejerebi am analizs amdidreben ekonomikis mdgradobisa da
stabilurobis SefasebiT.
mdgradoba. msoflios ekologiur keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxe
moiTxovs zrdis mwvane sazomebs, rac fuladi agregatebis viwro sazomebs
scildeba. mwvane ekonomika gulisxmobs, rom TiToeuli qveyana bunebis Semadgeneli
nawilia da maszea damokidebuli. bazris saqmianobis monetaruli raodenobis
gazomva, masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri da ekologiuri xarjebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, mcdar warmodgenas Segviqmnis.
aqedan gamomdinare, viwro indikatorebi, kerZod meS-i, mep-i da mSp, mxolod
nawilobriv warmoadgens qveynis grZelvadian potencials. metic, mdgradi
ganviTareba moiTxovs iseT ekonomikur saqmianobas, romelic akmayofilebs awmyos
moTxovnilebebs ise, rom angariSs ar uwevs momavli Taobebis SesaZleblobebs,
romlebsac sakuTari moTxovnilebebi eqnebaT.57 amgvarad, ekonomikis ukeT
Sefasebis mizniT, is gulisxmobs mogebisa da zrdis xarjebis ufro vrcel
aRricxvas.
amJamad mdgradobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs konsesusi im
problemis irgvliv, Tu rogor unda moxdes meS-i, mep-is an mSp-is „gamwvaneba“. aq
gamoiyeneba iseTi maCveneblebi, rogorebicaa:
• wminda erovnuli produqti (NNP): moiTxovs meS-is zrdiT gamowveuli
bunebrivi resursebis gamolevisa da garemos degradaciis Sefasebas.
• progresis realuri indikatori (GPI): am maCveneblis gaangariSeba iwyeba
imave meTodologiiT, romelic gamoiyeneba mSp-s gamosaTvlelad, magram Semdeg

285
xdeba misi koreqtireba garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli xarisxiT, mosaxleobis
janmrTelobiT, saarsebo wyaros usafrTxoebiT, miukerZoeblobiT, Tavisufali
droiTa da saganmanaTleblo miRweviT.
• adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi (HDI): adamianis ganviTarebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ar Cans Semosavlebis an zrdis maCveneblebSi. isini
gviCvenebs, rom ekonomika umjobesdeba adamianuri pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan
erTad. amgvarad, qveyanaSi fizikuri, inteleqtualuri da socialuri standartebis
TvalsazrisiT adamianis ganviTarebis xarisxis Sefaseba (qveynis cxovrebis mTlian
xarisxis maCvenebelTan erTad), menejerebs exmareba, Seafason sabazro potenciali.
gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi maCveneblebi,
rogorebicaa: sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, ganaTleba, cxovrebis standarti, rac
izomeba PPP-iT aSS dolarSi erT sul mosaxleze meS-is mixedviT.

stabiluroba. ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi politikosebi fiqrobdnen

monetaruli maCveneblebis, rogorc ekonomikuri zrdis sazomebis, paradoqsze.
kerZod, mdidar qveynebSi, Rarib qveynebTan SedarebiT, xalxi ar Cans ufro
bednieri. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad gaizarda Semosavali, rogorc wesi,
xalxis bednierebaze es naklebad aisaxeba. metic, bednierebis Sesaxeb axlad
aRmocenebuli mecniereba amtkicebs, rom piradi kmayofilebis TiTqmis 70 %
adamianuri urTierTobebis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT ganisazRvreba da ara –
ekonomikuri nawarmiT, an simdidris SeqmniT.61 aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs
mosazreba, rom meS-i da misi ganStoebebi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mcdaria, xolo
uares SemTxvevaSi - arasrulyofili.
„bednierebis ekonomika“ gulisxmobs „finansuri keTildReobis koncefciidan
emociuri keTildReobis koncefciaze“ gadasvlas.63 qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisa da
potencialis Sefaseba, finansuri maCveneblebis garda, erovnuli keTildReobis
gazomvazec aris damokidebuli. aseTi Sefasebisas unda gaiTvaliswinon
sazogadoebis bedniereba da cxovrebis pirobebiT xalxis kmayofileba. magaliTad,
monetaruli sazomebiT, aSS sakmaod uswrebs safrangeTsa da germanias. Tumca,
sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT, Tavisufali droiTa da Semosavlis TanasworobiT
safrangeTisa da germaniis cxovrebis standartebi aSS-s standartebs utoldeba.64
zogierTma, SesaZloa, Tqvas, rom bednierebis Taobaze usargeblo wuwuni

286
damabnevelia ekonomikuri analizisTvis. Tumca, ukmayofilo moqalaqeebi,
SesaZloa, samTavrobo politikis cvlilebis mTavari indikatorni iyvnen, es ki
cvlis ekonomikur garemos.
amJamad am tipis Sefaseba rTulia. bednierebis gansazRvra, silamazis
msgavsad, xSirad gemovnebis sakiTxia. iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa siyvaruli,
megobroba, ojaxuri kavSirebi da TviTrealizacia, rTulia gaiangariSo.
bednierebis labirinTebis mimarT yuradReba izrdeba da intuiciam naTeli unda
gaxados misi gazomva. am TvalsazrisiT, menejerebma, SesaZloa, gaiTvaliswinon
iseTi maCveneblebi, rogorebicaa:
• mTliani erovnuli bedniereba (GNH): progresuli sazogadoeba fiqrobs, rom
materialuri da sulieri paralelurad viTardeba. an erTi ganamtkicebs meores,
anda orive ganicdis warumateblobas. kargi mmarTvelobis sistemis SeqmniT,
kulturuli Rirebulebebis SenarCunebiT, bunebrivi garemos dacviT, GNH-i zomavs
qveynis unars, raTa xeli Seuwyos miukerZoebel da mdgrad socialur-ekonomikur
ganviTarebas.
• bednieri planetis indeqsi (HPI): asaxavs utilitaristul Sexedulebas,
romlis mixedviTac xalxis umetesobas surs xangrZlivi, jansaRi da bednieri
cxovreba. maSasadame, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da potenciali
warmodgenilia imis mixedviT, rogor exmareba is moqalaqeebs, ar SezRudon
momavali Taobebisa da sxva qveyanaSi mcxovrebi xalxis SesaZleblobebi. am
maCveneblis mizania bednierebisa da janmrTelobis maqsimumamde zrda da ara -
fuladi simdidris miRweva.
ukeTesi cxovrebis indeqsi (YBLI): es indeqsi 11 indikatoriT zomavs cxovrebis
pirobebsa da keTildReobas. esenia: sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, Semosavali,
dasaqmeba, socialuri urTierTobebi, ganaTleba, garemo, instituciebis
administracia, janmrTeloba, zogadi kmayofileba, usafrTxoeba, samsaxursa da
ojaxs Soris balansi. is SemuSavebulia ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da
ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) mier. rogorc OECD-I ganmartavs, YBLI biZgs
aZlevs „codnisa da gaazrebis sazRvrebs axleburi da inovaciuri gziT... mas aqvs
gansakuTrebuli potenciali, dagvexmaros ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis ukeTesi
politikis uzrunvelyofaSi“.65 YBLI-s 10 yvelaze bednier qveynebSi Sedis dania,

287
kanada, norvegia, avstralia, niderlandebi, SvedeTi, Sveicaria, fineTi, israeli da
avstria.

danarTi b

Semosavlis ganawileba

Semosavlis ganawileba xSirad gansazRvravs bazris mdgomareobas da

potencials. maSinac ki, roca meS-i morgebulia mosaxleobis zomasa da
msyidvelobiT unarze, SesaZlebelia, is arasworad afasebdes saxelmwifos
moqalaqeebis SefardebiT simdidres. anu, meS-i erT sul mosaxleze asaxavs, ramdens
gamoimuSavebs saSualo piri, magram, radganac yvela ar aris saSualo, igi ver
gveubneba, mosaxleobis romel segmentSi midis Semosavlis nawili. magaliTad, aSS-
is meS-i aWarbebs $14 trilion dolars da is, am reitingiT, pirvel adgils ikavebs
sxva saxelmwifoebs Soris. 2010 wels misi meS-i erT sul mosaxleze STambeWdavi iyo
- $7,140.89 Tumca, es maCvenebeli naklebad STambeWdavi Cans, rodesac fasdeba misi
Semosavlis ganawileba. amJamad, amerikelebis yvelaze mdidari 1 % iRebs ufro met
Semosavals, vidre danarCeni 99 %. da es yvelaze farTo bazaria bolo 70
weliwadSi. zeda 1 % flobs yvela kerZo mflobelobaSi myofi maragis 37 %-s,
finansuri garantiebis 65 %-s da biznesis 62 %-s.90 amerikelebis zeda 10 % flobs
fondebis, obligaciebis, satrasto fondebisa da biznesis wilis 65-dan 90 %-mde da
uZravi qonebis 75 %-ze mets. faqtiurad, amerikeli moqalaqeebis, daaxloebiT, 10 %
„flobs“ qveyanas. 91 aSS araa gamonaklisi. aTobiT qveyana Semosavlis ganawilebis
msgavs situacias avlens.
uTanasworoba msoflio masStabiT izrdeba. 1960 wels msoflios mosaxleobis
yvelaze mdidarTa 20 %-s hqonda 30-jer meti Semosavali, vidre sxva fenas. 1970
wels Semosavalma 32 %-s miaRwia, 1980 wels - 45%-s, 1990 wels - 60%-s da 2000 wels -
75%-s. garda amisa, yvelaze mdidari 1 % moiTxovs imdenives, rasac qveda fenis 57 %.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, msoflioSi 50 milioni yvelaze mdidari iRebs imdenive
Semosavals, ramdensac 3.8 miliardi yvelaze Raribi adamiani. saSualod, yvelaze
mdidari mosaxleobis 10 %-is Semosavali umetesi qveynis yvelaze Raribi xalxis
10%-is Semosavals cxrajer aRemateba. didi sxvaoba fiqsirdeba israelSi,
TurqeTSi, aSS-Si, Cilesa da meqsikaSi.
upiratesobebi da xarjebi. sasargebloa Semosavlis zogierTi uTanasworoba,
gasamrjelos, niWsa da inovaciasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca, gavrcelebuli
uTanasworoba safrTxis qveS ayenebs stabilurobas, rac xels uwyobs zrdas,
ramdenadac is „iwvevs daZabulobas, xolo es asustebs socialur struqturas“.93
qveynebs, romlebic metad uTanasworoni arian, aqvT uaresi socialuri
indikatorebi, susti ganviTareba da usafrTxoebis maRali albaToba. Semosavlis
mzardi uTanasworoba, warmatebul qalaqebsa da qalaqgareT Rarib teritoriebs
Soris, safrTxes uqmnis socialur stabilurobas da ekonomikur zrdas.94

288
magaliTad, CineTis miswrafeba „harmoniuli sazogadoebis“ Seqmnisaken, asaxavs
CineTis komunisturi partiis SiSs Semosavlis mzard uTanasworobasTan
dakavSirebiT, romliTac xasiaTdeba sanapiro xazze mcxovrebi 800 milioni
mosaxleoba da qveynis Sida nawilSi mcxovreb 500 milioni adamiani.95
SesaZlebelia, dainaxoT Lexus-is, Lamborgini-sa da Bently-s dilerebi SanxaiSi
maSin, roca CineTis soflebSi transportirebisTvis velosipedebsa da cxovelebs
iyeneben.
gavrcelebul uTanasworobas, sabolood, gamanadgurebeli Sedegi mosdevs,
maT Soris, SesaZleblobebis SezRudva, resursebis ukmarisoba da gadaWarbebuli
individualizmi.96 sabolood, Semosavlis uTanasworoba Zirs uTxris qveynis
identobis SegrZnebas: usamarTloba mis produqtul potencials amcirebs.
magaliTad, xalxi, romlis Semosavali aSS-Si $20,000-ze naklebia, ufro metad
kargavs ndobas Tavisufali bazris mimarT. 2009 da 2010 wlebs Soris Tavisufali
bazris mxardaWera 76 %-dan 44 %-mde daeca.
jinis indeqsi. jinis indeqsiT menejerebi qveynis Semosavlis ganawilebaSi
uTanasworobis xarisxs afaseben. nuli qula gulisxmobs idealur Tanasworobas
(anu, yvelas erTnairi Semosavali aqvs). erTi qula aRniSnavs arasrulyofil
uTanasworobas (anu, erT pirovnebas aqvs mTeli Semosavali). jinis indeqss
dReisaTvis procentebis msgavsad iTvlian (0-idan 100-mde). qveynebis umetesoba 25 da
60 %-s Sorisaa. jinis indeqsi varaudobs, rom qveyanaSi arsebobs Semosavlis
zomieri xarisxi. rac ufro maRalia jinis indeqsi, miT metia Semosavlebis
ganawilebis uTanabroba sazogadoebaSi da piriqiT. Tu ase araa, maSin is
nawilobriv warmoadgens Semosavlis ganawilebis maCvenebels. am Secdomis
koreqtireba SesaZlebelia siRaribis masStabisa da moculobis SefasebiT.
ganvixiloT indoeTi. mas aqvs jinis indeqsis 36.8 % (SvedeTSi - 23%, iaponiaSi
- 38.1%, aSS-Si - 41.5%, CineTSi - 45% da braziliaSi - 56.7%). indoeTis qula ar
asaxavs Tanasworobis idealebs. is warmoadgens savalalo faqts, rom indoelebis
umetesoba Raribia: misi mosaxleobis 80 % dReSi $2-ze naklebs gamoimuSavebs.98
amgvarad, Semosavali, SesaZlebelia, ganawildes Tanabrad, SefardebiT safuZvelze,
magram Zalian mcirea imis SesaZlebloba, rom is absoluturi TvalsazrisiT
ganawildes.
siRaribe. siRaribe mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli. Semosavlisa da
simdidris Sesaxeb pirobebisa da garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, menejerebi zustad
aregulireben TavianT kvlevebs. siRaribe mravalganzomilebiani sididea,
romelSic aisaxeba, rom adamiani an sazogadoeba ganicdis keTildReobis cxovrebis
minimaluri standartebisTvis aucilebeli moxmarebis sagnebis naklebobas.99 es
aucilebeli moxmarebis sagnebi, SesaZlebelia, iyos cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli
resursebi: sakvebi, sufTa wyali da TavSesafari. SesaZlebelia, es iyos socialuri
resursebi: informaciis miReba, ganaTleba da jandacva; SesaZlebelia, iyos
ojaxebisa da naTesavebis SenarCunebis saSualebebi an sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad
xalxTan kavSiri.

289
 msoflio bankis mixedviT, ukiduresad gaWirvebulTa saarsebo minimumi dReSi
$1.25-ze naklebi (PPP). saSualod Raribni dReSi $2-ze naklebs (PPP)-s gamoimuSaveben.
daaxloebiT 1.5 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs ukidures siRaribeSi.100 dRes,
msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 80 % Raribia, 10 % saSualo Semosavlis mqonea
da 10 % - mdidari. Semosavlis uTanasworoba bolodroindeli fenomenia, xolo
farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribe - ara.
siRaribis gavrceleba. siRaribe msoflio masStabiT izrdeba. marTalia, 1990
wlidan ukidures siRaribeSi myofi xalxis raodenoba, daaxloebiT, 200 milioniT
Semcirda, Tumca es Semcireba, ZiriTadad, erT qveyanaSia koncentrirebuli. am
CamonaTvalidan CineTi rom gamovricxoT, gamovlindeba, rom ganviTarebad
msoflioSi Raribi xalxis raodenoba mudmivi rCeba, 1981 da 2005 wlebs Soris es
maCvenebeli, daaxloebiT, 1.2 miliardia. globalurma finansurma krizisma safrTxe
Seuqmna bevrad mets, vidre Cven gvgonia. zogierTma krizisi aRiqva 200 milioni
adamianisTvis siRaribis momtan movlenad.102 amJamad, sakvebze fasebis zrda
milionobiT adamianze mets agdebs safrTxeSi.
Sedegebi. siRaribe ayalibebs ekonomikur garemos. xalxi ibrZvis sakvebisTvis,
TavSesafrisTvis, CasacmelisTvis, sufTa wylisa da jandacvis momsaxurebebisTvis,
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, usafrTxoebaze, daculobasa da ganaTlebaze. maTi
ararseboba iwvevs sakvebis naklebobas, fsiqikur aSlilobas, sikvdilianobas,
epidemias, SimSils da oms. magaliTad, kanadelebis 100 %-isTvis xelmisawvdomia
sufTa wyali, xolo avRaneTSi - mxolod 13 %-isTvis; aSS-Si erT sul mosaxleze
sakvebis proteinis miwodeba 121 gramia im dros, rodesac mozambikSi – 32 grami;
iaponiaSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba saSualod 83 welia, xolo
svazilendSi - 32 weli.
biznesaqtivobisa da ekonomikuri progresis zrda sabolood damokidebulia
siRaribis Semcirebaze. ekonomikebi, romlebic ukidures siRaribes ganicdian,
multinacionaluri sawarmoebisgan moiTxoven ekonomikis bevri araseriozulad
CaTvlili aspeqtis xelaxla gadafasebas. SesaZlebelia, sabazro sistemebi ar
arsebobdes, ar muSaobdes erovnuli infrastruqtura, gavrcelebuli iyos
danaSauli da mTavrobebi ibrZodnen sazogadoebis regulirebisTvis mudmivad an
windaxeduli ekonomikuri politikis misaRebad.
Raribebis potenciali. menejerebi Tvalyurs adevneben dRevandeli Raribebis
potencials. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom indoelebis 80 % Raribia, 2002 wels
indoeTs 15 milionze naklebi mobiluri telefonis momxmarebeli hyavda, 2006 wels
ki - 136 milioni, 2011 wlisTvis am ricxvma 700 milions miaRwia. Tumca, dRes induri
kompaniebi msoflioSi yvelaze iaf mobilur momsaxurebas gvTavazoben da mainc
gamoimuSaveben mogebas. bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi indoeTi da CineTi (am
ukanasknelis mobilur momsaxurebas 800 milionze meti momxmarebeli hyavs)
usadeno qselebis momxmareblis msoflios naxevarze mets Seadgens. aseTive
winsvlaa kompiuterebTan (mag., bavSvebisTvis dabali Rirebulebis leptopebis XO-1
programebi), avtomobilebTan (funqciuri avtomanqanebis Seqmna, kerZod, Tata‟s Nano,
romelic 2,900 dolari Rirs) da gansaxlebasTan (Idealab‟s programa, romelic
290
uzrunvelyofs funqciur saxlebs 2,500 dolarad) dakavSirebiT. es miuTiTebs
siRaribis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad kompaniebis axal midgomebze. erT-
erTma menejerma aRniSna, rom „msoflioSi miliardi momxmarebeli elodeba 2–
dolarian saTvales, 10–dolarian mzis farans da 100–dolarian saxls“.
am perspeqtivas gadaaqvs menejerebis yuradReba fenomenze, romelsac
piramidis safuZveli (Base of the Pyramid) hqvia. miliardobiT Raribi adamiani,
romlebic aRqmulni arian, rogorc miuwvdomelni da ararentabelurni, albaT
mainc warmoadgenen momavlis globaluri ekonomikis sabazro zRvars.106 es
daaxloebiT 2.5 miliardi adamiania, romelTa saarsebo minimumi dReSi 2.5 dolarze
naklebia. es maCvenebeli miuTiTebs maT potencialze. magaliTad, xalxs, romelic
gamoimuSavebda $8-s dReSi, 2011 wels hqonda TiTqmis $3 trilioni mTliani
Semosavali. Tu zrdis tempi uryevi iqneba, 2015 wlisTvis isini gamoimuSaveben $4
trilions yovelwliurad.
axalbeda ekonomikebis Semosavlis zrdis daCqareba bevr dRevandel Rarib
qveyanas mzard saSualo klasSi gadaiyvans.107 amJamad, aTeulobiT axlad
aRmocenebul ekonomikaSi saSualo klasi moicavs, daaxloebiT, or miliard
adamians, romlebic koleqtiurad xarjaven $6.9 trilions weliwadSi. momdevno
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi maTi wliuri xarji gaizrdeba $20 trilionamde - orjer
meti aSS-s mimdinare moxmarebaze. 2030 wlisTvis globaluri saSualo klasSi iqneba
5 miliardi adamiani. es iqneba talRa, romelic industriuli revoluciis Semdeg
uxilavi iyo da romelic xelaxla Camoayalibebs bazrebs mTel msoflioSi.
warmatebis standartebi. radganac msoflio Raribebis umetesi nawili
saSualo klasSi gadadis, Base of the Pyramid-is konturebi icvleba. es mravalwliani
procesi uzarmazar SesaZleblobebs qmnis. Base of the Pyramid-isTvis momsaxurebis
gawevas ori winapiroba aqvs. pirveli: SesaZleblobis „danaxva“ moiTxovs sabazro
iniciatorebs, romlebsac konkretuli damokidebulebebi aqvT. ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT, „rodesac vuyurebT wamyvani globalizatorebis warmatebul istoriebs,
vxedavT kompaniebs, romelebmac iswavles brbosgan gansxvavebulad fiqri. isini
eZeben gansxvavebul informacias, mas gansxvavebulad amuSaveben, gamoaqvT
gansxvavebuli daskvnebi da iReben gansxvavebul gadawyvetilebebs. sadac sxvebi
safrTxesa da sirTules xedaven, isini amas SesaZleblobad aRiqvamen. imas, rasac
sxvebi mousavlian landSafts uwodeben, isini alternativebis siuxved aRiqvamen.“
meore mimarTulebaa iolad gamosayenebeli, ekologiurad mgrZnobiare
produqtebis Seqmna, romlebic imuSaveben rTul garemoSi. magaliTad, Nokia,
Samsung-i da Motorola gvTavazoben telefonebs, daluquli damcavebiT (wylis da
WuWygamZle), 400 saaTiani sarezervo droiT erT damuxtul elementze da did
ekranebs, romlebic areklil sinaTleze muSaoben, Sida naTura specialurad
teqsturi SetyobinebebisTvisaa. keniis kompania Safaricom-m es teqnologiebi ufro
maRal doneze aiyvana: igi Soreul adgilebSi (romlebic ganicdian fulis
gadacvlis naklebobas) mobiluri telefoniT fulis gadaricxvebis iniciatoria.
adgilobriv doneze, msgavsi iniciativebis safuZvelze, Seiqmna Tixis macivari
(romelic ar iyenebs eleqtroenergias, Tumca inaxavs bostneuls ramdenime dRis
291
ganmavlobaSi) da arasayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis iaffasiani mtversasruti
(Sesasxurebeli xelsawyo, romelic motocikletze magrdeba).
es cvlilebebi mdidrebis wisqvilze asxmas wyals. multinacionaluri
sawarmoebi iaffasian inovaciebs im axal produqtebad aqceven, romlebic
dasavleTel momxmareblebs emsaxureba. Cinurma firmebma maRalfasiani, erTjeradi
gamoyenebis Wrilobis gasakeri Zafis nacvlad, SemoiRes mravaljeradi, aseve,
gulis stentebi, romlebic 40 %-iT iafia, vidre dasavleTSi.111 kompania GE-m
indoeTis soflebisTvis Seqmna dabalxarjiani eletqrokardiografiis danadgari.
Tavisi efeqtianobisa da xarisxis wualobiT is germaniisa da aSS-s bazrebzec
Sevida.
Base of the Pyramid-is standartebi dabalxarjiani, maRalefeqtiani,
resursdamzogveli, cxovrebis stilis mimarT mgrZnobiare inovaciebi, fasebis
mimarT mgrZnobiare momxmareblebs Soris, dasavlur bazrebze ufro da ufro
vrceldeba. bevr mdidar qveyanaSi siuxvis uaryofa da aRmavali mobilurobis
Seneleba Sedegad „axal Raribebs“ qmnis, kerZod, yofili saSualo klasis fenas,
romelsac SezRuduli biujeti aqvT. asketizmis sawyisi xana aSS-Si, irlandiaSi,
espaneTSi, inglisSi, saberZneTsa da sxva mdidar qveynebSi qmnis axal
SesaZleblobebs iaffasiani maRaziebisTvis. magaliTad, Walmart-i da Aldi, winaswar
gadaxdili momsaxurebis provaiderebisTvis: Leap Wireless-i, TracFone-i da axali
biznesdizainebisTvis: „erToblivi moxmareba“. es xalxs saSualebas aZlevs, ki ar
flobdnen, aramed iqiraon, rogorc es Zipcar-Si xdeba. sabolood, Base of the
Pyramid-i gacilebiT farTo da metad gavrcelebuli kompaniaa, vidre umetesobas
hgonia. iaffasiani inovaciebi, romlebic ganxorcielda iseT kompaniebSi,
rogorebicaa Aldi, Tata, Haier-i, Walmart-i, vrceldeba axal bazrebze drezdenSi,
deliSi, dunguansa da detroitSi.

wyaro: [9, me-4 Tavi]

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. ganmarteT ras ewodeba ekonomikuri zrda. daaxasiaTeT misi
eqstensiuri da intensiuri tipebi.
2. ekonomikuri zrdis neoklasikuri da neokeizianuri modelebi.
3. ekonomikuri zrdis winaaRmdegobebi.
4. ekonomikuri ciklis fazebi da misi mizezebi.
5. dasaqmebis ekonomikuri cneba da Sinaarsi.
6. daaxasiaTeT umuSevrobis tipebi.
7. keinzis ekonomikuri Teoria da misi ZiriTadi safuZvlebi.

