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Elect ronic
OCTOBER 2011
PRODUCTS
No-nonsense tools for the busy EE
page 39
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Other product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. 1849
CONTENTs Vol. 54, No. 5 OCTOBER 2011
77 84
11
ENERGY-SAVING PRODUCT
OUTLOOK INITIATIVE UPDATE
Chip implant monitors Lithium batteries: the Transformers
tumors future of smart grids & inductors
what’s ONLINE...
Digital imagery by Don Wilber.
Electronic Products Magazine (USPS 539490) (ISSN 0013-4953)—Published monthly by Hearst Business Communications Inc./UTP Division, 50 Charles Lindbergh Blvd., Suite 100, Uniondale, NY 11553. Pe-
riodicals postage paid Uniondale, NY and additional mailing offices. Electronic Products is distributed at no charge to qualified persons actively engaged in the application, selection or procurement of elec-
tronic components, instruments, materials, systems and subsystems. The publisher reserves the right to reject any subscription on the basis of information submitted in order to comply with audit regulations.
Paid subscriptions available: U.S. subscriber rate $65 per year, 2 years $110. Single issue, $6.00. Information contained herein is subject to change without notice. No responsibility is assumed by the pub-
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T
he report Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance hard to see how this situation is likely to change in
Coverage in the United States: 2010 (www.census. the next few years, no matter what happens in the
gov/newsroom/releases/archives/income_wealth/ 2012 elections.
cb11-157.html) issued last month by the United States So this is the time when great electronic design is
Census Bureau is extremely going to be needed more than ever before. When I first
sobering. It said that in started out in business, a mentor of mine was fond of
2010, 15.1% of the U.S. saying “An engineer is a man who can do for a dime
population, or 46.2 mil- what any fool can do for a dollar.” Obviously, this was
lion people, had dropped in the era before men’s consciousness had been raised
below the so-called to the point where they finally understood that engi-
neering ability was not a sex-linked attribute. But I be-
lieve the expression of the economics of
good engineering is still correct,
and we need to bring this aspect of
engineering to its highest levels
now.
We live in a society in which
technology is really no longer a luxu-
ry, but an intrinsic part of everyday
life. Our society truly cannot func-
tion without smartphones, the Inter-
net, fuel-efficient vehicles, and the
like. If we are going to work our way out
of our current mess, we need to start engineering in
poverty level. (The Office of Management and Budget a way that allows even those with limited economic
defines the weighted average poverty threshold for a means to buy the electronics needed to participate in
family of four in 2010 as $22,314.) daily life.
This was the third consecutive yearly increase in To a certain extent, this will mean eliminating
the percentage of households below the poverty some features that, while they may seem really at-
threshold and the highest number of people since tractive, can’t be justified in terms of practical neces-
the bureau began publishing this information 52 sity. Or it may simply mean creating not only de-
years ago. Further, the bureau found that the real me- vices with those features, but also models that are
dian household income declined 2.3% from 2009 to stripped down to essentials so they can be brought
$49,445, the lowest level since 1996 and also the third to market at very attractive prices.
consecutive year in which the median dropped. And there’s another advantage to designing this
Household income levels decreased in all percentiles, way: It can open up global markets that were hereto-
from richest to poorest. fore untouched because devices were too expensive
The New York Times, in reporting on the Bureau’s for them. Ultimately, the approach can lead to fur-
findings, quoted Lawrence Katz, a Harvard econom- ther development of new technolgies, like printed
ics professor, as saying, “This is truly a lost decade.... electronics, which can revolutionize and greatly ex-
we’re looking at a period when the median family is pand the reach of electronics.
in worse shape than it was in the late 1990s.” And Richard Comerford
when we consider the current level of employment To comment on this Viewpoint, go to
and the rate of job creation in the U.S. today, it is www.eebeat.com/p=4076
Control magnified.
Simplify the demands of driving
high-voltage electrostatic deflection
circuits in scientific instrumentation.
power manager
Power Sources, Power Management,
Discrete Semiconductors, Circuit Protection,
Cooling Devices
T
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A
team of medical engineers at Tech- debris is present. Another concern is
nische Universitaet Muenchen that it has to be invisible to the body
(TUM) has developed an electron- so that it is not identified as a foreign
ic sensor chip that can determine the object, attacked, and encapsulated in
oxygen content in a patient’s tissue fluid. tissue. The sensor chip, as well as the
This promises the future use of chip im- analysis electronics, transmitter, and
plants that would monitor tumors that batteries are enclosed in a biocom-
can’t be operated on or that grow slowly. patible housing.
The data retrieved by the sensor im- The researchers are also looking
plant can then be wirelessly transmitted into adding additional sensors that
to the patient’s doctor to support the would be used for measuring acidity
The sensor chip and electronics have a compact
choice of therapy. When a drop in oxy- footprint — less than twice the size of a and temperature. They are also look-
gen occurs in the tissue surrounding the thumbnail. However, the package must be made ing into adding a tiny medication
tumor the doctor will know that the tu- even smaller before it can be implanted in pump, to be implanted with the sensor
cancer patients using minimally invasive surgery.
mor might be growing faster and can ar- chip, that would be used to release che-
range for an operation or refer therapies, such as chemo- motherapeutic agents directly to the tumor.
therapy. The tumor can now be constantly monitored and The sensor chip has currently passed laboratory tests
this can reduce required check-up appointments. with cell and tissue cultures. Of course, before moving to
The main concern for the researchers when develop- the next phase, the sensor has to pass trials in animals. For
ing this chip was that they had to make sure that the sen- more info you can contact Sven Becker — the engineer and
sor would function entirely autonomously for long peri- project manager for this development — at sven.becker@
ods of time. It also must continue to monitor and deliver tum.de or at 49 (0)89 2000 110-54.
accurate values even when protein contamination or cell Christina Nickolas
Nanometer-scale ferroelectrics on
plastic target energy-harvesting arrays
U
sing a technique known as thermochemi- Postdoctoral fellow Suenne Kim holds a sample of flexible
polyimide substrate used to produce ferroelectric
cal nanolithography (TCNL), researchers nanostructures. Assistant professor Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb
Georgia Institute of Technology can fabri- points to a feature on the material, while graduate research
cate nanometer-scale ferroelectric structures di- assistant Yaser Bastani observes.
rectly on flexible plastic substrates that would be
unable to withstand the processing temperatures Urbana-Champaign and the University of Nebras-
normally required to create such nanostructures. ka Lincoln.
The technique uses a heated atomic force mi- Researchers say they can directly create piezo-
croscope (AFM) tip to produce patterns and could electric materials on flexible substrates for use in
facilitate high-density, low-cost production of energy harvesting and other applications. The
complex ferroelectric structures for energy har- structures are directly grown with a CMOS-com-
vesting arrays, sensors and actuators in nano- patible process and are patterned at very small
electromechanical systems (NEMS) and micro-electrome- scales. The scientists produced wires approximately 30 nm
chanical systems (MEMS). The research was sponsored by wide and spheres with diameters of approximately 10 nm
the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department using the patterning technique. Spheres targeting ferroelec-
of Energy. In addition to the Georgia Tech researchers, the tric memory were fabricated at densities exceeding 200
work also involved scientists from the University of Illinois Gbytes/in.2
The AdvancedTCA-MicroTCA
Summit in San Jose
S
ales for AdvancedTCA and microTCA systems in 2011 high pressure and flow, and reduction in acoustical noise is
are expected to top $1.5 billion. I know “platform” is desirable.
getting to be an overused term these days, but it fits Elma Bustronic (www.bustronic.com) will be in booth
here better than anywhere else. These platforms form a great 201 showing new backplanes with four 10 Gbit/s channels.
