Body - Yagyanath Poudel

1|P a g e Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design
1. Problem Statement
A two and half storey building for a residential purpose has plan dimensions as shown in Figure 1. The building is located in
seismic zone V on a site with medium soil. It is required to design the RCC building for seismic loads as per Nepal National
Building Codes and regulations. However most of the features of NNBC are derived from IS building codes and NNBC refer
IS codes, it is desired to the analysis and design of earthquake resistant RCC building with more or less conjunction with IS
codes.
Fig: 1- Building Plan Dimension and Grid
2. Scope
The main scope of this project is to apply standards of Nepal National building codes which requires the IS- 456, IS-13920,
IS-1893 in designing the building. These building require great extent consideration of earthquake effects on building. This
building is located in seismic zone V therefore the lateral loading of earthquake considered is predominant to the effects of
wind loads. Hence wind loads are not considered. Almost materials and their sizes are so chosen that these are easily
available in the market.
Load calculation is done using the IS 1893:2002 and NBC105: 1994 as code of standards. The exact value of unit weights of
the materials from the code is used in the calculation. The thickness of materials is taken as per design requirements.
For analysis, different software is available during these days. Concerning to the project “CSI-ETABS V-16” integrated
building software is used for analysis, design and detailing of frames using IS-CODE options so available. CSI-SAFE V-16
is used for the analysis, design and detailing of slabs Foundation analysis and design is completed manually with Excel
spread sheet confirming IS456:2000. Manual analysis and design using IS456:2000 carried out with the help of me created
excel-templates made accordingly.
Limit state method is used for design. It uses the concept of probability and based on the application of method of statistics to
the variation that occurs in practice in the loads acting on the structures or in the strength of material. The structures may
reach a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc.
and each of this condition is referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that a structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for which it has been intended i. e it will
not reach a limit state. It means structures should be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its
life and it would satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking.
Client: Mr.Yagyanath Poudel, Bharatpur-08 , Chitwan Engineer: Buddhi Sagar Bastola, NEC7059CIVIL
3. General
This report summarizes the structural analysis and design of building of “Mr.Yagyanath Poudel” at Bharatpur Metropolitan
City ward no 08, Chitwan. It has planned to utilize the building as a residential access aspect. Some of the general building
configurations and features are listed below.
1. The numbering of beams and columns are presented in Annex I.
2. Structural system : RCC Space frame, ductile moment resisting frame without infill wall stiffness.
3. Plinth area covered : 109.95 sq.m. ( 1183.5 sq.ft.)
4. Type of foundation : Isolated footing with footing ties.
5. No. of Storey : Two and half Storey
6. Total Height : 9.804 m (32 feet 2 Inch).
7. Walls : 250 mm exterior & 150 mm interior thick brick masonry (1:5 C/S ratios)
8. Probable Partition : Considered. The building will be used as residential purposes hence owner may add/changes the position of partition walls.
So that the provision for this situation is included by providing 1 KN/m2 dead load along the surfaces
9. Type of Sub-Soil : II (Medium type as per NBC 105). Out of scope of this report but approximate
Safe bearing capacity of soil adopted = 130 KN/m2
10. At ground floor, slabs are not provided and the floor will directly rest on ground. Therefore, only ground beams passing through columns are provided
as tie beams. The floor beams are thus absent in the ground floor.
11. The main beams rest centrally on columns to avoid local eccentricity.
12. For structural elements slabs and beams, M20 grade concrete is used considering the low level skills of our available masons as they will tend to
increase water while working with slabs and beams. M20 grade concrete is strictly applied for columns.
13. All the column sizes are kept same to ascertain simplicity in construction.
14. The floor diaphragms are assumed to be rigid
15. Preliminary sizes of structural components are assumed by experience although confirmation on deflection control and fire resistance of level 2 is done.
16. Tie Beams are provided in connecting the footings at plinth level. This is optional in zones II and III; however, it is mandatory in zones IV and V.
17. Seismic loads will be considered acting in the horizontal direction (along the two principal directions) and not along the vertical direction, since it is not
considered to be significant.
18. The analysis and design has been based on the prevailing codes that are in practice in India and Nepal, the Indian Standard code IS 1893(Part 1):2002
and the NBC (105:1994) code at places if required. This report consists of the design procedures adopted, the assumptions made, the inputs made in the
design and the design output.
19. As per IS 1893(Part 1):2002, the seismic zoning of Nepal can be taken as ZONE IV and ZONE V , most severe zone of India. For our case, we take the
site lies on Zone V. Hence the building is designed with great consideration towards earthquake resistant practices.
4. Preliminary Data Assignments for Structural Elements

The preliminary size of structural elements used in buildings such as beams, columns, slabs is presented below
confirming to IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:1993 .
Table: 1- Structural Materials and Elements
Preliminary Data for Structural Elements Owner: Mr. Yagyanath Poudel
Descriptions Specifications Check Remarks

Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola.NEC 7059 CIVIL MRF Confirming
Type of Structure
SMRF Bharatpur-10, Chitwan Ductile Detailing
Type of Structure Residential/Commercial 9856023545 Geometry: Unsymmetric
Seismic Zone V
Number of Stories (without stair
3.0
Cover)
Ground storey Height 3175.01 mm 10.42 feet
Floor to Floor Height 3175.01 mm 10.42 feet
Ground to Plinth Heigtht 609.60 mm 2.00 feet
StaiCase Cover Height 2845.00 mm 9.33 feet
Concrete Beam/Slab Strength 20.00 MPa 28-days characteristic strength
Concrete Column Strength 20.00 MPa 28-days characteristic strength
Rebar Strength 500.00 N/mm2 TMT bar confirming to min 13% elongation yield Strength
Seismic Analysis method SCM NBC_105 + Modal Analysis with Scale factor from SCM NBC
Design Philosophy Limit State Method conforming to IS456:2000
Ductility Design IS 13920:1993
COLUMNS Lx(mm) Ly(mm)
Column_I 304.80 304.80 Used in Model
Maximum Height of Column 3175.01 mm Slenderness Ratio (l/r) = 10.42 OK_as <12
Minimum Height of Column 3175.01 mm Slenderness Ratio (l/r) = 10.42 OK_as <12
Longitudinal reinforcement(mm2) 4 12 mm Φ Total Longitudinal Area
1257 4 16 mm Φ 1256.64 mm2
OK_Checked 0 0 mm Φ 1.35 % steel
BEAMS Depth(mm) Width (mm)

Beam_I 406.40 254.00 Straight Beam Used in Model
Longest Span 5181.60 mm Span to Depth Ratio (Lc/D) 12.75 OK- as <26
Shortest Span 2438.40 mm Span to Depth Ratio (Lc/D) 6.00 OK- as <26
Cantilever (if)
Span of Cantilever Beam 1524.00 mm Span to Depth Ratio (Lc/D) 3.75 OK- as <7
Flexural member check Check
b/D ≥ 0.3 0.63 ≥0.3 OK Checked IS13920,C_6.1.2
b≥ 200mm 254.00 ≥200 OK Checked IS13920,C_6.1.3
4D ≤Lc 1625.60 <Lc = OK Checked IS13920,C_6.1.4
Beam_II 304.80 228.60 Straight Beam Used in Model
Cantilever (if)
b/D ≥ 0.3 0.75 ≥0.3 OK Checked IS13920,C_6.1.2
Beam_III 228.60 228.60 Straight Beam Used in Model
Cantilever (if)
b/D ≥ 0.3 1.00 ≥0.3 OK Checked IS13920,C_6.1.2
SLABS Depth(mm)
Slab_I Depth 127.00 mm Span to Overall depth Ratio =
Lx= 5181.60 mm 40.80 Analysis Required
Largest Panel
Ly= 4191.00 mm 33.00 Analysis Required
Lx/Ly= 1.24
Two-Way slab Used in Model
Ly/Lx= 0.81 1.24
Slab_II Depth 101.60 mm Span to Overall depth Ratio =
Lx= 2438.40 mm 24.00 OK Checked as <32
Largest Panel
Ly= 4191.00 mm 41.25 Analysis Reqd.
Lx/Ly= 0.58
Two-Way slab Used in Model
Ly/Lx= 1.72 1.72
CLEAR COVER
Beams 25.40 mm
Columns 38.10 mm
Foundation 50.80 mm
Floor Slabs 15.88 mm
Table: 2- Properties of Assigned Materials and Sections