292
 meToTxmete Tavi
sagareo vaWroba

dRes sxvadasxva qveynebis erovnuli ekonomikebi mWidrod arian

dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da qmnian erTian msoflio meurneobas.

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 sagareo vaWrobis “sazomebi.” ratom vaWroben qveynebi?
 resursebis araTanabari ganawileba. absoluturi upiratesoba sagareo
vaWrobaSi. SedarebiTi upiratesoba sagareo vaWrobaSi.
 politikuri faqtori sagareo vaWrobaSi. savaWro barierebi. sagareo
vaWrobis SezRudvis saxeebi. sagareo vaWrobaSi SezRudvebis arsebobis mizez-
ebi.
 ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia?
 saerTaSoriso dafinanseba
 savaluto kursi. rogor dgeba savaluto kursi. navTobdilerebi,
evrodolarebi da sxva evrovalutebi.
 ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriidan: deivid rikardo (1772-1823).
 sagadasaxdelo balansi

sagareo vaWrobis “”@”sazomebi””

mTlianad, qveynebs Soris saqonelgacvlis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba sxva,
ganzogadebuli maCveneblebi.
yvela saqoneli, romelic qveyanam mocemul wels Seisyida ucxoeTSi (maTi
Rirebuleba) iwodeba importad (Semotana). saqoneli, romelsac qveyana mihyidis
sxva qveynebs (maTi Rirebuleba) iwodeba eqsportad (gatana). sxvaoba eqsportsa da
imports Soris qmnis sagare vaWrobis saldos.
igi dadebiTia, roca eqsporti Warbobs importze, an uaryofiTi, Tu eqsporti
naklebia importze. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom sagareo vawrobis balan-
sSi Seqmnilia deficiti.
Semotanas da gatanas, cxadia, SeuZliaT erTmaneTis zustad gawonasworeba.
eqsportisa da importis jami qmnis sagarei vaWrobis brunvas.
eqsportis metoba importze eqsportiori qveynisaTvis niSnavs eep-is gazrdas,
da piriqiT, importis gazrda amcirebs eep-s da ekonomikaze mTlianad sawinaaRm-
dego zemoqmedebas axdens. eqsportisa da importis Rirebulebis eep-Tan (an eSp-Tan)
Sefardeba aris kidev erti mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs ara
marto sagareo vaWrobas, aramed qveynis ekonomikas mTlianad.

ratom vaWroben qveynebi?

am kiTxvaze pasuxs ekonomistebi didxans (saukuneebi) eZebdnen. yvelaze martivi
da damajerebeli pasuxi gasca mas politikuri ekonomiis fuZemdebelma a. smitma 200
293
wlis ukan. gaavlo ra analogia Sida da sagareoi vaWrobas Soris, man aseTi for-
mulireba mogvca: “ojaxis yoveli keTilgonieri ufrosis ZiriTadi wesi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom ar moiwadinos saxlSi im sagnebis damzadeba, romelic mas ufro
Zviri daujdeba, vidre misi garedan SeZena. TerZi ar Seecdeba TviTon Seikeros
Ceqmebi, da meCeqmisagan iyidis mas. arc meCeqme moindomebs TviTon Seikeros
tansacmeli da TerZis momsaxurebiT isargeblebs. fermeri ki am orove xelosnis
momsaxurebas gamoiyenebs. TiToeuli maTgani met sargebels xedavs Tavis SromaSi,
roca mas im saqmianobaSi (sferoSi) iyenebs, raSic garkveuli upiratesoba gaaCnia
sxvebTan SedarebiT. yvelaferi danarCeni ki SeuZlia iyidos Seqmnili produqtis
sanacvlod, anu, xvanairad, Tavisi Sromis produqtis nawilis safasurad. is, rac ne-
bismieri kerZo ojaxis saqmianobaSi gonivrulia, ar SeiZleba aragonivruli iyos
mTeli koleqtivisaTvis. Tu romelime ucxo qveyanas SeuZlia Cveni momarageba
raime saqonliT imaze iafad, vidre misi warmoeba Cven dagvijdeba, bevrad ukeTesi
iqneba misi yidva im produqtis nawilis sanacvlod, romelic sakuTari mrewveluri
SromiT Seiqmna da romlis warmoebaSic Cven garkveuli upiratesoba gagvaCnia”.

resursebis araTanabari ganawileba

sagareo vaWrobidan mogebas gamosaxaven ori ekonomikuri maCvenebliT – ab-
soluturi da SedarebiTi (SefardebiTi) upiratesobebiT.
absolutur upiratesobaze laparakoben maSin, roca qveyanas SeuZlia raime
produqti sxvebze iafad awarmoos, SedarebiTze – roca igi am mimarTebiT sxvebs ar
uswrebs, magram calkeul qveyanaSi da sxva qveynebSi gansxvavebulia.

absoluturi upiratesoba sagareo vaWrobaSi

ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi. davuSvaT, rom msoflio ekonomika ori
izolirebuli A da B qveynisagan Sedgeba. orive qveyanas SeuZlia daamzados brinji-
ca da yavac. vigulisxmoT, rom orive qveynis mTeli mosaxleoba ori kacisagan Sed-
geba: erTi dasaqmebulia brinjis moyvaniT, meore – yavis warmoebiT. A qveyanas
SeuZlia weliwadSi 10 t. brinjis da 1 tona yavis damzadeba, B qveyanas – 1 t. brin-
jisa da 2 tona yavis. cxrilebi 14.1 da 14.2 Sesabamisad asaxaven a da b qveynebSi
specializaciamde da specializaciis Semdeg brinjis da yavis warmoebas. AAAA
cxrili 14.1
A da B qveynebSi specializaciamde brinjisa da yavis warmoeba

294
 cxrili 14.2
A da B qveynebSi brinjisa da yavis warmoeba specializaciis Semdeg

brinjis fasi orive qveynisaTvis misaRebi rom iyos, igi unda aRematebodes 0.1
t. yavis Rirebulebias (A qveynisaTvis) da naklebi iyos 2 t. Rirebulebaze (B
qveynisaTvis). gamovsaxoT es Tanafardoba utolobebis saxiT:
0,5 t. brinjis fasi < 1 t. yavis fasi < 10 t. brinjis fasi.
0,1 t. yavis fasi < 1 t. brinjis fasi < 2 t. yavis fasi
rac metia am zRvrebSi brinjis fasi, miT met sargebels naxavs mis warmoebaze
specializebuli qveyana A qveyana. aseve, rac mcirea brinjis fasi da, Sesabamisad,
maRalia yavis fasi, miT met mogebas naxavs yavis warmoebaze specializebuli B qvey-
ana.
SedarebiTi upiratesoba sagareo vaWrobaSi
ganvixiloT es situacia pirobiT magaliTze da monacemebi warmovadginoT
cxrilSi A qveyana absolutur upiratesobas flobs rogorc brinjis (10 t). ise yavis
(4t) warmoebaSi.
cxrili 14.3
brinjisa da yavis warmoeba specializaciamde A da B qveynebSi

A qveyanaSi 1 t. brinjze danaxarjebi etoleba 0,4 tona yavis warmoebaze gaweul

xarjebs (4:10=0,4); B qveyanaSi es maCvenebeli 2-is tolia (2:1=2). sxva sityvebiT, brin-
jis warmoebaze danaxarjebi A qveyanaSi (xuTjer: 2/0,4=5 ) naklebia vidre B- Si.
aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom A qveyana brinjis warmoebaSi SedarebiT upirateso-
bas flobs, xolo B qveyanas SedarebiTi upiratesoba yavis warmoebaSi gaaCnia. spe-
cializacia da qveynebs Soris vaWroba urTierTxelsayrelia manam, sanam amgvari

295
SedarebiTi upiratesobebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli xdeba. ra Tqma unda im piro-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom garevaWrobis fasebi meryeobs mocemul zRvrebSi:
0,4 t. yavis fasi < 1 t. brinjis fasi < 2,5 t. brinjis fasi.
0,5 t. brinjis fasi < 1 t. yavis fasi < 2 t. yavis fasi
politikuri faqtori sagareo vaWrobaSi
sagareo vaWrobis organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis gadaWrisas xSirad
ZalaSi Sedis politikuri faqtori da rogorRac ukana planze gadadis ekonomikur
sargebelTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebani.
savaWro barierebi
Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi monawile yovel ers (da mTlianad msof-
lios) SeuZlia didi Semosavali miiRos mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis
gamoyenebiT. miuxedavad amisa, qveynebs Soris savsebiT Tavisufali vaWroba dRes-
dReobiTac keTil survilad rCeba. ama Tu im formiT yoveli saxelmwifo aregu-
lirebs da zRudavs Tavis sagareo vaWrobas.
ekonomistTa Sorisac ar aris erTiani Sexeduleba imaze, saWiroa Tu ara
sagareo vaWrobis regulireba. ker kidev merkantilistebi amtkicebdnen importis
SezRudvis aucileblobas qveynis oqros maragis amowurvis (gamolevis) Tavidan ac-
ilebis mizniT. maT mimdevrebs dRes eZaxian proteqcionistebs (laTinuri sityvidan
“protekcion” – dacva). maTi mowinaaRmdegeni, romelTac fritrederebs uwodeben
(inglisuri sityvidan “free trade” – rac Tavisufal vaWrobas niSnavs) piriqiT, ib-
rZvian sagaro vaWrobis maqsimaluri TavisuflebisaTvis da mxras ar uWeren sax-
elmwifo regulirebas.
sagareo vaWrobis SezRudvis saxeebi
garevaWrobis SezRudvis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens tarifebi
anu baJi – gadasaxadi importul saqonelze. tarifi dgeba importuli saqonlis er-
Teulze gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxis mixedviT (mag., 1 tonaze 20 aTasi lari. – e.w.
specifikuri tarifi) an saqonlis fasidan procentis saxiT.
sabaJo gadasaxadis SemoRebas ori mizani gaaCnia: pirveli, saxelmwifo biuje-
tisaTvis Semosavlebis miReba, meore-samamulo mewarmeobis dacva ucxouri konku-
renciisagan. tarifis pirvel saxes ewodeba fiskaluri (inglisuri sityvidan
“fiskal”, rac safinansos, sagadasaxados niSnavs). dRes misi ganakveTebi umravles
ganviTarebul qveynebSi SedarebiT dabalia, magram yovelTvis ase ar yofila.
ucxouri konkurentebisagan dasacavad gamoiyeneba e.w. proteqcionistuli ta-
rifebi. ramdenadac tarifi dgeba importuli saqonlis fasze danamatis saxiT, ami-
tom adgili aqvs saqonlis fasis xelovnurad gazrdas, rac imavdroulad zrdis im-
portiori qveynis biujetsac. amasTan, Tu importuli saqonlis fasi meti iqneba sa-
mamulo warmoebis msgavsi saqonlis fasze, maSin momxmarebeli upiratesobas miani-
Webs “Tavis” nawarms. erovnuli warmoeba (mwarmoebeli) amiT daculi aRmoCndeba
fasobrivi konkurenciisagan ucxo qveynis mxridan. Tu proteqcionistuli tarifis
ganakveTi maRla aiwevs, mas SeuZlia, Tavisi arsiT, amkrZalavi daniSnulebac
Seasrulos. Zalze Zviri importuli saqoneli, ubralod ar gasaRdeba.

296
 garevaWrobis barierebis meore tips miekuTvneba kvotebi, anu SezRudva gan-
sazRvruli saqonlis maqsimalur raodenobaze, romelic SeiZleba wlis ganmav-
lobaSi qveyanaSi Seitanon an qveynidan gaitanon. importuli kvotebi, ise rogorc
sabaJo gadasaxadi, warmoadgens erovnuli mewarmeobis dacvis saSualebas ucxouri
konkurentebisagan. amasTan, ufro metad efeqturs vidre tarifebia.
kvotebi da baJebi SeiZleba daaweson eqsportzec, Tu qveyanas surs SezRudos
iSviaTi resursebis an uaxlesi teqnologiebis “gadineba” ucxoeli konkuren-
tebisaken.
arsebobs, kidev, sagareo vaWrobis regulirebis mTeli rigi administraciuli,
araekonomikuri zomebi, romelTac arasatarifo barierebis saxelwodeba miiRes.
mTavrobas, magaliTad, SeuZlia moiTxovos specialuri nebarTva – licenzia – qvey-
anaSi saqonlis Sesatanad an iqedan gamosatanad (e.w. sagareo vaWrobis licenzire-
ba).
zogierT qveynebSi aweseben xarisxis Zalze maRal standartebs Semosatan
produqciaze an, ubralod, imdenad arTuleben biurokratiul proceduras (rome-
lic moiTxovs auarebeli wvrilmani dokumentebis gaformebas), rom msurvelebs
yovelgvari interesi ekargebaT xeli mokidon saeqsperto (saimporto) operaciebs.
amdenad, Tavisi qmediTobiT arasatarifo barierebi aranaklebia proteqcionistul
barierebze da amitom xSirad “uxilavi tarifis” saxels atarebs.
qveynebs Soris “normaluri” saqonelgacvlis damabrkolebel zomebs zogjer
miakuTvneben eqsportis subsidirebas. mTavroba eqsportiors damatebiT uxdis, ra-
Ta man SeZlos Tavisi qveynis produqciis realizeba sazRvargareT Sida fasebze
dabal fasebSi. saeqsperto fasebis amgvari Segnebuli daweva cnobilia dempingis
saxelwodebiT. Teoriulad, igi akrZalulia bevri qveynis kanonmdeblobiT. Tumca
imis mtkiceba, rom eqsportiori Tavis produqcias daweul fasebSi ukeTebs real-
izacias – sakmarisad rTulia; amitom praqtikaSi dempingi axali bazrebis aTvisebis
(dapyrobis) qmediT saSualebas warmoadgens.
sagareo vaWrobis regulirebis metad mkacri RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi sax-
elmwifo monopoliis dawesebaa, romlis drosac TviT mTavroba gansazRvravs
saeqsperto miwodebisa da importis moculobas, amtkicebs saeqsperto da saimporto
fasebs.
sagareo vaWrobaSi SezRudvebis arsebobis mizezebi

aSS-is prezidents – abraam linkolns – miaweren aseT gamoTqmas: “me cota ra

Tu vici tarifebze, magram vici, rom, roca inglisSi paltos vyidulob, me paltos
viZen, inglisi ki fuls. roca paltos amerikaSi vyidulob, paltos me viZen, fuls –
“amerika”. aseTia pirveli yvelaze naTeli dasabuTeba (mosazreba) sagareo
vaWrobis regulirebis sasargeblod, romelic xandaxan neomerkantilistur saxel-
sac atarebs. mis safuZvelSi devs metad saRi idea – saqonlis gatanasa da Semotanas
Soris garkveuli balansis SenarCunebis aucileblobaze.
qveyana, romelsac meti saqoneli Semoaqvs vidre sazRvargareT yidis movaled
iqceva. savaWro balansis uaryofiTi saldo dRes araiSviaTia da ar iTvleba iseT
297
saSiS “codvad” rogorc es pirveli merkantilistebis dros iyo. magram wlidan
wlamde dagrovili vali da procentebis gadaxdis aucilebloba daufarav
valdebulebebze arasasiamovnoa.
garda amisa, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso angariSTa sistemis Tanaxmad, qveynis
davalianeba adre Tu gvian gamoiwvevs erovnuli qonebis (sakuTrebis) gayidvas. ara
mgonia romelime amerikeli, Tundac Tavisufali vaWrobis odis aSkara
Tayvanismmcemeli, aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavdes dRes imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
niu-iorkis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili Senoba – rokfeler-centri – iaponuri kom-
paniis sakuTreba gaxda.
sxva aranakleb safuZvliani argumenti proteqcionizmis sasargeblod, esaa
dargis dacvis aucilebloba, romelsac amosavali (sasicocxlo) mniSvneloba gaaC-
nia erovnuli uSiSroebisaTvis.
zogierTi ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom dacvas (zrunvas) saWiroebs ara marto
qveynis Tavdacva, aramed axalgazrda, jer kidev CanasaxSi arsebuli ekonomikis
dargebic.
axalgazrda dargebis dacvis aucilebloba (argumenti)

mravali ganviTarebadi qveynebis viwrospecializebuli ekonomika, romelic

orientirebulia romelime erთi produqciis eqsportze, didadaa damokidebuli
msoflio bazris koniunqturaze. mousavlianobas an msoflio fasebis mkveTr dace-
mas SeuZlia isini Caayenos ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi. amitom am qveynebis
mTavrobebi miiswrafvian ekonomikis diversifikaciisaken – Seqmnan axali dargebi
da daicvan isini Tavdapirveladi tarifebiTa da kvotebiT an gauwion subsidireba
eqsportisaTvis.
proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT, roca qveyana erTi saxis proble-
mebs wyvets, imavdroulad qmnis meores, aranakleb seriozul problemebs.
qveyanam dargi SeiZleba Tavisi mfarvelobiT marTlac daicvas, ganaviTaros,
magram fasebi daculi dargis samamulo saqonelze aRmoCndeba imaze meti, rac SeiZ-
leboda yofiliyo ucxoel mewarmeebTan Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi.
balansis miRweva Tavisufal sagareo vaWrobasa da am Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
aucileblobas Soris sakmarisad rTulia. kidev ufro Znelia, da albaT SeuZlebe-
lic, erTmaneTs SevufardoT erovnuli interesebis cneba (romlis damcvelebad
proteqcionistebi gamodian) da msoflio masStabiT ekonomikuri efeqtianobis
abstraqtuli cneba (romelsac fritrederebi qadageben). amitom dava am or mimar-
Tulebas Soris ekonomikur mecnierebaSi didi xania grZeldeba da mis dasrulebas
piri ar uCans. praqtikaSi yvela qveyana am sakiTxs Taviseburad wyvets sakuTar
saxalxo meurneobaSi arsebuli mdgomareobisa da im ekonomikuri problemebidan
gamomdinare, romelic maT winaSe dgas.
ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia?
transnacionaluri korporacia (tek) kompaniaa, romelsac filialebi gaaCnia
sxva qveynebSi. aSS-Si “korporacias” uwodeben saaqcio sazogadoebas, da ramdenadac

298
Tanamedrove tek-is umravlesoba aRmocendeba amerikuli kompaniebis
saerTaSoriso eqspansiis Sedegad, es termini maT saxelwodebaSic Sevida.
msxvili tek – es giganturi organizaciaa, sadac muSaobs aTeul da aseul
aTasobiT adamiani.
tek Sedgeba saTavo kompaniisa da filialebisagan anu sxvadasxva qveynebSi
arsebuli Svilobili firmebisagan. satavo kompanias SeuZlia 100%-iani safinanso
kontroli gauwios filialebs, Tumca am ukanasknelT SesaZlebelia gaaCndeT
Sereuli forma (erToblivi sawarmo) erovnuli monawileobis upiratesobiT.
transnacionaluri kompaniis principuli gansxvaveba mononacionaluri
kompaniisagan (Tundac am ukanasknels Tavisi produqciis mniSvnelovani nawili
sazRvargareT gaqondes) imaSi mdgomareobs, rom tek qmnis Tavis sawarmoo, savaWro
an finansur sawarmoebs (organizaciebs) ramdenime da ara erT qveyanaSi. garkveuli
azriT, tek-s, ise “samSoblo ar gaaCnia”.
tek ganaTavsebs warmoebis calkeul stadiebs iq, sadac amisaTvis optimaluri
sawarmoo pirobebi arsebobs. maSinac ki rica qveyanaSi ar aris gasaRebis tevadi
bazari naxevarfabrikatebisaTvis mas Seisyidis sxva qveyanaSi arsebuli tek-s
filiali. tevadi bazris mqone qveyanaSi ki Cveulebriv qmnian sawarmoebs, romlebic
uSveben mza produqcias sxvadasxva qveynebSi (da maT Soris saTavo sawarmos
samSobloSi) damzadebuli makompleqtebeli naxevarfabrikatebisagan.
sayuradReboa, rom transnacionalur kompaniasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze
mwavave sakiTxi exeba mogebis ganawilebas saTavo kompaniasa da mis qveynisgareTa
filialebs Soris. saqme imaSia, rom erT kompaniaSi Semaval swarmoTa Soris
angariSebSi fasebi realur xarjebs ar gamosaxaven, ramdenadac isini Sida,
saangariSsworebo fasebs warmoadamis gamo tek-s aqvs saSualeba Tavis mogeba
“gaiangariSos” imgvarad, rom misi ZiriTadi nawili modiodes im sawarmoebze,
romlebic funqcionireben qveynebSi, sadac SeRavaTiani gadasaxadebia dawesebuli.
gadasaxadebze gakeTebuli ekonomia ki tek-iis erT-erTi sakmaod mniSvnelovani
upiratesobaa mononacionalur kompaniebTan SedarebiT.
rogorc vxedavT tek maqsimalur mogebas qaCavs saerTaSoriso specializaciis
absoluturi da SedarebiTi upiratesobebidan da amasTan ertad warmatebiT uvlis
gverds mis gzaze arsebul barierebs.
marTalia, is rac tek-Tvisaa sasargeblo, yovelTvis srulebiTac araa
xelsayreli im qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, sadac aseti filialebi iqmneba. saxelmwifo
romlis teritoriaze arsebobs ucxouri sawarmoebi, rogorc wesi,
dainteresebulia imiT, rom maTi saqmianobidan mogeba moxmardes warmoebis
gafarToebas da ara mis sazRvargaret gagzavnas. tek ki piriqiT, cdilobs fuli iq
Cados, sadac is maqsimalur mogebas moitans, miT umetes, rom amisaTvis mas gaaCnia
aucilebeli saxsrebi – igive Siga fasebis manipulirebis xarjze. sakiTxs e.w
araTanabaruflebiani gacvlis Sesaxeb didi xania ayeneben ganviTarebadi qveynebi.