basis for telcom, military, and industrial control systems They feature a controlled-impedance stripline design of 18
and everything you need to know about them will be dis- layers in a dual-star routing configuration. The 40G ATCA
cussed and demonstrated November 1st and 2nd in San Backplane includes dual shelf manager connectors in slot 0
Jose. There will be four keynote speeches and 16 technical for redundant IPMB implementation and up to 400-W/slot
sessions. Here are a few of the companies with items on the 48-Vdc distributions to each slot. Shelf managers on the left
exhibit floor you might want to check out. side of the backplane can be front-pluggable cards in slot 0,
CommAgility (www.commagility.com) in booth 307 will allowing a full 14 slots.
show you the AMC-2C6678 card that combines 16 of the lat- Emerson Network Power (www.Emerson.com/Embed-
est C66x+ DSP cores from TI, run- dedComputing) in booth 301 will have the ATCA-8310, a
Conjugality’s
AMC-2C6678 ning at 1.25 GHz, with a power- state-of-the-art AdvancedTCA DSP/media-processing plat-
card ful Xilinx Virtex-6 LX240T form for power-efficient high-density voice- and video-
FPGA, for maximum signal transcoding functions. The blade features a flexible mix of
and image-processing perfor- processing technologies to support “DSP farm” architectures
mance across a range of application for scalable voice and video gateways, "gateway-on-a-blade"
areas. Backplane I/O covers both Gigabit architectures for small systems with just one or two blades,
Ethernet and the latest SRIO V2.1 standard at up and packet processing on Intel processors.
to 20 Gbits/s per port, and front-panel I/O is three SFP+ ports Freescale Semiconductor (www.freescale.com) in
to the FPGA, allowing a range of communication standards. booth 402 will demonstrate the P2020-MSC8156 Advanced-
Diversified Technology (www.dtims.com/atca) in booth MC reference design. This is a multi-standard baseband de-
409 can provide a VMware compatible virtualization solu- velopment platform targets next generation wireless stan-
tion for the embedded server space based on AdvancedTCA. dards such as LTE, WiMAX, WCDMA, and TD-SCDMA. The
DTI has certified the ATC6239 PICMG 3.0–compliant pro- single-width full-height AMC platform, integrates the QorIQ
cessor board with the latest version of VMware’s ESX and P2020 processor with a MSC8156 DSP, providing the system
ESXi hypervisors — allowing a shortened time to market. building blocks for rapid prototyping.
ebm-papst (www.ebmpapst.us) in booth 308 will show GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms (www.ge-ip.com) in
you the improved aerodynamics and motor technology of a booth 306 will have the ATH40G, providing next genera-
new diagonal fan. This new product, the DV6300, will ap- tion 40G ATCA backplane connectivity. The fully managed
peal to a broad spectrum of markets such as IT, telecommu- ATCA HUB blade features two Fulcrum Alta switches. It sup-
nications, and other industries where improved efficiencies, ports 720 Gbit/s aggregate bandwidth, enabling non-block-
LTC6412
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®
High performance — no compromises. The LTC 6412 is exceptionally consistent across its frequency, gain, and operating
temperature ranges. It achieves a noise figure of only 10dB at max gain, and a maximum gain conformance error of 0.45dB.
Gain step response time is just 0.4µs. The LTC6412 is powered by a single 3.3V supply and consumes 40% less power than
the nearest competitor. The LTC6412 enables a low power, compact solution when paired with low voltage mixers such as the
LT5557, ADC drivers such as the LTC6400 and LTC6416, and ADCs such as the LTC2208.
‘MEMS is mainstream’
says MEMS Congress
T
his year, the MEMS Industry Group’s annual MEMS A new event this year, the MEMS Technology Showcase,
Congress makes it a key point to recognize that the will emphasize that MEMS devices are now found every-
MEMS technology is no longer a technical oddity em- where. Selected participants will give a five-minute presen-
ployed only in esoteric electronic systems, but a part of ev- tation and product demonstration, and attendees will select
eryday life. Therefore it follows that the Wednesday, No- the best product.
vember 2, keynote speaker, Livingston Securities CEO Scott The first afternoon session will focus on the latest trend
Livingston, should choose as his topic “Financing innova- in MEMS, “MEMS Sensor Fusion/Sensor Networks.” Spon-
tion in the public markets — How to Unleash the Great sored by STMicroelectronics and moderated by Coventor
American Innovation Machine” to look at the fiscal require- President and CEO Michael Jamiolkowski, the panel will
ments for the new mainstream technology. present examples of sensor fusion in healthcare, consumer,
Livingston will then moderate a market analyst panel automotive, and industrial applications.
composed of Forrester Research Vice President Julie Ask, The final panel will review the continued expansion of
iSuppli Director Jeremie Bouchaud, Yole Développement MEMS in consumer products. Moderated by InvenSense
GM Jean-Christophe Eloy, and Semico Research Chief of CEO Steve Nasiri, the panel will discuss consumer applica-
Technology Tony Massimini. The panel members will pres- tions with great potential for MEMS and the role of software
ent their outlook for future growth and trends in MEMS, and sensor integration.
examining new opportunities for growth, new applications The final presentation will be by Toffler Associates Busi-
for MEMS, as well as market leaders and losers. ness Director Aaron Schulman, examining the drivers of
Thursday’s keynote will be by IBM Rational Client Part- change that are shaping the future. He notes that “Over the
nerships Program Director Per Asberg. His speech is entitled next 20 years, corporate executives and scientists in and
“Accelerating Innovation Through Systems Engineering around the MEMS industry — and, indeed, in all industries
Best Practices.” By examining IBM’s role in helping stream- — will face unprecedented challenges brought on by accel-
line the development design process for real-world systems erating change, both nationally and globally. .” Schulman
in automobiles, electronics, and medical devices verticals, will describe how organizations must be ready to adjust
Asberg will provide best practices on how organizations can plans and risk management practices rapidly to succeed.
help their engineering teams produce new, innovative prod- Richard Comerford
ucts within stringent budgets and deadlines.
Micralyne President and CEO Nancy Fares will then chair The MEMS Congress will be held on Wednesday, Nov. 2 and
a panel called “MEMS Foundry Models — In-House, Fab-Lite, Thursday, Nov. 3, at the Monterey Plaza Hotel & Spa in Mon-
Fabless” to look at how MEMS fabrication has evolved, creat- terey, CA, followed by a golf outing on Friday, Nov. 4. For in-
ing fabless and fablite manufacturing; while some companies formation on attending, visit www.memsindustrygroup.org/i4a/
make the choice to keep their fab in-house. pages/index.cfm?pageid=3915.
www.mouser.com • 800-346-6873
Connectors
W
ireless connectivity has gen- from different suppliers that should maintains the IP67 (or greater) integ-
erated significant attention be considered when specifying such rity of the whole system.
in the last several years as se- connectors for a particular design.
curity issues are resolved and the prod- Overmolding
uct mix begins to mature. The deter- Field-attachable versions Overmolded metric-type connectors
mination of whether to use wireless Field-attachable connectors allow for can improve the durability and stream-
vs. wired must be made at the applica- stripped wire to be attached to a con- line the size, as well as the appearance
tion level. nector in the field using just a screw- of a cable connection. Overmolding
Generally, wired connections are driver. This facilitates a faster, less com- can also reduce the cost of lifetime
still preferred due to the significant- ownership of cable assemblies, mak-
ly higher volume of data they can ing it an important consideration for
carry compared to even the best harsh environment applications. An
wireless configurations. Also, wire- extra strain relief around the wire ter-
less introduces a slight latency in minations offers increased durability
conveying data that is not present in that results from the overmold mate-
wired connections. Latency comes rial bonding to the cable jacket. The
from the “handshaking” protocols overall assembly thus gives a high-reli-
required to establish a wireless con- ability connector on each end, with
nection and assure reliable data de- Fig. 1. RJ45 connectors, such as these from CONEC, customer specified cable properties in
with bayonet coupling mechanism are now available
livery. For wireless, the atmosphere that conform to IEC 61076-3-106 standards.