Table 2.1 - Material Properties Table 2.2 - Frame Sections
Unit
E Name Material Purpose Reinforcements Stirrups
Poisson Ratio Weight
Name Type Design Strengths
ν Plinth Beams/Footing ties
MPa kN/m³ B_9"x 12" M20
and Staircase cover Beams
12 mm longitudinal 8mm @4-6"
TMT500 Rebar 200000 0.3 76.49 Fy=500 MPa, Fu=550 MPa B_10"x 16" M20 GF and FF Beams 12/16 mm longitudinal 8mm @4-6"
Mild250 Rebar 200000 0.3 76.49 Fy=250 MPa, Fu=410 MPa B_9"x 9" M20 Secondary Beams 11 mm longitudinal 8mm @4-6"
M20 Concrete 22360 0.2 25 Fc=20* Mpa C_12"x 12" M20 Columns (4-16, 4-12) 4-16mm+4-12mm 8mm @3"-5"
Brick Masonry Masonry 3000 0.2 0*
Table 2.3 - Reinforcing Bar Sizes Table 2.4 - Shell Sections
Diameter Area Type

Name
mm mm² Name Design Type Material Purpose Total Thickness (mm) Reinforcements
Deformed 8/10mm deformed
8 8 50 SLB_5" Slab M20 Floor Slabs 127
TMT bars
8/10mm deformed
10 10 78.5 ,, SLB_4" Slab M20 Staircover slab 101
bars
10" and 5" Brick Masonry 1:4 C/S First Class Boundary walls and
12 12 113 ,, Wall
Wall
Brick Masonry Partition walls
254(10") and 127 (5") None
16 16 201 ,, *Note : - Brick masonry stiffness properties is used only to support stair landings.Mass/Weight of walls are used as dead loads separately.
*Test Certificate is required for Concrete Strength of Column (20 Mpa)
5. Loads on Buildings
4.1 Dead Load: A constant load in a building structure that is due to the weight of the members, the supported structure, and permanent
attachments or accessories. This analysis deals with dead loads to be assumed in the design of buildings and same is given in the-form of
unit weight of materials. The unit weight of other materials that are likely to be stored in a building should be also included for the purpose
of load calculations due to stored materials. These loads are calculated as specified in IS875-1987(part I)
4.2 Live Load : The load assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building, including the weight of movable
partitions, distributed, concentrated loads, load due to impact and vibration, and dust load but excluding wind, seismic, snow and other
loads due to temperature changes, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, etc. This analysis covers imposed loads*(live loads) to be
assumed in the design of buildings. The imposed loads, used in this building analysis, are minimum loads which should be taken into
consideration for the purpose of structural safety of buildings. These loads are calculated as specified in IS875-1987 (part II)
4.3 Seismic Load: The force on a structure caused by acceleration induced on its mass by an earthquake. This load is included in design
to determine the extent of seismic reinforcing. The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which
were created by ground accelerations. The magnitude of these loads is a function of the following factors: mass of the building, the
dynamic properties of the building, the intensity, duration, and frequency content of the ground motion, and soil-structure interaction. The
analysis method and earthquake loads are calculated as specified in IS1893-2002.
4.4 Wind Load: Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to earth’s rotation and differences in
terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are primarily responsible for convection either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to
the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the
horizontal wind, vertical winds are always identified as such. Wind load on the building would be usually uplift force perpendicular to the roof due to
suction effect of the wind blowing over the roof. The positive or negative force of the wind acting on the structure; wind applies a positive pressure on the
windward side of the building and a negative suction to the leeward side. This analysis ignored the wind loads as the building is located in seismic zone V
and hence the earthquake loads predominant it and the height of the building is less.
6. Loading Data Assignments
The following considerations are made for the assignment of loads on the structural model:
 The loads distributed over the area are imposed on area element and that distributed over length are imposed on line
element whenever possible.
 Where such loading is not applicable, equivalent conversion to different loading distribution is carried to load the
model near the real case as far as possible.
 The imposed loading of infill walls are considered(as per architectural drawing.) as equivalent UDL with 25% to 30%
deductions for openings, but the actual modelling of infill walls as equivalent Struts are not performed. Hence the stiffness of
infill walls is not considered.
 The Plinth Tie – Beams are designed as purely tie members for lateral loads only, not designed as flexural members as
floor beams.
 For simplicity of Structural analysis, Modelling of stair case is not performed & no landing beam is considered. The
DL & LL load of stair case is transferred to the floor beam as equivalent UDL.
 Loads on Beams supporting Two- ways Slabs: In case of Beams supporting two-way slabs, the load distribution is
trapezoidal on long beams and triangular on short beams with base angle of 45▫ as shown in fig below. However this action
is automatically done by software itself.
Fig: 2- Load transfer from slabs to beams
Table: 3- Loading Data
Loading Data Owner: Mr. Yagyanath Poudel
I Dead Load (DL)

Unit Weight of Reinforced Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola.NEC 7059 CIVIL
Concrete 25.00 KN/m3 Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, 9856023545
Unit weight of Brickwork with
Plaster 20.00 KN/m3
Unit Weight of Floor Finish 20.00 KN/m3
Probable Partition equivqlent DL on
Slab 1.00 KN/m2
Floor Finish Thickness 50.00 mm
Self weight of Columns/Beams/Slabs and other elements = Program calculates with given specific weights
Brick Wall Loads

Wall_1
Clear Height 2768.61 mm
Thickness 254 mm
This Super Dead Load is applied on the Model
Loads per metre for Wall support 9.85 KN/m
Opening on Wall 30 %
Wall_2
Clear Height 2768.61 mm
Thickness 127 mm
This Super Dead Load is applied on the Model
Loads per metre for Wall support 4.92 KN/m
Opening on Wall 30 %
Dead Load at Stair Slab (except
Waist slab load which is self 1.00 KN/m2 Floor Finish=1KN/m2 and Steps =1KN/m2
calculated by program)
Dead Load at Railing 1.00 KN/m 3 feet light weight Railing considered
II Live Loads(Imposed Loads)

Type of Building X-Resi/comm, Y-Educational/Public/Hotels
Type-X Type-Y
Live Load at Roof/Roof Floor 1.50 0.00 KN/m2
Live Load at Floor 3.00 0.00 KN/m2
LL at Stair slab 3.00 0.00 KN/m2
Live Load at Railing ( KN/m) 1.00 0.00 Railing Loads are Considered
General Rsidential or Commercial Building Considered
III Earthquake Loads ( Calculation of Seismic Force Coefficient , Cd )

Nepal National Building Code 105:1994
Total Height Of Building (H) in m 9.80
Overall length of the building at the base in the direction under consideration (D') in m
X-direction 13.72
y-direction 8.69
Natural period of vibration of the first mode of the structure (T1) = (0.09* H)/√D'
X-direction 0.238 Seconds
y-direction 0.299 Seconds
a) Type of Soil { I or II or III } II
b) Basic seismic Coefficient { Cb} Using T1,and soil type C is determined from
X-direction 0.08 graph Fig 8.1 NNBC 105:1994 (page-13)
Y-direction 0.08
c) Seismic Zoning Factor (Z) 0.99 ( Z ) is determined from graph Fig 8.2 NNBC
105:1994 (page-14)
Location :- Bharatpur Metropolitan City-08, Chitwan, Nepal
d) Importance Factor (I ) 1 ( I ) is determined from Table-1 NNBC
105:1994 (page-15)
Type of Building:- Residential/Commercial
e) Structural Performance Factor (K) 1 ( K ) is determined from Table-2 NNBC
105:1994 (page-16)
Type of Structural:- SMRF
The design horizontal seismic force coefficient (Cd)=CZIK
Er Buddhi Sagar Bastola NEC X-direction 0.0792 Used On Model
7059 (9856023545) y-direction 0.0792 Used On Model
Load Patterns and Load Cases

