VCE CHEMISTRY 2016

YEAR 11 TRIAL EXAM

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Units 1/2
Reading time: 15 minutes
Writing time: 2 hours 30 minutes
Section Number of questions Number of questions Number of marks
to be answered
A 30 30 30
B 14 14 90
Total 120

To download the Chemistry Data Book please visit the VCAA website:
http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Documents/exams/chemistry/chemdata-w.pdf

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VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Units 1/2

Student Answer Sheet

Instructions for completing test. Use only a 2B pencil. If you make a mistake, erase it and
enter the correct answer. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers.

Write your answers to the Short Answer Section in the space provided directly below the
question. There are 30 Multiple Choice questions to be answered by circling the correct letter
in the table below.

Question 1 A B C D Question 2 A B C D

Question 3 A B C D Question 4 A B C D

Question 5 A B C D Question 6 A B C D

Question 7 A B C D Question 8 A B C D

Question 9 A B C D Question 10 A B C D

Question 11 A B C D Question 12 A B C D

Question 13 A B C D Question 14 A B C D

Question 15 A B C D Question 16 A B C D

Question 17 A B C D Question 18 A B C D

Question 19 A B C D Question 20 A B C D

Question 21 A B C D Question 22 A B C D

Question 23 A B C D Question 24 A B C D

Question 25 A B C D Question 26 A B C D

Question 27 A B C D Question 28 A B C D

Question 29 A B C D Question 30 A B C D

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2

SECTION A – Multiple Choice Questions

(30 marks)
This section contains 30 multiple choice questions.
For each question, choose the response that is correct or best answers the question.
Indicate your answer on the answer sheet provided.
(Choose only one answer for each question.)

Question 1
Moving across (left to right) a period in the Periodic Table, the atomic radii of the elements
A. increases as there are more electrons in the outer shell.
B. decreases as the outer shell electrons are more strongly attracted to the nucleus.
C. are similar because the electrons are occupying the same outer shell.
D. decreases because the size of the sub-shells decreases with atomic number.

Question 2
The good electrical conductivity of metals in the solid state, can be explained using the
metallic bonding model by
A. the particles in the lattice being able to move.
B. the positive ions in the lattice being able to move when an electric field is applied.
C. the particles that make up the lattice being close together.
D. the valence electrons being able to move through the lattice of positive ions.

Question 3
The chemical formula for a compound formed between magnesium and nitrogen would be
A. Mg3N2
B. MgN
C. Mg2N
D. Mg2N3

Question 4
The percentage by mass of sulfur in sodium sulfite, Na2SO3, would be
A. 22.90 %
B. 25.46 %
C. 25.81 %
D. 31.13 %

Question 5
In a 19.06 g sample of magnesium chloride, MgCl2, there will be
A. 6.02×1022 chloride ions.
B. 1.204×1023 ions.
C. 2.408×1023 magnesium ions.
D. 3.612×1023 ions.

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 1
Question 6
Which one of the following statements best describes a significant difference between the
properties of main group (p-block) metal elements and transition group (d-block) metal
elements?
A. Most main group metal elements tend to be better electrical conductors.
B. Most transition group metal elements tend to have lower densities.
C. Metals that are magnetic are only found among the transition group metal elements.
D. Main group metal elements are harder and less ductile.

Question 7
Compared to a bulk sample of silver, silver nanoparticles will
A. be more chemically reactive because there are more sites where a reaction can occur.
B. have similar chemical properties because the reactions involve the rearrangement of
the valence electrons.
C. be more chemically reactive because there will be more valence electrons available to
be rearranged in a chemical reaction.
D. be less chemically reactive because they are smaller and there is a lower probability
for the reactant particles coming into contact with the nanoparticles.

Question 8
An ion of an element with a -2 charge contains 18 electrons and 18 neutrons. The isotopic
symbol for the neutral atom that this ion was formed from would be
36
A. 18 Ar
36
B. 16 S
34
C. 16 S
34
D. 18 Ar

Question 9
The polar characteristics of the compounds, chloromethane, CH3Cl, dichloromethane,
CH2Cl2, trichloromethane, CHCl3, and tetrachloromethane, CCl4, are best described by

CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4

A. polar non-polar polar non-polar
B. non-polar non-polar non-polar polar
C. non-polar polar non-polar polar
D. polar polar polar non-polar

Question 10
In the structure of fullerenes with the formula C60, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to
A. three adjacent carbon atoms and the material has a low melting point.
B. four adjacent carbon atoms and the material has a high melting point.
C. four adjacent carbon atoms and the material has a low melting point.
D. three adjacent carbon atoms and the material has a high melting point.

2 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 11
The structural characteristic that distinguishes but-2-yne from other hydrocarbons containing
four carbon atoms is
A. a carbon-carbon double bond at the end of a four carbon atom chain.
B. a carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle of a four carbon atom chain.
C. a carbon-carbon triple bond at the end of a four carbon atom chain.
D. a carbon-carbon double bond in the middle of a four carbon atom chain.

Question 12
A material made from a thermosetting polymer will tend to be rigid as a result of
A. covalent bonding between the polymer strands.
B. twisting of the polymer strands into bundles.
C. polar interactions between the polymer strands.
D. the branched polymer strands not being able to move over each other.

Question 13
The systematic name for the sweet smelling compound whose structure is shown below is

A. butyl butanoate.
B. propyl butanoate.
C. propyl pentanoate.
D. pentyl propanoate.

Question 14
Part of the structure for an addition polymer is shown below

This polymer could be synthesised from

A. but-2-ene.
B. but-2-ene and propene.
C. propene.
D. ethene and propene.

Question 15
A pure substance in the solid state was found to be brittle, hard, a poor electrical and thermal
conductor with a melting point of 770 °C. The type of bonding present in the substance would
be
A. metallic bonding.
B. ionic bonding.
C. covalent molecular bonding.
D. covalent network lattice bonding.

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 3
Question 16
The amount of energy, in kJ, required to raise the temperature of 5.00 L of water from 25.0 °C
to 95.0 °C would be
A. 1.46 kJ
B. 1.99 kJ
C. 1460 kJ
D. 1990 kJ

Question 17
The boiling point for hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is -60 °C. The reason why this Group 16 hydride
has a boiling point significantly different to water is that
A. the hydrogen-sulfur bonds in H2S are more polar than the hydrogen-oxygen bonds in
water.
B. the bonding interactions between the water molecules are stronger than those between
the hydrogen sulfide molecules.
C. hydrogen sulfide molecules have a heavier mass, therefore require more energy to
change into a gas.
D. the bonding interactions within the water molecules are stronger than those within the
hydrogen sulfide molecules.

Question 18
A precipitate will be formed when aqueous solutions of
A. sodium chloride and zinc nitrate are mixed.
B. copper(II) nitrate and manganese(II) chloride are mixed.
C. cobalt(II) chloride and silver nitrate are mixed.
D. potassium chloride and barium nitrate are mixed.