between.
and terrain may vary and corre- In addition to overmolding, cable
spondingly change system perfor- plicated installation. For example, some jackets must be specified. Some perfor-
mance. With wired systems, the cables may be challenging to install mance parameters to consider include
variables are fixed and therefore due to the process of feeding them UV and sunlight resistance, low tem-
more consistent. through holes as small as 6 mm. perature flex rating for indoor-outdoor
Circular connectors are used in Circular connectors that can be ter- applications, burial, chemical/oil-re-
many automation technology appli- minated in the field solve this prob- sistance, weld slag, and high-flex
cations, such as sensor signal trans- lem, compared to buying double-end- needs with millions of cycles possible.
mission and low power supply, or for ed, overmolded cable assemblies that Overmolded connectors are available
data communication in field bus require holes or spaces of 20 mm or in right angle and straight, shielded
technology. Metric-sized circular con- more. Also, if the exact cable length is and unshielded versions. LEDs embed-
nectors, such as the M12 and M8, unknown, cable length may be sized ded in the overmold material provide
have been around for many years, but on the job, avoiding ordering errors. an easy indicator of signal integrity or
product evolution and technology When selecting a product, try to power, as an option.
advancement has provided perfor- identify products that are field attach- Additionally, overmolding makes
mance enhancements and broadened able. This gives the installer a clear some customization possible, such as
their applications. The M12 connec- benefit when feeding wire through private labeling with company logos,
tor, for example, is a standard product various pieces of equipment and bar- custom lengths, and colors.
that is available from a number of rier openings. The same ease is nearly
suppliers. It’s a compact yet very rug- impossible with an overmolded cord- High temperature
ged IP67 connector designed for harsh set that already has a connector termi- Demands for higher temperature resis-
environments that provides a small nated on it. tance continue to increase in industrial
automation, so this may be one of the they also meet the requirements and pressure wash downs, you must specify
most important considerations for an industry standards for chemical and protection class IP69 K.
equipment designer and installer. For temperature resistance.
these applications, some suppliers offer Today, circular connectors can be Industrial data bus protocols
high-temperature connectors, some made of materials that meet those The use of field bus technology in the
which can withstand 8,000 hours at a high hygienic needs and extended industrial sector has increased rapidly
constant temperature of 125°C, with times at extreme temperatures. Be sure over the last few years, and if paired
temporary peak values of up to 150°C to recognize in your specs the need to with a cable assembly that uses a circu-
over 2,000 hours. Such connectors are tolerate harsh cleaning agents, in addi- lar connector, the protocol types need-
a particularly good fit for food and bev- tion to high-pressure cleaning pro- ed are important to define at the de-
erage industry applications, as long as cesses. If you need to withstand high- sign stage. Data bus systems such as
Profibus, DeviceNet, and Industrial
Ethernet each have their own defined
type of connector, and in some cases,
color-coding, contact arrangement,
and wiring code.
The construction and design of the
connectors that are necessary for data
communication are bus-specific and
should be carefully selected. Circular
versions are available for Profibus DP,
industrial Ethernet, and DeviceNet
protocols in several specifications
from a number of manufacturers.
T
he Northrop Grumman X-47B over 62 ft and a length of
is a demonstration Unmanned 38.2 ft. Capable of alti-
Combat Aerial Vehicle that be- tudes greater than 40,000 Image courtesy of Northrop Grumman
gan as part of DARPA's J-UCAS pro- ft and a range greater
gram. Today it is part of the United 2,100 nautical miles, this autonomous- to network modules without remov-
States Navy's Unmanned Combat Air ly air-refueled UAV can stay in theater ing them.
System Demonstration (UCAS-D) for days while carrying weapon pay- Main X-47B flight control and sub-
program to create a carrier-based un- loads of nearly 4,500 lbs. Powered by a system processing are completed in a
manned aircraft. The original vehicle Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220U jet en- triplex network of the Vehicle Man-
carries the designation X-47A Pega- gine, the X-47B achieves high subsonic agement Computers (VMCs), which
sus, while the follow-on naval version speeds and is equipped with the latest act as the master for each 1394b bus.
is designated X-47B. in EO, IR, SAR, ISAR, GMTI, MMTI, The three VMCs are cross-channeled
When the developers of the X-47B and ESM sensor technology. and data-linked together to provide
were designing a network redundancy. In addition to
backbone for real-time con- the triplexed VMCs, the X-
trol applications in the air- 47B takes advantage of 1394b’s
craft’s vehicle management loop topology feature to pro-
system (VMS), they turned vide additional redundancy
to the IEEE 1394b standard, protecting against single port
also known as FireWire. The or cable failures. If a single
X-47B required a network port/cable fails, the 1394b bus
backbone to provide guar- will automatically reconfig-
anteed quality of service ure using the alternative path
with predictable latencies in for communication.
real-time control applica- IEEE 1394b delivers the
tions, which it achieves by high bandwidth, and when
being coupled with SAE-de- coupled with AS5643’s fixed-
fined AS5643, the mil 1394b frame-rate synchronization,
standard. it provides the predictable la-
Because of the critical na- tencies that allow the VMC
ture of the vehicle manage- to house all flight control al-
ment system the X-47B im- gorithms and all utilities in a
plements three redundant Vehicle network architecture. Colors, shading, and outlines could indicate highly centralized structure
buses each with their own different types of nodes on the buses. (Image courtesy of SAE AS5643.) in manner that interfaces
vehicle management com- easily to legacy buses such as
puter delivering information about Vehicle management system 1553. The architecture also makes use
mission details, communication sys- network of independent controllers for appli-
tems, weapon systems, engine con- IEEE 1394b was chosen as the Vehicle cations that require dedicated, high-
trols, and flight controls. Northrop Management System (VMS) network bandwidth control loops, according
Grumman Corporation and the Navy, based on its deterministic behavior, to Northrop Grumman engineer Mat-
along with their many partner con- speed, bandwidth, fault tolerance and thew Pugh.
tractors, selected the 1394b network long distance capabilities, and also The VMC incorporates guidance,
standard based on the success of the because 1394b enables operational navigation, and control as well as
F-35 program. software to be remotely downloaded subsystem processing that have been
Especially today, every investment you make has to earn its keep, and RF/
Universal Frequency Counters are no exception. The new Agilent 53200A
Series boasts greater performance than anything in its class, along with
important extras that may surprise you. Like a large color display for built-in
analysis, unprecedented connectivity and new measurement capabilities.
You get more than higher performance. You get insight. That’s Agilent.
performed separately on legacy air- 1394b serves X-47B's distance Technology has been widely used in
craft, according to Pugh. Compo- requirements the program. Both test systems are
nents residing on the 1394b network Commercial implementations of used as part of system debug and
serve the following systems: 1394b are typically limited to 4.5 me- sub-system qualification, as well as
• Vehicle Systems Processing, VMC ters between devices, but the X-47B module acceptance testing.
and RIO (remote input/output uses AS5643/1 specified active trans- "The success of 1394b in this
units). formers, quad cabling, connectors, high-profile, mission-critical pro-
• Guidance, Navigation and Control and termination methods to robustly gram led by Northrop Grumman re-
with all flight control surfaces, in- operated at distances up to 10 meters. flects the bandwidth, distance and
cluding ailerons, elevons, and spoil- These enhancements also ensure op- quality of service features enabled by
ers, use of data from the air data timal operation in the harsh tempera- the standard," said Richard Mourn of
probes and inertial electronics. ture and vibration environments that Astek Corporation, a member of the
• Subsystems such as weapons bay characterize safety- and mission-criti- 1394 Trade Association board of di-
door drives, precision navigation, cal applications for military and aero- rectors. "The guaranteed quality of
pump and valve control for the fuel space vehicles. service and predictable latencies pro-
and hydraulic systems; vided by 1394 are ideal for these
• Propulsion Systems EIUs (Engine Test requirements met by kinds of applications, as well as in
Interface Unit), and prognostics commercially available tools the consumer, computer and indus-
health area managers; To meet the special test requirements trial markets."