Table 4: - Load Patterns
Self Weight
Name Type Auto Load
Multiplier
Dead Dead 1
Live Live 0
E QX S eis m ic 0 Us er Coefficien t (NBC 105:1994)
E QY S eis m ic 0 Us er Coefficien t (NBC 105:1994)
4.2 Load Cases

1. Linear Static
Name Stiffness From Mass Source Load Type Load Name Scale Factor
Dead P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern Dead 1
Live P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern Live 1
E QX P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern E QX 1
E QY P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern E QY 1

2. Response Spectrum
Angle Modal Include Directional
Mass Load Scale Coordinate Eccentricity Constant
Name Load Type Function Modal Case Combination Rigid Combinatio
Source Name Factor System deg Overrides Damping
Method Response n Method
Previous
Dynamic Load Acceleration U1 UNIFRS 1200 Global 0 Modal CQC No CQC3 No 0.05
(DL+0.25LL
Mass
Dynamic Load Acceleration U2 UNIFRS 1200 Global 0 Modal CQC No CQC4 No 0.05
Source)
Load Combinations
The load combinations are based on NBC105:1994, clause 4.4 for Limit state design method. The following load
combinations are used during analysis.
Table 5: - Load Combination
Load Scale Load Scale
Name Type Name Type
Case/Combo Factor Case/Combo Factor
Dead 1.5 Dead 1
COMB.1 (1.5DL+1.5LL) Linear Add
Live 1.5 COMB.5 (DL+1.3LL-1.25EQ Y) Live 1.3 Linear Add
Dead 1 EQY -1.25
COMB.2 (DL+1.3LL+1.25EQ X) Live 1.3 Linear Add Dead 0.9
COMB.6 (0.9DL+1.25EQ X) Linear Add
EQX 1.25 EQX 1.25
Dead 1 Dead 0.9
COMB.7 (0.9DL-1.25EQ X) Linear Add
COMB.3 (DL+1.3LL-1.25EQ X) Live 1.3 Linear Add EQX -1.25
EQX -1.25 Dead 0.9
COMB.8 (0.9DL+1.25EQ Y) Linear Add
Dead 1 EQY 1.25
COMB.4 (DL+1.3LL+1.25EQ Y) Live 1.3 Linear Add Dead 0.9
COMB.9 (0.9DL-1.25EQ Y) Linear Add
EQY 1.25 EQY -1.25
CombModal Dynamic Load 1
7. Lateral Load Calculation (Earthquake Load)

According to NBC105:1994 & IS 1823-2002 Chitwan (Nepal) region lies on the zone 2, V. Hence, the effect of the
earthquake is predominant than the wind load. So, the frame is analysed for the EQ as lateral load. Among the methods of
seismic analysis Seismic Coefficient Method defined in clause 10.1 NBC 105:1994 and equivalent IS 1893-2002 clauses
6.4.2 is used to calculate seismic coefficient. And hence lateral loads are determined.
Table: 6- Auto seismic –Load
Mass Summary by Story
UX UY UZ
Story
kg kg kg
SC (32'-2") 11252.96 11252.96 11252.96
FF (22'-10") 117394.92 117394.92 117418.49
GF (12'-5") 190983.76 190983.76 190983.76
P-LVL (2'-0") 73498.33 73498.33 73474.76
G-LVL (0'-0") 866.00 866.00 866.00
Total Weight above Ground (KN) 3855.82 3855.82 3855.82
Auto Seismic - User Coefficients ( NBC-105:1994), Base Shear Calculation
Seismic Height Weight Base

Load Eccentricity Ecc. Bottom
Type Direction Top Story Coefficient Coefficient Used Shear
Pattern Overridden Story
% Cd K kN kN
EQX Seismic X + Ecc. Y 5 No 0.0792 1 3745.00 297.00
EQX Seismic X - Ecc. Y 5 No FF (22'- G-LVL 0.0792 1 3745.00 297.00
EQY Seismic Y + Ecc. X 5 No 10") (0'-0") 0.0792 1 3745.00 297.00
EQY Seismic Y - Ecc. X 5 No 0.0792 1 3745.00 297.00
User Coefficient (NBC 105: 1994) Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern EQX using the user input coefficients, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = Multiple
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Factors and Coefficients
Equivalent Lateral Forces
Base Shear Coefficient, C
Base Shear, V
Calculated Base Shear
Period
W V
Direction Used C
(sec) (kN) (kN)
X + Ecc. Y 0.2383 0.0792 3744.93 297.00
X - Ecc. Y 0.2383 0.0792 3744.93 297.00
Applied Story Forces
Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir
m kN kN
SC (32'-2") 9.8044 0.00 0.00
FF (22'-10") 6.9596 153.00 0.00

GF (12'-5") 3.7846 135.00 0.00
P-LVL (2'-0") 0.6096 8.00 0.00
G-LVL (0'-0") 0 0 0
User Coefficient (NBC 105: 1994) Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern EQY using the user input coefficients, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = Multiple
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Factors and Coefficients
Equivalent Lateral Forces
Base Shear Coefficient, C
Base Shear, V
Calculated Base Shear
Period
W V
Direction Used C
(sec) (kN) (kN)
Y + Ecc. X 0.2994 0.0792 3744.93 297.00
Y - Ecc. X 0.2994 0.0792 3744.93 297.00
Applied Story Forces
Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir
m kN kN
SC (32'-2") 9.8044 0.00 0.00
FF (22'-10") 6.9596 0.00 153.00

GF (12'-5") 3.7846 0.00 135.00
P-LVL (2'-0") 0.6096 0.00 8.00
G-LVL (0'-0") 0 0.00 0.00
Response Spectrum Function - IS 1893:2002 Response Spectrum Function - IS 1893:2002

Period Damping Period Damping
Name Acceleration Z Soil Type Name Acceleration Z Soil Type
sec % sec %
0.00 0.3600 4.00 0.1224
Response Spectrum Function
Response Spectrum Function
0.10 0.9000 4.50 0.1224

0.55 0.9000 5.00 0.1224
0.80 0.6120 5.50 0.1224
1.00 0.4896 6.00 0.1224
1.20 0.4080 6.50 0.1224
5 0.36
1.40 0.3497 II 7.00 0.1224 5 0.36 II
1.60 0.3060 7.50 0.1224
1.80 0.2720 8.00 0.1224
2.00 0.2448 8.50 0.1224
2.50 0.1958 9.00 0.1224
3.00 0.1632 9.50 0.1224
3.50 0.1399 10.00 0.1224
8. Frames Analysis and Design
8.1 General
A building is subjected to gravity loads such as dead loads & live loads and lateral loads such as wind or earthquake
loads. These loads are transferred to ground through a system of interconnected structural members. Connections between beam
and column may be moment resistant.
A structural system may be of the following system
1. Load bearing wall system: Walls provide support for all gravity and lateral loads. Indian standard of code practice restrict the use of such building to 3
storeys in seismic zone V.
2. Shear wall system: It is wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its own plane. It also referred as vertical diaphragm or structural wall. Shear walls in
buildings must be symmetrically placed along exterior perimeter of the building to reduce ill-effects of twist in buildings.
3. Moment resisting Frame System: It is a system in which members and joints are capable of resisting vertical and lateral loads primarily by flexure. Frames
may be designed using concept of strong column-weak girder proportions. There are two types of MRF
Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF): It is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behaviour.
Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF): It is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behaviour and comply with the requirements given
in IS 4326 or IS 13920 or SP6.
4. Dual Frame System: MRF with shear wall also termed as Dual System. The interaction between the frame and the shear wall reduces the lateral deflection of
the structural wall at the top, while the wall helps support the frame near the base. The MRFs are designed to independently resist at least 25% of design base
shear, even if shear walls share more than 75% of the total lateral force. This is to take care of effect of displacement during earthquake.
5. Tube System: A structural system consisting of closely spaced exterior columns tied at each floor level with relatively deep spandrel beams. Such a building
has very high moment of inertia about the two orthogonal axes in plan and very high torsional stiffness about vertical axis and used for tall buildings to limit the
storey lateral displacement.
Among these a structural system SMRF is adopted here while designing the building.
The strength and stiffness of the infill walls are ignored but their equivalent loads/masses are considered while designing bare frames for earthquake load.
It is desirable to provide a 10-20 mm clear gap between the masonry panel and the adjoining beams and columns.
The data and other building features are thoroughly adopted while analysing the SMRF building by software CSI-ETABS.
8.2. Storey and Diaphragm Drifts