Question 19
The pH of a 100.0 mL sample of aqueous 0.0100 M sodium hydroxide would be
A. 2
B. 3
C. 11
D. 12

4 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 20
The reaction that occurs when aqueous 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution is added to some solid
copper(II) oxide can best be described by the ionic equation
A. CuO(s)  H (aq)  CuOH (aq)
B. CuO(s)  H2SO4 (aq)  CuSO4 (s)  H2O(l)
C. CuO(s)  2H (aq)  Cu2 (aq)  H2O(l)
D. O2 (s)  2H (aq)  H2O(l)

Question 21
In a reduction-oxidation, redox, reaction, the oxidant
A. donates electrons and is reduced.
B. accepts electrons and is reduced.
C. accepts electrons and is oxidised.
D. donates electrons and is oxidised.

Question 22
The conjugate base for the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3-(aq), is
A. OH-(aq)
B. H2CO3(aq)
C. CO32-(aq)
D. H2CO42-(aq)

Question 23
In which one of the following lists will all of the compounds be soluble in water?
A. NaCl, CH3OH, CH3COOH, C6H6
B. C2H5OH, KCl, HCOOH, HCl
C. CH4, C8H18, CH3OH, CCl4
D. HCl, CaCl2, C6H14, NH3

Question 24
The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium metal can be described by the
ionic equation
Mg(s)  2H (aq)  Mg2 (aq)  H2 (g)
In this reaction, the H+ ions are acting as
A. an oxidant.
B. an acid.
C. a reductant.
D. a base.

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 5
Question 25
A group of VCE students were investigating the solubility of sugar between 10 °C and 90 °C.
When they plotted their data, which of the following graphs would their solubility curve most
likely resemble?

Question 26
Historical records revealed that mercury based materials were used to extract gold and may
have entered the waterway of an old gold mining area. The most suitable method that an
environmental chemist could use to determine the levels of mercury in the local creek water
would be a technique that used
A. high performance liquid chromatography.
B. volumetric analysis.
C. atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
D. gravimetric analysis.

Question 27
A student placed 10.0 mL of an aqueous 0.10 M sodium sulfate solution in a flask and diluted
this to 250.0 mL with deionised water. When mixed, the sulfate ion concentration of the
solution would be
A. 0.0040 M
B. 0.0080 M
C. 0.040 M
D. 0.080 M

6 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 28
The label on a domestic cleaning product stated that it contained 17 % NH4OH (m/v). What
would be the numerical value for the concentration of NH4OH in mol L-1?
A. 0.0049
B. 0.049
C. 0.49
D. 4.9

Question 29
The data that a student collected in an experiment to determine the amount of dissolved salts
in a sample of sea water are shown below.
Mass of empty evaporating basin 35.094 g
Mass of evaporating basin plus sea water 137.594 g
Mass of evaporating basin plus solid – first weighing 39.039 g
Mass of evaporating basin plus solid – second weighing 38.274 g
Mass of evaporating basin plus solid – third weighing 38.274 g
What was the percentage by mass (% m/m) of the dissolved salts in this sample of sea water?
A. 9.06 %
B. 3.85 %
C. 3.10 %
D. 2.31 %

Question 30
The reaction between dilute aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and sodium hydrogen
carbonate can be represented by the chemical equation
H2SO4 (aq)  2NaHCO3 (aq)  Na 2SO4 (aq)  2CO2 (g)  2H2O(l)
What would be the volume of 0.1200 M aqueous sulfuric acid required to neutralise 20.00 mL
of 0.1350 M aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution?
A. 8.89 mL
B. 11.25 mL
C. 17.78 mL
D. 22.25 mL

End of Section A

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 7
VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2

SECTION B – Short Answer Questions

(90 marks)
This section contains 14 questions, numbered 1 to 14.
All questions should be answered in the spaces provided.
The mark allocation for each question is given.

Question 1 (8 marks)
a. Beryllium and fluorine are elements in the second period of the Periodic Table.
i. Explain, with reasoning, how the electronegativity of beryllium would
compare with that of fluorine. 2 marks

ii. The first ionisation energies for beryllium and fluorine are 906 kJ mol-1 and
1687 kJ mol-1 respectively. Explain what the first ionisation energy of an
element is a measure of, and why there is a significant difference between the
first ionisation energies for beryllium and fluorine. 2 marks

b. In a class experiment, students placed cleaned and similar sized samples of calcium
and magnesium into separate test tubes. 5 mL of deionised water was then added to
each test tube. The students noted that the calcium readily reacted, liberating a gas.
The magnesium also reacted, but at a very much slower rate.
i. Explain why there is a difference in the reactivity of these two metals with
water. 1 mark

8 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
 ii. Describe what the students would have seen if they had also placed a piece of
barium in another test tube and added the deionised water. 1 mark

c. Write the ground state electronic configurations, in terms of sub-shells, for the
following particles:
i. an arsenic atom 1 mark

ii. an aluminium ion, Al3+ 1 mark

Question 2 (6 marks)
a. One of the minerals present in iron ore is haematite, Fe2O3. The production of iron
involves heating the ore together with coke, C, and limestone, CaCO3, in a blast
furnace.
i. In the furnace the coke reacts with oxygen to produce carbon monoxide, which
then reacts with the solid iron oxide to form molten iron. Write an appropriate
balanced chemical equation for this reaction including the states of the
materials. 1 mark

ii. What would be one significant environmental impact of the production of iron
in this way? 1 mark

iii. The iron produced in the blast furnace is not pure iron metal but an alloy of
iron and carbon. The atomic radii of carbon and iron are 71 pm and 124 pm
(1 pm = 1×10-12 m) respectively. Explain the type of alloy that this material
would be. 1 mark

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 9
b. The hardness and ductility of a metal can be altered by various heat treatments.
i. Quenching is a process where the metal object is heated to red hot then rapidly
cooled. Explain what effect this process would have on the crystal structure (or
microstructure) of the metal and how it would affect these properties of the
metal. 2 marks

ii. An alternative process, annealing, cools the metal slowly from red hot. Explain
how the physical properties of an annealed metal sample would compare with
those of one that had been quenched. 1 mark

Question 3 (7 marks)
a. Explain why molten sodium chloride and aqueous solutions of sodium chloride will
conduct an electric current, whereas sodium chloride is a non-conductor in the solid
state. 2 marks

b. Draw an appropriate electron shell diagram and write a simple equation to represent
the bonding that would occur when calcium and fluorine react. 2 marks

c. Explain, giving an example, what a polyatomic ion is. 1 mark

10 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
d. i. Write the complete chemical formula for copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. 1 mark

ii. Explain what would occur when a sample of this solid is heated in a crucible. 1 mark