• Mission Systems including inter- for the X-47B design, test tool pro- For the 1394b standard, the suc-
face with the mission operator, viders were able to use existing and cess in the X-47B is its second suc-
waypoint management, mission commercially available technology cessful deployment as an aircraft
planning and validation, command to provide electrical signaling and VMS network. It has been success-
and control data link path with the protocol level tools. fully deployed in the F-35 Joint Strike
VMS; For example, Quantum Paramet- Fighter, where more than 70 1394
• Flight Test Instrumentation, in the ric's Signal Quality Tester provides devices are delivering information
form of a high-speed data acquisi- transmit signal integrity and receiver about mission details, communica-
tion unit on each bus for capturing sensitivity testing, and the FireSpy tion systems, weapon systems, en-
flight test data. 1394-protocol analyzer from Dap gine controls, and flight controls. ■
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Safety-critical MCUs
for embedded systems
Processor architectures play a critical roll
in the design of safe devices
BY KARL GREB system can operate uninterrupted or where either an attempt will be made
Functional Safety Technologist place itself into a safe state to prevent to recover from the fault and continue
and DEV PRADHAN injury or equipment damage. operation or the fault will be con-
Hercules Product Line Manager tained and the system put into a safe
Texas Instruments Safe island design operating state.
www.TI.com
Functional safety state of the art gen- Safety MCUs such as the RM4x
E
lectronics play an ever-increas- erally recognizes two categories of and TMS570 Hercules families from
ing role in products whose op- faults: systematic and random. Sys- TI employ an architectural concept
eration is critical to the preser- tematic faults often arise from errors known as a “safe island.” The basic
vation of human life, whether on the in the processes of development, man- idea involves a balance between ap-
factory floor, during your morning ufacturing, or operation, and are man- plication of hardware diagnostics
commute, in the operating theater, or aged via robust processes which in- and software diagnostics to manage
in myriad other locations. Ensuring clude checks and balances on each functional safety while balancing
these products always operate in a activity. Random faults are those that cost concerns. With this approach, a
“safe” manner and meet the stringent are inherent to an application, use core set of elements are given con-
functional safety requirements of case, or operating environment when tinuously operating hardware-based
standards such as IEC 61508 or ISO implemented within designed param- safety mechanisms. This core set of
26262 is a big task. eters. Since the inherent failure rate of elements — including power/clock/
Robust development processes, random faults typically cannot be re- reset, CPU, flash memory, SRAM,
in-depth hazard and risk analyses, duced, designs focus on the use of and their associated interconnect —
thoughtful system designs, and care- safety mechanisms to detect and man- is needed to guarantee functionally
ful selection of hardware and soft- age random faults. Once a fault is de- correct software execution
ware components are all critical to tected by a safety mechanism, the Once confidence in the correct op-
ensuring functional safety. Further fault must be signaled to the system eration of these elements is estab-
increasing the chal-
lenge for the design
engineer are aggres-
sive time-to-market
demands and cost
constraints that can
be found even in safe-
ty-related systems.
As with any elec-
tronic design, build-
ing a safe system re-
quires a balance of
reasonable risk versus
cost. The ultimate goal
of safety is to be able
to detect and recover
from errors so that the
lished, software executing on these on the CPU at a transistor-level using ample, both the A/D converters on a
elements can provide software-based the same design for test (DFT) struc- Hercules MCU can be configured to
diagnostics on other system elements, tures used to test the part during receive the same input signal and a
such as peripherals ports. This concept manufacturing. LBIST requires less check can then be done in software.
has proven viable through multiple execution than comparable soft- System lockup: Traditionally,
generations of safety-critical products ware-based diagnostic approaches, system lockup is detected using a
in the automotive area. and reduces the memory overhead to watchdog timer that requires the
For example, the Hercules MCUs store software diagnostics. The Her- software to regularly reset the timer.
have a variety of safety features in cules LBIST allows hardware tests to However, it is possible that a system
hardware (see Fig. 1). Hercules safety be executed in batch at power up or could become locked in a loop of
MCUs include three families — the in periodic time slices during normal code where the watchdog timer is re-
dual-core lockstep RM4x for high-per- operation. set. Such failures can occur from
formance applications, the dual-core Memory: Both flash (instruction software or clocking issues. A win-
lockstep TMS570 for transportation memory) and SRAM (data storage) dowed watchdog timer addresses this
systems and the single-core TMS470M must be watched over. Error-correct- issue by requiring the timer to be re-
for low-cost safety applications. ing code (ECC) technology encodes set within a defined window of time
data in a way that enables detection and triggering if the timer is reset
Hardware safety functions of corruption, and also allows cor- too soon.
Power, clock, and reset: Any com- rection of single-bit errors so
prehensive safety architecture must system operation can con-
start with a solid foundation. Ensur- tinue uninterrupted. In the
ing functional power, clock and reset unlikely event of two-bit er-
generation is key. A voltage monitor rors occurring within the
is used to detect out of range core or same block of memory, a
I/O supply voltage and put the device failure event is triggered to
into a reset state if faults are detect- alert the system that memo-
ed. Frequency drift and clock slip ry has been corrupted.
also need to be detected - all the way Traditionally, the ECC
from the main internal clock to all controller is integrated into
derived and distributed clocks. the memory block, which
Processor: The processor core is has the drawback that data
usually the most complex piece of is vulnerable while data is
logic and involved in almost every on the memory bus. Moving
operation, making it a natural candi- the ECC controller into the
date for using a lockstep safety mech- CPU addresses this issue
anism. With this approach, one of since the integrity of data is
Fig. 2: Safety features implemented in hardware reduces
the dual cores is wired to take the confirmed for the entire software overhead related to diagnostics by up to 30%.
same input as the functional core. A time it is not being stored by
compare module confirms that the the CPU. Because of the tight cou- Error signaling: If a failure does
outputs of the two cores are the same pling of the ECC controller logic and occur, the MCU needs to notify the
on a cycle-by-cycle basis. the CPU, no processor overhead is system’s safety-monitoring subsys-
To address the possibility of com- incurred for this safety mechanism tem so that it can place the system in
mon mode failure, as can occur with and it is checked by both the lock- a safe state. The MCU should also be
duplicated logic, temporal diversity step and LBIST diagnostics. able to provide detailed information
of the cores is considered, operating Peripherals: Hardware safety such as the severity of error.
the cores two cycles out of phase. mechanisms need to be allocated to
Physical design diversity is imple- peripherals for the management of Time to market
mented by flipping and rotating the random faults which are not easily Implementing safety features in
checker CPU with respect to the captured by software. Examples in- hardware not only accelerates time-
functional CPU. Guard rings also clude parity on peripheral SRAMs, I/ to-market, speeds certification and
provide an additional layer of physi- O loopback capabilities to check the results in more reliable system opera-
cal separation between operating input/output paths from peripherals, tion, it can reduce software overhead
and the checker care. When imple- BIST of peripheral memories, memo- related to safety diagnostics by up to
mented in a deep submicron process, ry protection units on bus master pe- 30% (see Fig 2).