299
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis dafinanseba
yvela qveyanas gaaCnia Tavisi fuladi erTeuli anu valuta qveynis SigniT
mimoqcevisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens kanonier sagadasaxdelo saSualebas
mxolod mis teritoriaze.
savaluto kursi
erTi valutis meoreze gacvla xorcieldeba garkveuli TanafardobiT,
romelsac savaluto ani gacvlis kursi ewodeba/
savaluto kursi – es erTi qveynis fuladi erTeulis fasia meore qveynis
fulad erTeulSi gamosaxuli. ramdenadac savaluto kursi warmoadgens ori
valutis Tanafardobas, amitom igi SeiZleba ori xerxiT gamovsaxoT.
vTqvaT, frangi meRvine koniakis eqsports eweva aSS-Si 180 frankad 1 boTlSi.
savaluto kursi Seadgens 6 franks 1 dolarze. es imas niSnavs, rom amerikelma
momxmarebelma 1 boTl koniakSi 3 dolari unda gadaixados (180:6). axla
vigulisxmoT, rom savaluto kursi Seicvala, dolaris fasi daeca frankTan
mimartebaSi da gaxda 4 franki. Tu frangi meRvine 1 boTl koniakSi Zveleburad 180
franks moiTxovs, maSin amerikel momxmarebels mouwevs masSi 45 dolaris gadaxda
(180:4). amrigad, nacionaluri valutis kursis dacema sxva qveyis valutasTan
mimarTebaSi iwvevs nacionalur bazarze amerikuli saqonlis gaZvirebas. amas
Sedegad moyveba importis Sekveca, radgan masze fasebis gaZvireba moTxovnis
Semcirebasac gamoiwvevs.
nacionaluri valutis kursis gazrdas sxva qveynebis valutebis mimarT,
piriqiT, importuli saqonlis gaiafeba SeuZlia gamoiwvios.
Zneli araa imis mixvedra, rom savaluto kursis igive cvlilebisas
safrangeTSi amerikul eqsportze ukuprocesebs eqneba adgili.
daskvna: erovnuli (nacionaluri) valutis kursis dacema aiafebs mocemuli
qveynis saeqsporto saqonels gare bazrebze da astimulirebs eqsportis zrds.
savaluto kursis gazrda ki, piriqiT, akavebs eqsports, radgan iwvevs saeqsporto
saqonlis gaZvirebas sxva qveynebis bazarze.
rogor dgeba savaluto kursi
rogor dgeba valutebis gacvlis kursi? dRes sxvanairad, vidre meoTxedi da
naxevari saukunis ukan. marto me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi sami savaluto sistemis
Secvla moxda: oqros standarti Secvala oqrosvalutianma standartma, xolo es
ukanaskneli – mcuravi savaluto kursebis sistemam.
oqros standarti SemoiRes bevr qveyanaSi (maT Soris ruseTSic) me-19 saukunis
bolos da moqmedebda me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebamde. aseTi sistema oficialurad
iTvaliswinebda nacionaluri valutis oqros “Semcvelobis” (oqroze gacvlis
kursis) dadgenas.
magaliTad, 1897 wels ruseTis maneTis oqros Semcveloba ganisazRvreboda
0,774234 g. oqroTi. mTavroba pasuxismgeblobas Rebulobda Tavis Tavze aeRo
sakuTari valutis oqroze gacvla. am sistemas rom emuSava, saWiro iyo mkacri
Tanafardobis dacva qveynis oqros maragsa da mis Sida fulad miwodebas Soris.
amisaTvis nebadartuli iyo oqros Tavisufali eqsporti da importi. nacionaluri

300
valutis oqros Semcvelobidan gamomdinare xdeboda maTi kursis dadgena
erTmaneTis mimarT. magaliTad, aSS-=is dolaris oqros Semcveloba Seadgenda 23,22
grans (1 grani =0,0648 grami), inglisuri funti – 113 grans, anu4,87-jer mets. aqedan
ganisazRvreboda funtis kursi dolarTan mimarTebaSi: 1 funti = 4,87 dolari.
qveynis umravlesobam uari Tqva oqros standartze 30-iani wlebis depresiis
periodSi. 1994 wels ZalaSi Sevida oqrosvalutiani sistema, romelsac sxvanairad
breton-vudsis sistemasac uwodebdnen (aSS-is im qalaqis saxelwodebis mixedviT,
sadac igi miiRes). am sistemiT xdeboda valutebis fiqsirebuli kursis gansazRvra,
magram ara oqros garkveuli Semcvelobis mixedviT, aramed maTi myari kursis
dadgenisgziT e.w sarezervo valutebis mimarT, romelTa Soris ZiriTadi aSS-is
dolari gaxda.
aseTi sqemis pirobebSi, is qveynebic ki, romelTac sakuTari oqros maragi ar
gaaCndaT, SesaZleblobas Rebulobdnen daedginaT TavianTi fuladi erTeulis
“oqros Semcveloba”.
savaluto kursebis stabilurobis SenarCuneba Sedioda aseve saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis (ssf) amocanebSi, romelic Camoyalibda 1944 wels. breton-vudsis
sistemaSi Semavali qveynebis Senatanebis saSualebiT Seiqmna specialuri fondi,
saidanac krediti miecemoda im wevr-qveynebs, romlebic ganicdidnen finansur
siZneleebs. ase, mag., savaWro balansis uaryofiTi saldos mqone qveyana miRebul
kreditebs iyenebda deficitis dasafaravad, Tavisi valutis dolarze gacvlis
fiqsirebuli kursis SesanarCuneblad. ssf-s miniWebuli hqonda uflebamosileba
Seecvala monawile-qveynebis savaluto kursi xangrZlivi finansuri siZneleebis
SemTxvevaSi.
oqrosvalutianma sistemam iarseba saukunis meoTxedi. 1971 wels aSS-ma
CaTvala, rom mas Zala aRar Seswevs SemdgomSi ganaxorcielos dolarebis oqroze
gacvla, rac niSnavda aRniSnuli sistemis daSlas.
sanacvlod gaCnda axali sistema – mcuravi valutebis kursebi. misi arsi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom valutebis kursi ganisazRvreba moTxovna-miwodebis
Tanafardobidan gamomdinare, msgavsad fasiani qaRaldebis kursisa safondo
birJaze.
Tavidanve SevTanxmdeT, rom Tumca mcuravi valutebis kursebis sistema dRes
gabatonebulia, amis miuxedavad arc Tu yvela qveyanas surs Tavisi valutis
absoluturad “Tavisufal curvaSi” gaSveba.
ase, mag., 1979 wels evropuli kavSiris farglebSi Seiqmna evropuli savaluto
sistema, romelmac daadgina pariteti, anu kursi, aRniSnul gaerTianebaSi Semavali
TiToeuli qveynis valutisa meore (sxva) qveynis valutis mimarT. maT valutebs
SeeZloT meryeoba ganecadaT am kursis (dadgenili kursis – T.g.) mimarT ramdenime
procentis zRvrebSi. Tu kursis rxeva dadgenili zRvrbidan gamosvlis saSiSroebas
Seqmnida, maSin mimarTavdnen am valutis oficialuri kursis cvlilebas
centraluri bankis saSualebiT sxva qveynebTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.
oficialuri kursis cvlilebas gazrdis mxares revalvacia ewodeba,
Semcirebis mxares – devalvacia. xSirad es terminebi esmiT ufro farTod –
301
rogorc nacionaluri valutis kursis nebismieri cvlileba sxva qveynebis
valutebTan mimarTebaSi, miT umetes, rom 1993 wlidan eg qveynebis valutebis
kursebis cvlilebebi nebadartulia ise did zRvrebSi (±15%), rom maTi “curva”
praqtikulad Tavisufali xdeba.
garda aRniSnulisa, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis 90-ze meti qveyana iyenebs
e.w. Sekruli savaluto kursebis sistemas, romlis Tanaxmad TiToeuli qveynis
valuta garkveuli TanafardobiT “mibmulia” ert-erT ZiriTad “mcurav”
valutasTan, upiratesad amerikul dolarTan.
iTvleba, rom mcurav savaluto kursebis sistemas gaaCnia erTi aucilebeli
upiratesoba Tavis winamorbedebTan SedarebiT. Teoriulad mas SeuZlia savaWro
balansSi deficitis gamosworeba mTavrobis Carebis gareSe. Tu rogor muSaobs es
meqanizmi, ganvixiloT magaliTze.
magram mTavroba, Cveulebriv, gulxeldakrefili ar zis. raTa Tavidan iqnes
acilebuli sakuTari valutis kursebis mkveTri meryeoba isini periodulad e.w.
savaluto interveciebs axdenen. sakuTari valutis kursis dacemisas mTavroba mas
iZens specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis saxsrebidan xolo nacionaluri valutis
kursis amaRlebisas, piriqiT, yidian mas savaluto birJaze.
navTobdolarebi, evrodolarebi da sxva evrovalutebi
meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi zogma evropulma da Semdeg sxva
qveynebmac neba darTes TavianT da ucxour bankebs mis teritoriaze hqonodaT
(gaexsnaT) angariSebi da ewarmoebinaT operaciebi ucxour valutaze. magaliTad,
evropaSi amgvarma angariSebma dolarze miiRes evrodolaris saxelwodeba, opekis
qveynebSi dolarze angariSebma – navTobdolaris saxelwodeba.
maTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba Sesabamisi erovnuli valutisagan imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom isini ar eqvemdebarebian regulirebas erovnuli safinanso or-
ganoebis meSveobiT. swored amaSia maTi ZiriTadi popularobis mizezi. roca,
magaliTad, aSS-is federaluri sarezervo sistema kreditze saprocento ganakveTs
zrdis, es wesi ar vrceldeba sazRvargareT arsebuli amerikuli bankebis fil-
ialebze da, miT umetes, ucxour bankebze, romelTac angariSebi dolarebSi gaaCniaT.
maT adrindeliviT SeuZliaT kreditebi gascen dabali procentiT. Tumca, Sesa-
Zlebelia, sawinaaRmdegi situaciac.

sagadasaxdelo balansi: sagareo seqtoris angariSebi da maTi mniSvnelo-

ba

ama Tu im qveynis sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gulisxmobs mocemuli

qveynis ekonomikuri agentebis ekonomikur urTierTobebs ararezidentebTan, anu
„danarCen samyarosTan“. advili warmosadgenia, Tu raoden mravalferovani da
masStaburi SeiZleba iyos aRniSnuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da maTTan da-
kavSirebuli finansuri moTxovnebi da valdebulebebi. yovelive aRniSnulis
Sesaswavlad sagareo seqtoris angariSebi gamoiyeneba. es angariSebi saSualebas
iZleva vupasuxoT kiTxvebs, Tu ramdenis moxmareba SeuZlia qveyanas da ramdenis -

302
investireba; ramdenis sesxeba SeuZlia „danarCeni samyarodan“ da ramdenis - gas-
esxeba. meore mxriv, sagareo seqtoris angariSebi saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT
qveyanaSi moxmarebisa da investirebisaTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis wy-
aroebis prioritetebi: vawarmooT isini Tavad, Tu imports mivaniWoT upiratesoba.
amdenad, sagareo seqtoris angariSebi, romlebic mowodebulia upasuxos yvela
am SekiTxvas, mniSvnelovani instrumentia politikis mkeTebelTa xelSi, raTa maT
sworad gansazRvron qveynis, ara marto sagareo ekonomikuri, aramed mTliani
ekonomikis ganviTarebis prioritetebi.
zemoaRniSnuli miznebisaTvis ZiriTadad ori mniSvnelovani statistikuri an-
gariSi gamoiyeneba. esenia sagadasaxdelo balansi da saerTaSoriso investiciuri
mdgomareobis balansi.
sagadasaxdelo balansis daniSnulebaa ekonomikuri operaciebis asaxva moce-
mul ekonomikasa da sazRvargareTs Soris.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi termini “sagadasaxdelo balansi” pirvelad gam-
oyenebuli iyo 1767 wels gviani merkantilizmis warmomadgenlis jeims stiuartis
(1712-1780 ww.) SromaSi “gamokvlevebi politikuri ekonomiis principebis Taobaze”.
sazogadoebis simdidris wyarod mas sagareo vaWroba miaCnda da swored sagareo
savaWro balanss aigivebda sagadasaxdelo balansTan. igi Tvlida, rom aqtiuri
sagareo savaWro balansi uzrunvelyofda qveyanaSi oqros Semodinebas da, maSasa-
dame, mis simdidres.
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, sagadasaxdelo balansis meTodologiuri da
praqtikuli sakiTxebis met-naklebad srulyofilad damuSaveba me-20 saukunamde ar
momxdara. sagadasaxdelo balansis pirveli oficialuri publikacia, 1922 wlis
monacemebiT, momzadebul da gamoqveynebul iqna aSS-s vaWrobis saministros mier
1923 wels. am balansSi sagareo ekonomikuri operaciebi klasificirebul iyo 3
jgufad: mimdinare, kapitaluri da oqrosa da vercxlTan dakavSirebuli
operaciebi.
1943 wels amerikelma ekonomistma x.lerim Seadgina aSS-s 1919-1939 wlebis
sagadasaxdelo balansi, romlis meTodologia safuZvlad daedo aSS-s
sagadasaxdelo balansebis gaangariSebas omis Semdgomi periodisaTvis. 1946 wlidan
aSS-s vaWrobis saministrom daiwyo kvartaluri da wliuri sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansebis gamoqveyneba JurnalSi “Survey of Current Business”.
sagadasaxdelo balansis meTodologiis ganviTarebaSi didi roli erTa
ligam Seasrula. misi egidiT 1924 wels gamoqveynda rigi qveynebis sagadasaxdelo
balansebi, riTac misi meTodologiuri sakiTxebis garda, sagareo ekonomikuri
saqmianobis maCvenebelTa sistemis saerTaSoriso Sesadarisobis problemebi
wamoswia win. erTa ligis damsaxurebaa sagadasaxdelo balansis meTodologiis
standartizaciisa da gaangariSebis rekomendaciebis safuZvlebis SemuSaveba.
1947 wels gaerom gamoaqveyna sagadasaxdelo balansis erTa ligis mier Semu-
Savebuli sqema, xolo 1948 wels ukve saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis egidiT gam-
oqveynda sagadasaxdelo balansis standartuli meTodologiis pirveli gamocema.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis Seqmnis TiTqmis pirveli dRidan (1945 w.) wevri
303
qveynebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis Seswavla mis upirveles amocanas war-
moadgenda. amdenad, swored igi iqca kanonmdeblad sagadasaxdelo balansis
meTodologiis sakiTxebSi. sagadasaxdelo balansis statistikis saxelmZRvanelos
momdevno versiebi gamoica 1950, 1961, 1977, 1993 da 2009 wlebSi. es ukanaskneli, anu
sagadasaxdelo balansis statistikis meTodologiis me-6 versia amJamad aqtiurad
inergeba ukve bevr qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi.
sagadasaxdelo balansi Sedgeba sami angariSisagan. esenia: mimdinare angariSi,
kapitalis angariSi da finansuri angariSi.
mimdinare angariSis balansi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli ekonomikuri
maCvenebelia. igi aris saqonlis, momsaxurebis pirveladi Semosavlebisa da meora-
di Semosavlebis sakredito da sadebeto Canawerebs Soris sxvaoba. mimdinare anga-
riSis dadebiTi balansi imis maCvenebelia, rom rezidentebis ucxouri aqtivebi
izrdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba qveynis wminda saerTaSoriso sainvesticio pozicia.
Tu mimdinare angariSis balansi deficituria, es niSnavs rezidentebis ucxouri va-
ldebulebebis zrdas da qveynis wminda saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis Semcirebas.
საგადასახდელო ბალანსის ზოგადი (მოკლე) სქემა
მიმდინარე ანგარიში კაპიტალისა და ფინანსური ანგარიში
საქონელი კაპიტალის ანგარიში
კაპიტალური ტრანსფერები
მომსახურება არაწარმოებული, არაფინანსური აქტივების
შეძენა/გაყიდვა
მანუფაქტურული მომსახურება
რემონტი და სხვა ტექნიკური მომსახურება ფინანსური ანგარიში
ტრანსპორტი პირდაპირი ინვესტიციები, წმინდა
ტურიზმი პორტფელის ინვესტიციები, წმინდა
სამთავრობო მომსახურება ფინანსური წარმოებულები, წმინდა
სხვა მომსახურება სხვა ინვესტიციები, წმინდა
წმინდა შეცდომები და გამოტოვებები
პირველადი შემოსავლები რეზერვები და მასთან დაკავშირებული მუხლები
შრომის ანაზრაურება სარეზერვო აქტივები
ინვესტიციებიდან შემოსავალი კრედიტები და სესხები სსფ-დან
სხვა პირველადი შემოსავალი განსაკუთრებული დაფინანსება

მეორადი შემოსავლები

saqonelTan dakavSirebuli operaciebi gulisxmobs masze sakuTrebis uflebis

Secvlas rezidentobis TvalsazrisiT. eqsporti da importi sagadasaxdelo
balansSi aisaxeba FOB-fasebSi, anu transportirebisa da dazRvevis Rirebulebis
gareSe.
savaWro balansi aris sxvaoba eqsportirebuli da importirebuli saqonlis
Rirebulebebs Soris.
analitikuri miznebisaTvis, saqonelTan dakavSirebuli operaciebi gamijnulia
momsaxurebisagan.
momsaxureba moicavs iseT saxeebs, rogorebicaa satransporto, sadazRvevo,
turistuli, satelekomunikacio, kompiuteruli da sainformacio, samSeneblo,
304
samTavrobo (magaliTad, saelCoebisa da sakonsuloebis saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba), kulturuli da rekreaciuli, piradi momsaxureba,
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiT sargebloba da sxva saqmiani momsaxureba.
gadasamuSaveblad gankuTvnili saqoneli aseve klasificirdeba rogorc
momsaxureba, Tu saqonlis mflobeli gasamrjelos uxdis sxvas.
pirveladi Semosavlebis angariSi gviCvenebs pirveladi Semosavlis nakadebs
rezident da ararezident instituciur erTeulebs Soris. is moicavs: Sromis
anazRaurebasa da sainvesticio Semosavals. Sromis anazRaureba moicavs
sazRvargareT momuSave, aseve qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze ucxoeTis
diplomatiur warmomadgenlobebSi dasaqmebul rezident muSakTa Sromis
anazRaurebas; aseve qveyanaSi momuSave da sazRvargareTis qveynebSi qveynis
diplomatiur warmomadgenlobebSi dasaqmebuli ararezidentebis Sromis
anazRaurebas.
sainvesticio Semosavlebi moicavs Semosavlebs pirdapiri, portfelis da sxva
investiciebidan. kreditSi aisaxeba mocemuli qveynis rezidentebis mier
sazRvargareT ganxorcielebuli investiciebidan miRebuli Semosavali, xolo
debetSi piriqiT – ararezidentebis mier mocemul qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli
investiciebidan miRebuli Semosavali.
meoradi Semosavlebis angariSi gviCvenebs mimdinare transferebs qveynis
rezidentebsa da ararezidentebs Soris. mimdinare transferi warmoadgens
calmxrivi xasiaTis operacias da aris mokorespondento Canaweri, romelic
asaxavs saqonlis, momsaxurebis, finansuri aqtivis rezidenti/ararezidenti
instituciuri erTeulis mier ararezidenti/rezidenti institucionaluri
erTeulisaTvis gadacemas, da romelsac ar axlavs Semxvedri ekonomikuri operacia
(Sesabamisi Rirebulebis an saqonlis/momsaxurebis gadacema). mimdinare
transferebad klasificirdeba: mimdinare gadasaxadebi Semosavalze, qonebaze da
a.S.; socialuri mosakreblebi; socialuri sargebeli; sawevro Senatanebi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi; wminda sadazRvevo premia sicocxlis dazRvevis
garda; sadazRvevo moTxovnebi sicocxlis dazRvevis garda; piradi gadaricxvebi;
da sxva mimdinare transferebi.
sagadasaxdelo balansis kapitalis angariSi aRricxavs kapitaluri
transferebisa da arawarmoebuli, arafinansuri aqtivebis SeZena/gayidvis
operaciebs.
kapitaluri transferebi calmxrivi operaciebia rezidentebsa da
ararezidentebs Soris, romelic iwveven mimRebi/gamcemi qveynis finansuri an
materialuri aqtivebis maragebis cvlilebas. aseTi transferebi SeiZleba iyos
fuladi (magaliTad, sainvesticio grantebi gzebis, skolebis, saavadmyofoebis
mSeneblobisaTvis), an materialuri. kapitaluri transferebi aseve iyofa
saTavrobo da pirad transferebad.
kapitalur transfers miekuTvneba valis patiebac, roca kreditori qveyana
axdens debitori qveynisaTvis mTeli valis an misi nawilis anulirebas.