Question 4 (6 marks)
a. An element has two isotopes with relative isotopic masses of 68.93 and 70.93
respectively. The relative abundance of the heavier isotope was determined by mass
spectrometry to be 39.9 %.
Determine the relative atomic mass for this element. 2 marks

b. Determine the molar mass for sodium carbonate decahydrate, Na2CO3·10H2O. 1 mark

c. An experiment determined that a 9.572 g sample of a chromium oxide contained

6.549 g of chromium.
Determine the empirical formula for this compound. 3 marks

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 11
Question 5 (7 marks)
a. Draw the chemical structures and give the systematic names for two alkenes that
contain four carbon atoms. 4 marks

b. The elemental analysis of an organic compound showed that it contained carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen.
The percentage by mass of the three elements were: 54.5 %, 9.1 % and 36.4 %
respectively.
The molar mass of the compound was found to be 88.0 g mol-1.
i. Determine the empirical formula for the compound. 2 marks

ii. Determine the molecular formula for the compound. 1 mark

12 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 6 (6 marks)
a. Diamond and graphite are two different structures for carbon.
Explain with reference to the structures why:
i. graphite is a significantly better electrical conductor than diamond. 1 mark

ii. diamond is significantly harder than graphite. 1 mark

b. Methanol, CH3OH, is a liquid at room temperature.

i. Draw an appropriate diagram to represent the arrangement of the atoms in a
methanol molecule, showing all bonding and non-bonding electrons. 1 mark

ii. Explain all of the different types of bonding that would occur between
methanol molecules. 2 marks

iii. Use the structural and bonding data to predict the solubility of methanol in
water. 1 mark

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 13
Question 7 (5 marks)
a. Draw a structure showing four repeating units present in the polymer that would be
formed from propene. 2 marks

b. The physical properties of a sample of a polymer can be altered by a number of

different factors.
i. Explain the effect that increasing the length of the polymer molecule chain
would have on the physical properties of the material. 1 mark

ii. Explain why a sample of a polymeric material that is highly crystalline would
be harder than one that is less crystalline. 1 mark

iii. What are plasticisers and how does their presence affect the physical properties
of a polymeric material? 1 mark

14 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 8 (4 marks)
a. Write appropriate chemical equations to describe the reactions that would occur when
the following pairs of aqueous solutions are mixed.
i. Iron(III) sulfate and sodium hydroxide. 1 mark

ii. Nickel(II) sulfate and barium nitrate. 1 mark

b. The latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of energy required to change a specific
amount of the material from its liquid state to the gaseous state at the boiling point of
the material. Methane and water are compounds with similar molecular masses. The
latent heat of vaporisation of methane and water are 8.6 kJ mol-1 and 40.7 kJ mol-1
respectively.
i. Explain why there is such a significant difference between these two values
considering that both molecules have similar molecular masses. 1 mark

ii. What implication does this have with regards to the storage of these two
materials at temperatures near their boiling points? 1 mark

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 15
Question 9 (8 marks)
a. The hydrogen sulfite ion, HSO3-, is amphiprotic.
i. Using the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, explain the meaning of
the term amphiprotic. 1 mark

ii. Write appropriate chemical equations that would demonstrate this property for
this ion. 2 marks

b. Explain the difference between a strong acid and a concentrated acid. 2 marks

c. Calculate the concentrations of the H3O+(aq) and OH-(aq) ions in an aquarium that has
a pH of 7.5 at 25 ºC. 2 marks

d. Write an appropriate chemical equation to describe the reaction that would occur when
a dilute aqueous solution of nitric acid, HNO3(aq), is added to some solid marble
chips, CaCO3. 1 mark

16 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 10 (9 marks)
a. Students were investigating the redox properties of three metals, X, Y and Z. They
placed small pieces of the metal in aqueous solutions of the metal ions, X2+(aq),
Y+(aq) and Z2+(aq). They tabulated their observations, using a tick to show if a
reaction occurred, as shown below.
Metal ion solutions
X (aq) Y+(aq) Z2+(aq)
2+

X -  
Metal
Y  - 
Z   -

i. Use the students’ tabulated data to determine the strongest oxidant and
strongest reductant. 2 marks

ii. Write the appropriate chemical half-equation for the oxidation and reduction
half-reactions that occur when metal Z is added to an aqueous solution of
Y+(aq). 2 marks

iii. Write the overall chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when metal Z
is added to an aqueous solution of Y+(aq). 1 mark

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 17
b. Corrosion of metals, especially iron based materials, is a significant burden on society.
i. Steel cans used for foods are plated with a thin coating of tin. Explain how this
method protects the steel. 1 mark

ii. What will happen to the steel if the tin surface is scratched away in a small
area on the can? 1 mark

iii. Roofing steel sheets are coated with a thin coating of zinc. Explain how this
protects the steel. 1 mark

iv. What would be the main reason that zinc is not used as a coating on food cans? 1 mark

18 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 11 (5 marks)
The experimental determined solubility curve for copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate,
CuSO4·5H2O (M = 249.6 g mol-1), is shown below.

a. A group of students placed 10.0 g of solid copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate in a test tube
and added 20.0 mL of deionised water. Determine the temperature that they would
have to heat the mixture to in order to form a saturated solution. 1 mark

b. What mass of solid should crystallise when 250.0 mL of a saturated solution at 90 ºC

is cooled to 20 ºC? 2 marks

c. A chemist calculated that they required a 3.0 M aqueous solution for an experiment
that they were planning to conduct. Explain, using the solubility data, if this solution
could be prepared or not. 2 marks

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 19
Question 12 (6 marks)
In an experimental investigation designed to measure the amount of dissolved salts present in
samples of creek water, students followed the following method to measure the electrical
conductivity of water samples.
All glassware used in the experiment was thoroughly rinsed with deionised water.
A stock solution of sodium chloride was prepared and this was diluted to prepare a set of
calibration solutions.
The electrical conductivity of these solutions and a sample of creek water were measured
using the same conditions and meter. The data collected are shown below.

Electrical
NaCl Concentration
Conductivity
(g L-1)
(units)
Deionised water 20
1.0 1712
2.0 3295
3.0 5002
4.0 6583
5.0 8217

Water sample 3676

a. On the grid below, draw a calibration curve for the electrical conductivity of the
aqueous sodium chloride solutions. 3 marks

20 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
b. Use the data to determine the equivalent amount of sodium chloride that would
correspond to the amount of dissolved salts in the water sample. 1 mark

c. Explain why all of the glassware used in the experiment was thoroughly rinsed with
deionised water prior to commencing the experiment. 1 mark

d. What could be one possible cause for this level of dissolved salts in the creek water
analysed by the students? 1 mark

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 21
Question 13 (6 marks)
a. Organic contaminants of water supplies can pose a significant environmental problem.
i. What could be two materials that could be the sources of organic contaminants
in water supplies? 2 marks

ii. Explain the potential environmental impact of one of the materials that led to
the organic contaminants given in i. above. 1 mark

b. A technique for determining organic material (either contaminant or naturally

occurring) in water samples or aqueous solutions, is high performance liquid
chromatography, hplc.
The chromatograph of an aqueous solution of black tea is shown below.

i. How would it be possible to identify which of the peaks in the chromatogram

is due to caffeine? 1 mark

22 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
 ii. Explain how a chemist could use the chromatogram to determine the amount
of caffeine in the sample once the peak due to caffeine had been identified. 2 marks