providing a lockstep CPU does not ripherals, and limitation of control Safety-based MCUs most certain-
significantly increase power con- for critical configuration registers ly accelerate new design system cer-
sumption or reduce performance. based on CPU privilege levels. tification. And, MCUs like the Her-
As effective as a lockstep CPU im- Mission-critical signals: Real- cules series come with a
plementation can be, it cannot de- time checking of mission-critical sig- comprehensive safety manual and a
tect a failure until the circuitry is in nals, such as feedback information safety analysis report targeted at ei-
use. Logic built-in self-test (LBIST) from a motor, can be enhanced us- ther IEC 61508 2nd edition or ISO
diagnostics provide high coverage ing multiple input channels. For ex- 26262 standards. ■
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Data Security
M
obile communications has were developed. Many were inher- bile phones that include unique
grown at a phenomenal ently weak systems and were fre- pieces of hardware. Available for
rate since the first cell quently monitored and decoded. about $3,300, the General Dynam-
phone in the early 1970s. In fact, the More hardware muscle was required ics’ “Sectera Edge” was developed for
concept of going just about any- and in 1943 Bell Labs delivered two the NSA and supports communica-
where and staying connected has 50-ton room-sized hardware mon- tion certifications up to Top Secret
deeply impacted the framework of sters called SIGSALY that were used level. It is rumored to have replaced
society. For example healthcare data for safe communication with the Al- President Obama’s Blackberry.
is shared among medical profession- lies in Europe until 1946. At the other end of the spectrum
als using sophisticated portable de- Over the next 40 years, govern- are the analogue scrambler boxes –
vices and soldiers deployed in far- ments and military entities de- these connect between the headset
away places can receive real-time manded even greater focus on se- and the mobile phone, and require
situation information essential to cure voice and data. They advocated the user to work with a headset. At
their missions. for telephone communication, about $250 each, they offer limited
Keeping wireless information se- which then almost exclusively re- processing capability and need an
cure has always been an issue and is lied on landlines, scrambling and extra box that must be carried around
growing more so as devices become encrypting handsets such as the STE with your cell phone. Its advantages
more multifaceted and ubiquitous. (Secure Terminal Equipment); these are not widely embraced, and this
Software-based solutions have filled handsets are still used by the gov- shows that security features need to
the need by delivering mid-level se- ernment. One feature worthy of be seamless to be effective.
curity, but today the rules have note is that in the later versions of Some users rely on software only
changed. Stronger, hardware-based the STE, the crypto algorithm is solutions running inside the device’s
security is a requirement for virtual- contained in a standalone/plug-in operating system. With software
ly all business and personal commu- (Fortezza) PC-sized crypto card, a managing encryption processing,
nications. concept that has been reborn in to- key handling, and key storage, these
Enterprise users in government, day’s smartphone. functions are at least sometimes in
military, healthcare, and industry The large portable phones of the the open, leaving them potentially
have long demanded higher levels of 1970s and into the 1980s were usually susceptible to hacking or trojan at-
security and now individuals and installed in cars or carried in brief tacks. Further, with all the security
small business owners must safeguard cases. By the 1990s, truly portable 2G processing done by the device’s CPU,
information in the same way. All this phones were proliferating. This grow- the quality of the voice can often
is driving security developers toward ing popularity caused cellular opera- suffer. These solutions are not inex-
cost-effective, easy-to-use hardware- tors to use a GSM 64-bit encryption pensive, ranging from $500 to $750
based security that can lock down ev- algorithm (A5/1) to protect conversa- per user for appropriate features and
eryday portable devices such as smart- tions. By late 2008, this de facto wire- acceptable performance.
phones, tablets, and PCs. less standard had been completely
broken and offered no protection Hardware integration
Wireless growth and from a determined hacker. increases security
evolving threats The middle price bracket also offers
Basic telephone communication is Wireless security users hardware-based secure ele-
not secure and can be intercepted. options today ments, such as microSD type devices.
Improvements in this situation have Well before the GSM algorithm was This is where a secure processing
been driven by military conflicts broken users with confidential infor- chip is built into a microSD form fac-
High speed edge card connectors for rugged micro backplane applications.
SUDDEN SERVICE
Mobile information security needs to get smarter
Data Security
tor, creating a hardware element that opportunity for snooping, trojan, • Crypto algorithm strengths of:
can work in a standard “off-the- and hacking attacks. It includes an RSA 2048, SHA-256, AES-256.
shelf” smartphone (if it has a mi- • Secure crypto hardware certified
croSD slot). by Common Criteria EAL 5+
At the low end of the se- • An encryption module is
curity spectrum, appli- certified by NIST in the
cations use the secure U.S.
chip (usually an 8-bit • Unique private and
chip) to do strong au- public keys that are
thentication (hand- generated inside the
shaking to eliminate secure crypto hard-
“man-in-the-middle” ware at the first log-
attacks) and to store in, with a private key
keys. But the encryp- that is never ex-
tion processing is done posed.
in the open and again • A voice encryption
relies on the phone’s Fig. 1: Layout showing the components of the GO-Trust KingCall Scrambler. key (AES-256 session
CPU. To enable higher key) that is generated by
security, a microSD can integrate a application that maintains a private a true random number generator
32-bit crypto processor powerful network and keeps address books inside the secure crypto hardware
enough to do all the encryption and call history encrypted and se- and exchanged by RSA and Dif-
and decryption inside the secure cure and for less than $38 per user- fie-Hellman. It must be unique
crypto chip environment. month. for each phone call thereby sup-
For example, the GO-Trust King- These characteristics define ideal porting backward secrecy, even if
Call scrambler has encrypting and features for mobile encryption solu- both phones were stolen.
decrypting for all communications tions today: The ideal hardware-based solu-
on the microSD rather than on the • Secure crypto hardware for all tion would meet these criteria and
device itself, preventing data from cryptographic and key exchange also include a comprehensive and
being intercepted, and removing the operations easy-to-use caller interface. ■
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N
ow that the green revolution is any energy from the output capacitor. ing it with a MOSFET as shown in Fig.
firmly entrenched, power sup- Most burst-mode flyback control- 1b. This configuration is commonly
ply designers have successfully lers also implement quasi-resonant referred to as a synchronous flyback.
brought to market many innovative control. With quasi-resonant control, Here, this synchronous MOSFET is
techniques for reducing power loss. the controller monitors the trans- driven directly from an auxiliary
These techniques usually come with former winding voltage through the winding on the transformer.
tradeoffs, often as higher costs. Improv- auxiliary bias winding. At the end of Alternatively, the synchronous
ing efficiency at light-load conditions a switching cycle, after most of the MOSFET could be driven by the pri-
may require sacrificing power at heavy- energy has been depleted from the mary controller through auxiliary gate
load conditions, while the opposite transformer, the output diode is re- drive circuitry. In a synchronous fly-
may also be true. Here we look at ways verse-biased and the voltage on the back, the voltage drop across the MOS-
to improve efficiency across all loading drain of the primary MOSFET reso- FET is now reduced to the product of
conditions in offline flyback converters nates with the residual energy. The the current in the switch and the on-
for the commercial market. These sup- quasi-resonant controller takes ad- state resistance. This can dramatically
plies tend to be rated for <50 W and vantage of this resonance and waits increase the full-load efficiency of a
have output voltages of 12 V or less.
Diode-rectified flyback
The most common flyback converter
uses a diode to rectify the secondary
winding voltage on the transformer (see
Fig. 1a). At light loads, much of the pow-
er loss is related to the power supply’s
switching frequency. These losses in-
clude gate drive loss, COSS loss (output
Fig. 1: Simplified schematics of a diode-rectified flyback (a), synchronous flyback (b), and ideal
capacitance) in the main power FET, diode flyback (c).
and turnoff switching loss in the FET.
To improve standby power con- until the drain voltage is at a mini- power supply, especially for lower out-
sumption of commercial products, mum before starting a new switching put voltages like 3.3 and 5 V.