Storey Drift ratio for all storied are checked as defined in clause 7.11.2, IS 1893-2002.It is found that storey drift ratio for all
stories are within permissible limit 0.004. OK. All the reaction forces, drifts and deflections are shown in ANNEX-I
Table: 7- Storey and Diaphragm Drifts

Storey/Diaphragm Item Drift(max) Item Drift(max) Check Status
SC (32'-2") Storey Drift X or Y 0.001124 Diaph.Rigid X or Y 0.001124 < 0.004 OK ! Checked
FF (22'-10") Storey Drift X or Y 0.002549 Diaph.Rigid X or Y 0.002549 < 0.004 OK ! Checked
GF (12'-5") Storey Drift X or Y 0.003271 Diaph.Rigid X or Y 0.003271 < 0.004 OK ! Checked
P-LVL (2'-0") Storey Drift X or Y 0.000830 Diaph.Rigid X or Y 0.000000 < 0.004 OK ! Checked
8.3. Base Reactions (Envelope)

The foundation reactions e.g. Moments and forces are taken from enveloping results of all effects (load combinations) are
tabulated below. Corresponding grouping and allocation of the foundation are also presented. The design of each group of
foundation is included in foundation design heads in this report.
Table: 8- Base Reactions and Allocation of Foundation Groups
Increased ABC for EQ Load Consideration=ABC*1.25= 162.5 KN/m2 , Average Soil Pressure =102.26 KN/m2
Table :: Base Reactions and Allocation of Foundation Groups for 130 KN/m2 Allowable Bearing Capacity
Joint Factored Values Foundation Footing Footing Soil
S.N.
Label FX FY FZ MX MY Mz Group Size Area Pressure
# kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m ## ft X ft sq. ft. sq. m. KN/m2
1 1 24.0 42.0 475.0 46.0 20.0 1.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 121.01
2 2 20.0 51.0 606.0 47.0 23.0 0.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 154.39
3 3 30.0 16.0 501.0 45.0 28.0 1.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 127.64
4 4 16.0 30.0 668.0 35.0 19.0 0.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 170.18
5 5 29.0 48.0 737.0 36.0 24.0 0.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 187.76
6 6 37.0 13.0 780.0 35.0 30.0 0.0 F3 (7.5'x7.5') 56.25 5.23 149.26
7 7 13.0 26.0 628.0 31.0 17.0 1.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 159.99
8 8 17.0 60.0 732.0 29.0 23.0 1.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 186.49
9 9 22.0 13.0 576.0 27.0 29.0 0.0 F2 (6.5'x6.5') 42.25 3.93 146.75
10 10 10.0 34.0 299.0 3.0 17.0 2.0 F1 (5'x5') 25 2.32 128.74
11 11 13.0 34.0 395.0 2.0 22.0 2.0 F1 (5'x5') 25 2.32 170.07
12 12 26.0 14.0 290.0 11.0 30.0 1.0 F1 (5'x5') 25 2.32 124.86
10 | P a g e Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design
8.4 Section Forces

Typical analysis forces of beam and column are presented below. All the beam/column forces are presented in ANNEX-I
Fig: 3- Direction of Forces in Beams and Columns

Sample beam column forces
Fig: 4- Axial force Diagram
Fig: 5- Shear Force Diagram (2-2)
Fig: 6- Bending Moment Diagram (M3-3)
8.5 Sample Design Output

Preliminary designed sections are provided and the structure is checked for different load combinations. The detail check
and pass for all frame elements is shown in ANNEX-I
Column
The detailed column section reinforcements are presented in Column Schedule attached in structural drawing section of this
report
Structural drawings are explained in ANNEX-II includes column framing plan, column schedules and reinforcements
detailing.
Beam
All the sizes of beams and their labels and corresponding rebar are tabulated in Beam Rebar Table attached with this report in
structural drawing section (ANNEX-II).
Typical Design of Beam and Column Elements
ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design (Envelope)
Beam Element Details

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Length (mm) LLRF
GF (12'-5") B16 83 B10"X16" 5181.6 1
Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
254 406.4 254 0 25.4 25.4
Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 250
Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15
Flexural Reinforcement for Major Axis Moment, Mu3

End-I End-I Middle Middle End-J End-J
Rebar Area Rebar Rebar Area Rebar Rebar Area Rebar
mm² % mm² % mm² %
Top (+2 Axis) 709 0.69 222 0.21 536 0.52
Bot (-2 Axis) 354 0.34 560 0.54 275 0.27
Flexural Design Moment, Mu3

Design Mu Station Loc Design Mu Station Loc Design Mu Station Loc
kN-m mm kN-m mm kN-m mm
Top (+2 Axis) -95.5993 152.4 -3.3381 3390.9 -76.2912 5029.2
Combo COMB.1(1.5DL+1.5LL) CombModal COMB.1(1.5DL+1.5LL)
Bot (-2 Axis) 0 152.4 79.0977 2495.6 42.3347 3838.6
Combo COMB.1(1.5DL+1.5LL) COMB.1(1.5DL+1.5LL) COMB.1(1.5DL+1.5LL)
Shear Reinforcement for Major Shear, Vu2

End-I Middle End-J
Rebar Asv /s Rebar Asv /s Rebar Asv /s
mm²/m mm²/m mm²/m
1040.78 613.03 1003.72
Design Shear Force for Major Shear, Vu2

Design Vu Station Loc Design Vu Station Loc Design Vu Station Loc
kN mm kN mm kN mm
122.3787 400.1 0.0892 1600.2 114.2393 4733.9
COMB.5(DL+1.3LL-1.25EQY) COMB.5(DL+1.3LL-1.25EQY) COMB.5(DL+1.3LL-1.25EQY)
Torsion Reinforcement
Shear
Rebar Asvt /s
mm²/m
804.21
Design Torsion Force

Design Tu Station Loc Design Tu Station Loc
kN-m mm kN-m mm
0.1693 800.1 1.499 400.1
COMB.1(1.5DL+1.5LL) COMB.5(DL+1.3LL-1.25EQY)
ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Column Section Design (Envelope)

Column Element Details
Level Element Unique Name Section ID Length (mm) LLRF
GF (12'-5") C5 34 C12"X12"(4-16, 4-12) 3175 0.9
Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
304.8 304.8 41.4 15.4
Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 250
Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15
Longitudinal Check for Pu - Mu2 - Mu3 Interaction

Rebar Area Rebar
Column End D/C Ratio
mm² %
Top 1257 1.35 0.695
Bottom 1257 1.35 0.807
Design Axial Force & Biaxial Moment for Pu - Mu2 - Mu3 Interaction
Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Station Loc
Column End Controlling Combo
kN kN-m kN-m mm
kN kN-m kN-m mm
Top 438 42 9 2768.6 COMB.5(DL+1.3LL-1.25EQY)
Bottom 444 -52 -9 0 COMB.5(DL+1.3LL-1.25EQY)
Shear Reinforcement for Major Shear, Vu2

Rebar Asv /s Design Vu2 Station Loc
mm²/m kN mm
Top 561 57 2768.6 CombModal
Bottom 561 57 0 CombModal
Shear Reinforcement for Minor Shear, Vu3

Rebar Asv /s Design Vu3 Station Loc
mm²/m kN mm
Top 561 50 2768.6 CombModal
Bottom 561 50 0 CombModal
Joint Shear Check/Design