Question 14 (7 marks)
As part of a VCE Chemistry investigation, a group of students aimed to determine the amount
of ethanoic acid in vinegar.
The reaction between aqueous solutions of ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate can be
described by the chemical equation
2CH3COOH(aq)  Na 2CO3 (aq)  2NaCH3COO(aq)  CO2 (g)  H2O(l)
The students diluted a 20.00 mL sample of vinegar with deionised water so that the total
volume of the solution was 250.0 mL. 10.00 mL aliquots of aqueous 0.100 M sodium
carbonate solution were titrated with the diluted vinegar solution. The average titre required
was 11.50 mL.
a. Determine the amount of sodium carbonate in the aliquot. 1 mark

b. Determine the amount of ethanoic acid that reacted with the sodium carbonate. 1 mark

c. Determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in the diluted vinegar solution. 1 mark

d. Determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in the original vinegar. 1 mark

Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 23
e. Express this concentration as a percentage mass per volume, % (m/v), and compare it
with the manufacturer's claim that the vinegar contains 12.5 % (m/v) of ethanoic acid. 3 marks

End of Section B

End of Trial Exam

24 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Suggested Answers

VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2

SECTION A – Multiple Choice Answers

(1 mark per question)

Q1. B Moving across a period in the Periodic Table, the nuclear charge increases.
Therefore, the forces of attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell
electrons increases and this results in a decrease in the atomic radii.
Q2. D The metallic bonding model describes the solid in terms of a lattice of positive
ions where the valence electrons are delocalised (free to move about).
Therefore, electrons can freely flow through a metal lattice when an electric
field is applied.
Q3. A Referring to the VCE Chemistry Data Book: Table 1 – The Periodic Table, the
atomic numbers for magnesium and nitrogen are 12 and 7 respectively.
Therefore, the ground state electronic configurations of magnesium and
nitrogen are 1s22s22p63s2 and 1s22s22p3 (or in shell configurations as 2,6,2 and
2,5) respectively.
When these two elements form a compound, each magnesium can donate two
electrons and in doing so form a magnesium ion, Mg2+, while each nitrogen
can accept three electrons to form a nitride ion, N3-.
This can be represented diagrammatically as shown below.

The formula for the compound formed, magnesium nitride, will therefore be
Mg3N2.

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 1
Q4. B Molar mass: M(Na2SO3) = 2×23.0 + 1×32.1 + 3×16.0 = 126.1 g mol-1
In one mole m(S) = 32.1 g
%(S) = m(S)/M(Na2SO3) × (100/1)
%(S) = (32.1/126.1)×(100/1) = 25.46 %
An alternative calculation layout that shows the calculation of the percentage
by mass of each element in the compound.
Number MA Mass in 1 mol %
Na 2 23.0 46.0 (46.0/126.1)×(100/1) 36.48
S 1 32.1 32.1 (32.1/126.1)×(100/1) 25.46
O 3 16.0 48.0 (48.0/126.1)×(100/1) 38.07
Molar Mass 126.1

Q5. D Molar Mass: M(MgCl2) = 24.3 + 2×35.5 = 95.3 g mol-1

n(MgCl2) = m/M = 19.06 / 95.3 = 0.200 mol
N(MgCl2) = n(MgCl2)×NA = 0.200 × 6.02×1023 = 1.204×1023 particles
Since each MgCl2 contains one Mg2+ and two Cl- ions
N(Mg2+) = 1.204×1023 Mg2+ ions
N(Cl-) = 2 × 1.204×1023 = 2.408×1023 Cl- ions
N(ions) = 1.204×1023 + 2.408×1023 = 3.612×1023 ions
Q6. C The metallic elements that are magnetic are; iron, cobalt and nickel. These
three elements are members of the first transition metal series in the Periodic
Table.
While all metals will conduct electricity, the transition group metal elements in
general tend to be better conductors.
Most transition group metal elements tend to have higher densities than those
in the main group.
Main group metal elements tend to have a low to medium hardness and are
generally ductile.
Q7. A Nanoparticles are more chemically reactive than bulk materials because they
have a significantly larger surface area for a given amount of material where
reactions may occur.
Q8. C The ion has a -2 charge therefore the ion contains two more electrons than
there are protons in the nucleus.
Number of protons = 18 – 2 = 16 protons
Atomic number (Z) = 16, therefore sulfur, S.
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
A = 16 + 18 = 34
34
16 S

2 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Q9. D In each of the molecules the C-Cl bond will be polarised due to the difference
in the electronegativity between the carbon and chlorine (2.5 and 3.0
respectively). This results in an uneven electron distribution in the bond
between the two atoms and results in the chlorine having a small negative (-)
charge.
The difference in the electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen will also
induce a polarising of the C-H with the hydrogen developing a small positive
(+) charge.
The overall polar nature of the molecule is the combination of the individual
bonds and the structure of the molecule.
In chloromethane, dichloromethane and trichloromethane, the structure will
yield an overall dipolar molecule.
In tetrachloromethane, while the individual bonds are polar, the overall
structure will be non-polar.

Q10. A The C60 structure has each carbon atom covalently bonded to three adjacent
carbon atoms in alternating hexagonal and pentagonal rings joined to give an
overall ball-type structure.
Because the material is made up from discrete C60 molecules, its melting point
is low. In the case of diamond and graphite, because the bonding extends
throughout a very large lattice, the melting points are high.
Q11. B From the systematic name of the compound, but-2-yne, the structure can be
established.
but-2-yne: Four carbon atom chain.
but-2-yne: Contains a carbon-carbon triple bond (alkyne).
but-2-yne: Carbon-carbon triple bond is between second and third carbon
atoms in the chain. In this case in the middle.
CH3  C  C  CH3
Q12. A In a thermosetting polymer there is cross-linking between the polymer strands
that results in a rigid structure. The cross-linking involves covalent bonds
between the polymer chains.
Thermosetting polymers will as a result not melt when heated.
When there is no cross-inking between the polymer strands, the material is a
thermoplastic and it will melt when heated. Varying the degree of branching
on the polymer strand, the arrangement of attached groups and/or the types of
weak interactions between the polymer strands will alter the properties of the
material.

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 3
Q13. C The compound contains an ester functional group, -COO-.
The carbon chain attached to the oxygen contains three carbons joined by
single carbon-carbon bonds. This is a propyl group.
There are five carbons in the remaining chain joined by single carbon-carbon
bonds, pentan-. This chain contains the carbon of the ester functional group,
therefore pentanoate.

This ester would be synthesised by the reaction of propanol and pentanoic acid
in the presence of a catalyst.

Q14. D Addition polymers are synthesised from alkenes, where the addition reaction
occurs at the carbons in the carbon-carbon double bonds.
Dividing the structure into two carbon unit segments identifies the monomers
that the polymer was formed from.
In this case, there are two different types of segment in the structure, one
containing two carbons and the other three carbons. Therefore, the monomers
were ethene and propene.