IC makers have developed families cycle. This reduces losses due to dis-
of pulse-width modulation (PWM) charging the COSS of the FET. By de- Synchronous flyback
controllers that implement a burst- fault, quasi-resonant control man- Unfortunately, light-load losses are
mode operation at light load. During dates discontinuous operation. sacrificed in the synchronous flyback
burst-mode the controller submodu- While diode-rectified flyback circuit of Fig. 1b. Unlike the diode rec-
lates the switching frequency at a controllers minimize light-load pow- tified flyback, the synchronous fly-
much lower frequency, sending er loss, their efficiency at heavy loads back allows current to flow in both
bursts of energy through the trans- usually is less than impressive. All of directions in the secondary winding
former. This dramatically reduces the energy transferred from the in- of the transformer. This forces the
the frequency-dependent losses. put of the power supply to output converter to run in continuous con-
These green ICs also tend to enter a must pass through the output diode. duction mode at all load levels.
state of reduced quiescent current dur- Power loss in the diode becomes one Even with no load on the output,
ing burst-mode to further reduce pow- of the biggest barriers to achieving there can be significant currents circu-
er losses. Because the output is lightly high efficiency at heavier loads. This lating between the input and output
loaded, the output capacitor is able to is particularly true at lower output capacitors. Additionally, during the
hold up the output voltage between voltages, where the ratio of the diode switching transition when the syn-
145 Adams Avenue, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA • Tel: (631) 435-1110 • Fax: (631) 435-1824
Improving efficiency across all loading conditions
Discrete Semiconductors
Fig. 3: A dual-
output USB charger.
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Elect ronic
OCTOBER 2011
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Passive
Components
Special
Capacitor 101��������� 41
Meeting shrinking
design objectives������ 48
Silicon-based timing
devices compete
with quartz ������������� 50
Electronic current
limiters offer
superior protection �� 54
Choosing inductive
components for
high-speed
interconnects ���������� 58
Testing passive
devices for
thermals and
noise effects ����������� 63
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special
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Capacitor 101
What they didn’t teach you in engineering school
BY DAVE VAN ESS other important parameter is the rat- poly carbonate, polyester), ceramic,
Application Engineer, MTS ed voltage. A good rule of thumb is to mica, glass, Teflon, foil capacitors, or
Cypress Semiconductor get a cap with a rated voltage at least film capacitors. It gets SOOO confus-
www.cypress.com twice the supply voltage. ing. Well let me try to simplify it.
Besides local bypassing, there will Use NP0 and X7R ceramic capacitors.
A
ll in all, they have a lot of nerve need to be a bulk capacitance. Gener- They will work most of the time. X7R
calling a capacitor a “passive” ally this is either tantalum or alumi- capacitors are an EIA class 2 dielec-
component (it’s more like pas- num electrolytic capacitors. Both tric. They are slightly piezoelectric
sive aggressive if you ask me). Like have polarity and can fail dramati- and are readily available in values
most of you, my first formal exposure cally if a reverse polarity voltage is from 100pF to 22 µF. They come in
to capacitors was in first year physics, supplied. However, they pack a lot of tolerances of ±5%, ±10%, and ±20%,
then again in my first electronics capacitance into a given volume. Tan- with a variation over temperature
class. I got even more in analog and talum is the preferred capacitance be- (–55°C, 125°C) of ± 15%. NP0 capaci-
fields and wave classes. In all cases, cause of its low equivalent series resis- tors are an EIA class 1 dielectric.
they were treated as ideal. THEY ARE tance (ESR). A model of the ESR is They have negligible piezoelectric ef-
NOT! I had to learn about real capac- shown in Fig. 1. fect and are readily available in val-
itors one mistake at a time. Here is ues from 1pF to 0.1 µF. They come in
what I have learned. tolerances of ±1%, ±2%, ±5%, and
Capacitors are used for the follow- ±10% (prohibitively priced below
ing different areas. I will discuss the ±5%), with a variation over tempera-
first three. ture of ± 30 ppm/ºC. The NP0 capac-
• Power supply decoupling. Fig. 1: The equivalent series resistance (ERS) itors are more accurate but they are
• Analog filters. limits the ability of a bulk capacitor to deliver also more expense and are limited in
or absorb current.
• Calibration and node tweaking. maximum values. With 5% NP0 ca-
• Energy storage. The purpose of the bulk caps is to pacitors and 1% resistors, it is feasible
supply or absorb pulses of current. to design multistage filters.
Power supply decoupling For an ideal capacitor, its impedance The limitation of ceramic caps is
One of the first designs I did right out to a step change is zero. This means a seen with filters with roll off frequen-
of collage was a digital board with a smaller tantalum cap can be used to cies below 1.5 Hz and high-resolution
handful of small-scale-integrated replace an aluminum cap. Tantalum dual slope ADCs. This limitation is
(SSI) ICs: I built it up, and of course it caps have better frequency charac- caused by dielectric absorption.
failed to work. I asked one of the se- teristics, are generally smaller values, Dielectric absorption is the in-
nior guys for help, and he asked where and are constructed from a dry pro- ability for a capacitor to release all its
the bypass caps were. I naively said cess that does not degrade over time. stored energy in a timely manner.
this was a digital design and didn’t Aluminum caps, for their part, are Figure 2 shows a very simplified mod-
need caps. He gave me a pained look cheaper. el of dielectric absorption.
and told me to go simulate a digital Rated voltage is important but so
inverter with Spice. I did so and found is the ripple voltage spec. With more Fig. 2: Very
that a significant pulse of current is switched regulators, the bulk capaci- simplified
dielectric
required of the supply whenever the tor is used to remove the ripple. The absorption
output transitions. The bypass cap al- ripple is seen across the ESR resistor model.
lows this current to be supplied with- and causes heat. Excess heat will de-
out impacting the supply. grade a capacitor and cause prema-
For bypass caps, I prefer 0.01 to ture failure. Think of the ripple as The dielectric absorption (DA)
0.1-µF Z5U ceramic caps. Z5U is an the sun, the ESR as a magnifying value is defined as the ratio of these
EIA class 2 dielectric that has a low glass, and the capacitor as the poor two capacitors and is expressed as a
cost, small size, and really rotten tem- bug. Too much heat, and something percentage. X7R ceramic capacitors
perature stability, but capacitance is going to die. have a DA of about 1% and are typi-
change as a function of temperature cally acceptable for filter values down
is not important in bypass caps. They Analog filters to 1Hz. Below that and you will need
can easily be found in a range of val- This is where things go nuts. You a “poly” cap. Polyester and polycar-
ues from 2200 pF to 3.3 µF. The only could use a poly cap (polypropylene, bonate capacitors have a typical DA
fciconnect.com/highspeed fciconnect.com/powersolutions
www.fciconnect.com
SPECIAL
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
D
esigners of power supplies and flows at switch-on of the PSU and is when hot. This offers an improved
battery chargers are faced with caused by the initial filling of the en- combination of high inrush suppres-
many requirements, driven by ergy storage capacity in reactive com- sion and low quiescent power loss.
the need to minimize manufacturing ponents. In most cases this is due to However, the design for hot running
cost while maintaining standards of charging of reservoir capacitors, but in means it is unsuitable for high-effi-
product safety. A key component some high-power applications it re- ciency supplies. Furthermore, a repeat
in realizing these require- lates to the magnetization of large switch-on whilst the NTC is still hot
ments is the line in- transformer cores. The restriction of will give little or no inrush limiting.