305
 arawarmoebuli, arafinansuri aqtivebis SeZena/gayidva moicavs iseT
operaciebs, miwis an bunebrivi resursebis (arawarmoebuli, arafinansuri aqtivebi)
SeZena/gayidva, aseve patentebis, samarko niSnebis, sakuTrebis uflebis licenziebis
da sxva analogiuri (arawarmoebuli, aramaterialuri aqtivebi) SeZena/gayidva.
sagadasaxdelo balansis finansuri angariSi asaxavs finansuri aqtivebisa da
valdebulebebis gacvlis operaciebs rezidentebsa da ararezidentebs Soris.
finansur angariSSi asaxuli finansuri aqtivebi da valdebulebebi
klasificirebulia Semdegi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT: pirveli, investiciebis buneba:
pirdapiri investicia, portfelis investicia, vali, kapitali; meore, vadianoba:
grZelvadiani, moklevadiani; mesame, emitentis/mflobelis identifikacia: sajaro
(saxelmwifo), kerZo. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, finansuri angariSi asaxvs finansuri
aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis Semdeg funqcionalur kategoriebs:
pirdapir investicias aqvs adgili roca erTi qveynis rezidenti investori
axorcielebs investirebas sxva qveynis rezident sawarmoSi, romelic mas uflebas
aZlevs moipovos kontroli an mniSvnelovani gavlena am sawarmos marTvaze. Tu
ucxoeli investori Semodis mocemuli qveynis rezident sawarmoSi, saqme gvaqvs
Semosul pirdapir investiciasTan. gasuli pirdapiri investiciis SemTxvevaSi
rezidenti investori axdens investirebas ararezident sawarmoSi. pirdapiri
investiciis magaliTia reinvestirebuli Semosavalic.
portfelis investiciebi moicavs kapitalisa da sainvesticio fondebis aqciebis,
aseve savalo fasiani qaraldebis SeZenas, rac ar aZlevs myidvels sawarmos
marTvaze mniSvnelovani kontrolis uflebas.
finansuri warmoebulebi, romlebic adre Sedioda portfelis investiciebSi,
fasiani qaRaldebis bazris intensiurad ganviTarebis gamo, Camoyalibda rogorc
finansuri angariSis damoukidebeli komponenti. finansuri warmoe¬bulebi moicavs
iseT fasian qaRaldebs, rogoricaa opcionebi, fiuCersebi, svopebi, forvarduli
kontraqtebi da sxva.
sxva investiciebi moicavs finansuri angariSis yvela mokle da grZelvadian
gatarebas, garda pirdapiri da portfelis investiciebisa, warmoebuli finansuri
instrumente¬bisa da sarezervo aqtivebisa. esenia: savaWro kreditebi da avansebi,
sesxebi, naRdi fuli da depozitebi da sxva aqtivebi da valdebulebebi. savaWro
kreditebi da avansebi es aris aqtivebi da valdebulebebi, romlebic warmoiSveba
sagareo savaWro (saqonliT an momsaxurebiT) urTierTobebis Sedegad. rogorc
wesi, aseTi aqtivebi da valdebulebebi moklevadiania, Tumca sagadasaxdelo
balansi iTvaliswinebs maT dayofas grZel da moklevadianad. sxva investiciebis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentia sesxebi. sagadasaxdelo balansSi maTi
klasificireba xdeba vadianobis mixedviT (gamoiyofa grZelvadiani da
moklevadiani sesxebi) da instituciuri seqtorebis mixedviT. sxva investiciebis
sxva valdebulebebi da aqtivebi Sedgeba vadagadacilebuli davalianebi¬sa¬gan da,
garda amisa, yvela im poziciisgan, romelic ar moxvda zemoT CamoTvlil muxlebSi.
sarezervo aqtivebi warmoadgens maRallikvidur ucxour aqtivebs, romelsac
flobs an akontrolebs qveynis centraluri banki da romlis gamoyeneba
306
sagadasaxdelo balansis deficitis dasafinanseblad an raime sxva mizniT
SesaZlebelia Seuferxebliv. sarezervo aqtivebi Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisgan:
monetaruli oqro, sesxis specialuri ufleba, savaluto pozicia fondSi, sxva
sarezervo aqtivebi, romlebic akmayofileben sarezervo aqtivebis moTxovnebs da
ar moxvdnen zemoT CamoTvlil punqtebSi. sxva sarezervo aqtivebi Sedgeba naRdi
ucxouri valutisagan, ararezident safinanso organizaciebSi ganTavsebuli
depozitebisgan da maRallikviduri fasiani qaRaldebisgan.
sagadasaxdelo balansisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic asaxavs rezidentebis
ararezidentebTan urTierTobis operaciebs mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi,
saerTaSoriso sainvesticio mdgomareobis balansi asaxavs mocemuli qveynis
ucxouri aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis mdgomareobas mocemuli konkretuli
TariRisaTvis. aRniSnuli balansis cvlileba erTi TariRidan meoremde asaxavs
ucxouri aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis naSTebs Soris sxvaobas ori periodis
mixedviT. es sxvaoba gamowveulia sagareo finansuri operaciebiT, aseve finansuri
aqtivebis RirebulebiTi cvlilebebiT da sxva cvlilebebiT.
saerTaSoriso sainvesticio mdgomareobis balansis ucxour aqtivebsa da
valdebulebebs Soris sxvaoba axasiaTebs qveynis wminda sainvesticio
mdgomareobas.
wyaro: masala mogvawoda prof. n. aslamaziSvilma

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis

1. sagareo vaWrobis sazomebi.

2. ratom vaWroben qveynebi.
3. absoluturi da SefardebiTi upiratesoba sagareo vaWrobaSi.
4. savaWro barierebi. sagareo vaWrobis SezRudvis saxeebi da mizezebi.
5. transnacionaluri korporaciebi.
6. savaluto kursi.
7. sagadasaxdელo balansi.

307
 meTxuTmete Tavi

ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebi da skolebi

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
 ekonomikuri Teoria da doqtrina
 neoklasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi koncefciebi
 institucionalizmis 3 ZiriTadi idea
 j.m. keinzis efeqtiani moTxovnis Teoria
 monetarizmi: fridmenis “fuladi wesi”
 Miwodebis ekonomika
 neoliberalizmi: f. haieki administraciuli despotizmis
winaaRmdeg
 marqsistuli Teoria

zogadi mimoxilva
Tanamedrove ekonomikur mecnierebaSi, aRebuls mis konceptualur Teoriul aspeqtSi,
SeiniSneba Zveli klasikuri skolis, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara “sapolitiko ekonomiis
mamaTvarda wodebulma” Sotlandielma brZenma adam smiTma, da sami axali mimarTulebis -
keinzianuri, neoklasikuri da institucionalur – sociologiuri mimarTulebebis sinTezi.
pirveli keinzianuri mimarTulebaa, romelic ase iwodeba misi damfuZnebelis,
ingliseli ekonomistis jon meinard keinzis (1883-1946) sapativsacemod. keinzian-
eloba axlac dgas sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis samsaxurSi moTx-
ovnis gadidebis an Semcirebis gziT, naRdi da unaRdo fuladi masis cvlilebis meS-
veobiT. es mimarTuleba samarTlianad gamocxadda, rogorc “keinzianuri revolu-
cia politikur ekonomiaSi”. keinzianeloba misi Tanamedrove saxiT iwodeba
rogorc neokeinzianeloba. msoflio sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur azrovne-
baze gavlenis donis mixedviT keinzianeloba SeiZleba SevadaroT mxolod a. smiTis
klasikur Teorias da marqsizmis koncefcias. SemTxveviTi araa, rom p. samuelsoni
ekonomikuri mecnierebis istoriaSi gansakuTrebulad gamoyofs sam gamoCenil mo-
azrovnes: adam smiTs, karl marqss da jon meinard keinzs. Tanamedrove ekonomiku-
ri mecnierebis meore mimarTulebaa neoklasikuri mimarTuleba. aRniSnuli mimar-
Tulebis ganviTarebis pirveli etapi dakavSirebulia a. marSalis saxelTan, ro-
melmac scada a. smiTis klasikuri Teoriis marJinalizmTan SeerTeba. marJinalizmi
(fr. marginas– zRvruli) zRvruli sidideebis (zRvruli sargeblianoba, zRvruli
Semosavali da a.S.) gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli moZRvrebaa.
neoklasikuri mimarTulebis meore etapi anu neoliberalizmi XX saukunis 70-
80-iani wlebiT TariRdeba. misi warmoSoba warmoadgenda reaqcias sazogadoebis
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos metismet, gadaWarbebul anu zomagadasul Ca-
revaze. aRniSnuli mimarTuleba amJamad ganviTarda monetarizmis (ingl.money –

308
fuli) Teoriis farglebSi, romlis postuladebis mixedviT saxelmwifos roli
ekonomikis stabilizaciaSi daiyvaneba mxolod fuladi meqanizmis regulirebaze da
neoliberalizmis Teoria, romelic gvTavazobs, rom saxelmwifos Careva
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi minimumamde unda daviyvanoT da amavdroulad mewarmeebsa
da vaWrebs mivaniWoT maqsimaluri Tavisufleba.
neoliberalizmisa da keizianuri mimarTulebis safuZvelze warmoiSva so-
cialurad orientirebuli sabazro meurneobis Teoria, romelmac a. smiTis da j.
keinzis koncefciebi principulad raRac axleburSi SeaerTa.
mesame mimarTuleba Tanamedrove ekonomikur mecnierebaSi, sameurneo
cxovrebis problemebis gadaWrisadmi institucionalur-sociologiuri midgomaa.
amisaTvis cneba “instituti” ganimarteba uaRresad farTod: esaa korporaciac da
monopoliac, saxelmwifoc, profkavSirebic, aseve yvelaze mravalferovani so-
cialuri dawesebulebani da iuridiuli normebi. am mimarTulebis farglebSi war-
moiSva usaqmo anu uqmi klasis, sakuTrebis uflebis, sazogadoebrivi arCevanis, neo-
industriuli (informaciuli) sazogadoebis Teoriebi, globalistikis Teoria da
sxva.

ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebi da skolebi

agroveben ra yvelafer saukeTesos misi mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis
gamocdilebidan, ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebi da skolebi
xels uwyoben sameurneo cxovrebis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis gzebis moZebnas. am
TavSi ganixileba ekonomikuri mecnierebis umniSvnelovanesi Tanamedrove mimar-
Tulebebi.

1. ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTareba da memkvidreobiToba

ekonomikuri Teoria da doqtrina

ekonomikuri Teoria warmoadgens faqtebze dafuZnebul, argumentebiT, faqtebiTa
da dasabuTebiT ganmtkicebul, ekonomikur cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebis
mecnierul ganzogadebas. doqtrinisagan gansxvavebiT Teoria winaswar mocemuli
principebidan da debulebebidan rodi gamomdinareobs. is efuZneba realur
faqtebs, movlenebs, procesebs.
“ekonomikuri Teoriisa” da “doqtrinis” ukeT gasagebad gTavazobT ramdenime
ganmartebas: doqtrina [laT. doctrina] swavleba, samecniero an filosofiuri Teor-
ia, wamyvani Teoriuli an politikuri principi; monros d. – “amerika amerike-
lebisTvis”; amerikis gare politikis es principi dadgenili iqna 1823 w-s prezident
monros mier, rodesac aSS jer kidev susti saxelmwifo iyo da dasavleTevropuli
saxelmwifoebis agresiis eSinoda. doqtrinaluri [laT. doctrinalis samecniero, Te-
oretikuli] doqtrinis Sesabamisi an misgan gamomdinare; d. ganmarteba – kanonebis
an sxva iuridiuli normebis ganmarteba Teoretikosi iuristebis mier. doqtrineri
[ fr. doctrinaire < laT. doctrinalis samecniero, Teoretikuli] piri, romelic brmad
misdevs daswavlil cxovrebisagan mowyvetil, ganyenebul wesebs da ver iT-

309
valiswinebs cocxal sinamdviles, skolastikosi. doqtrineroba – gamomdinareobs
“doqtrinada”-n da niSnavs ama Tu im doqtinis brma arakritikul mimdevrobas;
msjeloba, romelic daumtkicebel debulebebs emyareba.
ekonomikuri sinamdvile friad mravalferovani, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse da
cvalebadia, amitom ekonomikur mecnierebas ar SeuZlia absoluturad zustad da
adeqvaturad gamosaxos mimdinare procesebi da tendenciebi. mecnieruli codna
mxolod garkveuli donis sizustiT uaxlovdeba WeSmaritebas da ekonomikur
cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebaTa sapasuxod azustebs an uaryofs Zvel war-
modgenebs, ayalibebs axal ganzogadebebsa da daskvnebs. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi
arsebobs sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi da skolebi, romelTs tipologia analizis
meTodiT, sagnisa da gamokvlevis amocanaTa gagebiT, ekonomikuri problemebis da-
muSavebisa da analizisadmi saerTo konceptualuri midgomiT gansxvavdeba. es
dayofa sakmaod pirobiTia.
erTi mimarTulebis farglebSi SeiZleba ramdenime skola arsebobdes.
magaliTad, monetarizmi (skola) neoliberaluri mimarTulebis saerTo dinebaSi
viTardeba, miwodebis ekonomika (skola) neoklasikur mimarTulebas uerTdeba.
xSirad dasaxelebas skolebi geografiuli niSniT iZenen – sToqholmis, lon-
donis, qembrijis. erTi skolis warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi, erTiani
Sexedulebebi, meTodologia da poziciebi gaaCniaT. Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi gan-
sxvavdeba problematika, interesebis are, kerZo problemaTa damuSaveba. erT
skolas xSirad miekuTvnebian erTi didi umaRlesi saswavleblis profesorebi,
moswavleebi da skolis “damfuZneblis” ideebisa da koncefciebis gamgrZeleblebi.
klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria rogorc mecnieruli codnis gansakuTrebu-
li nawili feodalizmis daSlisa da kapitalizmis Casaxvis periodSi warmoiSva. es
Teoria politikuri ekonomiis saxelwodebiT yalibdeboda da mtkicdeboda, Tumca
xSirad cnobili ekonomistebi sxva terminologiasac xmarobdnen. ingliseli uili-
am peti (1623-1687), politikuri ekonomiis kolumbi da ekonomikuri statistikis da-
fuZnebeli Tavis mecnierebas politikur ariTmetikas uwodebda. pirveli mak-
roekonomikuri modelis Semqmneli frangi fransua kene (1694-1774) sakuTar Tavs
ekonomists eZaxda. Sotlandieli adam smiTis (1723-1790) ZiriTad naSroms, romelic
politikuri ekonomiis klasikur nimuSad aris miCneuli, erqva “gamokvleva xalxTa
simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb”. misi mTavari azri is aris, rom adamianebi
sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da piradi sargeblobis misaRwevad sabazro
ekonomikis “uxilavi xeliT” simdidresa da mogebas qmnian mTeli sazoga-
doebisaTvis. ingliselma mewarmem da ekonomistma deivid rikardom (1772-1823) ro-
melmac daasrula klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis Seqmna, dagvitova “politikuri
ekonomiis sawyisebi”. ingliseli Teoritikosisa da sistematikosis jon stiuart
milis (1806-1873) naSroms “politikuri ekonomiis safuZvlebi” ewodeboda.
2. neoklasikuri Teoria
mTavari problema, romelic neoklasikosTa warmomadgenlebis alfred mar-
Salis (1842-1924), artur pigus (1877-1959) da sxvaTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo – adami-
anis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebaa. gansazRvravdnen ra ekonomikuri mecnierebis
310
miznebs, neoklasikosebi ekonomikur keTildReobaze sxvadasxva faqtorebis
zegavlenaze saubrobdnen, pirvel planze maT dovlaTis (saqoneli da momsaxureba)
saxmari Rirebuleba (sargeblianoba) da momxmareblis mxridan am dovlaTze moTx-
ovna gamohqondaT. neoklasikosTa warmomadgenlebi gamodiodnen im azridan, rom
ekonomikuri kanonebi nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis erTnairia: rogorc individu-
aluri meurneobisaTvis, aseve Tanamedrove, rTuli ekonomikuri sistemebisaTvis.
wonasworuli fasis koncefcia
a. marSalma daamuSava koncefcia, romelic ekonomikuri mecnierebis, kerZod,
Rirebulebis Teoriebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs Soris erTgvar kompromiss
warmoadgenda. misi koncefcia da naSromebi farTod gavrcelda XIX-XX s.s. mijnaze
(keinsamde). marSalis mTavari azri is aris, rom Rirebulebis garSemo Teoriuli
kamaTidan gadaverToT moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTmoqmedebis problemaTa
Seswavlaze, rameTu swored isini gansazRvraven bazarze mimdinare procesebs. man
dawvrilebiT gaanaliza, rogor yalibdeba da urTierTmoqmedeben moTxovna da
miwodeba, pirvelma Semoitana moTxovnis elastiurobis cneba da fasis “kompromi-
suli” Teoria.
marSalma wonasworuli fasis cneba gamoiyena: rodesac “moTxovnis fasi udris
miwodebis fass, warmoebis moculoba ar iCens tendencias arc gazrdis da arc Sem-
cirebisaken; saxezea – wonasworoba. rodesac moTxovna da miwodeba wonasworobaSi
imyofebian, drois erT da igive monakveTSi warmoebuli saqonlis raodenobas
SeiZleba wonasworuli raodenoba daerqvas, mis gasayid fass ki –wonasworobis
fasi”.
marSalis mier SemoTavazebuli wonasworuli fasis grafiki ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa bevr saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoiyeneba.
marSalis midgoma fasisa da faswarmoqmnis problemebisadmi eyrdnoba
rogorc sawarmoo xarjebis Teorias, aseve avstriuli skolis debulebebs zRvru-
li sargeblianobis Sesaxeb. SegaxsenebT, rom sargeblianoba aris individuumis gan-
sazRvrul moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis unari. magram, rogor SevafasoT, gav-
zomoT sargeblianoba, Tu igi yoveli konkretuli individuumisaTvis (adamiani,
firma) araerTgvarovani, subieqturia? da saerTod, ra saWiroa sargeblianobis
Sedareba da gazomva, samomxmareblo Rirebulebebis Sepirispireba?
ekonomistebs uceb da erTbaSad ar gaugiaT, rom moTxovnis kanonzomierebaTa
da fasebis formirebis Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba mxolod xarjebiT SezRudva (Sro-
ma da sxva warmoebis faqtorebi). momxmareblis moqmedebaTa, misi interesebis, mis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gasagebad, saWiroa zustad warmovidginoT, Tu
riT xelmZRvanelobs igi. rogor Cndeba da “ewyoba” misi wamqezebeli motivebi.
amisaTvis ki saWiroa SevecadoT momxmareblis poziciidan SevafasoT – wylis, sak-
vebis, tansacmlis, sulieri dovlaTis da a.S. sargeblianoba. maSin SesaZlebeli
xdeba imis warmodgena, Tu ras, ra moculobiT da rogori TanmimdevrobiT moZeb-
nis da SeiZens igi bazarze.