Shear Shear Joint
Joint Shear Controlling
Vu,Tot Vc Area
Ratio Combo
kN kN mm²
Major(Vu2) 0.68 424 623 92903 CombModal
Minor(Vu3) 0.68 366 623 92903 CombModal
Beam/Column Capacity Ratios

SumBeamCap SumColCap
1.1(B/C) Column/Beam Controlling
Moments Moments
Ratio Ratio Combo
kN-m kN-m
Major33 1.146 0.959 129 123 CombModal
Minor22 1.021 1.078 114 123 CombModal
9. Slab Analysis and Design

9.1 General
9.1.1 Introduction
A slab is a flat two dimensional planar structural element having thickness small compared to its other two dimensions. It
provides a working flat surface or a covering shelter in buildings. It primarily transfers the load by bending in one or two
directions. Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings and as the decks of bridges. The floor
system of a structure can take many forms such as in situ solid slab, ribbed slab or pre-cast units. Slabs may be supported on
monolithic concrete beam, steel beams, walls or directly over the columns. Concrete slab behave primarily as flexural
members and the design is similar to that of beams.
Slabs are classified based on many aspects
1) Based of shape: Square, rectangular, circular and polygonal in shape.
2) Based on type of support: Slab supported on walls, Slab supported on beams, Slab supported on columns (Flat slabs).
3) Based on support or boundary condition: Simply supported, Cantilever slab, Overhanging slab, Fixed or Continues slab.
4) Based on use: Roof slab, Floor slab, Foundation slab, Water tank slab.
5) Basis of cross section or sectional configuration: Ribbed slab /Grid slab, Solid slab, Filler slab, folded plate
6) Basis of spanning directions:
One way slab – Spanning in one direction
Two way slab _ spanning in two directions
Rectangular one way and two way ribbed slabs are used in this project.
One-Way Slabs
When a slab is supported only on two parallel apposite edges, it spans only in the direction perpendicular to two supporting
edges. Such a slab is called one way slab. Also, if the slab is supported on all four edges and the ratio of longer span(ly) to
shorter span (lx) i.e ly/lx > 2, practically the slab spans across the shorter span. Such a slabs are also designed as one way
slabs. In this case, the main reinforcement is provided along the spanning direction to resist one way bending.
Two-Way Slabs
A rectangular slab supported on four edge supports, which bends in two orthogonal directions and deflects in the form of dish
or a saucer is called two way slabs. For a two way slab the ratio of ly/lx shall be _ 2.0. Since, the slab rest freely on all sides,
due to transverse load the corners tend to curl up and lift up. The slab loses the contact over some region. This is known as
lifting of corner. These slabs are called two way simply supported slabs. If the slabs are cast monolithic with the beams, the
corners of the slab are restrained from lifting. These slabs are called restrained slabs. At corner, the rotation occurs in both
the direction and causes the corners to lift. If the corners of slab are restrained from lifting, downward reaction results at
corner & the end strips gets restrained against rotation. However, when the ends are restrained and the rotation of central
strip still occurs and causing rotation at corner (slab is acting as unit) the end strip is subjected to torsion.
Two way simply supported slabs
The bending moments Mx and My for a rectangular slabs simply supported on all four edges with corners free to lift or the
slabs do not having adequate provisions to prevent lifting of corners are obtained using
Mx = αx W l²x
My = αy W l²x
Where, αx and αy are coefficients given in Table 1 (Table 27, IS 456-2000)
W- Total load /unit area
lx & ly – lengths of shorter and longer span.
Two way restrained slabs
When the two way slabs are supported on beam or when the corners of the slabs are prevented from lifting the bending
moment coefficients are obtained from Table 2 (Table 26, IS456-2000) depending on the type of panel shown in Fig. 3.
These coefficients are obtained using yield line theory. Since, the slabs are restrained; negative moment arises near the
supports. The bending moments are obtained using;
Mx (Negative) = αx (-) W l²x

Mx (Positive) = αx (+) W l²x
My (Negative) = αy (-) W l²x
My (Positive) = αy (+) W l²x
Bending moment coefficients for two way restrained slabs are taken from Table 26, IS 456-2000.
Fig: 7- One-way and two-way slab
9.1.2 Detailing requirements as per IS 456-2000

a) Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into middle and end strips as shown below
b) The maximum moments obtained using equations are apply only to middle strip.
c) 50% of the tension reinforcement provided at mid span in the middle strip shall extend in the lower part of the slab to
within 0.25l of a continuous edge or 0.15l of a discontinuous edge and the remaining 50% shall extend into support.
d) 50% of tension reinforcement at top of a continuous edge shall be extended for a distance of 0.15l on each side from the
support and at least 50% shall be provided for a distance of 0.3l on each face from the support.
e) At discontinuous edge, negative moment may arise; in general 50% of mid span steel shall be extended into the span for a
distance of 0.1l at top.
f) Minimum steel can be provided in the edge strip
g) Tension steel shall be provided at corner in the form of grid (in two directions) at top and bottom of slab where the slab is
discontinuous at both the edges. This area of steel in each layer in each direction shall be equal to ¾ the area required (Ast)
for maximum mid span moment. This steel shall extend from the edges for a distance of lx/5. The area of steel shall be
reduced to half (3/8 Astx) at corners containing edges over only one edge is continuous and other is discontinuous.
h) Temperature reinforcement (Ast min) = 0.12% bD for deformed bars along the transverse direction to the main bars
(Cl.26.5.2.1)
i) Curtailment rule is adopted as per IS 456: 2000
The analysis results obtained from the ETABS.V16 is fed to the CSI-SAFE.V.16 software which transfer the resultant
forces and deflections of the slabs from CSI-ETABS to CSI-SAFE through importing” .F2K” file. It is adopted the
materials properties and design/detailing preferences as guided above, analysis design and detailing of two-way ribbed
slabs are completed thoroughly by CSI-SAFE.V.16 software confirming IS-456:2000.
9.2 Analysis Results

The most severe loaded slab is analysed in CSI-SAFE.V.16. Some of the most effective load combination and so caused
forces are shown below. Slab design results are also presented in graphical pictures. Strips are layered in layer-A (x-axis) and
Layer-B (y-axis) where layer-B is inner layer. Column strips and middle strips are automatically widened with the help of
software. Slab design is strip based and minimum reinforcement of 0.12% is ensured while designing the strip reinforcement.
The reinforcement in structural drawing of slab may be slightly more than prescribed by considering practical problems in
centring but not less.
Fig: 8- Slab Deflection Contour
Fig: 9- Slab Shear Contour (Vmax)
Fig: 10- M11 and M22 Diagram of Slab Moment
Fig: 11- Strip Moments and Top/Bottom Reinforcement (Flexural) (Layer-A and Layer-B)
9.3 Sample Slab Strip Design Results
IS 456-2000 Concrete Strip Design

Geometric Properties
Combination = Overall Envelope
Strip Label = CSA1
Length = 14.478 m
Distance to Top Rebar Centre = 30 mm
Distance to Bot Rebar Centre = 30 mm
Material Properties
Concrete Comp. Strength = 20 N/mm2
Concrete Modulus = 22360 N/mm2
Longitudinal Rebar Yield = 500 N/mm2
IS 456-2000 Concrete Strip Design

Geometric Properties
Combination = Overall Envelope
Strip Label = CSB2
Length = 11.1252 m
Distance to Top Rebar Centre = 20 mm
Distance to Bot Rebar Centre = 20 mm
Material Properties
Concrete Comp. Strength = 20 N/mm2
Concrete Modulus = 22360 N/mm2
Longitudinal Rebar Yield = 500 N/mm2
10. Foundation Analysis and Design