put resistor. inrush current protects rectifiers, pre-
vents unwanted fusing or circuit Transient overvoltage protection
breaker tripping, and avoids pollution Transient surges on a line input are a
of the line supply. common source of product failure and
If the maximum permissible value some level of protection against them
of peak current is known, the required is normally required. This type of sup-
resistance value is simply derived from ply line disturbance can, for example,
the line voltage divided by the maxi- arise when a lightning strike occurs
mum peak current. The worst case of close to power lines and a transient
switch-on at a voltage peak should be high voltage is induced in the power
considered, and the peak value of line system. A common standard for simu-
voltage is the figure to use. This gives a lating the resulting surge is IEC61000-
minimum ohmic value and this may 4-5, which describes a 1.2/50-μs pulse
be raised to give a safety margin, but (see Fig. 1). The maximum permissible
Selecting unless there is a relay shorting the in-
a line input rush resistor after switch-on, this must
resistor is not a simple task, and in- be balanced by the need to limit quies- Fig. 1: 1.2/50-μs
volves many conflicting factors. On cent power loss. pulse shape.
one hand, the resistor must be suffi- The other critical factor to define is
ciently robust to survive repeated in- the surge rating required. If the input
rush surges and occasional power line resistor is wirewound, the manufac-
transients. On the other hand, the re- turer should be able to give a surge en-
sistor is often relied on for failsafe ergy rating in joules. This represents
flameproof fusing in the event of a the energy capacity of the windings
short-circuit bridge or capacitor fail- alone, but if the inrush time constant
ure. And, while safety is always para- is around 100ms or more, there is time
mount, certain applications come for heat to be conducted into the resis- peak voltage of this pulse across a re-
with additional requirements like si- tor core, so the effective energy capac- sistor is limited by pulse energy con-
lent fusing, so that in the event of fail- ity is greater. The inrush energy dissi- siderations and increases with resis-
ure, a consumer is not alarmed. pated in the resistor is independent of tance value.
ohmic value and simply equals that In a typical arrangement the input
Functions of the line input stored on the charged capacitor of C resistor is followed by a varistor (see
resistor farads charged to V volts, as given by Fig. 2), which limits the transient volt-
A line input resistor has several poten- the formula: age to a safe level. The resistor restricts
tial functions, the relative importance the peak current in the varistor and
of which varies between applications. E (joules) = ½ CV2 shares the surge energy with it, there-
C A PA C I T O R S O L U T I O N S F O R P O W E R E L E C T R O N I C S
SPECIAL Line input resistors for chargers and supplies
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
by lengthening its life. When calcu- electronics engineers for a solution. Top ten design tips
lating the peak voltage across the resis- For this, customer safety was para- 1. Flameproof wirewound resistors are
tor, allowance should be made for the mount, but another key requirement commonly the best choice for line in-
varistor clamping voltage and, for low was for low impact, silent fusing. The put due to good surge performance
resistance values, the source imped- aim was to avoid consumer concern coupled with failsafe fusing.
ance of the surge generator. that could result from visible or audi- 2. Carbon composition technology
The first of these is defined on the ble signs of the failure. In short, if a can be used for extremely high surge
varistor datasheet, and should be sub- fault developed, the product should energy density, but cannot fuse safely.
tracted from the peak voltage appear- fail gracefully with isolation from 3. If multiple wirewound resistors are
ing at the supply line terminals. The line voltage achieved both safely and needed to meet a surge rating, use a
second is normally 2 Ω, and the resid- silently. series combination rather than paral-
ual peak voltage is split between this In wirewound resistors the core lel. Not only does this share the volt-
and the resistor in proportion to their acts as a heatsink for the wire element. age stress as well as the thermal stress,
ohmic values. For ohmic values above This can delay the fusing resulting in but also, lower ohmic value wire-
wound resistors have higher energy
capacity.
4. Take great care if using film resistors
in this application. Metal oxide, thick
film or untrimmed metal film can be
appropriate but only for moderate
surge requirements. Trimmed metal
film types should be avoided.
5. In evaluating the surge and fusing
Fig. 2: The circuit with the 10R resistor calculated in Equation 1. capability of resistors through testing,
be aware that there can be batch-to-
about 40 Ω, the effect of this source the body and coating reaching high batch variations. Ideally resistors with
impedance is negligible. temperatures. Depending on the over- specified surge and fusing perfor-
For example, with a surge peak of load power applied, this can result in mance should be used.
4 kV and varistor clamping voltage fragmentation of the coating and ion- 6. Flameproof resistors will not ignite.
of 700 V, the 10R resistor in Fig. 2 ization of the air close to the point of However, under limited overload lead-
will see fusing. If this ionization occurs close ing to slow fusing times, the body
to the cap edge and at a voltage peak in temperature can become high enough
Vpk = (4,000 V – 700 V) x 10/12 = the mains cycle, it can initiate a mo- to ignite adjacent materials. If this is a
2,750 V (Eq. 1) mentary flashover outside the compo- possible fault condition, it is vital that
nent body. This releases far more en- sufficient clearance from plastics and
Fail-safe fusing ergy than is required to fuse the wire other components be provided. Also
The third function performed by a element. Although the opening of the PCB standoff by leadforming could be
line input resistor is failsafe fusing in circuit is safe for most applications, it used.
the event of a short-circuit failure of may not be silent. 7. Faster fusing under limited overload
rectifiers or capacitors. In this event, TT electronics engineers addressed conditions can be obtained from a
rapid positive opening with line volt- this issue in close collaboration with wirewound resistor with a glass fibre
age standoff is called for. In some cas- the customer to refine a new coating core instead of a ceramic core.
es, limited overload conditions apply material and process that delivers si- 8. In extreme cases of limited overload
and low-power fusing must be de- lent fusing performance without ad- fusing requirements a series connect-
fined. versely affecting either safety or cost. ed thermal fuse is needed to restrict
For certain end markets it is desir- The new multilayer coating has a the body temperature. This can either
able to use a fusible component with flammability rating of UL94-V0 and be discrete or integrated to form a tem-
UL recognition to UL1412. This makes shares the same high temperature and perature-limited resistor. If discrete,
obtaining UL approval easier and en- insulating properties as standard sili- assembly must ensure good thermal
sures that safety-critical aspects of cone cement. However, it is more com- contact.
electrical performance and ongoing pliant and therefore better able to ab- 9. It is possible to reduce component
consistency of manufacture are inde- sorb the thermal and mechanical count in UL approved designs by us-
pendently verified. TT electronics has stresses of an element fusing without ing a UL-recognized fusible resistor
a range of options in UL File Number fragmenting. instead of a resistor with a separate UL
E234469. This silent fuse coating is one of a recognized fuse.