311
“zRvruli sargeblianoba” da zRvruli sidideebis koncefcia
sargeblianobis (realizebuli saxmari Rirebulebis) Sedarebisa da Sepirispi-
rebis gziT im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis dadgena, romelsac momxmarebeli upira-
tesobas aniWebs, - am amocanis amoxsna gadawyvites avstriuli skolis ekonomistebma
karl mengerma (1840-1921), evgeni bem-baverkma (1851-1914) da sxv. maT daaskvnes, rom
samomxmareblo arCevani damokidebulia konkretuli individuumisaTvis SesaZeni
dovlaTis mniSvnelobis doneze, am dovlaTiT gajerebasa da raodenobaze, agreTve
misi aRwarmoebis SesaZleblobaze. ama Tu im sagnis saWiroebis simZafre
sxvadasxvagvaria.
arsebobs moTxovnilebaTa Taviseburi ierarqia. rom ar iSimSilo – puris erTi na-
Weri, rom ar gwyurodes – erTi Wiqa wyali, fexSiSvelma rom ar iaro – erTi
wyvili fexsacmeli. esec moTxovnilebaa. magram sul sxvaa, rodesac am dovlaTis
mniSvnelovani raodenoba gagaCnia, rac sagrZnoblad cvlis moTxovnilebaTa sim-
Zafres, maTi sargeblianobis dones. puris erTi naWris, wylis erTi Wiqis,
fexsacmlis erTi wyvilis sargeblianoba bevrad ufro metia, vidre bevri puris,
bevri wylis da fexsacmlis mravali wyvilis.
dovlaTis (saxmari Rirebulebis) axali erTeulebis, nawilebis moxmarebis
procesSi sargeblianobis tempi vardeba, yoveli axali nawilis, ulufis mier
motanili damatebiTi sargeblianoba mcirdeba. dovlaTis (saxmari Rirebulebis)
mniSvnelobas (faseulobas) gansazRvravs ara saSualo, aramed umciresi, damatebiTi
sargeblianoba, romelic dovlaTis TiToeul morig, yovel konkretul SemTxveva-
Si “ukanasknel”, saboloo erTeuls, nawils, ulufas moaqvs. es damatebiTi, umciresi
sargeblianoba aRiniSneba terminiT – zRvruli sargeblianoba. zRvruls uwodeben
arsebuli maragidan (kompleqti, nakrebi) yvelaze mcire dakmayofilebul
sargeblianobas.
sabazro ekonomikaSi sargeblianoba fasebis Tanaxmad nawildeba. fasi unda
Seefardebodes saqonlis zRvrul sargeblianobas (mis mniSvnelobas da mis mier ba-
zris gajerebas). fasebis zrda cvlilebebs iwvevs sargeblianobis struqturasa da
ierarqiaSi, praqtikaSi – moTxovnisa da moxmarebis struqturaSi. Tu saqonlis fasi
izrdeba, misi SedarebiTi sargeblianoba (ese igi, moTxovnac) mcirdeba. saqonlis
SeZenaze daxarjul yovel larze myidveli Seecdeba SeiZinos Tanaswori an Sesa-
darisi zRvruli sargeblianoba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xorcze daxarjuli erTi
lari unda warmoadgendes igive sargeblianobas, rasac makaronze daxarjuli erTi
lari.
zRvruli sargeblianobis principi erTgvari sawyisi gaxda im debulebebisa da
kategoriebis Semdgomi damuSavebisaTvis, romlebic ekonomikur mecnierebaSi friad
mniSvnelovani, universaluri zRvruli sidideebis koncefciis saxiT Sevida.
es koncefcia ara mxolod xarjebis, aramed Sedegebis (sargeblianobis) aRweras
Seicavs, rogorc mimoqcevis, aseve warmoebis sferoSi. is xarjebis minimumamde
Semcirebaze da saqmianobis sxvadasxva dargSi maqsimaluri sargeblianobis miReba-
zea orientirebuli. magaliTad, es koncefcia gamoiyeneba Rirebulebisa da fas-

312
warmoqmnis Teoriis damuSavebisas, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi adamianis qcevis
ganxilvisas, ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorTa dasabuTebisas da a.S.
Cven vaxseneT da mokled ganvixileT zRvruli sargeblianobis principis arsi,
imitom rom is (sxvebTan erTad) neoklasikuri Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgenda, im
Teoriis, romelic iTvaliswinebs rogorc warmoebis xarjebis aseve warmoebuli
dovlaTis sargeblianobis sididis aRricxvas. neoklasikosebi ori, TiTqosda, ori
SeuTavsebeli Teoriis, d. rikardos SromiTi Teoriis da e. bem-baverkis zRvruli
sargeblianobis Teoriis SeTanxmebis gziT wavidnen. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, am kon-
cefciebis SeTanxmeba ganaxorciela a. marSalma, romelic Tvlida, rom d. rikardom
da e. bem-baverkma praqtikulad erTi da igive procesis, faseulobaTa formirebis
procesis sxvadasxva mxareebze SeaCeres TavianTi yuradReba. marSalma Tavidan gai-
azra da gadaamuSava SromiTi Rirebulebis (obieqturi mxare, obieqturi faqtorebis
moqmedeba) da zRvruli sargeblianobis (subieqturi faqtrebis moqmedeba) Teorie-
bi. man Seqmna moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTkavSiris Teoria.

erTi makratlis ori piri

maSasadame, neoklasikosebis mier SemuSavebuli midgomis Tanaxmad saqonlis
fasi ori faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: zRvruli sargeblianobiTa da warmoebis xarje-
biT. fasi, romelsac myidveli ixdis, ganpirobebulia saqonlis sargeblianobis do-
niT: fasi, romelsac gamyidveli adgens, Seicavs pirvel rigSi warmoebis xarjebs.
fasebis formireba “gasaSualebis” daxmarebiT ar xdeba, isini yalibdeba myidvelsa
da gamyidvels Soris Taviseburi kompromisis Sedegad rogorc sabolood dasaSve-
bi moTxovnisa da miwodebis mxridan.
es aris ori urTierTmoqmedi da urTierTSemdgeni faqtori. Tavisi ZiriTadi naS-
romis – “poilitikuri ekonomiis principebi”-s, damatebaSi – marSali werda:
“warmoebis xarjebis” principi da “saboloo sargeblianobis” principi, eWvs ga-
reSea, moTxovnisa da miwodebis erTi saerTo kanonis Semadgenel nawilebs
warmoadgenen; yoveli maTgani SeiZleba SevadaroT makratlis erT pirs”.
ganmartavda ra, Tu ratom warmoadgenda moTxovnisa da miwodebis modeli,
romlis safuZvelzec yalibdeboda fasebi mTeli saukunis manZilze politikuri e-
konomiis Teoriis birTvs, erTerTi popularuli saxelmZRvanelos avtori aRniS-
navda: “am dRegrZelobis mizezi is ki ar aris, rom modeli zustad asaxavs
sinamdviles, aramed is, rom igi iolad da damajereblad midis erTmniSvnelovan
daskvnebamde. es daskvnebi sxvadasxva ekonomikuri problemebis analizisaTvis
gamoiyeneba. es modeli Sorsaa sinamdvilis yovlismomcveli suraTisagan, magram is
iol formaSi aRwers meurneobaSi moqmed zogierT Zalas da amiT realuri cxovre-
bis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs asaxavs.
ekonomikuri modelebi
moTxovnisa da miwodebis, rogorc faswarmoqmnis sawyisi momentebis, ur-
TierTobis analizze yuradRebis gadatanam arsebiTi zegavlena moaxdina ekonomi-
kuri mecnierebis sxva problemaTa damuSavebasa da Semecnebaze, SexedulebaTa
sistemebis formirebaze, ZiriTadi kategoriebis axsnaze da neoklasikosTa meTo-

313
dologiaze. atareben ra sabazro ekonomikis analizs, neoklasikuri skolis warmo-
madgenlebi, farTod iyeneben ekonomikur modelebs mecnieruli kvlevis umTavres
instrumentad. ekonomikuri modelebi warmoadgenen rTuli ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebis formalizebas; es aris diagramebi, grafikebi, cxrilebi, formulebi,
romelTa gamoyeneba gvexmareba ekonomikur movlenaTa arsis gagebaSi, funqcio-
naluri urTierTkavSirebis warmoSobisa da xasiaTis axsnaSi. magaliTad, loren-
cis mrudi gviCvenebs, rogor icvleba Semosavlebis ganawileba mosaxleobis Ziri-
Tad jgufebs Soris (uRaribesi, umdidresi da Sualeduri); wonasworobis fasis
grafiki gvixsnis, rogor yalibdeba fasi moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTqmede-
bis Sedegad; fuladi gacvlis gantoleba asaxavs urTierTkavSirs mimoqcevaSi arse-
bul fulis raodenobasa da fasebis dones Soris.
klasikurisagan gansxvavebiT, neoklasikuri Teoria ar warmoadgens
SexedulebaTa erTian da mkacrad subordinirebul sistemas; es ar aris raime
mTliani dasrulebuli koncefcia, Tumca man garkveul wilad SeimuSava saerTo
cnebaTa aparati, eyrdnoba zogierT, mis warmomadgenelTa umravlesobis mier aRi-
arebul, principebs. es aris wamyvani mimarTuleba Tanamedrove dasavlur, pirvel
rigSi anglo-amerikul ekonomikur mecnierebaSi . ekonomistebi, romlebsac ne-
oklasikosebs uwodeben, sxvadasxva problemebze muSaoben da praqtikulad
warmoadgenen ara erT, aramed gansxvavebul koncefciebsa da skolebs. amasTan, Te-
matikis erToblioba, damuSavebaSi myofi problemebis siaxlove an msgavseba sulac
ar niSnavs saerTo Sexedulebebs,.neoklasikuri mimarTuleba “aerTianebs”, erT
WerqveS krebs sxvadsxva skolebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic gansxvavdebian in-
teresebis sferoebiT, problemaTa analizis siRrmiT, miRebuli SedegebiT (daskvne-
biTa da rekomendaciebiT).
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba pozitiuri ekonomikuri mecniereba, romelic faqtebsa
da movlenebs ganixilavs da normatiuli, romelic miTiTebebsa da receptebs amuSa-
vebs. neoklasikuri skola Tvlis, rom ekonomikuri damuSaveba, rogorc wesi, pra-
qtikulad unda Semowmdes da ekonomikuri politikis dasabuTebisaTvis rekomenda-
ciebi gasces. Teoriis pozitiuri aspeqtebisa da normatiuli daskvnebis urTierT-
kavSiri damaxasiaTebelia mravali Teoriisa da koncefciisaTvis. magaliTad, eko-
nomikuri zrdis erT-erTi pirveli, r. harod-e.domaris modeli miznad isaxavs xan-
grZliv periodSi mudmivi da SedarebiT Tanabari zrdis pirobebis gamovlenas. x.
kobisa da h. duglasis orfaqtoriani modeli , romelic faqtorTa urTierT
Secvlas i Tvaliswinebs, saWiroa zrdis wyaroebis da masze teqnikprogresis
teqnologiebis gavlenis Sesafaseblad.
amerikelma mecnierma saimon kuznecma (1901-1985) sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetasTan er-
Tad erovnuli Semosavlis gamoangariSebis statistikuri safuZveli uzrunvelyo,
daamuSava qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis gamoTvlis meTodebi. lourens kleinma
(daibada 1920 w) aago amerikuli, meqsikuri, iaponuri ekonomikis modelebi; Ca-
moayaliba proeqti “link”, raTa saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri kavSirebis da
msoflio vaWrobis suraTi aesaxa. hari bekerma (daibada 1931 w.) ekonomikuri anali-
zis meTodebi gaavrcela ojaxis, damnaSaveobisa da sxva mravali socialuri prob-
314
lemis Sesaswavlad; magaliTad, man ivarauda narkomaniis ekonomikurad “mkurnal-
oba”, Zaldatanebis gareSe, xalxis realuri simdidriT dainteresebis gziT,
romelsac unari aqvs narkotikebis iluzoruli samyaros upiratesoba gadawonos.
zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis Teoria
neoklasikur sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia zRvruli mwarmoebluro-
bis Teorias. es Teoria efuZneba klebadi mwarmoeblurobis kanons, romlis azri
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: warmoebis erTerTi faqtoris xarjebis Tanmimdevrul
zrdas sxva faqtorTa ucvlelobis pirobiT, Sedegad mosdevs xarjis erteulze na-
zardis Semcireba.
rogorc cnobilia, adamianTa moTxovnilebebi sakmaod farTo da mraval-
ferovania. amave dros, maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis aucilebeli dovlaTi SezRudu-
lia. dovlaTis warmoeba garkveul xarjebTan (Zal-Ronisa da drois danaxarjebi)
da warmoebis faqtorTa gamoyenebasTan 9bunebrivi resursebi, Sroma, kapitali,
samewarmeo niWi, mecniereba) aris dakavSirebuli.
Sedegebios (magaliTad, ekonomikuri zrdis, warmoebis moculobis) sawarmoo
faqtorebze damokidebuleba SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamoisaxos:
П=f(X1, X2,...,Xn),
sadac П- saboloo produqciaa; X1, X2, …... Xn-sawarmoo faqtorebi; f - wlebis
raodenoba.
sawarmoo faqtorebi mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni da erTmaneTis
Senacvleba SeuZliaT. manqanas SeuZlia xelis instrumentebiT SeiaraRebuli ram-
denime muSa Secvalos. gzis gayvana erTi buldozerisa da erTi muSis, an aTi muSis
Sromis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba.
sawarmoo faqtorTa Secvla garkveul sazRvramdea SesaZlebeli. Tu samidan
(samuSao Zala, kapitali, miwa) ori faqtori ucvleli rCeba da mesame izrdeba
(magaliTad, dazgebis ricxvi da medazgeTa ricxvis ucvlelobisas), garkveul etapze
Cndeba zRvari, romlis farglebs gareTac miTiTebuli faqtoris Semdgomi zrda
ufro da ufro naklebefeqtiani xdeba. medazge sul ufro met dazgas emsaxureba,
misi muSaobis Sedegianoba mcirdeba, wunis procenti da mocdena izrdeba da a.S. sa-
dazgo mowyobilobaSi Cadebuli kapitalis zRvruli mwarmoebluroba klebas
iwyebs.

315
 imisaTvis rom arsebuli resursebidan SesaZleblobis maqsimumi miviRoT,
aucilebelia zustad dadgindes, romeli faqtorebi unda CaerTos sawarmoo pro-
cesSi.
magram warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTSecvla mizanSewonilia garkveul far-
glebSi. dauSvaT, fermerul meurneobaSi xorbali mohyavT. sasuqis gamoyenebis ga-
reSe mosavali 1 heqtaridan 20 c. Seadgens. qimiuri sasuqis gamoyeneba (sxva faqto-
rebis ucvlelobisas) mosavals gazrdis. ganvixiloT magaliTi (cxrili 15.1; 1
heqtarze gaangariSebiT).
cxrili 15.1 xorblis zRvruli mwarmoebluroba

sasuqis raodenoba, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
tomrebi
xorblis mosavali, c 20 25 35 43 50 55 57 57
mosavlis nazardi, c - 5 10 8 7 5 2 0

Cven vxedavT, rom faqtoris mesame gazrdis Semdeg mosavlis zrdis tempi ecema.
sxva faqtorTa ucvlelobis dros erTi faqtoris gadideba ama Tu im etapze dacemas
iwyebs da bolos nulamde ecema.
warmoebis optimaluri koncefciis ageba unda xdebodes faqtorTa SerwymiT,
maTi urTierTqmedebisa da SeTanxmebulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela sawarmoo
faqtoris gamoyenebis saukeTeso varianti damokidebulia maT zRvrul
mwarmoeblurobaze. investiciebis (xarjebis) ganxorcieleba mizanSewonilia gark-
veul sazRvramde, sanam miRebuli mogeba gaweul xarjebs ar gauTanabrdeba.
is, rac calkeuli sawarmosaTvis gamarTlebulia, garkveulwilad makrodone-
ze gamoTvlebisTvisac sasargebloa, magram am SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT
faqtorTa bevrad ufro meti raodenobis da mravali cvladis urTierTqmedeba,
romliTac Cveulebriv warmoebis xelmZRvaneloba sargeblobs. makroekonomikuri
gaangariSebani farTo informacias eyrdnoba da Sedegebs da xarjebs gansazRvrul,
garkveulwilad pirobiT farglebSi adarebs.

neoklasikuri sinTezi

Teoriul damuSavebaTa Semdgomi gaRrmaveba da axali problemebis Seswavla

(mikrosameurneo procesebis, ekonomikuri zrdis, inflaciis, calkeuli saqonlis
316
bazrebis gamokvleva da sxva) ganaxorcieles, kerZod, neoklasikuri sinTezis sko-
lis warmomadgenlebma: jon hiqsma (1904-1989), pol samuelsonma (1915-2009) da sxva
ekonomistebma. sinTezis arsi is aris, rom ekonomikis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos saxelmwifo regulirebis keinsuri rekomendaciebi, an
im ekonomistTa receptebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis SezRudvis
poziciebze dganan. saukeTeso regulatorad isini fulad-sakredito meTodebs
Tvlian. am skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, sabazro meqanizmi saboloo jamSi
TviTon daadgens wonasworobas ZiriTad ekonomikur parametrebs Soris -
moTxovnasa da miwodebas, warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris.
neoklasikuri sinTezis ideis momxreni ar aWarbeben bazris maregulirebel
SesaZleblobebs. isini Tvlian, rom ekonomikuri urTierTkavSirebisa da ur-
TierTobebis garTulebisas aucilebelia saxelmwifo regulirebis sxvadasxva me-
Todebis srulyofa da gamoyeneba.
neoklasikuri sinTezis skolas axasiaTebs kvlevis Tematikis gafarToeba: Se-
qmnilia naSromTa mTeli seria ekonomikuri zrdis problemebze; muSavdeba ekono-
mikur-maTematikuri analizis meTodebi; Semdgomi ganviTareba ganicada saerTo e-
konomikuri wonasworobis Teoriam; warmodgenilia umuSevrobis analizis meTodi-
ka da misi regulirebis meTodebi; dawvrilebiT aris Seswavlili dabegvris Teo-
ria da praqtika. jeims biukenenma (daibada 1919) gamoikvlia ekonomikuri meTodebis
gamoyeneba politologiaSi, politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis ekonomikuri
safuZvlebi. franko modilianim (daibada 1918) aRwera piradi danazogis warmoSobis
kanonzomierebani, investorebis qcevis da sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
motivebi. jeims tobinma (1918-2002) daamuSava saporTfelo investiciebis arCevis
Teoria da daaskvna, rom investorebi cdiloben erTmaneTs Seuxamon maRali da da-
bali donis riskTan dakavSirebuli investiciebi, raTa sakuTari dabandebebis da-
balansebas miaRwion.
neoklasikuri sinTezis momxreTa skola uars ambobs neoklasikosTa rig
doqtrinalur debulebebze, farTod iyenebs makroanalizis meTodebs. Tu marSali
umTavresad saqonlis bazarze nawilobriv wonasworobas ganixilavda, Tanamedrove
TeoretikosTa yuradRebis centrsi saerTo wonasworobis problema dgas saqonlis
mTeli raodenobis da warmoebis faqtorTa fasebis gaTvaliswinebiT. neoklasikur
sinTezSi ganviTarda ekonomikuri Teoriis gamoyenebiTi aspeqti.

317
3. institucionalizmi - originaluri koncefcia

„racionaluri“, „ekonomikuri“, mxolod maqsimalur mogebaze mzrunveli

adamiani, romlis qceva Tavisuflad aixsneba gantolebaTa sistemiT. ai am hipoTezis
winaaRmdeg gamovidnen institucionaluri mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi
azriT, neoklasikosebi sinamdvilis metad gamartivebul da garkveulwilad aras-
wor suraTs gvixataven.
zemoaRniSnul originalur koncefcias eZRvneba institucionalizmis erT-erTi
fuZemdeblis TorsTein veblenis (1857-1929), misi mowafis, samrewvelo ciklebis
dargis specialistis uesli mitCelis (1847-1948), uaRresad nayofieri publicistis,
Teoretikosisa da politikuri moRvawis jon gelbreiTis (daib. 1908), ekonomistis
da globaluri proeqtebis dammuSaveblis ian tinbergeris (daib. 1903) fundamenturi
naSromebi.

sami ZiriTadi idea

CamovayaliboT institucionalizmis zogierTi Taviseburebani. jer erTi,

institucionalistebi Zalian farTod xsnian ekonomikis sagans. maTi azriT, ekono-
mikuri mecniereba mxolod ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT ar unda iyos dainterese-
buli. es viwro sivrcea da xSirad man SeiZleba SiSvel abstraqciamde migviyvanos.
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT pirobaTa da faqtorTa mTeli kompleqsi, romelic
sameurneo cxovrebaze zegavlenas axdens. samarTlebrivi, socialuri, fsiqologi-
uri, politikuri. saxelmwifo marTvis wesebi aranakleb, da SesaZloa met interess
warmoadgenen, vidre sabazro fasebis meqanizmi.
meore, saWiroa kapitalisturi sazogadoebis ara mxolod funqcionirebis, a-
ramed ganviTarebisa da transformaciis Seswavla. institucionalistebi gamodian
kapitalizmis kritikiT da socialuri programebis gafarToebis sasargeblod.
dasaqmebis socialuri garantiebis sakiTxi SeiZleba xelfasis doneze mniSvnelova-
ni gaxdes. umuSevrobis problema, pirvel rigSi, struqturuli daubalanseblobis

318
problemad iqceva da am SemTxvevaSi sul ufro metad vlindeba ekonomikisa da po-
litikis urTierTkavSirSi.
bazari sulac ar warmoadgens resursebis ganawilebis neitralur da univer-
salur meqanizms. TviTregulirebadi bazari aris msxvili sawarmoebis SenarCunebi-
sa da gamdidrebisaTvis moqmedi Taviseburi manqana. maT partniorad saxelmwifo
gamodis. eyrdnobian ra saxelmwifos, monopolizebuli dargebi udidesi siWarbiT
awarmoeben Tavis produqcias da Tavs axveven mas momxmarebels. msxvili korpora-
ciebis Zalauflebis safuZvels warmoadgens teqnika da ara bazris kanonebi.
gadamwyvet rols axla ara momxmarebeli, aramed mwarmoebeli, teqnostruqtura
TamaSobs.
mesame, sawiroa uari iTqvas ekonomikuri urTierTobebis analizze egreT
wodebuli ekonomikuri adamianis poziciebidan. aucilebelia ara sazogadoebis
calkeul wevrTa SeuTanxmebeli moqmedebebi, aramed maTi organizeba. mewarmeTa
diqtats aucilebelia winaaRmdegoba gauwios gaerTianebulma koordinirebulma
moqmedebebma, romlebic profkavSirebma da saxelmwifo organoebma unda ganaxor-
cielon. saxelmwifom Tavisi mzrunvelobis qveS unda aiRos agreTve ekologia,
ganaTleba, medicina.

ekonomikuri sistemebis evoluciis gzebi

institucionalizmis warmomadgenlebs ekonomikuri Zalauflebis da masze kon-

trolis problemebi ainteresebT. adamianTa sazogadoebis evolucias warmoebis
teqnikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi udevs safuZvlad. am determinirebuli Zvrebis Se-
sabamisad institucionalistebma daamuSaves sazogadoebis istoriuli transforma-
ciis sxvadasxva koncefciebi: industriuli - postinductriuli - informaciuli -
teqnotronuli.
saerTod, institucionaluri gamokvlevebis Tematika sakmaod vrcelia. igi
Seicavs samomxmareblo moTxovnis Teorias, keTildReobis socialur-ekonomikur
Teorias, msxvili korporaciebis, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri institutis ana-
lizs da sxva ekonomikuri sociologia daamuSava Tanamedrove institucionalizmis
erT-erTma winamorbedma maqs veberma (1864-1920). man daasabuTa sociologiis meTo-
dologiuri principebi, moamzada fundamenturi naSromi „meurneoba da sazogado-
eba“, romelSic Seajama Tavisi sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi. SemdgomSi ekono-
319
mikuri sociologia Rrmad ganaviTares amerikelma institucionalistebma, kerZod,
muSavdeboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa, Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis,
saxelmwifoTaSorisi kavSirebis socialuri aspeqtebi.