Q15. B The properties of the substance reflect the bonding characteristics present.
The only type of bonding that matches all of the properties described is ionic
bonding.
Metallic bonding would result in the substance being a good electrical and
thermal conductor.
Covalent molecular bonding would result in the substance having a low
melting point and being soft.
Covalent molecular lattice bonding would result in the substance having a very
high melting point.

Q16. C Referring to the VCE Chemistry Data Book: Table 3

Specific heat capacity for water: c = 4.18 J g-1 °C-1
Density of water = 1.00 g mL-1
5.00 L = 5.00 × 1000 = 5000 mL = 5000 g
T = 95.0 – 25.0 = 70.0 °C
Q = m×c×T = 5000 × 4.18 × 70.0 = 1.46×106 J
Q = 1.46×106 / 1000 = 1460 kJ

4 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Q17. B Like hydrogen sulfide, water is a Group 16 hydride.
The boiling point of hydrogen sulfide is significantly lower than that for water
(-60 °C compared to 100 °C).
Since the boiling temperature reflects the bonding interactions between the
molecules, the forces attracting the water molecules to each other are greater.
Both water and hydrogen sulfide are polar molecules because of the difference
in the electronegativities of hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Therefore there will
be dipole-dipole interactions between both H2O and H2S molecules.
However, in water there are stronger hydrogen bonding interactions between
the molecules and this accounts for the increased temperature of the boiling
point.

Q18. C All common nitrate compounds are soluble in water.

Chlorides other than those of silver and lead(II) are soluble.
Therefore, when aqueous solutions of cobalt(II) chloride and silver nitrate are
mixed, a precipitate of silver chloride will form.
Full equation:
CoCl2 (aq)  2AgNO3 (aq)  Co(NO3 )2 (aq)  2AgCl(s)
Ionic equation:
Cl (aq)  Ag (aq)  AgCl(s)

Q19. D The definition of pH

pH = -log10[H3O+]
0.0100 M aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
[OH-] = 0.0100 M
The ionic product for water Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0×10-14 M2
[H3O+](0.0100) = 1.0×10-14
[H3O+] = (1.0×10-14)/(0.0100) = 1.0×10-12 M
pH = -log10(1.0×10-12) = 12

Q20. C The reaction between a metal oxide and an acid will produce water plus a
solution of the salt of the metal.
The sulfuric acid will provide H+ ions that will react with the metal oxide.
In this case the salt will be copper(II) sulfate.
In an ionic equation only the reacting materials are shown.
CuO(s)  2H (aq)  Cu2 (aq)  H2O(l)
The question specifically asked for the ionic equation. Response B provides the
full equation.

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 5
Q21. B The oxidant in a redox reaction is the material that causes oxidation to occur,
therefore the oxidant will accept electrons and in the process is itself reduced.
For example, the oxidant in the reaction that occurs when a piece of zinc metal
is placed in an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is the copper(II) ion,
Cu2+(aq).
The half-equation for the reduction of the oxidant is
Cu2 (aq)  2e  Cu(s)
The half-equation for the oxidation of the reductant is
Zn(s)  Zn2 (aq)  2e
The overall equation is
Cu2 (aq)  Zn(s)  Cu(s)  Zn2 (aq)

Q22. C The conjugate base will be formed when the species acts as an acid.
An acid is a proton, H+, donor.
Therefore, the formula for conjugate base has had a proton, H+, removed.
HCO3 (aq)  H2O(l)  CO32 (aq)  H3O (aq)
For the hydrogen carbonate ion, the conjugate base is the carbonate ion,
CO32-(aq).
The hydrogen carbonate ion is an amphiprotic ion. The conjugate acid for this
ion is carbonic acid, H2CO3(aq).

Q23. B For a compound to be soluble in water, the water molecules need to form
bonds with the materials in the compound. Since water is a polar molecule,
then the compound needs to be either a polar molecule or an ionic substance.
Water forms ion-dipole bonds with the ions in an ionic compound.
Water forms hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interactions with polar
compounds.
Response A: The list contains the non-polar C6H6, benzene, which is not
soluble in water. NaCl is an ionic compound. CH3OH and CH3COOH are polar
molecules.
Response B: All four compounds are soluble because they are either polar
molecules or ionic compounds.
Response C: CH4, C8H18 and CCl4 are all non-polar.
Response D: C6H14 is non-polar.
Remember: Like dissolves like.

Q24. A In this reaction the H+ ions are accepting an electron from the magnesium to
form hydrogen gas, H2. Therefore, the H+ ions are acting as the oxidant and
will be reduced.
2H (aq)  2e  H2 (g)

Q25. D The solubility for solids generally increases with temperature. More sugar will
dissolve in hot water than in cold water. Only Response D fulfils this criterion.

6 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Q26. C Mercury is a metal and in this case the concentration of mercury compounds in
the water should be low. The most suitable technique would involve atomic
absorption spectrophotometry.
High performance liquid chromatography is more appropriate for organic
contaminants of the water.
Volumetric analysis is better suited to materials that are present in higher
concentrations and can be involved in either acid-base or redox reactions.
Gravimetric analysis involves weighing precipitates or solids from evaporated
solutions, therefore is better suited to higher concentrations of materials.

Q27. A The solution is diluted by the factor of 10/250.

For the solution:
c(Na2SO4) = 0.10 × (10/250) = 0.0040 M
Since each Na2SO4 contains one sulfate ion, SO42-, then
c(SO42-) = 0.0040 M

Q28. D The concentration is given as a %(m/v) therefore in 100 mL there will be 17 g

of the compound, NH4OH.
In 1.0 L there will be 170 g
M(NH4OH) = 14.0 + 5×1.0 + 16.0 = 35.0 g mol-1
n(NH4OH) = m/M = 170 / 35.0 = 4.9 mol
c(NH4OH) = n/V = 4.9 / 1.0 = 4.9 mol L-1 (or 4.9 M)
Alternative solution
17 % NH4OH = 17 g in 100 mL
n(NH4OH) = 17 / 35.0 = 0.49 mol
c(NH4OH) = n/V = 0.49 / (100/1000) = 4.9 mol L-1

Q29. C The required percentage by mass is % m/m

Since the first weighing of the solid is higher than the consecutive weighing’s
this must still have contained water. This result is therefore not used.
m(sea water) = 137.594 – 35.094 = 102.50 g
m(salts) = 38.274 – 35.094 = 3.180 g
% (m/m) = (3.180 / 102.50) × (100/1) = 3.10 % (m/m)

Q30. B The chemical equation for the reaction provides the mole ratio of the reactants
n(NaHCO3) = c×V = 0.1350 × (20.00/1000) = 2.700×10-3 mol
n(H2SO4) = ½×n(NaHCO3) = ½ × 2.700×10-3 = 1.350×10-3 mol
V(H2SO4) = n/c = 1.350×10-3 / 0.1200 = 1.125×10-2 L
V(H2SO4) = 1.125×10-2 × 1000 = 11.25 mL

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 7
SECTION B – Short Answer (Answers)