10.1 General
Foundation are the structural element that transfer the loads from the building or individual columns to the earth. The
scope of foundation design is to consider the excessive settlement, rotation, differential settlement and safety against
sliding /overturning of foundation.
10.2 Types of Footings
a) Isolated Footing: used for single column and may have square rectangular or circular shapes
b) Strip Footing: Wall footing
c) Combined footing: supports two or more columns
d) Raft/Mat foundation: Support all columns. Used when soil bearing capacity is low and sum of individual footing area
is more than 50% of plinth area.
e) Pile/Well foundations: minimum three piles are capped to support the structures. Well foundations are used in
bridge foundations.
Selection of footings is made from experience but for economical foundations following factors governs the major.
- Bearing capacity of soil and N-values of SPT
- Permissible differential settlement
- Soil strata
- Type of structures and loadings on them
Here the type of footing adopted is an isolated footing of size shown in Table: 10
10.3 Bearing Capacity of soil
The total load per unit area under the footing must be less than permissible bearing capacity of the soil.
Foundations must be designed to resist vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments.
Typical net bearing capacities of different types of soils are described below.
Rock: 3300KN/m2 to 450 KN/m2
Non-cohesive soil: 450 KN/m2 to 100 KN/m2
Cohesive soil: 450 KN/m2 to 50 KN/m2.
Here the safe bearing capacity adopted is a minimum 130 KN/m2 for the proposed site.
10.4 Depth of Foundation
Factors
-Seasonal weather change e.g. erosion and movement of upper soil
-Lateral earth pressure required to resist horizontal loads.
-safe bearing capacity
Minimum depth of foundation = p/γ [(1-sinΦ)/ (1+sinΦ)] ²

Φ=angle of repose of soil, p= gross bearing capacity, γ = density of soil
However minimum depth of 500mm is mandatory.
Here the depth of foundation adopted is a minimum of 1 m from the existing ground level.
10.5 Analysis and Design of Foundation
The reaction forces are obtained from ETABS analysis and the corresponding designs are made manually with the
help of EXCEL template following the criterion of IS: 456-2000. Here the safe bearing capacity is taken on the basis
of categorization of site soil and peripheral geographical/hydrological features. Experiences with similar soil type &
location safe bearing capacity of soil is taken as assumption, as the determination of proper value is out of the scope
of this report. The design parameters are shown in below and corresponding drawing are also attached in structural
drawing section of the architectural report.
Table: 9- Foundation Design
Isolated Footing Design IS 456:2000
Cocrete Strength MPA 20 20 Client:-
Rebar Strength MPA 500 130 Location:-
Allowable Bearing Capacity of

130 Designer/Engineer:- Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola, NEC CIVIL"A"
Soil (KN/m2)
25 % Increased Allowable Bearing Capacity While EQ Load

162.5 Date:- …
is Considered. (KN/m2)
Signature/Stamp………………………………………………...
Joint Unfactored Bar Φ Spacing
S.N. F-Group # MX MY Size of Footings Depth from Dowels
Labels FZ (Two-Way) c/c
ground
Depth level(mm) Length above and Column Size
BC kN kN-m kN-m Lx (mm) Ly (mm) (mm) (mm) Bar Φ No..
(mm) below col/foot joint (mm x mm)
Shown in
1 F1- 130 306 0 0 1524 1524 609.6 1524 12 152.4 25 0 1400 mm 304.8 304.8
Fig
Shown in
2 F2- 130 517 0 0 1981.2 1981 609.6 1524 12 152.4 25 0 1400 mm 304.8 304.8
Fig
Shown in
3 F3- 130 689 0 0 2286 2286 609.6 1524 12 152.4 25 1 1400 mm 304.8 304.8
Fig
Shown in
4 F4- 130 785 0 0 2438.4 2438.4 609.6 1524 12 127 25 2 1400 mm 304.8 304.8
Fig
# F-Group(1) = [Fz=0 to 459 KN FACTORED] ,F-Group(2) = [Fz=460 to 775 KN FACTORED] ,F-Group(3) = [Fz=776 to 1034 KN FACTORED],F-Group(4) = [Fz=1035 to 1177 KN
FACTORED]
Note: 1.Foundation are grouped so as to make simplicity in construction.
2. Minimum dowels of 10 mm bar is provided in each face of column(4 numbers)
3. All footings have 75mm brick/stone soling and 75mm PCC base from where the depth of footings is so defined in this table.
4. Develepment length for deformed Fe500 bar should maintained 60Φ.
Joint labels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
F-group F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F3 F2 F2 F2 F1
Joint labels 11 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F-group F1 F1 ……. ……. ……. ……. ……. ……. ……. …….
Fig: 12- Joint Labels and Groups
11. Conclusion
The purpose of this building is mainly residential with limited resources. Hence due to high cost of soil investigation
actual borehole site exploration and the determination of bearing capacity of soil is omitted and adopted with the
experience and visual inspection of site and local possibilities. The frame system analysis is made with an well powered
software CSI-ETABS V16.Attempts are made to economise and simplified the construction ensuring earthquake safety
and adopting common materials, common sections, and schedules. Design process is interactive process of selecting
frames and checking for loads considered. Final safe checked and passed model with possible minimum sizes of frame
members and minimum reinforcement is adopted. This design is safe against earthquake no doubly, however more
iteration are avoided in selection of members which make a little costly but not more than 10%.
Slabs are imported to CSI-SAFE V.16 directly from ETABS model which carry the resultant forces and displacements
directly to the SAFE model. Foundations are designed manually with the help of excel- design templates made on the
basis of IS 456:2000.Client is suggested to employ supervisor in the construction periods to ensure the quality control of
works/materials within a limit. All necessary calculations; analysis results; design outputs and structural drawings are
presented in annexes.
Design Recommendation
1. Columns and Footings
2. Beams
3. Floor Slab
REFERENCES
Books and Journals

1) Jain, A.K- R.C.C Limit State Design, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 1990
2) Shah & Kale- R.C.C Design, Macmillan India Limited
3) Ashok k. Jain- Advanced Structural Analysis, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 1990
4) S.S. Bhavikati-Structural Analysis- II, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
5) V.N. Vazirani- Analysis of Structures-II, Khanna Publishers
6) S. Ramamrutham-Theory of Structures, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company
7) www.csiamerica.com
8) Bothara,Jitendra Kumar- Protection of educational buildings against earthquake,NSET-Nepal publication
9) Shrestha, Hima -Retrofitting of common Frame structural houses, NSET-Nepal publication
Codes
1) I.S. 456-2000 -Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
2) I S. 456-1978 -Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete ( S.P.-16 )
3) S.P.34-1987 - Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
4) I S 1893-2003 -Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Structure
5) I S 13920-1993 -Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic forces.
6) I S 875-1987 -Code of practice for Design Loads for Buildings and Structures
Part 1- Dead Load and Part 2- Imposed Load
7) NBC 108 :1994- Site Consideration for Seismic Hazards
8) NBC 201 :1994 - Mandatory Rules of Thumb Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Masonry Infill
9) NBC 105 :1994- Seismic Design of Building in Nepal
Tools
CSI-ETABS V.16 The frame analysis and design of this building is made with CSI-ETABS software choosing the integrated IS codes of standards. The
innovative and revolutionary ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings. Incorporating 40 years
of continuous research and development, this latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object based modelling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and
nonlinear analytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and
schematic drawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and design results. The entire building structure was analysed
for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings utilizing ETABS version 8.4, from Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI). Major success
story of software are shortly explained below.
- ETABS is used in the structural design of the Burj Dubai in the United Arab. The Burj Dubai Tower is the world’s tallest structure, passing all
previous height records. The entire building structure was analysed for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings utilizing ETABS
version 8.4, from Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI).
- ETABS is used in the design of the new Museum for African Art on Fifth Avenue in New York City
CSI-SAFE V.14 SAFE v14 is the ultimate integrated tool for designing reinforced and post-tensioned concrete floor and foundation systems. This version
introduces versatile 3D object based modelling and visualization tools. Founded in 1975, Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI) is recognized globally as the
pioneering leader in software tools for structural and earthquake engineering. Software from CSI is used by thousands of engineering firms in over 160
countries for the design of major projects. From framing layout to detail drawing production, SAFE integrates every aspect of the engineering design
process in one easy and intuitive environment. SAFE provides an immensely capable yet easy-to-use program for structural designers, providing the only
tool necessary for the modelling, analysis, design, and detailing of concrete slab systems and foundations. ETABS allows users to import models, loading,
and displacement fields into SAFE for more advanced local assessment of slab systems within larger structures. Punching-shear and drop-panel checks are
automatic. The SAPFire ® Analysis Engine translates the object-based model into an optimal finite-element model by coordinating the tessellation process
with object orientation, observing bounds to establish effective aspect ratios, and connecting mismatched mesh seams where area objects connect. A
sophisticated slab analysis can then proceed with realistic contribution from adjoining systems. Measures may be implemented for deflection control and
import of parameters from dynamic analysis using ETABS. Accurate nonlinear simulation of combined vertical, lateral, and secondary response enables
effective slab design and detailing. SAFE automatically generates drawing sheets for plan, elevation, and section views that detail and dimension framing,
reinforcement, and tendon layout.
Microsoft Office Excel Templates: The Design of Foundations is made with Excel-Template prepared by myself. So prepared design templates are
based on IS 456:2000 - Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
ANNEXES
1. ANNEX-I (Analysis/design)
A) Frames: Beam/column forces; Concrete frame design; Frame sections and their properties; Load cases, pattern and combinations; Beam/column
design; Point reactions and ETABS project report.
B) Slabs: CSI-SAFE V.12 report
C) Foundations: Analysis and design calculations EXCEL-sheet
2. ANNEX-II (Structural drawings, tables and schedules)