4. j.m. keinzi: efeqtiani moTxovnis Teoria

ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTi cnobili da aRiarebuli skola, romelmac e-

konomikuri regulirebis receptebi SemogvTavaza, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
ingliseli jon meinard keinzis (1883-1946) saxelTan da naSromebTan. j. m. keinzis
receptebi praqtikaSi, ekonomikur programebSi, praqtikul RonisZiebebSi da eko-
nomikuri politikis aqciebSi gamoiyeneba. mis receptebs ara mxolod inglisSi da
aSS-Si, aramed dasavleTis sxva qveynebSic iyenebdnen. am skolis daskvnebi da debu-
lebebi garkveulwilad CvenTvisac sasargebloa.
30-ian wlebSi, rodesac muSavdeboda da gamoqveynda j.m. keinzis „dasaqmebis,
procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoria“, sawiro iyo im meTodebis povna, romlebic
Rrma krizisidan gamosvlas uzrunvelyofda da agreTve Seqmnidnen masobrivi u-
muSevrobis daZlevis da warmoebis zrdis pirobebs.

keinzis mier SemoTavazebuli ideebi

ra aris keinzis koncefciis arsi?

jer erTi, mas efeqtiani moTxovnis Teorias uwodeben. keinsis idea is aris,
rom erToblivi moTxovnis saerTo myidvelobiTunarianobis aqtivizaciisa da sti-
mulirebis meSveobiT zemoqmedeba moaxdinos warmoebis da saqonlisa da momsaxu-
reobis miwodebis gafarToebaze.
meore, es aris Teoria, romelic gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs investiciebs.
rac ufro maRalia maTi momgebianoba da mosalodneli Semosavali, da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania investiciebis sidide, miT ufro didi iqneba warmoebis masStabebi
da misi zrdis tempebi.
mesame, am Teoriis Tanaxmad saxelmwifos SeuZlia imoqmedos investiciebze,
procentis (sasesxo, sabanko) donis regulirebis an sazogadoebriv samuSaoebSi da
sxva sferoebSi investiciebis ganxorcielebis gziT. keinsis Teoria iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. keinss ar sjeroda TviTre-
320
gulirebadi sabazro meqanizmisa. is Tvlida, rom normaluri zrdis da ekonomikuri
Tanasworobis misaRwevad aucilebelia garedan. Careva. sabazro ekonomikas ar
SeuZlia TviTon ‚moirCinos“ sakuTari Tavi (gamojanmrTeldes).

moTxovna qmnis miwodebas

keinsma miaqcia yuradreba imas, rac sxva ekonomistebma ver SeniSnes. man far-
tod ariarebuli seis kanoni gaakritika. J.b. sei (1767-1832) Tvlida, rom uzrun-
velyofs ra saqonelze Sesabamis moTxovnas, warmoeba TviTon ayalibebs Semo-
savlebs da gamoricxavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo Warbwarmoebas.
darRvevebi SesaZlebelia calkeul saqonelsa an saqonlis jgufebSi gareSe
faqtorebis gamo da ara Sinagan urTierTobaTa rRvevis an TviTon sameurneo
meqanizmis arasrulyofilebis gamo.
es pozicia gamomdinareobda ara fuladi, aramed naturaluri gacvlidan. ma-
gram realur ekonomikur praqtikas araferi saerTo ara aqvs „robinzon kruzos
gacvlisgareSe ekonomikasTan“ (keinsi). nebismieri analogia robinzoniadas da re-
alur ekonomikur sinamdviles Soris araseriozulia. unda gvaxsovdes, rom
saqoneli ubralod ki ar icvleba ‚saqoneli saqonelze“, aramed is iyideba da mas
yiduloben. Tu moTxovna sazogadoebaSi warmoebul produqciaze naklebia, Cndeba
Seusabamoba, amitom produqciis nawili ver saRdeba. fasebi ver aswreben moTxovni-
sa da miwodebis gaTanabrebas.
movlenebi Semdegnairad viTardeba. moqmedebs e.w. ‚xrutunas efeqti“.
moTxovnis zrdis SemTxvevaSi fasebic izrdeba, misi Semcireba ki fasebs ar cvlis.
xelfasis donis daweva Zalian Znelia: borbali ukumimarTulebiT ar trialebs. mu-
Sebi da profkavSirebi mtkiced dganan Tavis poziciebze. dabali ganakveTebi mewar-
meebsac ar awyobT, isini SiSoben kvalificiuri musebis dakargvas.
is, rasac calkeuli firma akeTebs, xSirad sxva firmebisTvis wamgebiania.
calkeul firmatas normaluri funqcioba - arasakmarisi pirobaa mTeli ekonomikis
warmatebiT funqciobisaTvis. xelfasis sayovelTao Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi mosax-
leobis msyidvelobiTi unari, da saqonelze moTxovna mcirdeba, rac umuSevrobas
ki ar Seamcirebs (rogorc klasikosebi Tvlian), aramed gazrdis. warmoeba kidev
ufro Semcirdeba, umusevrTa raodenoba aiwevs.

321
 keinzis daskvna: sazogadoebrivi warmoebisa da dasaqmebis moculoba da maTi
dinamika ganisazRvreba ara miwodebis, aramed gadaxdisunariani moTxovnis
faqtorebiT. yuradRebis centrSi unda iyos moTxovnisa da misi Semadgenlebis
ganxilva, agreTve moTxovnaze gavlenis mqone faqtorebi.
mTliani moTxovna aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erovnuli warmoebis re-
aluri moculoba, romlis yidva fasebis mocemul doneze SeuZliaT Sina meurne-
obebs, sawarmoebs da saxelmwifos.
erToblivi moTxovnis zrdas amuxruWebs ori faqtori. pirvelia - momxmare-
belTa fsiqologia. Semosavlebis zrda ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela ufro met
saqonels SeiZens (moxmarebis done aiwevs). Semosavlis nawili daizogeba. es Tavi-
seburi fsiqologiuri kanonia. Semosavlis zrda iwvevs moxmarebisadmio midre-
kilebis Semcirebas da dazogvisadmi midrekilebis gazrdas. meore muxruWs kapi-
taluri dabandebebis efeqtianobis daweva warmoadgens. dagrovili kapitalis
moculobis gadideba kapitalis klebadi mwarmoeblurobis kanonis Tanaxmad iwvevs
mogebis normis dawevas. Tu mogebis norma didad ar gansxvavdeba procentis
normisagan, warmoebis gafarToeba da modernizacia did Semosavlebs ar moitans.
moTxovna sainvesticio saqonelze vardeba.

regulirebis instrumentebi

rogor unda gadiddes investiciebi, romlebsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT

gadaxdisunariani moTxovnis gafarToebisaTvis?
pirveli. iyo kreditebze procentebis dawevis winadadeba, rac kreditebis
Rirebulebis da kapitaldabandebaTa mosalodnel momgebianobas Soris sxvaobas
gazrdis da maT ‚zRvrul efeqtianobas“ awevs. mewarmeebi fulad saxsrebs ara fasian
qaRaldebSi, aramed warmoebis ganviTarebaSi daabandeben.
meore. efeqtiani moTxovnis stimulirebisaTvis keinsis rekomendaciiT saWiro
iyo saxelmwifo xarjebis, investiciebisa da saqonlis Sesyidvis gazrda. aseTi gaT-
vla imas emyareboda, rom „saxelmwifo sul ufro met pasuxismgeblobas aiRebs uSu-
alod investiciebis pirdapir organizaciaze“. varaudoben, rom saxelmwifos sain-
vesticio saqmianoba mimarTuli iqneba pirvel rigSi sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis
organizaciaze, rogoricaa gzatkecilebis mSenebloba, axali ubnebis aTviseba,
sawarmoTa ageba.
322
 mesame. dasaxuliyo SemosavalTa gadanawileba im socialuri jgufebis inter-
esebisaTvis, romlebic yvelaze dabal Semosavals iReben. amgvar politikas aseTi
socialuri jgufebis moTxovna unda gaezarda da masobrivi myidvelis fuladi
moTxovna aewia. sazogadoebaSi unda gazrdiliyo moxmarebisadmi midrekileba.
Sedegad, rogorc keinsi amtkicebda gafarTovdeba warmoeba, gaixsneba
damatebiTi samuSao adgilebi, Semcirdeba umuSevroba (nax. 15.1). ganixilavda ra
regulirebis or instruments - fulad-sakreditos da sabiujetos - keinsi upi-
ratesobas meores aniWebda. dacemis dros investiciebi sustad reagireben
saprocento ganakveTis dawevaze (regulirebis fulad-sakredito xerxi). e.i. mTava-
ri yuradReba unda mieqces ara saprocento ganakveTis dawevas (regulirebis ara-
pirdapiri forma), aramed sabiujeto politikas, maT Soris im saxelmwifo xarjebis
gazrdas, romlebic stimuls miscemen firmebis investirebas.

procentis done

mogebis investiciebi warmoebis

norma moculoba,
saxelmwifo dasaqmeba
xarjebi

nax.15.1 keinzis koncefcia: moTxovnis stimulirebis gzebi

sainvesticio multiplikatori

keinsis TeoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs multiplikatori. laTinurad

es sityva niSnavs „samravls“. multiplikatori amravlebs, aZlierebs moTxovnas Se-
mosavlis zrdaze investiciebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
multiplikatori warmoadgens koeficients, romelic gamosaxavs Semosavlis
nazardsa da am nazardis gamomwvev investiciebis moculobis gazrdas Soris arse-
bul Tanafardobas. is aCvenebs erovnuli Semosavlis nazardis damokidebulebas
investiciaTa nazardisagan. multiplikatori izrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mo-
mxmarebeli mzadaa gamoiyenos Semosavlis nazardi moxmarebis gazrdisaTvis da pi-
riqiT, mcirdeba, rodesac Zlierdeba momxmareblis midrekileba dazogvisadmi.

323
 magram arsebobs multiplikaciuri efeqtis SemzRudveli faqtorebi. multipli-
kacias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac arsebobs gamouyenebeli simZlavreebi da Tavi-
sufali samuSao Zala. sarezervo simZlavreTa gamoyeneba iwvevs umniSvnelo dama-
tebiTi dabandebebis xarjze produqciis gamoSvebis „iaf“ zrdas. multiplikaciis
efeqtze saubrisas keinss mxedvelobaSi hqonda pirvel rigSi saxelmwifo biujetis
xarjebi, magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis organizaciaze. is ironiulad am-
bobda, rom SesaZlebelia uazro samuSaoebis organizebac. magaliTad boTlebis
banknotebiT gatenva da miwaSi damarxva imisaTvis, rom isini umuSevrebma ipovon.

neokeinzianelTa rekomendaciebi

keinsis mimdevrebma (neokeinsianelebma) Seavses da daakonkretes misi debule-

bebi da rekomendaciebi. magaliTad, multiplikatoris koncepcia maT aqseletaro-
ris koncefciiT Seavses. aqseleratori niSnavs „damaCqarebels“ da uCvenebs inves-
ticiebis nazardis damokidebulebas Semosavlis nazardisagan. Semosavlis yovel
nazards procentulad ufro didi investiciebis nazardi iwvevs. multiplikatorisa
da aqseleratoris urTierTkavSiridan gamomdinare neokeinsianelebma ekonomikis
uwyveti, dinamiuri zrdis sqema daamuSaves. Seiqmna gansxvavebul koniunqturul pi-
robebSi (vardnis da zrdis) ekonomikis regulirebis Teoria. damuSavda ekonomikis
regulirebis debuleba saxelmwifo biujetidan im stabilizatorebis gamoyenebiT,
romlebic garkveulwilad avtomaturad unda reagirebdnen ciklur cvlilebebze da
Searbilon es rxevebi (satabilizatorebs warmoadgenen gadasaxadebi, socialuri
dazRveva, daxmarebebi).

5. monetarizmi: axal midgomaTa gamoZebna

70-iani - 80-iani wlebis mijnaze ekonomikis regulirebisadmi axal midgomaTa

intensiuri Zieba mimdinareobda. Tu keinsis Teoriss damuSavebisas centralur
problemad umuSevroba rCeboda, SemdgomSi situacia Seicvala, mTavari inflaciis
problema gaxda warmoebis erTdrouli SemcirebiT. am situacias uwodes stagfla-
cia. keinseuli rekomendaciebi (magaliTad, sabiujeto xarjebis gazrdiT defici-
turi dafinansebis politikis gatareba) Secvlil pirobebSi gamousadegari aRmoCn-

324
da. sabiujeto manipulaciebs mxolod inflaciis gaZliereba SeeZlo, rac xdeboda
kidec.

ukan smiTisaken

daiwyo faseulobaTa gadafaseba da axali receptebis Zebna. gaCnda lozubgi

„ukan smiTisaken“, rac ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri Carevis meTodebze uaris
Tqmas niSnavda. yvelaze didi gavlena axali koncefciis damusavebisa da ekonomiku-
ri politikis gadasinjvis procesSi monetaristTa rekomendaciebs hqonda. Tumca
maTi lideri, amerikeli milton fridmeni (1912-2006) jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi gad-
modioda, aRiareba da popularoba misma Teoriam ufro gvian moipova. gagaxsenebT,
rom ekonomikuri kursi, romelsac reiganomikas uwodeben, mniSvnelovan wilad mo-
netaristTa Sexedulebebs eyrdnoboda.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi da pirvel rigSi fulis TeoriaSi Cadebuli monetariz-
mis pozitiuri wvlili gamoixateba fuladi samyaros - saqonlis samyaroze, moneta-
ruli instrumentebisa da monetaruli politikis ( money- fuli, monetary-fuladi),
ekonomikis ganviTarebaze ukumoqmedebis meqanizmis kvlevaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas rom
monetarizmi aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis fuls da mis rols arwarmoebis
procesSi. es aris erTiani Teoria, romelic warmoadgens specifikur midgomas eko-
nomikis regulirebisadmi fulad-sakredito instrumentebis daxmarebiT.

fuladi emisia - ZiriTadi meTodi

fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis Sesabamisad pirvel planze, ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareobisa da koniunqturis miuxedavad, gamodis misi stabiluri emisia. fuladi
masis moculoba fulad-sakredito politikis mTavari obieqti xdeba (keinsianelebi
fuladi regulirebis saSualebad saprocento ganakveTebs ganixilavdnen).
fridmenisa da misi momxreebis koncefciis ZiriTadi debulebania:
1. kerZo sabazro meurneobis simyare. monetaristebi Tvlian, rom Sida tenden-
ciebis gamo sabazro meurneoba stabilurobisa da TviTmowesrigebisaken miiswraf-
vis. Tu adgili aqvs disproporciebs da darRvevebs, es pirvel rigSi, garedan
Carevis Sedegia. es debuleba keinsis ideebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. moneta-

325
ristTa azriT, keinsis mowodeba saxelmwifo Carevisaken sameurneo ganviTarebis
normalur svlas arRvevs.
2. saxelmwifo regulatorTa ricxvi minimumamde mcirdeba, gamoiricxeba
sagadasaxado da sabiujeto regulireba (e.w. administraciuli meTodebi).
3. sameurneo cxovrebaze moqmed mTavar regulators warmoadgens „fuladi im-
pulsebi“, fuladi emisia. eyrdnoboda ra aSS-s ‚monetarul„ istorias, fridmeni amt-
kicebda, rom fuladi masis dinamikas da erovnuli Semosavlis dinamikas Soris ar-
sebobs umWidroesi korealciuri kavSiri, da rom fuladi impulsebi ekonomikiis
yvelaze saimedo amwyobia. fuladi masa gavlenas axdens momxmarebelTa da firmebis
xarjebze; fuladi masis zrdas warmoebisd zrda mohyveba, simZlavreTa srul Sevse-
bas ki - fasebis zrda.
4. radganac fuladi masis cvlileba ekonomikaze ara erTbaSad, aramed gark-
veuli dagvianebiT moqmedebs (lagi) da aman SeiZleba gaumarTlebeli darRvevebi
gamoiwvios, mizanSewonilia moklevadian fulad politikaze uari iTqvas. is unda
Secvalos politikam, romelic gatvlilia ekonomikis xangrZlivi, uwyveti moqmede-
bisaTvis da miznad sawarmoo potencialis zrdas isaxavs. mocemuli debuleba iseve,
rogorc sxvebi, mimarTulia koniunqturis mimdinare regulirebis keinseuli
kursis winaaRmdeg. keinseuli koreqtivebi agvianeben da xSir SemTxvevaSi sa-
winaaRmdego Sedegebs iwveven.

fuladi impulsebis meqanizmi

dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT fuladi impulsebis gadamcemi meqanizmi. ekonomikur

koniunqturaze ara mxolod naRdi fuli M0 axdens gavlenas, aramed dabandebebi,
depozitebi komerciul bankebSi M1, M2, monetaristebis terminologiiT, ara marto
naRdi fuli, aramed mTlianad monetaruli bazisi, anu naRdi fulisa da sabanko re-
zervebis erToblioba. monetaruli bazisis cnebis zusti gansazRvra literaturaSi
ar arsebobs. fridmeni iyenebs agregat M2-s. swored am statistikur maCvenebels
rTaven modelebSi, romlebiTac iTvlian fuladi politikis normativebs.
monetaruli bazisi ekonomikur cxovrebaze moqmedebs ara erTbaSad, aramed
drois garkveul monakveTSi (lagi). amasTan monetaruli bazisis zrdis tempebi
saqonlis masis zrdis tempebTan unda iyos koordinirebuli. monetaruli gadamcemi
meqanizmi sqemiT aris warmodgenili naxazze 15.2.
326
 fuladi masis (monetaruli bazisis) namati unda Seesabamebodes mTliani Sida
produqtis zrdas, fulis brunvis siswrafis cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saqonlis moTxovnis
zrda, Q
fuladi masis
namati, M mep, PQ

fasebis dinamika, P

Nnax. 15.2 monetaruli bazisis zemoqmedeba mep-ze

fridmenis „fuladi wesi“

fridmeni gamomdinareobda im garemoebidan, rom fuladi politika fulze

moTxovnisa da misi miwodebis Sesabamisobis misaRwevad unda iyos mimarTuli. fu-
ladi miwodebis zrda (fulis namatis procenti) fasebis stabilurobas unda uzrun-
velyofdes. fridmeni Tvlida, rom fulis namatis sxvadasxva maCveneblebTan ma-
nevrireba Zalian Znelia. centraluri bankis prognozebi xSirad mcdaria. ‚sakredi-
to-safinanso dargis ganxilvisas umetes SemTxvevaSi araswor gadawyvetilebas
iReben, radganac ganixilaven mxolod SezRudul dargs, da ar iTvaliswineben
mTeli politikis erTobliobas“. centralurma bankma uari unda Tqvas moklevadi-
ani regulirebis koniunqturul politikaze da daeyrdnos ekonomikaze xangrZlivi
zemoqmedebis politikas da fuladu masis TandaTanobiT gazrdas.
fulis zrdis tempis arCevisas fridmenma fuladi masis „meqanikuri“ namatis
wesis gamoyenebis winadadeba Semoitana, romelic gamosaxavda or faqtors: mosa-
lodneli inflaciis dones da sazogadoebrivi produqtis namatis temps. aSS da da-
savleTis sxva qveynebisaTvis fridmeni gvTavazobs fuladi masis saSualo wliuri
namatis temps 4-5% odenobiT. amastan is gamomdinareobs realuri mTliani erov-
nuli produqtis 35%-iani zrdidan (SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis) da fulis mimoqcevis
siCqaris mcire dacemidan. es 4-5% fulis mateba Seuwyveteli unda iyos Tvidan

327
Tvemmde, kviridan kviramde. Tavis erT-erT naSromSi „fuladi wesis“ avtori
migvaniSnebs: „rogor iqneba dadgenili fulis cneba da rogori iqneba zrdis
tempebi, arc ise mniSvnelovania, rogorc TviTon faqti, rom es cneba mtkiced gan-
sazRvrulia da tempebi zustad aRniSnuli“.
mas ase,monetaristTa Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, fuli warmoadgens mTavar
sferos, romelic gansazRvravs warmoebis moZraobasa da ganviTarebas. fulze
moTxovnas gaaCnia zrdis mudmivi tendencia (rac, kerZod, dazogvisaken midre-
kilebiT ganisazRvreba), da imisaTvis rom fulze moTxovnis da misi miwodebis Sesa-
bamisobas mivaRwioT, aucilebelia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenoba
TandaTanobiT gaizardos (gansazRvruli tempiT). saxelmwifo regulireba unda
izRudebodes fulis mimoqcevaze kontroliT.

6. miwodebis ekonomika

miwodebis ekonomikis koncefciis arsia - moTxovnis martvidan erToblivi

miwodebis stimulirebaze Zalisxmevis gadatana, warmoebisa da dasaqmebis gaaqti-
ureba. dasaxeleba „miwodebis ekonomika“ warmoiSva koncefciis avtorTa ZiriTadi
ideidan - miscen stimuli kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis miwodebas. is Seicavs
ekonomikur, da pirvel rigSi sagadasaxado politikaSi praqtikuli rek-
omendaciebis sistemaTa dasabuTebas. miTiTebuli koncefciis warmomadgenelTa
azriT, bazari meurneobis organizacias ara mxolod yvelaze efeqtian saSualebas
warmoadgens, aramed aris erTaderTi normaluri, bunebrivad Camoyalibebuli
ekonomikuri gacvlis sistema.
iseve, rogorc monetaristebi, miwodebis ekonomikis mimdevarnic ekonomikis
marTvis liberaluri meTodebis moxreni arian. isini akritikeben saxelmwifos
mxridan pirdapir, uSualo regulirebas da Tu regulireba mainc saWiroa, is ganix-
ileba rogorc gardauvali Wiri, romelic amcirebs efeqtianobas da borkavs
mwarmoebelTa iniciativas da energias. saxelmwifos rolze am skolis war-
momadgenelTa Sexedulebebi Zalian gavs avstro-amerikeli ekonomistis fridrix
fon haiekis(1899-1992) pozicias, romelic dabejiTebiT qadagebda Tavisufal sabazro
faswarmoqmnas.

328
rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado politikis dargSi

mokled aRvniSnoT, ra rekomendaciebs gvTavazobs sagadasaxado politikis

dargSi miwodebis ekonomikis skola. am skolis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom
gadasaxadebis zrda iwvevs xarjebisa da fasebis zrdas da saboloo jamSi
momxmarebelze mis gadakisrebas. gadasaxadebis zrda warmoadgens biZgs „xarjebis
inflaciisaken“. maRali gadasaxadebi akaveben investirebas, axal teqnologiaSi
saxsrebis dabandebas, warmoebis srulyofas. keinsisagan gansxvavebiT miwodebis
ekonomikis momxreni amtkiceben, rom dasavleTis qveynebis sagadasaxado politika
ki ar akavebs, aramed aZlierebs inflacias da arRvevs warmoebis zrdis stimulebs.
miwodebis ekonomika investiciaTa stimulirebis mizniT gadasaxadTa
Semcirebis momxrea. is gvTavazobs uari vTqvaT progresuli gadasaxadebis
sistemaze, Semcirdes sagadasaxado ganakveTebi mewarmeobaze, xelfase da
dividendebze. gadasaxadTa Semcireba gazrdis mewarmeTa Semosavals da danazogs,
Seamcirebs saprocento ganakveTis dones, ris Sedegadac gaizrdeba dagroveba da
investiciebi. xelfasis mimRebisaTvis gadasaxadis Semcireba damatebiTi samuSaos da
damatebiTi Semosavlis mimzidvelobas gazrdis, amaRldeba muSaobisadmi stimuli,
gaizrdeba samuSao Zalis miwodeba.
am skolis warmomadgenelTa rekomendaciebi kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis
miwodebis gafarToebis Sesaxeb, aSS-sa da dasavleTis sxva qveynebis ekonomikur
programebSi gamoiyeneba.

laferis efeqti

miwodebis ekonomikis Teoretikosebi msjelobisas egreTwodebul laferis

mruds eyrdnobian (nax.15.3) misi azri imaSia, rom zRvruli ganakveTTa da saerTod
gadasaxadTa Semcirebas gaaCnia Zlieri mastimulirebeli zemoqmedeba warmoebaze.
ganakveTTa Semcirebisas sagadasaxado baza saboloo jamsi izrdeba: meti
produqciis gamoSveba meti gadasaxadis Segrovebas iwvevs. es ar xdeba erTbaSad.
magram principSi, sagadasaxado bazis gafarTovebas SeuZlia Seavsos is danakargebi,
romlebic gadasaxadTa ganakveTebis Semcirebam gamoiwvia. rogorc cnobilia,
gadasaxadTa Semcireba regionis programis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo.
329
 marTebulia aRiniSnos miwodebis ekonomikis zogierTi sxva rekomendaciac.
radganac gadasaxadTa Semcireba biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis Semcirebas iwvevs,
gvTavazoben deficitisagan „gadarCenis“ saSualebebs. magaliTad, socialuri
programebis Sekveca, biurokratiuli aparatis Semcireba, araefeqtiani
federaluri xarjebisagan ganTavisufleba (magaliTad samrewvelo sawarmoTa
sufsidireba, infrastruqturis ganviTareba da sxva). mmarTveli wreebis azriT,
araefeqtiani socialuri programebis gayinvis politika (romelic aSS-Si, inglisSi,
safrangeTSi da sxva qveynebSi tardeba), eyrdnoba miwodebis ekonomikisa da
monetaristebis dasabuTebebs da rekomendaciebs.