Question 1 (8 marks)
a. i. The electronegativity of beryllium would be less than that for fluorine
because the electronegativities of the elements increase moving across a period
in the Periodic Table (1 mark).
The electronegativity values for Be and F are 1.57 and 3.98 respectively.
Fluorine is the element with the highest electronegativity in the Periodic Table.
The electronegativity is a measure of the electron attracting power of an
element. Since both elements are in the second period of the Periodic Table,
the second shell is the outer or valence shell. The effective nuclear charge is
the nuclear charge minus the number of electrons in any inner shell/s.
Beryllium has an effective nuclear charge of +2 compared with +7 for fluorine.
Therefore, fluorine will be a more powerful electron attractor (1 mark).
ii. The first ionisation energy is the energy required to remove an electron from
the outer shell of an atom (1 mark).
Since both elements are in the same period, the second shell is the outer or
valence shell for both. The electrons in the outer shell of fluorine are attracted
by a +7 effective nuclear charge, whereas those in beryllium are attracted by a
+2 effective nuclear charge. Consequentially more energy is required to
remove an electron from the outer shell of a fluorine atom compared to that for
a beryllium atom (1 mark).
b. Magnesium and calcium are both in Group 2 of the Periodic Table.
When elements react it involves the rearrangement of the outer or valence shell
electrons.
i. The chemical reactivity of Group 2 elements increases moving down the group
because the reactions involve the loss of the outer or valence shell electrons.
Magnesium is in the second period and calcium is in the third period of the
Periodic Table. Therefore, calcium will more readily release the outer or
valence shell electrons compared to magnesium, making it more reactive
(1 mark).
ii. Barium is in the sixth period of the Periodic Table, therefore it will be
significantly more reactive than either calcium or magnesium. The students
would most probably see a violent reaction between barium and water
(1 mark).
c. The order in which the sub-shells fill is: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, ....
The maximum number of electrons in s, p and d sub-shells are 2, 6 and 10 respectively
i. As: Z = 33  33 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3 (1 mark).
ii. Al: Z = 13: Al3+ ion  10 electrons
1s22s22p6 (1 mark).

8 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 2 (6 marks)
a. i. The carbon monoxide, CO, would react with the iron oxide to form carbon
dioxide, CO2. Both these compounds are gases at room temperature.
The chemical equation can be developed stepwise once the reactants and
products are identified.
Fe2O3 (s)  CO(g)  Fe(l)  CO2 (g)
Each CO 'accepts' an O from the iron oxide
Fe2O3 (s)  3CO(g)  2Fe(l)  3CO2 (g) (1 mark).
ii. The readily identifiable environmental impact would be the production of
carbon dioxide.
Since the process produces carbon dioxide that would be released into the
atmosphere, this would contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect and
global warming (1 mark).
Other environmental impacts that could be considered include:
Production of the slag by-product.
Noise and dust pollution from the furnace.
iii. Since the atomic radius of the carbon atoms is smaller than that for iron, the
carbon atoms would occupy the spaces between the iron atoms in the lattice.
The alloy would therefore be an interstitial alloy (1 mark).

b. i. Quenching will result in the formation of small crystals in the solid (1 mark).
Because the solid contains many small crystals then there will be a large
surface area where the crystals will be in contact with one another. This will
make the metal hard but brittle (1 mark).
ii. Annealing allows the formation of larger crystals and as a result, the metal will
be softer and more ductile than a quenched sample (1 mark).

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 9
Question 3 (7 marks)
a. In molten sodium chloride, the sodium, Na+(l), and chloride, Cl-(l), ions are free to
move about in the liquid, whereas in the solid, the ions are in fixed positions within
the lattice. The free moving ions can therefore carry an electric current (1 mark).
In an aqueous solution, the hydrated ions, ions surrounded by water molecules
(attracted to the ions by ion-dipolar interactions), are free to move in the solution.
Again it is these free moving ions that can carry an electric current (1 mark).
b. Diagram should show formation of ions with electrons being transferred from the
calcium to the fluorine.

(1 mark)
2 
Ca  2F  CaF2
(1 mark)
2,8,8 2,8
c. A polyatomic ion is an ion that consists of two or more tightly bound atoms that
form an ion with an overall charge on the group of atoms. Polyatomic ions can have
either a positive or negative charge.
Examples include (but are not limited to): ammonium, NH4+; hydroxide, OH-;
carbonate, CO32-; sulfate, SO42-; nitrate, NO3-; phosphate, PO43-;
[Mark allocation: Must have example of an appropriate ion together with the
explanation: (1 mark)]
d. i. Copper(II) Sulfate pentahydrate
Copper(II) = Cu2+
Sulfate = SO42-
Pentahydrate = 5H2O
CuSO4·5H2O (1 mark).
ii. In hydrates, the water of crystallisation is weakly bonded to the ions through
ion-dipole interactions. When a sample of the hydrate is heated, the solid will
decompose and the water of crystallisation will be released into the atmosphere
(1 mark). The colour of the solid will change from blue to white when this
dehydration occurs.
CuSO4  5H2 O(s)  CuSO4 (s)  5H2O(g)

10 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 4 (6 marks)
a. The relative atomic mass is the weighted average of the isotopic masses.
The relative abundance for the lighter isotope will be 100 – 39.9 = 60.1 % (1 mark).
Ar = 68.93 × (60.1/100) + 70.93 × (39.9/100) = 69.7 (1 mark).
b. Referring to the VCE Chemistry Data Book: Table 1.
M(Na2CO3·10H2O) = 2×23.0 + 12.0 + 13×16 + 20×1.0
M(Na2CO3·10H2O) = 286 g mol-1 (1 mark).
c. m(compound) = 9.572 g
m(Cr) = 6.549 g
m(O) = 9.572 – 6.549 = 3.023 g
Determine the molar ratio
n(Cr) : n(O) = m(Cr)/M(Cr) : m(O)/M(O)
= 6.549/52.0 : 3.023/16.0
= 0.126 : 0.189 (1 mark) (divide the larger value by the smaller)\
= 0.126/0.126 : 0.189/0.126
= 1 : 1.5 (1 mark) (convert to whole number ratio)
=2:3
Cr2O3 (1 mark)

Question 5 (7 marks)
a. An alkene contains a carbon-carbon double bond.
The molecular formula for the alkene will be C4H8.
There are three possible structural isomers for a C4 alkene.
but-1-ene
but-2-ene
2-methylpropene
The diagram below shows two stereoisomers for but-2-ene. Stereoisomers are not part
of the Unit 1 VCE course.
[1 mark for a correct structure. 1 mark for the correct systematic name for the
structure drawn. Total mark allocation = 4 marks]

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 11
b. i. Determine the mole ratio of the elements.
n(C) : n(O) : n(H) = 54.5/12.0 : 9.1/1.0 : 36.4/16.0
= 4.54 : 9.1 : 2.275 (1 mark)
(divide all values by the smallest value)
=2:4:1
C2H4O (1 mark)
ii. The molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula.
M(C2H4O) = 2×12.0 + 4×1.0 + 16.0 = 44.0 g mol-1
M((C2H4O)x) = 44.0×x = 88.0
x = 88.0/44.0 = 2
(C2H4O)2 = C4H8O2 (1 mark)

Question 6 (6 marks)
a. i. In the structure of diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four
adjacent carbon atoms in a three-dimensional lattice. In this case, all four
valence electrons are involved in the bonding. There are no free or mobile
electrons, therefore diamond is a non-conductor of electricity.
The structure of graphite has each carbon atom covalently bonded to three
other adjacent carbon atoms in a two-dimensional sheet-type structure. The
fourth valance electron from each carbon atom is delocalised, and therefore
mobile, within the layer.
The delocalisation of the electrons allows an electron current to flow through a
layer of graphite (1 mark).
ii. Because of the layer structure for graphite, the various layers can slide over
each other making it soft. The covalent bonding throughout the
three-dimensional lattice in graphite results in the material being hard as the
atoms are held rigidly in the lattice by covalent bonds (1 mark).

