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-750
-500
0
Bearing pressure (in kN/m )
2
50
100
150
200
250
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
(d)
(d/2+900) 400
700
0.5d 0.5d
Side
800 kN
0.5d
(d/2+900)
(d/2+900)
0.5d
1600 kN
700 mm
400 mm
700 mm (d+400)
Corner (d+400)
(b1) (b2)
1 2 3 4
700 6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm 700
750 mm
800 mm
19400 mm
Figure 12.C.19 Raft layout and column loads; (b1) critical section in shear; (b2) critical section in
shear; and (c) details of reinforcement along the longitudinal section (Example 12.7).
Structural Design of Foundations 573
ey ¼ 5:42855 ¼ 0:4285 m
19:4 11:43
Ix ¼ ¼ 2395:16 m4
12
11:4 19:43
Iy ¼ ¼ 6936:31 m4
12
A ¼ 19:4 11:4 ¼ 221:16 m2
P 14000
¼ ¼ 63:302 kN=m2
A 221:16
2400 6000
s ¼ 63:302 x y ¼ 63:158 1:5269x 0:4745y
6936:31 2395:16
At corner A–4
sA4 ¼ 63:158 þ 0:346 9:7 þ 2:505 5:7 ¼ 80:93 ffi BC of soil ð80 kN=m2 Þ
At corner C–4
At corner A–1
At corner C–1
At corner B–4
574 Foundation Design
At corner B–1
sB1 ¼ 63:1580:346 9:7 ¼ 59:943 kN=m2
In the x direction, the raft is divided in three strips, that is three equivalent beams:
The bending moment is obtained by using a coefficient 1/10 and L as the center to center of
column distance
wL2
þ M ¼ M ¼ ð12:C:68Þ
10
For strip A–A
80 62
Maximum moment ¼ ¼ 288 kNm=m
10
For strip B–B
73:32 62
Maximum moment ¼ ¼ 263:95 kNm=m
10
For strip C–C
59:52 62
Maximum moment ¼ ¼ 214:272 kNm=m
10
2
For any strip in the y direction, take M ¼ wL8 since there is only a two-span equivalent beam.
For strip 4–4
80 52
Maximum moment ¼ ¼ 250 kNm=m
8
The depth of the raft is governed by two-way shear at one of the exterior columns. If the location
of critical shear is not obvious, it may be necessary p
pffiffiffiffiffi toffiffiffiffiffi
check all possible locations.
Shear strength of concrete, tc ¼ 0:25 fck ¼ 0:25 15 ¼ 0:97N=mm2
For a corner column (say C–1)
Perimeter bo ¼ 2 d2 þ 900 ¼ d þ 1800 mm (Figure 12.C.19(b))
Vu 1:5 800 1000
tv ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:97
bo d ðd þ 1800Þd
1200000
¼ ¼ 0:97
ðd þ 1800Þd
) d 2 þ 1800d1237113:40 ¼ 0
Structural Design of Foundations 575
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1800 ð18002 þ 4 1 1237113:40Þ
d¼ ¼ 530:773 mm
21
For a corner column (say A–2)
d
Perimeter bo ¼ 2 þ 900 þ ðd þ 400Þ ¼ 2d þ 2200 mm
2
d 2 þ 1100d1237113:40 ¼ 0 ð12:C:69Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1100 ð11002 þ 4 1 1237113:40Þ
)d¼ ¼ 690:811 mm
21
However, adopt an effective depth of 750 mm and overall depth of 800 mm
Reinforcement in the longitudinal direction is given by (considering a 1 m wide strip)
2 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3
15 4 4:6 288 106 5
At ¼ 0:5 1 1 1000 750 ¼ 1109:51 mm2
415 15 1000 7502
1000 p4 202
Spacing of long bars ¼ ¼ 283:152 mm
1109:51
Provide 4–20 mm F bars for reinforcement @ 260 mm c/c at top and bottom in both directions.
Minimum reinforcement in the slabs ¼ 0:12%
0:12
¼ 800 1000
100
¼ 960 mm2 =m < 1109:51 mm2 =m
Minimum steel governs in the remaining raft. Critical sections in shear.
WINBEF Solution:
WINBEF Input
Young’s modulus of soil, Es ¼ 105 kN=m2 , unit weight of soil, gsoil ¼ 20 kN=m3 .
576 Foundation Design
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0:65 105 12 105 1:04 59902
ks ¼ ¼ ¼ 59:902 kN=m2 =mm:
1000 1 0:3 2
1:9364 10 0:04267 7 1000
The maximum load on strip 1–1: maximum of A1 (600 kN), B1 (800 kN) and C1 (800 kN),
which is 800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 2–2: maximum of A2 (1600 kN), B2 (1800 kN) and C2
(1000 kN), which is 1800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 3–3: maximum of A3 (2000 kN), B3 (2000 kN) and C3
(1200 kN), which is 2000 kN.
The maximum load on strip 4–4: maximum of A4 (600 kN), B4 (1000 kN) and C4 (1000 kN),
which is 1000 kN.
The details of deflection, bending moment, shear force and bearing pressure are shown in
Figure 12.C.21. Please see also comments given in Section 12.C.2.
Structural Design of Foundations 577
3.0
3.5
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Length of the beam (in mm)
(b)
-1000
-800
-600
Shear force (in kN )
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Length of the beam (in mm)
(c)
Figure 12.C.21 (a) BEF deflection diagram; (b) BEF bending moment diagram; (c) BEF shear force
diagram; and (d) BEF bearing pressure diagram (Example 12.7).