T,%

100

0
TRmax TR

Nnax.15.3 laferis mrudi

laferis mrudze aRniSnulia: T- sagadasaxado ganakveTi; TR- sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi; TRmax_ sagadasaxado Semosavlebis maqsimaluri sididea.

7.neoliberalizmi: koncefcia da praqtika

neoliberalizmi ekonomikur mecnierebasa da sameurneo moRvaweobis marTvis

praqtikaSi aris is mimarTuleba, romelic icavs da amtkicebs zedmeti
reglamentaciisagan Tavisufali, TviTregulirebadi ekonomikis principebs.
ekonomikuri liberalizmis tradiciebi

330
 ekonomikuri liberalizmis Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebi mihyvebian or
tradiciul debulebas. pirveli, isini gamodian iqidan, rom bazari, rogorc
meurneobriobis yvelafe efeqtiani forma, ekonomikuri zrdis saukeTeso pirobebs
qmnis. meore, isini amtkiceben ekonomikuri moRvaweobis subieqtTa Tavisuflebis
prioritetul mniSvnelobas. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos konkurenciis
pirobebi da ganaxorcielos kontroli iq, sadac es pirobebi ar aris.
neoribelarizms Cveulebriv, sam skolas miakuTvneben: Cikagos (milton
fridmeni); londonis (fridrix fon haieki); fraiburgis (valter oikeni, 1891-1950;
ludvig erhardi, 1897-1977). Tanamedrove liberalebs aerTianebs saerTo
meTodologia da ara konceftualuri debulebebi. neoliberalebi, magaliTad
n. beri da a. lerneri, ara mxolod keinzis Teoriis, aramed monetarizmis
winaaRmdegac gamodian. maTi azriT, es skolebi zedmetad gatacebulni arian
makroekonomikuri problemebiT da ar aqceven yuradRebas mikroekonomikas.

l.erhardis ekonomikuri reforma

dasavleTis qveynebSi neoliberalizmis warmomadgenelTagan gansakuTrebul

interess warmoadgens l. erhardi. misi uSualo monawileobiT 40-iani wlebis
miwuruls dasavleT germania gamovida krizisuli mdgomareobidan da iq Catarda
fuladi da ekonomikuri reformebi. gulmodgined momzadebuli ekonomikuri
reforma tardeboda fulad reformasTan, fasebis reformasTan da centralizebuli
marTvis gardaqmnasTan erTad. Zveli sistema daangries erTbaSad da ara
TandaTanobiT. fasebis zrda Sewyda daaxloebiT naxevar weliwadSi. reformis
warmateba ganpirobebuli iyo agreTve drouli koreqtirebiT (magaliTad,
erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursis gadaxedva), Zlieri da avtoritetuli
xelisiflebis arsebobiT.
ekonomikuri reformebis pozitiuri Sedegebi ganpirobebuli iyo xelsayreli
faqtorebiT: darCenili materialuri bazis arseboba, SedarebiT iafi samuSao Zala,
rac aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdenda mosaxleobis daukmayofilebeli moTxovnis
warmoebaze. safinanso da fulad-sakredito sistemaTa stabilizacia aucilebel
winapirobas da warmatebis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgens da ara universalur
„jadosnur joxs“. dangreuli ekonomikis ardgena mxolod fuladi reformisa da
finansuri varjiSebis daxmarebit SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
331
 erhardi ar iyo „sufTa“ neoliberali. is farTod iyenebda saxelmwifo
berketebs liberalizmis principebze gadasasvlelad. fulad reformas mohyva
resursebis administraciuli danawilebis da maTze kontrolis gauqmeba.
v. iokenis mier damuSavebuli socialuri sabazro meurneobis koncefcia Tavisi
popularobiT erhardis efeqtian ekonomikur politikas unda umadlodes. swored
am politikam uzrunvelyo zrdis uaRresad swrafi tempebi. es, egreT wodebuli, Sua
gzis politika, mimarTuli iyo socialur winaaRmdegobaTa Sesustebisken,
mewarmeobis sayovelTao mxardaWeris, mosaxleobis saSualo fenebis cxovrebis
donis amaRlebis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.

f. haieki administraciuli despotizmis winaaRmdeg

neoliberalizmis erT-erT fuZemdeblad da mTavar Teoretikosad fridrix

fon haieki iTvleba. Tavis naSromebSi is adamianis maqsimaluri Tavisuflebis
principebs icavs. saxelmwifos mxridan ar unda iyos raime daZaleba, garedan
Careva, mar ar unda exebodes arc socialuri dazRveva, arc ganaTlebis
organizacia, arc binis gadasaxadis dadgena. yovelive es „administraciuli
despotizmia“. dasaSveb maqsimums warmoadgens pensiebis da umuSevarTa daxmarebebis
gacema.
amgvari Sexedulebebis momxreTa ZiriTadi moTxovnaa mTavrobis moRvaweobis
SezRudva yvela dargSi. sazogadoebaSi socialuri wesrigi araa Segnebuli, aramed
wminda spontanur moqmedebaTa Sedegia. sameurneo saqmianobis koordinirebis
mcdelobisas informaciis gadacemis meqanizmi irRveva. f. haieks ar awuxebs
monopoliis an wminda spekulaciis arseboba- yvelgan Tavisufleba unda iyos.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom neoliberalizmis mamas istoriis ukan dabruneba surda did
sawarmoTa gareSe, wvrili sameurneo erTeulebis, fermerebisa da xelosnebis
samyaris aRdgena.
neoliberalTa koncefciebi Cveulebriv gansxvavdeba sameurneo moRvaweobis
praqtikisagan, germaniis, skandinaviis da sxva qveynmebis mTavrobebis mier
gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikisagan. neoliberalebs xSirad neoklasikuri
mimarTulebis momxreebi ekamaTebian. k. makkoneli da s. briu, „ekonomiksis“-is
avtorebi Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo ki ar aviwroebs, aramed afarToebs Tavisufali
arCevanis sferos, iRebs sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoebasTan dakavSirebul
332
gadawyvetilebebs. saxelmwifo xels uwyobs krizisebisa da depresiis
neitralizacias. misi moqmedeba SeiZleba Seedaros SuqniSans, romelic ara mxolod
akavebs, aramed aregulirebs transportis moZraobas.

8. marqsistuli Teoria: konceftualuri debulebebi da Tanamedrove

Sexedulebani

ekonomikuri mecnierebis mravali warmomadgenlis SexedulebaTa formirebaze

arsebiTi gavlena iqonia istoriis materialisturi gagebis koncefciam, romlis
fuZemdebluri principebi karl marqsma (1818-1883) daamuSava.

materialuri warmoeba - sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZveli

koncefciis sawyisi debulebebia is, rom sazogadoebisd arsebobisa da

ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgens materialuri warmoeba da is cvlilebebi,
romlebic ganpirobebulia warmoebis sgferos winsvliT da sawarmoo ZalaTa
progresiT.
warmoebis formebs Tavisi specifika da Sinagani logika gaaCnia. warmoebis
ganviTareba axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSobas iwvevs. warmoebiT
urTierTobaTa erToblioba da sazogadoebis materialuri bazisi gansazRvraven
cnobierebis formebs, sazogadoebis iuridiul da politikur zednaSens. samarTali,
politika, religia imarTeba bazisiT; sazogadoebrivi organizmis or mxares Soris
urTierTkavSiri Zalian rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. sazogadoebaSi moqmedi
sociolgiuri kanonebi gamoxataven sawarmoo Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobebs
Soris, agreTve ideologiur da politikuri zednaSensa da baziss Soris
Sesabamisobis princips. warmoebis ganviTarebis donesa da sazogadoebis
organizaciis formas Soris Sesabamisobis principi gvixsnis, ratom xdeba
cvlilebebi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi: warmoebiTi urTierTobani sawarmoo
Zalebis ganviTarebis muxruWad iqceva da revoluciuri gziT unda gardaiqmnan.
‚ekonomikuri safuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad meti Tu naklebi siswrafiT xdeba
gadatrialeba mTel uzarmazar zednasenSi.
Teoriuli koncefcia, romelic marqsma mogvawoda da daakonkreta, sakmaod
logikurad gamoiyureba. mis zemoqmedebas ver ascda bevri ekonomisti, istorikosi,

333
bunebaTmcodne, maT Soris dasavleTis Teoriuli azris TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebi.
marqsis mier datovebuli mecnieruli memkvidreoba sxvadasxvanairad ikiTxeba
da dResac uwyveti diskusiebis, mZime ganxilvisa da kamaTis sagnad rCeba. zogi
uaryofs marqss, zogi ki misi debulebebisa da daskvnebis samarTlianobas da
uryevobasac ki amtkicebs. marqsis memkvidrreobis ufro fxizeli da awonili
Sefasebac arsebobs- misi ideebis dazusteba da xelaxla gaazreba mimdinare
cvlilebebis, ekonomikuri mecnierebis axali daskvnebisa da zogadsakacobrio
kulturis miRwevaTa poziciebidan. ekonomikis bevr saxelmZRvaneloSi marqsis
konceftualur Sexedulebebs xSirad specialuri Tavi an kari eTmoba. Cveni azriT
marqsis Teoriis uaryofa an piriqiT reabilitacia sargeblobas ar mogvitans.
ekonomikuri istoriis da sazogadoebrivi praqtikis ganviTarebaSi mis udavo
Rvawlze mowinaaRmdegenic ar daoben. sazogadoebrivma ganviTarebaSi mis udavo
Rvawlze mowinaaRmdegenic ar daoben. sazogadoebrivma ganviTarebam bevri axali
azri Semoitana socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad
tendenciaTa aRqmaSi, marqsis Sexedulebebi ki ar unda gaigivdes mis mimdevarTa
‚marqsistul“ SexedulebebTan, romlebic marqsizms ganixilaven calkeuli Tezisebis
(xSirad damaxinjebuli da arasworad gagebuli) da ara Teoriul ideaTa sistemis
(maT Soris gamarTlebuli an mcdari) saxiT.
Cven miznad ar visaxavT ramdenadme detalurad ganvixiloT marqsis, mis
mowinaaRmdegeTa da momxreTa poziciebi, mxolod mokled SevCerdebiT misi
ekonomikuri koncefciis zogierT debulebaze.

Rirebulebis koncefcia: erTi Tu ramdenime faqtori?

Rirebulebis Teoriis marqsiseuli gageba organulad aris dakavSirebuli

rogorc fasebis, aseve Semosavlis wyaroebis gansazRvrasTan. marqsis azriT,
Rirebulebis safuZvels mxolod erTi sawarmoo faqtori warmoadgens - muSakTa
Sroma. gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT Tanamedrove ekonomistebs. isini metnaklebad
eTanxmebian im azrs, rom Rirebulebis safuZvels ara erTi, aramed ramdenime
sawarmoo faqtori - Sroma, kapitali (warmoebis saSualebani), bunebrivi faqtori
(miwa), mewarmeobis niWi - warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, aRiarebulia, rom Rirebuleba
yvela faqtoriT yalibdeba da Senmosavlebad iyofa.
334
 marqsi amtkicebda, rom mxolod cocxali Sroma monawileobs Rirebulebis
SeqmnaSi. oponentebi mas edavebian. isini miuTiTeben Sromis saxeobaTa (fizikuri da
gonebrivi, kvalificiuri da arakvalificiuri) sxvadasxvagvarobaze da
SeuTavseblobaze, cocxali Sromis uSualo monawileobis garese warmoebis
realur SesaZleblobaze (avtomatizebuli warmoeba). sammarTvelo da
organizatoruli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaze.
Rirebulebis problema SesaZlebelia da unda gadawydes ara dapirispirebiT,
aramed midgomaTa SeTavsebiT da SeTanxmebiT. saqonlis faseulobis gansazRvrisas
mniSvnelovania rogorc xarjebis (Sroma, samuSao dro), aseve Sedegebis
(raodenoba da sargeblianobis xarisxi) da maTi urTierTqmedebis gaTvaliswineba.
sabazro gacvla warmoadgens process, romelSic xdeba SromiTi danaxarjebis
da saqonelTa sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis SeTanazomva. Tu Cven gvainteresebs
im fenomenis arsi, romelic saqonlis faseulobis safuZvelSi devs, unda
gaviTvaliswinoT xarjebic (Rirebuleba) da masze sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebac
(saxmari Rirebuleba). orive meTodi, orive midgoma ganixileba organul
urTierTkavSirSi da erTmaneTs avsebs.
Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoria Seuferebeli safuZveli aRmoCnda gamoyenebiTi
kvlevisaTvis: praqtikaSi fasi ara mxolod ar emTxveva Rirebulebas, aramed
yalibdeba im „makoinstruirebeli RerZis“ irgvliv, romelic Rirebulebis
Semqmneli ertiani faqtoris Sesaxeb praqtikasTan winaaRmdegobasi aRmoCnda. is
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc hipoTeza, romelsac ar Seswevs unari asaxos
realuri sinamdvilis mravalsaxeoba da winaaRmdegoba.
sadiskusiod rCeba eqspluataciis wyaroebis da uTanasworobis istoriul
formaTa evoluciis sakiTxi. Rirebulebis marqsiseuli axsna Teoriul safuZvels
warmoadgens daqiravebuli Sromis eqspluataciis asaxsnelad. marqsis azriT,
eqspluataciis safuZvlad udevs kapitalistebis mier daqiravebuli muSebis Sromis
SedegTa gaucxoebga, rac TavisTavad, warmoebis saSualebaTa gaucxovebiT aris
ganpirobebuli.
magram, vixelmZRvanelebT ra Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoriis debulebebiT^,
SeiZleba vamtkicoT rom mTeli watmoebuli produqi muSebs unda ekuTvnodeT?
marqsi xom TviTon uaryofda Seukvecavi SromiTi Semosavlis koncefcias.
Teoriulad da praqtikulad SeuZlebelia iseTi sazogadoebis arseboba, sadac ar

335
iqneboda Sromis SedegTa nawilobrivi gadanawileba erTisagan meoris
sasargeblod.
cnobilia, rom arsebobs raodenobrivi zRvari mwarmoeblis mier miTvisebul
da misgan gaucxoebul produqtis nawilebs Soris, zRvari, romelic sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebrivi simdidris gamravlebis Sedegad TandaTan
waiSleba. amasTan, produqtis nawilis gaucxoeba da eqspluatacia ar qreba, magram
socialur winaaRmdegobaTa simZafre sustdeba; icvleba Sromis Sinaarsi, misi
miznobrivi mimarTuleba.
amJamad mtkicdeba pozicia, romelic aRiarebs socialuri antagonizmis
sxvadasxva saxeobaTa (formebis) arsebobas, maT trasformirebas socialur-
ekonomikur da politikur pirobebSi momxdari cvlilebebis zegavlenis Sedegad.
marqsis debuleba, romelic warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebulebaSi
ganmsazRvreli rolidan gamomdinareobs, cxadia, inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas,
magram igi ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc yovlicmomxveli da amomwuravi
koncefcia.

ki ar uarvyoT, aramed xelaxla gaviazroT marqsis moZRvreba

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kanonebisa da tendenciebis gansja ufro

dawvrilebiT da Rrma gaazrebas saWiroebs. ekonomikuri ciklis formirebisa da
evoluciis Taviseburebani, sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciaTa ganviTarebisa
da Secvlis koncefcia, socialur-klasobriv urTierTobaTa specifika da
transformacia - es fenomeni da procesebi, rogorc bevri sxva, moiTxoven
fundamenturad axlebur gaazrebas.
literaturaSi Warbobs azri, romlis Tanaxmadac sazogadoebrivi wyobis
sistemebi da saerTod istoriuli gardaqmnebi yovelTvis srulyofisa da
progresisaken (gadaxrebisa da ukumoZraobis gamoricxvis gziT) ar arian
mimarTulni. sazogadoebrivi struqtura ar unda xasiaTdebodes erTi, Tundac
wamyvani kriteriumiT; sazogadoebrivi wyoba metismetad mravalfaqtoriani,
araerTmniSvnelovani da winaaRmdegobrivia. ar SeiZleba calkeul sistemebs Soris
arsebuli principul sxvaobaTa absolutizeba. sazogadoebis Semdomi progresi
organulad aris dakavSirebuli globaluri problemebis gadawyvetasTan.

336
 marqsis ekonomikuri moZRvreba-mimzidveli da Rrma mimarTulebaa ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi. misi sociologiuroba SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc sisuste, garkveuli
calmxrivoba, magram amasTan, unda vaRiaroT, rom socialur problemaTa dayeneba
da damuSaveba, ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis socialuri aspeqtebis
gamoyofa sruliad samarTliania da marqsistuli meTodologiis erT-erT
momgebian, Zlier mxares da rTuli, winaaRmdegobri sinamdvilis Secnobisadmi
swor midgomas warmoadgens.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi popularizatori, Svedi Teoretikosi da
ekonomisti k. eklundi samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom marqsis moZRvrebas udidesi
mniSvneloba hqonda sxvadasxva Taobis yvela socialistisaTvis, rogorc
STagonebis wyaros da Teoriul megzurs. sxvaTa Soris, TviTon marqsma Zalian
cota ram Tqva imaze, Tu rogori iqneba momavali socialisturi sazogadoeba,
darcenili Canawerebi gvamcnoben, rom is miiswrafoda raRac gegmuri
ekonomikisaken, romelic „anarqiasa“ da bazris „qaoss“ gamoricxavda.

danarTi a
neoliberalizmi

neoliberalizmi keinzelobis erTdroulad XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

aRmocenda, rogorc SexedulebaTa damoukidebeli sistema ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulirebis problemaze.
neoliberalebi asabuTeben ekonomikis liberalizebas, Tavisufali
faswarmoqmnis principebis gamoyenebas, ekonomikaSi kerZo sakuTrebis da
arasaxelmwifoebrivi sameurneo struqturebisTvis wamyvani rolis miniWebas.
isini ra saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis regulirebis rolis SesrulebaSi
„Ramis darajis“ an „sportuli msajis“ funqciebs xedaven. maT dasabuTes,
„konkurencia yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, regulireba - iq, sadac aucilebelia“,
debulebis marTebuloba da daamtkices saxelmwifos SezRuduli monawileobis
marTlzomiereba ekonomikur procesebSi. met zemoqmedebas mewarmeTa
Tavisufal da stabilur funqcionirebaze, neoliberalebi ganixilaven, rogorc
mxolod ekonomikuri uwonasworobis aRmofxvris pirobas.
ukve 30-ian wlebSi ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis keinzuri ideebis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebisTvis, romelic zRudavs Tavisufali konkurenciis
sistemas, rig qveynebSi Seiqmna ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo Carevis alternatiul
RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebis neoliberaluri centrebi, romlebic xels
Seuwyobdnen ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideebis aRorZinebas da ekonomikuri
liberalizmis praqtikul ganxorcielebas. liberalizmis yvelaze ufro
msxvilma centrebma germaniaSi, aSS-sa da inglisSi Sesabamisad miiRes
337
fraiburgis skolis (misi liderebi - v. oikeni, v. riopke, a. riustovi, l. erhardi
da sxv.), Cikagos skolis, romelsac aseve monetarul skolasac uwodeben (misi
liderebi - l. mizesi, m. fridmani, a. Svarci da sxv.) da londonis skolis
saxelwodebebi (misi liderebi - f. haieki, l. robinsi da sxv.). neoliberaluri
ideebis gamoCenili warmomadgeneli safrangeTSi iyvnen ekonomistebi J. riuefi,
m. ale da sxv.
socialuri sabazro meurneobis koncefcia: ra aris ordoliberalizmi?
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, neoliberalizmis ideologiam warmatebuli
praqtikuli gamoyeneba Tavdapirvelad dasavleT germaniaSi (gfr) hpova. aq,
1948 wlidan dawyebuli, am ideebma adenauer-erhardis mTavrobis saxelmwifo
doqtrinis statusi SeiZina. neoliberalizmis saxelovani germaneli Te-
oretikosebi v. riopke, a. riustovi da sxv. saTaveSi Caudgnen monopolizmis
nebismieri gamovlenis kritikas Tavisuflebisa da humanizmisaTvis. v. oikenma
da misma mimdevrebma fraiburgis universitetSi imave 1948 wlidan daiwyes
weliwdeuli „ordos“ gamoSveba, romelmac yvela qveynis neoliberalizmis
Teoriuli tribunis roli iTamaSa. TviT sityva „ordo“, romelic SerCeulia v.
oikenis mier, krebsiT cnebad gadaiqca, romelic „Tavisufali sabazro meur-
neobis bunebrivi wyobilebis... simvolizebas axdens“. neoliberalizmis dasavleT-
germanuli doqtrina, „oikenis skolis“ zegavleniT, „ordoliberalizmadac“ ki
iwodeba.
socialuri sabazro meurneobis arsi. gfr-is neoliberalizmis Te-
oretikosebs miekuTvneba „bazris Tavisuflebis principisa da socialuri
gamoTanabrebis principiT samarTliani ganawilebis idea“. pirvelad igi
konceftualurad gadmosca a. miuler-armakma Tavis wignSi „sameurneo marTva
da sabazro meurneoba (1947), romelSic aseve pirvelad gamoiyena termini „so-
cialuri sabazro meurneoba“. damuSavebebi am mimarTulebiT gaagrZela v.
riopkem, l. erhardma, v. oikenma da sxv. amasTan, „socialuri sabazro meur-
neobis“ modelis SeqmnaSi qveynis ekonomikuri politikis mTavari amocanis
saxiT gacxadda TviT gfr-s kancleris k. adenaueris mier v. repkes wignis
winasityvaobaSi „sworia Tu ara germanuli ekonomikuri politika?“(1950).
v. riopkes daxasiaTebiT, „socialuri sabazro meurneoba“ - esaa gza „eko-
nomikuri humanizmisken“. Tavis wignSi „humanuri sazogadoeba“ igi werda, rom
meurneobis es tipi koleqtivizms upirispirebs personalizms, xelisuflebis kon-
centracias - Tavisuflebas, centralizms - decentralizms, organizacias - TviT-
nebobas da a.S. v. riopkes mosazrebebis solidarobiT, l. erhardi qristian-
demokratiuli kavSiris (qdk) yrilobaze 1957 wels amtkicebda gfr-Si „social-
uri saabazro meurneobis“ Camoyalibebis meore etapis dasawyisis Sesaxeb. cota
mogvianebiT, 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erT-erT Tavis publikaciaSi l. er-
hardi xazs usvamda, rom „swored Tavisufali Sejibri warmoadgens uwinares
yovlisa socialuri sabazro meurneobis ZiriTad elements“. xolo qristian-
demokratiuli partiis morig yrilobaze 1965 wels l. erhardma ganacxada