12 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
b. i. The central carbon will have three single carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds and
a single carbon-oxygen covalent bond. In addition to being covalently bonded
to the carbon, the oxygen will form a single oxygen-hydrogen bond. Oxygen
will also have two non-bonding electron pairs.
There will be four regions of electron density around the carbon and oxygen,
as a result of the electron repulsion these will both have tetrahedral
arrangements.
Because of the differences in the electronegativities of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen, all of the bonds will be polarised with the oxygen developing a small
negative charge, - (1 mark).

ii. As with any species there will be weak dispersion forces between the
methanol molecules. In the case of methanol, these will be the weakest
intermolecular forces.
Because the methanol molecules are polar then there will be dipole-dipole
interactions between the molecules.
Since hydrogen and oxygen are involved in the dipole then the strongest
intermolecular interaction will be hydrogen bonding.
[Mark Allocation: All three correct: 2 marks. Two correct: 1 mark]
iii. Because methanol is polar and has a small hydrocarbon chain attached to the
polar O-H bond then methanol would be expected to be soluble in water
(1 mark).
The methanol molecules will form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules
similar to those that they form with each other.
Methanol is completely miscible (mixes completely) with water, so aqueous
solutions over the entire concentration can be prepared.

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 13
Question 7 (5 marks)
a. The diagram must show the correct repeating units and bonds at both ends to signify
extension of the molecule (2 marks).
It is not necessary for the methyl groups to be staggered or on one side only.

b. i. Possible answers include: (1 mark)

Increasing the length of the polymer molecule chain will increase the strength
of the material as the longer chains tend to tangle more easily and therefore
more energy will be required to get the chains to slide over each other.
Increasing the chain length will increase the melting point of the material
because of the higher molecular mass.
ii. In polymeric materials that are highly crystalline, the polymer chains are
arranged in regular order, requiring larger forces to deform the material
(1 mark).
iii. Plasticisers are small molecular compounds that are added to polymeric
materials. These materials are located between the polymer chains making it
easier for them to slide over one another. This results in a softer material
(1 mark).

Question 8 (4 marks)
a. Full or ionic equations are acceptable.
The equations must show states to be awarded marks.
i. All common Group 1 element compounds are soluble in water. The precipitate
formed will be iron(III) hydroxide (1 mark).
Fe2 (SO4 )3 (aq)  6NaOH(aq)  2Fe(OH)3 (s)  3Na 2SO4 (aq)
Fe3 (aq)  3OH  aq   Fe(OH)3 (s)
ii. All common nitrate compounds are soluble. The precipitate will be barium
sulfate (1 mark).
NiSO4 (aq)  Ba(NO3 )2 (aq)  Ni(NO3 )2 (aq)  BaSO4 (s)
SO 24 (aq)  Ba 2(aq)  BaSo4 (s)
b. i. The higher latent heat of vaporisation for water is due to the stronger
interactions between the water molecules (1 mark).
Because methane is a non-polar molecule, only dispersion forces will occur
between the methane molecules.
Water is a polar molecule and the stronger dipole-dipole interactions and
hydrogen bonding will occur, in addition to dispersion forces, between the
molecules.
As the forces of attraction between the water molecules are stronger, a larger
amount of energy will be required to overcome these as water changes from a
liquid into a gas.
ii. The higher value for the latent heat of vaporisation for water, means that liquid
water can be stored in open containers, whereas liquid methane would need to
be stored in sealed containers to prevent evaporation (1 mark).

14 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 9 (8 marks)
a. i. The Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases defines an acid as a proton
donor and a base as a proton acceptor. An amphiprotic substance is one that
can act as both an acid and a base (1 mark).
ii. The hydrogen sulfite ion acting as an acid (1 mark).
HSO 3 (aq)  H 2 O(l)  SO 32  (aq)  H 3 O  (aq)
HSO 3 (aq)  OH  (aq)  SO 32  (aq)  H 2 O(l)
The hydrogen sulfite ion acting as a base (1 mark).
HSO 3 (aq)  H 2 O(l)  H 2SO 3 (aq)  OH  (aq)
HSO 3 (aq)  H 3 O  (aq)  H 2SO 3 (aq)  H 2 O(l)
HSO 3 (aq)  H  (aq)  H 2SO 3 (aq)
b. A strong acid is one that completely ionises in solution, liberating protons (1 mark).
A concentrated acid refers to a larger amount of the acidic material in solution.
(1 mark).
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid whereas ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
Pure ethanoic acid, which is a liquid, is a concentrated acid (approximately 17 M),
but ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
The pH of 0.10 M aqueous solutions of hydrochloric and ethanoic acids are 1.0 and
2.9 respectively. Aqueous solutions of weak acids have a higher pH than aqueous
solutions of strong acids with the same concentration.
c. Referring to the VCE Chemistry Data Book: Table 3
Ionic product for water: [H3O+][OH-] = 1.00×10-14 M2
pH = 7.5
[H3O+] = 10-pH = 10-7.5 = 3.2×10-8 M (1 mark).
[OH-] = 1.00×10-14 / [H3O+] = 1.00×10-14 / 3.2×10-8 = 3.2×10-7 M (1 mark).
d. When acids react with carbonates, carbon dioxide, water and an aqueous solution of
the metal ion salt are formed (1 mark).
Appropriate states must be shown to be awarded mark.
Full or ionic equations would be acceptable.
Full equation: CaCO3 (s)  2HNO3 (aq)  Ca(NO3 )2 (aq)  CO2 (g)  H2O(l)
Ionic equation: CaCO3 (s)  2H  (aq)  Ca 2 (aq)  CO2 (g)  H 2 O(l)
CaCO3 (s)  2H3O (aq)  Ca 2 (aq)  CO2 (g)  3H 2 O(l)

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 15
Question 10 (9 marks)
a. i. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. The
oxidant causes the oxidation reaction to occur, therefore the oxidant will accept
electrons and be reduced. Similarly the reductant causes the reduction reaction
to occur, therefore the reductant will lose electrons and be oxidised.
The oxidants in this experiment are the metal ions, therefore the strongest
oxidant will be the metal ion that reacts with all of the other metals. In this
case it will be Y+(aq) (1 mark).
The reductants will be the metals, the strongest reductant will react with all of
the other metal ion solutions. In this case X (1 mark).
ii. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons.
2 
Oxidation half-equation: Z(s)  Z (aq)  2e (1 mark).
 