A) Frames: Beam/column standard details drawing; Beam rebars tables; Column layout and schedule; Floor framing plans.
B) Slabs: Rebar shapes, schedules and tables; Top and bottom slab rebar plans/sections; Slab curtailments middle/edge strips.
C) Foundations: Plans and sections of foundation groups.
Beam Sizes, Required Longitudinal Reinforcement (mm2) and Shear Reinforcements (mm2/m)
1. Stair Cover (32’-2”)
2. First Floor Beams (22’-10”)
3. Ground Floor Beams (12’-5”)
4. Plinth Level (2’-0”)
1. F-1 ( 5’X5’) @130KN/M2_12”X12” COLUMN__M20 CONCRETE

(FACTORED REACTION=459KN)
sheet 1 of 2 F1- 130
Design Of Spread Footing IS:456-2000
Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola NEC "CIVIL" 7059 , Contact +9779856023545
1. Preliminary Geometry Of Foundation F1- 130
Concrete strength fck = 20.00 KN/m2
Rebar Strength fy = 500.00 KN/m2
Unfactored Axial Load = 306.00 KN
Moment Mx = 0.00 KN-m

Moment My = 0.00 KN-m
Equivalent Total Axial load = 306.00 KN
Depth Of Footing From GL 1524.00 mm
Column Size (shorter Side) 304.80 mm
1= OK checked and
Column Size in (longer side) 304.80 mm passed
The Bearing Capacity of Soil = 162.50 KN/m2

Check For tension in concrete 1
0 = Failure ReviseSize
of Footing along max
moment dir.
Weight of soil above footing 70.79 KN
Total weight on soil = 376.79 KN
Actual Area Of Footing Required 2.32 m2
1= OK checked and
Suggestion LX 1523 passed
Adopt Size (Lx) 1524.00 mm Check For Dimension of footing 1 0 = Failure Revise
adopt Size (Ly) 1524.00 mm Size of Footing
Area of Footing (A) 2322576.00 mm2 2.32 m2
Ixx 449529939648.00 mm4 0.45 m4
Iyy 449529939648.00 mm4 0.45 m4
Soil Pressure (σ) 131.75
Total Area Of Footing 2.32 m2
Partial Safety Factor Factor 1.50
2. Bending Moment Calculation

Net Earth Pressure 197.63 KN/m2
BM about Face(column) axis dir- BM about Face(column)
1 axis dir-1 47.56 KN-m
The effective Depth reqd 106.34 mm
Adopt effective Depth of
OK Checked
Foundation 609.60
Overal Depth 659.60
BM=0.87*fy*At(d-
Calculation of Tension steel (fy*At)/(fck*b))
Solution of quadratic equation
a 0.02
b -609.60
c 109340.51
At 180.24 mm2
percentage At = 0.02 %
1= OK checked and
Adopted Bar Size 12.00 mm passed
Area of bar adopted 113.04 mm2 Spacing of footing bars Check 1
0 = Failure Revise
Numers of bars required 1.59 spacing i.e. increase
Spacing of bars required 955.81
Adopted Number of Bars 10 Numbers 12 mm Two-way
Adopted spacing of bars mm,c/c 152.40 mm c/c
3. One-way Shear action check

mm(effective depth
critacal Section from face of away from column
column 609.60 face)
Shear force Vu -29.40 KN
Nominal shear stress (ζv) -0.03 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress ( shear
strength) of concrete ( for no See IS 456 Table 23 page 81
earthquake considaration 0.21 N/mm2 Annex_B
strength) of concrete ( earthquake
considaration (ζc) 0.28 N/mm2 increases from code to 33%
For % of steel and 0.02
For Concrete strength 20.00
Check For SHEAR in No
earthquake consideration if ζv>ζc 1= OK checked and passed
CHECK 1
0 =Shear Failure Revise Depth of
Foundation
Check For SHEAR in With
earthquake consideration if ζv>ζc
CHECK 1 1= OK checked and passed

Foundation

4. Two-way Shear action Check
mm( half of
critacal Section from face of effective depth away
column 304.80 from column face)
Shear force Vu 1.75 KN

N0minal Shear stress (ζv) 0.00 N/mm2
Shear strength Of Concrete(τc') =
ks * τc 1.12 N/mm2
But not greater than
ks = (0.5+β) 1.50 1.0 hence take ks = 1
β =( Length of shorter side of
column/length of longer side of
column) 1.00
CHECK 1
Foundation
CHECK 1
Foundation
5. Development Length of Reinforcement (Ld)

Development Length Ld =
ζ
(0.87*fy*Φ)/(4* bd) 679.69 mm
ζbd 1.92 N/mm2
Actual devlopmentLength provided
in footing is 711.85 mm
1= OK checked and
passed
Development length check 1
of Footing
6. Punching Check (Load transfer from column to Footing)(Dowels)

Pu is obtained from possible
Nominal Bearing stress in column envelop reactions hence need not
concrete σbr= (Pu/Ac) 3.29 N/mm2 be factored here.
Allowable Bearing stress σa =

0.45*fck 9.00 N/mm2 1= OK checked and passed
Check Either σa>σbr 1
0 =Punching Failure Go STEP 6.1
below
1=Thus column Load transferred to footing safely …no punching failure
0=Thus column Load can't be transferred to footing safely … punching failure occurs
6.1 Provision For Punching

Excess Load -530.13 KN
Required area of steel As= -2371.11 mm2
Generally take 16 , if insufficient
take 20 (smallar size has less Dowel Bar Φ ( including
development length) column itself) 25.00 mm
Area of dowel Bar 490.63 mm2
Number of dowel bars reqd -4.83 numbers

Adopted Numbers of
dowel bar 0.00 of size = 25.00 mm Φ
not less than -4.83 numbers
1= OK checked and passed
Check 1
0 =Punching Failure Revise
numbers/size of Dowel bars
Length of dowels above and below

COL/FOOting Joint. 1400.00 mm
Clear cover bottom bars 40.00 mm
## (Bonding Strength) MPA 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40 and more
Plain Bars ζbd 1.20 1.40 1.50 1.70 1.90
Deformed Bars(*1.6) ζbd 1.92 2.24 2.40 2.72 3.04
Punching Design
Required area of steel for punching -2371.11 mm2
Development length provided in
footing 711.85 mm
Total area of footing 2.32 m2
Partial safety Factor 1.50
2. F-2 ( 6.5’X6.5’) @130KN/M2_12”X12” COLUMN__M20 CONCRETE

( FACTORED REACTION=775KN )
Design Of Spread Footing IS:456-2000
Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola NEC "CIVIL" 7059 , Contact +9779856023545
1. Preliminary Geometry Of Foundation F2- 130
Concrete strength fck = 20.00 KN/m2
Rebar Strength fy = 500.00 KN/m2
Unfactored Axial Load = 516.67 KN
Moment Mx = 0.00 KN-m