338
gfr-Si „socialuri sabazro meurneobis“ Seqmnis programis dasrulebis Sesaxeb,
romelmac es qveyana „formirebul sazogadoebad“ gadaaqcia.
„formirebuli sazogadoebis“ doqtrina, l. erhardis da mis TanamoazreTa
mosazrebiT, - es ukeTesi „bunebrivi ekonomikuri wesrigis“ moZiebaa, romlis
miRweva SeiZleba „socialuri sabazro meurneobis“ SeqmniT. masSi katego-
riulad uaryofilia marqsistuli ideebi sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis xuTi
formis (tipis) da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa da klasebis antagonizmis Sesaxeb.
igi emyareba v. oikenis debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianTa sazogadoebas
axasiaTebs mxolod ori tipis ekonomika: „centralizebulad marTvadi“ (tota-
litarizmi) da „gacvliTi ekonomika“ (sxva terminologiiT - „Tavisufali, Ria
meurneoba“), da aseve ekonomikis am tipebis Sexamebis ideaze, erT-erTi maTga-
nis moWarbebuli niSniT konkretul istoriul pirobebSi.
v. oikeni „ekonomikuri sistemebis“ tipebis Sesaxeb. valter oikenma (1891-
1950) Tavis 9 gamocema gamovlil wignSi „erovnuli ekonomikis safuZvlebi“
(1947), fundamenturad daamuSava ekonomikis sabazro organizaciis ZiriTadi
formebis tipologiis problematika. am wignis erT-erT TavSi „ekonomikuri
sistemebi“, mis mier dasturdeba erTidaigive sazogadoebaSi ori idealuri ,
rogorc igi varaudobs, tipis ekonomika: gacvliTi da centralizebulad marT-
vadi. igi wers: „centralizebulad marTvadi ekonomikis“ sistema imiT xasiaTde-
ba, rom mTeli sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri ekonomikuri cxovreba regulirde-
ba erTiani centridan gamomavali gegmebiT. Tuki sazogadoebis ekonomika ori
an meti calkeuli meurneobisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris TiToeuli adgens
da cxovrebaSi atarebs Tavis gegmebs, maSin es - „gacvliTi ekonomikis“ sis-
temaa.
SemdgomSi, v. oikeni azustebs, rom „istoriul realobaSi“ orive am siste-
mis elementebi „umetes SemTxvevebSi gadaixlarTebian“ da, rom „aragacvliTi
eko-nomikis sistema arsebobda da arsebobs ori formiT: rogorc „martivi
centralizebulad marTvadi ekonomika“ (gancalkavebuli meurneoba) an, rogorc
„centralizebulad-administrirebuli ekonomika“. amasTan, centralizebulad
marTvadi ekonomikis orive formis elementebs, wers igi, „adgili hqonda ara
mxolod zogierT qveynebSi da calkeul dros, magaliTad, paragvais iezuitur
TemSi, an inkebis saxelmwifoSi, an Cveni saukunis 40-iani wlebis ruseTSi. isi-
ni yvelgan da yvela droSi gvxvdebodnen. zogjer isini dominirebdnen,
zogjer ubralod avsebdnen saerTo suraTs, magram yovelTvis gamodiodnen
gacvliTi ekonomikis elementebTan SeerTebiT“.
amasTan, oikenis mixedviT, „ori xsenebuli forma realizdeba sam formaSi“,
romelTa Soris TiToeuls igi ase axasiaTebs: a) „totaluri centralizebulad
marTvadi ekonomika“ (gacvla saerTod ar daiSveba; produqtebis warmoeba, gana-
wileba, da moxmareba ukanasknel wvrilmanamde xorcieldeba centraluri xe-
lmZRvanelobis miTiTebebiT da brZanebebiT); b) „centralizebulad marTvadi
ekonomika moxmarebis sagnebis Tavisufali gacvliT“ (gacvla aseve xorcielde-
ba centraluri instanciis arsebobis dros, romelic gansazRvravs mwarmoeblur
339
ZalTa gamoyenebis xerxs, warmoebrivi procesis droiT struqturas, produqtebis
ganawilebis wess... magram gansxvavebiT pirveli variantisgan, momxmareblebs aq
SeuZliaT koreqtivebi Seitanon gamoyofili moxmarebis sagnebis ganawilebaSi
gacvlis gziT); g) „centralizebulad marTvadi ekonomika Tavisufali samomx-
mareblo arCevaniT“ (dovlaTis samomxmareblo arCevani Tavisufalia, magram,
rogorc wesi, imaTgan, romelTac sawarmoeblad iTvaliswinebs „centraluri
instancia“).
saxelmwifos roli „socialur sabazro meurneobaSi“. „Tavisufali sabazro
meurneobis“ avtomaturi funqcionirebis SeuZleblobis gacnobierebiT, v. riopke
da l. erhardi aucileblad aRiarebdnen warmoebis anarqiis nebismieri gam-
ovlinebisTvis saxelmwifoebrivi Carevis Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis dapirispir-
ebis aucileblobas, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen „sinTezs Tavisufal da so-
cialurad savaldebulo sazogadoebriv wyobilebas“ Soris. saxelmwifos roli,
riopke-erhardis xatovani ilustraciis Tanaxmad, Sedarebulia feburTis min-
dorze msajis (arbitris) mdgomareobasTan, romelic mkacrad akvirdeba fexbur-
Tis gundebis moqmedebas gansazRvruli wesebis Sesabamisad, magram ufleba ara
aqvs uSualod CaerTos TamaSSi. sxva sityvebiT, saxelmwifom „socialuri saba-
zro meurneobis“ arsebobis pirobebis mxardasaWerad, rogorc „idealuri ti-
pis“ Tavisufalma sabazro meurneobam, Tvali unda miadevnos Tavisufali
konkurenciis „wesebis“ (patiosani TamaSis) dacvas, gaakontrolos faswarmoqmnis
pirobebi da aRkveTos monopoliuri fasebis dawesebis mcdelobebi, uzrunvel-
yos kerZo sakuTrebis dacva da prioritetuli mniSvneloba saqonlur-fulad
meurneobaSi monopoliebis gareSe.
60-70-ian wlebSi neoliberalebis koncefcia „socialuri sabazro meurneobis“
modelis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb, didwilad exmianeboda im peri-
odSi warmoSobil institucionalistebis modelsac „sayovelTao keTild-Reobis
sazogadoebis“ Sesaxeb, ramdenadac erTSic da meoreSic uaryofilia adamianis
mier adamianis eqsploatacia da klasobrivi antagonizmi. orive modeli, garda
amisa, emyareba saxelmwifos aqtiur socialur funqcias, yvela moqalaqisTvis
Tanabari uflebebis da Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelsayofad socialur
momsaxurebaTa miRebaSi da maTi keTildReobis amaRlebaSi. amasTan, „sayovel-
Tao keTildReobis“ garegnul gamovlenaSi, cxadia, igulisxmeboda ara mxo-
lod aqcionerTa raodenobis zrda sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebSi, aramed,
aseve yvela sazogadoebrivi institutebis gazrdili stabiluroba, mSromelTa
mniSvnelovani nawilis rwmena xvalindeli dRisadmi da a.S.
monetarizmis Cikagos skola. ra aris Cikagos skola? aSS-Si, rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, keinzelobis alternativa gaxda e.w. neoliberalizmis Cikagos
skola, romlis monetaruli ideebi Cikagos universitetis kedlebSi jer
kidev XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi warmoiSva. magram damoukidebeli da, miT
umetes, lideris mniSvneloba neoliberalur moZraobaSi amerikulma moneta-
rizmma 50-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi SeiZina m.
fridmanis rigi publikaciebis gamoCenis Semdeg, romelic 1976 wels nobelis
340
premiis erT-erTi laureati gaxda ekonomikaSi. fridmanma da misma Tana-
moRvaweebma keinzur arafulad faqtorebs (magaliTad, investiciebs) swored
fuladi faqtorebi amjobines.
filipsis mrudis warmoSoba. gamartivebuli ekonomikuri rek-
omendaciebis aucileblobis dasabuTebiT, romelic tipuri iyo keinzuri revo-
luciis periodisTvis, ekonomikur mecnierebaSi 1958 wels a. u. filipsis mier
gamoyvanili empiriuli mrudis momxreebi Seiparnen, romelic(mrudi) axasiaTebda
xelfasis yovelwliur procentul cvlilebasa da umuSevrobis dones (wils)
Soris kavSirs inglisSi, fulad gamoxatulebaSi , 1861-1913 wlebSi. diskusiebma
mocemuli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb kidev ufro farTo gaqaneba SeiZina mas
Semdeg, rac 1964 wels p. samuelsonma am mrudTan dakavSirebuli faqto-
brivad axali koncefcia Seitana Tavisi saxelmZRvanelos „ekonomiksi“ me-6
gamocemaSi da TviT grafiks, misi avtoris - filipsis mrudi uwoda.
am aRmoCenam, rogorc blaugi wers, „inflaciis gareSe sruli dasaqmebis
adrindel keinzur ideals suli gaafrTxobina ekonomikuri politikis miznis
saxiT. fasebis stabiluroba da umuSevroba SeuTavseblebi, mokonfliqte miznebi
gaxdnen: umuSevrobis Semcireba miRwevadia mxolod daCqarebuli inflaciis
fasad, xolo inflaciis Semcireba, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs umuSevarTa zrdas.
amrigad, stabiluri fasebis da sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis adrindelma imedma
adgili dauTmo fasebis stabilurobasa da srul dasaqmebas Soris arCevanis
cnebas“9.
m. fridmanis monetaruli koncefcia. m. fridmani da misi kolegebi filip-
sis da misi mrudis garSemo gamokvlevaTa safuZvelze im daskvnamde mividnen,
rom es mrudi Sors stabiluri rodia, gansakuTrebiT 60-iani wlebis bolos,
msoflios mravali qveynis ekonomikebis im situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, rodesac
inflaciis zrdas, am mrudis „logikis“ sawinaaRmdegod, Tan axlda, ara umuSe-
vrobis Semcireba, aramed umuSevrobis zrda, da SemdgomSi - 70-iani wlebis da-
sawyisSi inflaciisa da umuSevrobis erTdrouli zrdac ki SeiniSneboda.
m. fridmanma ekonomikur procesebSi fulis, fulis masisa da fuladi
mimoqcevis prioritetuli mniSvnelobis aRorZineba scada. sxvaTa Soris, Tavisi
arsiT neoliberaluri monetaruli koncefcia, aprobirebul iqna aSS-is respu-
blikuri mTavrobis mier prezident r. niqsonis dros 1969-1970 ww. (maSin m.
fridmani am qveynis prezidentis mrCeveli iyo). magram monetarul ekonomikur
Sexedulebebs yvelaze meti warmateba aSS-is Semdgomi respublikuri mTavrobis
dros, e.w. reiganomikis dros hqonda, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada inflaci-
is Sesusteba dolaris realuri ganmtkicebis pirobebSi.
„umuSevrobis bunebrivi normis“ fridmaniseuli koncefcia. ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos Carevis koncefciis fridmaniseuli siaxle imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom igi, keinzuri koncefciisgan gansxvavebiT, mkacri fuladi politikiT
Semoifargleba. ukanaskneli mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli fridmaniseul „umuSe-
vrobis bunebriv normasTan“, romelic fulis raodenobis mudmivi da sta-
biluri zrdis meSveobiT miiRweva, weliwadSi 3-4%-iT, damoukideblad koniun-
341
qturis mdgomareobisa (aSS-is mSp-is zrdis saSualo wliuri tempebis gaT-
valiswinebiT rigi wlebisTvis, romlis mixedviT dgindeba erovnuli
ekonomikis maqsimaluri SesaZlo done.)
m. fridmaniseuli „umuSevrobis bunebrivi normis“ (ubn) koncefcia emyareba,
rogorc institucionalur, ise sakanonmdeblo determinantebs (mxedvelobaSi
aqvs pirvelSi, magaliTad, profkavSirebi, xolo meoreSi - minimaluri xelfasis
donis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis SesaZlebloba). igi umuSevrobis minimaluri donis
dasabuTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, romlis drosac, gansazRvruli periodSi
inflacia SeuZlebeli iqneba. m. blaugis mosazrebiT, „ubn, romelsac mudmivad
ubrundeba ekonomika, - es Zveli proporciuli damokidebulebis klasikuri
doqtrinis Tanamedrove monetaruli versiaa fulis raodenobasa da fasebs
Soris grZelvadian periodSi; Ruza, romelsac sargeblis ganakveTi uWiravs
stabilur mdgomareobaSi...“.
mTlianad ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis neoliberaluri ideebi
keinzelebisas Warbobda daaxloebiT dawyebuli 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac
mravali qveynisTvis mudmivi gaxda mzardi inflaciuri procesebi, saxelmwifo
biujetis deficiti, umuSevroba. neoliberalebi adanaSaulebdnen keinzelebs (da
neokeinzelebs) ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtoris gazrdili masStabebis,
Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebis SezRudvis, investiciebis SemcirebisTvis
ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes sferoebSi „dapirebebis“ sawinaaRmdegod, rom „ma-
Ti (investiciebis) efeqti multiplikaciuri ZaliT vrceldeba da kidev ufro
Zlierdeba aqseleratoriT“. neoliberalizmis keinzelobaze prioritetis gam-
ovlenis TvalnaTeli magaliTi 70-80-ian wlebSi iyo meurneobis mravali
dargis denacionalizacia mravalwliani programebis Sesabamisad, romlebic
adre saxelmwifo ekonomikis sferoSi imyofebodnen. ukanasknel wlebSi amis
wyalobiT arsebiTad gajansaRda didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, iaponiis, aR-
mosavleTi germaniis (yofili gdr), Ciles, espaneTis da sxva qveynebis
ekonomikebi, romelTac saxelmwifo ekonomikuri zegavlenis sfero minimumamde
daiyvanes.
(wyaro: iadgarovi i. ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria. saxelmZRvanelo,
akademikos avTandali silagaZis saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 2014 w.)

kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis
1. ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanamedrove ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.
2. konomikuri Teoria da doqtrina.
3. neoklasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi koncefciebi.
4. institucionalizmi da misi 3 ZiriTadi idea.
5. j. m. keinzis efeqtiani moTxovnis Teoria.
6. monetarizmi: milTon fridmenis „fuladi wesi“.
7. miwodebis ekonomika: laferis efeqti.
8. neoliberalizmi: f. haieki administraciuli despotizmis winaaRmdeg.

342
 ZiriTadi literatura

1. abesaZe r. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da ekonomikuri regresi. Tsu paata guguS-

vilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2014w.
2. asaTiani r. Tanamedrove ekonomikis mcire enciklopedia. Ggamomcemloba “si-
axle”, Tbilisi, 2014w.
3. basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialisturi transformacia:
saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze, Tbilisi, 2001.
4. guguSvili p. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX-XX
saukuneebSi. monografiebi, tomi meSvide. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 1984
5. gvelesiani m. ekonomiqsi. gamomcemloba “komentari”, Tbilisi, 2000w.
6. gviSiani z. ekonomika, struqturul- logikuri sqemebi, damxmare sax-
elmZRvanelo. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2014w.
7. Ggurova i. msoflio ekonomika. mTargmneli da mTavari redaqtori prof.
S. veSapiZe, Tbilisi, 2014w.
8. gogoxia r. Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema: arsi, modelebi, ganviTarebis
tendenciebi, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004 w.
9. jon d. denielsi, Dli h. redebogi, daniel p. salivani, saerTaSoriso biznesi:
gare samyaro da operaciebi, me-14 gamocema. wignis pirveli qarTulenovani
gamocema. samecniero redaqtori prof. T. Sengelia, gamocemis redaqtorebi:
prof. S. veSapiZe, prof. u. samadaSvili, asoc. x. beriSvili, Tsu gamomcemloba,
Tbilisi, 2015.
10. ekonomika. Semdgeneli p. leiaSvili. Tbilisi, 2008w.
11. ekonomikuri Teoria, saxelmZRvanelo. g. adeiSvilisa da r. asaTianis
redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1998 w.
12. erqomaiSvili g. biznesi: firmis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2007 w.
13. erqomaiSvili g., xaraiSvili e. firmis ekonomika. gamomcemloba “universali”,
Tbilisi, 2011 w.
14. veSapiZe S., aslamaziSvili n., Turnava n. elementaruli ekonomika. Tbilisis
socialur-ekonomikuri institutis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1998w.
15. veSapiZe S. ekonomikuri Teoriis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 1998 w.
16. veSapiZe S. ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri kvlevis meTodologia da Tanamedrove
ekonomokuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tbilisis socialur-
ekonomikuri institutis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1999w.

343
17. Todua g. ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria. Tsu-s gamomcemloba, or tomad:
tomi I 2004, tomi II 2009.
18. iadgarovi s. ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria: saxelmZRvanelo. mT. redaqtori
akademikosi a. silagaZe. gamomcemloba “universali”, 2014.
19. pol r. krugmani, mauris ofstfeldi, mark j. melitci, saerTaSoriso ekonomi-
ka, 2013 wlis gamocemis qarTuli Targmani. samecniero redaqtori akademikosi
a. silagaZe, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2015.
20. menqiu gregori, ekonomikis principebi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba “diogene”,
2008 w.
21. maSina m. ekonomikis anbani. wigni Targmna doc. Tengiz goleTianma, mTavari
redaqtori prof. giorgi caava, recenzenti prof. zurab lipartia.
Tbilisi,2000.
22. movsesiani a., ognivcevi s. msoflio ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo. rusulidan
Targmna prof. S. veSapiZem. Tbilisis ocialur-ekonomikuri institutis gamo-
mcemloba. t.1, 2003 – 568 gv. t.2, 2004 – 332 gv.
23. papava vl. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonimika. Tbilisi, 2005 w.
24. papava vladimer(lado), Aaratradiciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi, 2011w.
25. papava vladimer(lado), Tamar TaflaZis da arCil gegeSiZis monawileobiT,
saqarTvelos ekonomika: reformebi da fsevdoreformebi. gamomcemloba inte-
leqti, Tbilisi, 2015 w.
26. paipsi r. sakuTreba da Tavisufleba. gamomcemloba „diogene“, Tbilisi, 2004 w.
27. silagaZe a. ekonomikuri doqtrinebi. Tbilisi, 2010w.
28. silagaZe a., kaxniaSvili j., meqvabiSvili e. ekonomiksi. Tsu gamomcemloba,
Tbilisi, 2006w.
29. silagaZe a., ToqmazaSvili m. postkomunisturi finansuri politika. sagamo-
mcemlo saxli „inovacia“, Tbilisi, 2008.
30. samuelsoni p; nordhausi v. ekonomika (saxelmZRvanelo, oTx tomad). Tbilisi,
2000 w.
31. samadaSvili u., Sengelia r. Tanamedrove ekonomika. gamomcemloba “universa-
li”, Tbilisi, 2013. – 349 gv.
32. sisvaZe a. ekonomikuri Teoria or tomad. Tbilisi, 2006 w.
33. fetelava s., gogiaSvili S. ekonomikuri konkurencia. Tbilisi, 2012 w.
34. qarCava l. gamoCenil biznesmenTa samewarmeo cxovrebidan. `loi~, Tb., 2006w.
35. xaritonaSvili j. proteqcionistuli ekonomikuri doqtrinis evolucia. Tbi-
lisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2008w.
36. Ciqava l. ekonomikuri Teoriis mokle kursi. Tbilisi, 1997 w.
344
37. WavWavaZe i. publicisturi werilebi, 1882-1886. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 20
tomad, tomi VII, “ilias fondi”, Tbilisi, 2005 w.
38. WavWavaZe i. satamoJno politika evropaSi fritrederoba da proteqcionoba.
TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 20 tomad, t. IX, “ilias fondi”, 2006 w.
39. WiabriSvili n. ekonomikis anbani. (eqsperimentuli saxelmZRvanelo). iakob
gogebaSvilis saxelobis pedagogiur mecnierebaTa erovnuli instituti. Tbi-
lisi, 2000w.
40. WumburiZe m. ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria (mokle kursi). Tbilisi, 2009 w.
41. gareT r. jonsi, jenifer m. jorji, Tanamedrove menejmentis safuZvlebi. Tbi-
lisi, 2006 w.
42. Paul Krugman, Robi Wells, Martha L. Olney Essentials of Economics. 2008.
43. Jack Harvey. Modern Economics. 2003.
44. Борисов Е.Ф. Основы Экономики. учебник, М., 2008.
45. Гребнев Л.С., Нуреев Р.М. Экономика. Курсанов: Учебник для студентов высш.уч.завед.,
Обучающихся по неэконом. специальностям и направлениям. – М.: Вита-Пресс, 2000. -
432 ст. ил.
46. Козырев В.М. Основы современной экономики: Учебник. – 2-у изд., перераб. и доп-М.:
Финансы и статистика, 2000-432 с.
47. Экономика: Учебник для юристов/Под ред. д.э.н., проф. Д.В. Валового. – М.:, Изд-во
«Щит-М», 1999-360 с.
48. Экономика. Под редакцией проф. А.С. Булатова. М. 2005.

345