Reduction half-equation: Y (aq)  e  Y(s) (1 mark).
iii. The overall equation is obtained by adding the two half-equations adjusting
each so that the number of electrons produced and consumed is the same.
Since two electrons are released in the oxidation half-reaction and one electron
is consumed in the reduction half-reaction, when adding the two
half-equations, the reduction half-equation must be multiplied by 2
 
( Y (aq)  e  Y(s) )×2
2Y (aq)  2e  2Y(s)
Z(s)  Z2 (aq)  2e
2Y (aq)  Z(s)  2Y(s)  Z2 (aq) (1 mark).
b. i. Tin is a weaker reductant than iron, therefore will be less reactive. The tin
forms a protective coating on the surface of the steel preventing its oxidation
(1 mark).
ii. Once the surface coating is broken, the iron in the steel, will be oxidised in
preference to the tin and the can will rust (1 mark).
iii. Zinc is more reactive than iron therefore will corrode in preference to the steel.
This is known as sacrificial protection (1 mark). When the zinc is oxidised, it
becomes coated with a thin layer of material which protects the surface from
further oxidation. If this surface layer of oxidised material is damaged, a new
layer will form until all of the zinc coating has been consumed.
iv. Zinc is not used as a coating on food cans because zinc compounds are toxic
(1 mark).

16 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 11 (5 marks)
a. Solubility is expressed in terms of mass of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solvent.
The mass of solute in 100 mL of solvent would be
m = 10.0 × (100/20.0) = 50.0 g
Using the solubility curve as shown below, this would require the mixture be heated to
75 ºC (1 mark).

b. From the solubility curve data, the solubilities at 20 ºC and 90 ºC are 22 g/100 mL and
63 g/100 mL respectively.
Therefore, the mass of solid that should crystallise when 100 mL of a saturated
solution is cooled over the temperature range will be
m = 63 – 22 = 41 g (1 mark).
For 250 mL of solution
m = 41 × (250/100) = 103 g (1 mark).
c. M(CuSO4·5H2O) = 249.6 g mol-1
c = 3.0 M = 3.0 mol L-1
Therefore, in 100 mL
n(CuSO4·5H2O) = c×V = 3×(100/1000) = 0.3 mol
m(CuSO4·5H2O) = n×M = 0.3 × 249.6 = 75 g (1 mark).
From the solubility curve it can be seen that this mass is greater than the solubility at
100 ºC. Therefore, a 3.0 M solution could not be prepared (1 mark).

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 17
Question 12 (6 marks)
a. Calibration curve graph should have:
i. Correctly labelled axes (1 mark).
ii. Correctly plotted data (1 mark).
iii. Line of best fit through all data points (1 mark).

b. From the calibration curve, an electrical conductivity of 3676 units corresponds to a

sodium chloride concentration of 2.2 g L-1 (1 mark).
c. All the glassware was thoroughly rinsed with deionised water prior to commencing to
ensure that any soluble materials were removed, thereby preventing these from
contributing to the measurements and providing higher electrical conductivity results
(1 mark).
d. Answers could include: [(1 mark) for an appropriate answer]
Solids dissolved in the run-off from either agricultural or urban land.
If the creek was near the coast, salt water coming from the sea as a result of back flow
into the creek from the sea, due to either low flow rates of fresh water down the creek
or storm surges pushing salty sea water up the creek.
Dissolution of solids from the soil in the creek bed.
Waste materials containing ionic compounds entering the stream either accidentally or
deliberately.
In northern hemisphere countries, the dissolved salts in creek water could be due to
run off following snow, as salt is used in road de-icing processes.
Note: The answer, 'pollution' would not be considered to be an acceptable answer.

18 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2
Question 13 (6 marks)
a. i. Suitable answers could include, but are not limited to:
[Mark allocation: 1 mark for a suitable answer. Total 2 marks]
Insecticide residues that have been washed from the land or sprayed over water
sources.
Pesticides that have been used to kill weeds being washed into waterways.
Oil spills, either during transport or at filling facilities (including petrol
stations).
Materials that have been used domestically that have not broken down, this
could include hand sanitiser materials or compounds used in shampoos.
Leakage of organic materials from industrial storage areas.
Non-biodegradable detergents.
Antibiotics from either human or animal waste.
Dioxins.
ii. The answer must link the selected organic material to a plausible
environmental impact (1 mark).
Example: Pesticides – The residues being concentrated in an animal higher up
the food chain eating consumers and having an effect on that animal.
b. i. The peak due to caffeine could be identified by running a chromatograph using
an aqueous solution of caffeine under the same conditions. Then using the
retention time for the caffeine to identify a peak with the same retention time
in the tea solution (1 mark).
ii. It would first be necessary to construct a calibration curve using solutions with
known concentrations. The calibration curve is constructed by plotting the
concentration versus the area under the peak, or less accurately the peak height
(1 mark).
The area under the peak, or peak height, is then used to determine the
concentration from the calibration curve (1 mark).

Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2 19
Question 14 (7 marks)
a. The aliquots are 10.00 mL of 0.100 M aqueous sodium carbonate.
n(Na2CO3) = c×V = 0.100 × (10.00/1000) = 1.00×10-3 mol (1 mark).
b. The stoichiometry of the reaction is given by the chemical equation
2CH3COOH(aq)  Na 2CO3 (aq)  2NaCH3COO(aq)  CO2 (g)  H2O(l)
n(CH3COOH) = 2×n(Na2CO3) = 2 × 1.00×10-3 = 2.00×10-3 mol (1 mark).
c. c(CH3COOH) = n/V = (2.00×10-3) / (11.50/1000) = 1.74×10-1 M (0.174 M) (1 mark).
d. The diluted vinegar solution was prepared by diluting a 20.00 mL sample with
deionised water to 250.0 mL. In the original sample
c(CH3COOH) = (1.74×10-1) × (250.0/20.0) = 2.17 M (1 mark).
e. The amount of ethanoic acid in 1.00 L (1000 mL) of solution can be determined
M(CH3COOH) = 2×12.0 + 4×1.0 + 2×16.0 = 60.0 g mol-1
m(CH3COOH) = n×M = 2.17 × 60.0 = 130 g (1 mark).
%(CH3COOH) = (130/1000) × (100/1) = 13.0 % (m/v) (1 mark).
This value is slightly higher than the manufacturer's claim of 12.5 % (m/v). The higher
concentration may have been the result of evaporation of water from the vinegar
(1 mark).
The boiling point of ethanoic acid is 118 ºC which is higher than water. The water
would therefore evaporate faster than the ethanoic acid and the concentration would
increase.

End of Suggested Answers

20 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2016 Year 11 Trial Exam Unit 1/2