Moment My = 0.00 KN-m
Equivalent Total Axial load = 516.67 KN
Depth Of Footing From GL 1524.00 mm
Column Size (shorter Side) 304.80 mm
1= OK checked and
Column Size in (longer side) 304.80 mm passed
The Bearing Capacity of Soil = 162.50 KN/m2

Check For tension in concrete 1
of Footing along max
moment dir.
Weight of soil above footing 119.64 KN
Total weight on soil = 636.31 KN
Actual Area Of Footing Required 3.92 m2
1= OK checked and
Suggestion LX 1979 passed
Adopt Size (Lx) 1981.20 mm Check For Dimension of footing 1 0 = Failure Revise
adopt Size (Ly) 1981.20 mm Size of Footing
Area of Footing (A) 3925153.44 mm2 3.93 m2
Ixx 1283902460628.65 mm4 1.28 m4
Iyy 1283902460628.65 mm4 1.28 m4
Soil Pressure (σ) 131.63
Total Area Of Footing 3.93 m2
Partial Safety Factor Factor 1.50
2. Bending Moment Calculation

Net Earth Pressure 197.44 KN/m2
BM about Face(column) axis dir- BM about Face(column)
1 axis dir-1 122.25 KN-m
The effective Depth reqd 149.52 mm
Adopt effective Depth of
OK Checked
Foundation 609.60
Overal Depth 659.60
BM=0.87*fy*At(d-
Calculation of Tension steel (fy*At)/(fck*b))
Solution of quadratic equation
a 0.01
b -609.60
c 281039.75
At 465.51 mm2
percentage At = 0.04 %
1= OK checked and
Adopted Bar Size 12.00 mm passed
Area of bar adopted 113.04 mm2 Spacing of footing bars Check 1
0 = Failure Revise
Numers of bars required 4.12 spacing i.e. increase
Spacing of bars required 481.10
Adopted Number of Bars 13 Numbers 12 mm Two-way
Adopted spacing of bars mm,c/c 152.40 mm c/c
3. One-way Shear action check

mm(effective depth
critacal Section from face of away from column
column 609.60 face)
Nominal shear stress (ζv) 0.04 N/mm2
strength) of concrete ( for no See IS 456 Table 23 page 81
earthquake considaration 0.21 N/mm2 Annex_B
strength) of concrete ( earthquake
considaration (ζc) 0.28 N/mm2 increases from code to 33%
For % of steel and 0.04
For Concrete strength 20.00
CHECK 1
Foundation
earthquake consideration if ζv>ζc
CHECK 1 1= OK checked and passed

Foundation

4. Two-way Shear action Check
mm( half of
critacal Section from face of effective depth away
column 304.80 from column face)

N0minal Shear stress (ζv) 0.17 N/mm2
Shear strength Of Concrete(τc') =
ks * τc 1.12 N/mm2
But not greater than
ks = (0.5+β) 1.50 1.0 hence take ks = 1
β =( Length of shorter side of
column/length of longer side of
column) 1.00
CHECK 1
Foundation
CHECK 1
Foundation
5. Development Length of Reinforcement (Ld)

Development Length Ld =
ζ
(0.87*fy*Φ)/(4* bd) 679.69 mm
ζbd 1.92 N/mm2
Actual devlopmentLength provided
in footing is 940.45 mm
1= OK checked and
passed
Development length check 1
of Footing
6. Punching Check (Load transfer from column to Footing)(Dowels)

Pu is obtained from possible
Nominal Bearing stress in column envelop reactions hence need not
concrete σbr= (Pu/Ac) 5.56 N/mm2 be factored here.
Allowable Bearing stress σa =

0.45*fck 9.00 N/mm2 1= OK checked and passed
Check Either σa>σbr 1
0 =Punching Failure Go STEP 6.1
below
1=Thus column Load transferred to footing safely …no punching failure
0=Thus column Load can't be transferred to footing safely … punching failure occurs
6.1 Provision For Punching

Excess Load -319.46 KN
Required area of steel As= -1613.45 mm2
Generally take 16 , if insufficient
take 20 (smallar size has less Dowel Bar Φ ( including
development length) column itself) 25.00 mm
Area of dowel Bar 490.63 mm2
Number of dowel bars reqd -3.29 numbers

Adopted Numbers of
dowel bar 0.00 of size = 25.00 mm Φ
not less than -3.29 numbers
1= OK checked and passed
Check 1
0 =Punching Failure Revise
numbers/size of Dowel bars
Length of dowels above and below

COL/FOOting Joint. 1400.00 mm
Clear cover bottom bars 40.00 mm
## (Bonding Strength) MPA 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40 and more
Plain Bars ζbd 1.20 1.40 1.50 1.70 1.90
Deformed Bars(*1.6) ζbd 1.92 2.24 2.40 2.72 3.04
Punching Design
Required area of steel for punching -1613.45 mm2
Development length provided in
footing 940.45 mm
Total area of footing 3.93 m2
Partial safety Factor 1.50

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1|P a g e Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design

Fig: 1- Building Plan Dimension and Grid

4. Preliminary Data Assignments for Structural Elements

Table: 1- Structural Materials and Elements

Preliminary Data for Structural Elements Owner: Mr. Yagyanath Poudel

Descriptions Specifications Check Remarks

BEAMS Depth(mm) Width (mm)

Table: 2- Properties of Assigned Materials and Sections

Diameter Area Type

*Test Certificate is required for Concrete Strength of Column (20 Mpa)

Fig: 2- Load transfer from slabs to beams

Table: 3- Loading Data

Loading Data Owner: Mr. Yagyanath Poudel

I Dead Load (DL)

Brick Wall Loads

II Live Loads(Imposed Loads)

III Earthquake Loads ( Calculation of Seismic Force Coefficient , Cd )

Load Patterns and Load Cases

E QX S eis m ic 0 Us er Coefficien t (NBC 105:1994)

E QY S eis m ic 0 Us er Coefficien t (NBC 105:1994)

4.2 Load Cases

Dead P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern Dead 1

Live P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern Live 1

E QX P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern E QX 1

E QY P res et P -d elta DL+0.25LL Mas s S ou rce Load P attern E QY 1

7. Lateral Load Calculation (Earthquake Load)

Auto Seismic - User Coefficients ( NBC-105:1994), Base Shear Calculation

Seismic Height Weight Base

User Coefficient (NBC 105: 1994) Seismic Load Calculation

Direction and Eccentricity

Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms

Factors and Coefficients

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Base Shear Coefficient, C

Calculated Base Shear

X - Ecc. Y 0.2383 0.0792 3744.93 297.00

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

SC (32'-2") 9.8044 0.00 0.00

FF (22'-10") 6.9596 153.00 0.00

User Coefficient (NBC 105: 1994) Seismic Load Calculation

Direction and Eccentricity

Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms

Factors and Coefficients

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Base Shear Coefficient, C

Calculated Base Shear

Y - Ecc. X 0.2994 0.0792 3744.93 297.00

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

SC (32'-2") 9.8044 0.00 0.00

FF (22'-10") 6.9596 0.00 153.00

Response Spectrum Function - IS 1893:2002 Response Spectrum Function - IS 1893:2002

Response Spectrum Function

0.10 0.9000 4.50 0.1224

8. Frames Analysis and Design

8.2. Storey and Diaphragm Drifts

Table: 7- Storey and Diaphragm Drifts

SC (32'-2") Storey Drift X or Y 0.001124 Diaph.Rigid X or Y 0.001124 < 0.004 OK ! Checked

FF (22'-10") Storey Drift X or Y 0.002549 Diaph.Rigid X or Y 0.002549 < 0.004 OK ! Checked

GF (12'-5") Storey Drift X or Y 0.003271 Diaph.Rigid X or Y 0.003271 < 0.004 OK ! Checked

8.3. Base Reactions (Envelope)

8.4 Section Forces