range of options available in the WP-S 10. The effect of moderate surges on a
Case study Series of wirewound resistors covering wirewound resistor is generally a slight
When a high-volume manufacturer ratings from 1W to 5W which can be increase in ohmic value due to oxida-
of consumer appliances faced the tailored to meet the most demanding tion. A decrease in value is due to an-
challenge of defining the exact fus- of line input resistor applications. It is nealing reducing resistivity and is in-
ing mode under wide range of over- also used on the ULW Series, which is dicative of higher surge stress. Changes
load conditions they approached TT a UL1412-recognized version. exceeding 5% should be avoided. ■
-5
-15
Tunable Stopband Frequency: 3.6 to 12.2 GHz -20
Tunable Stopband Rejection and Bandwidth -25
BAND PASS
Freq. Return 3 dB Low Side Rejection High Side Rejection Tuning Part
Range (GHz) Loss (dB) Bandwidth (%) Frequency (Rej. >20 dB) Frequency (Rej. >20 dB) Response (ns) Number
1-2 10 11 0.8 x Fcenter 1.2 x Fcenter 200 HMC890LP5E
2 - 3.9 10 9 0.9 x Fcenter 1.15 x Fcenter 200 HMC891LP5E
4 - 7.7 15 9 0.9 x Fcenter 1.13 x Fcenter 200 HMC892LP5E
4.8 - 9.5 7 6.5 0.9 x Fcenter 1.1 x Fcenter 200 HMC893LP5E
5.9 - 11.2 7.5 6 0.92 x Fcenter 1.08 x Fcenter 200 HMC894LP5E
9 - 19 9.5 18 0.81 x Fcenter 1.17 x Fcenter 200 HMC897LP4E
10 - 18 11 9 0.89 x Fcenter 1.1 x Fcenter 200 HMC896LP4E
11.5 - 21.5 9 17 0.81 x Fcenter 1.16 x Fcenter 200 HMC898LP4E
18.5 - 37.0 10 18 0.81 x Fcenter 1.20 x Fcenter 200 HMC899LP4E
BAND REJECT
Passband Freq. Rejection Band Pass Band Stop Band 20 dB Tuning Part
Range (GHz) Tuning Freq. (GHz) Insertion Loss (dB) Rejection (dB) Bandwidth (%) Response (ns) Number
NEW! 0.1 - 25 3.6 - 12.2 3 25 8 200 HMC1000LP5E
LOW PASS
Freq. Return Cutoff Frequency Stopband Frequency Tuning Part
Range (GHz) Loss (dB) Range (GHz) (Rej. >20 dB) Response (ns) Number
DC - 4.0 10 2.2 - 4.0 1.25 x Fcutoff 150 HMC881LP5E
DC - 7.6 10 4.5 - 7.6 1.23 x Fcutoff 150 HMC882LP5E
Meeting shrinking
design objectives
Double-action tactile switches combine
miniaturization with increased functionality
BY JEROME SMOLINSKI Flexibility in design
C&K Components, Newton, MA The flexibility of switch components
www.ck-components.com Fig. 1: The KMT0 series switches are
is instrumental in their ability to meet
designed without plating, sealed with
C
onsumer electronics, particu- application-specific needs of consum- Teflon films and adhesives to prevent the
larly the portable variety, re- er devices, particularly handheld de- ingress of fluids, and provide maximum
reliability.
quire advanced components vices such as mobile phones, MP3 ac-
that combine miniaturization with in- cessories, and Bluetooth headsets.
creased functionality. These design Tactile switches are inherently smaller provides a robust solution with sealing
objectives can be difficult for engi- and more flexible than many other to up to IP68 specifications, and
neers to meet without sacrificing per- switch technologies, such as pushbut- doesn’t allow perspiration or other liq-
formance and/or operating life. tons. These types of switches afford uids to corrode the switch. It also al-
Highly reliable miniature switches the capability of multiple mounting lows the designers to apply conformal
can play a major role in advanced elec- and actuation configurations, provid- coating on its board such Parylene or
tronic devices that need significant ing greater flexibility along with the other hydrophobic material. Many
space and weight reductions along ability to configure the switch for ap- critical devices require “zero defect”
with increasing performance and de- plication-specific needs. components, given the nature of the
vice longevity. New tactile switch de- application, and portable equipment
signs not only meet the size require- Reliability used in the field have no room for de-
ments of portable consumer devices, Reliability is another major require- vice failure.
but also the functionality, perfor- ment for switch manufacturers de-
mance, and durability to withstand signing consumer electronic devices, Life expectancy
harsh environments. particularly handheld devices that are Standard pushbutton switches have a
constantly exposed to severe environ- typical life cycle of around 30,000 ac-
Miniature switch functionality mental conditions, such as vibration, tuations, while typical tactile switches
The significant size constraints associ- violent impacts against the ground, can reach a range of 100,000 and
ated with handheld and portable de- and contaminants such as moisture, 300,000 actuations, respectively, with a
vices have forced switch manufacturers humidity, and dust. target goal of up to 600,000 for future
to develop miniature electromechani- Designing switches with or without tactile switch designs. A long operating
cal switches with increased functional- plating is another decision. Plating the life is due in part to a resistance to shock
ity. Low-profile double-action double- stainless-steel contacts with gold or sil- and vibration of 10 to 500 Hz and an
tactile switches are now being designed ver to resist corrosion requires deposit- operating temperature of –40° to 85°C.
into handheld and portable electronic ing a nickel underlay to chemically The miniaturization trend of mo-
devices that require a specific ergonom- prepare the surface to accept the plat- bile and handheld devices continues
ics, such as a focus and shutter release ing, but this degrades the stainless steel to be a driving factor in the develop-
on a digital camera or mobile phone. itself, downgrading the overall capaci- ment of innovative switches. Ultra-
The advanced double-action double- ty of the product to resist corrosion. As miniature double-action switches pro-
tactile switches provide fast, repetitive a result, designing the switch without vide a nice tactile feel and are an ideal
action in these handheld consumer plating could be much more effective. solution for applications requiring a
electronics applications. The increased Unfortunately, without plating, the small footprint and good tactile feed-
functionality from the miniature dou- switch exhibits extremely high and back on both actions. Because electri-
ble-action double-tactile switches can variable contact resistance, which is cal and mechanical specifications in
enable designers to eliminate compo- not compatible with the current levels consumer applications are critical —
nents from their designs, decreasing seen in many handheld consumer de- tolerances are extremely tight and
the weight and size of an end product. vices, and thus has the potential to product profiles are small — and de-
Some miniature double-action compromise the switch design. With velopment cycles and lead time re-
double-tactile switches on the market all of these considerations in mind, quirements are short, switch manufac-
today are offered in package sizes as the most effective solution is to seal turers that develop flexible and reliable
small as 2.6 x 3.0 x 0.7 mm, including the switch using Teflon films with ei- devices are at a distinct advantage for
the height of the actuator. ther acrylic or silicon adhesives. This design wins. ■
Failure may not be an option, but it’s always a possibility. That’s why Maxim’s power-supply managers embed a unique “black box”
failure-logging function, along with multiple channels of power and thermal management. Measurements are stored in on-chip
flash, allowing you to rapidly determine root cause and get your customers back online quickly.
DIRECT ™
© 2011 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. All rights reserved. Innovation Delivered, Maxim, and the Maxim logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc., in the United States and other jurisdictions throughout the world.
All other company names may be trade names or trademarks of their respective owners.
SPECIAL
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
T
iming components are extreme- ty (how the frequency varies with
ly important in electronics. The temperature), accuracy (closeness to
clock signal in every digital target frequency over voltage, stress,
Fig. 1: Silicon MEMS
electronic system is its heartbeat, to shock, vibration, time) and jitter timing components
which all signals in the system are (variation in the actual clock edges in standard plastic
packages.
synchronized. Because of its impor- from their ideal location).
Put our
innovative new products
problem-solving
expertise to work for you!
Quartz timing where the mechanical resonator is As can be seen from the table,
components, in spite of manufactured and vacuum sealed in both Silicon MEMS and Quartz tim-
their limitations, have Silicon. In this case, a high-Q MEMS ing components offer very high per-
been extensively used resonator die is bonded together formance and can be used in virtu-
The electronics industry has been with an analog circuit inside a stan- ally any application. While quartz
using timing references that are dard semiconductor plastic package. timing components are still used ex-
based on quartz (also known as crys- tensively, Silicon MEMS timing solu-
tals) for the past few decades. De- tions have made significant inroads.
pending on the type of the system,
“With the introduction The semiconductor-based Silicon
MEMS and Compensated LC timing
two kinds of components are used – of semiconductor-based components both offer the benefits
a quartz crystal resonator, which is a
mechanical vibrating element, and a timing solutions, the of flexibility, features, supply chain
quartz crystal oscillator, which mar- simplification, lower cost, and inte-
ries a resonator with an electrical cir- timing components gration over quartz-based timing
products. However, because of their
cuit to output a clock signal. industry is undergoing lower performance, Compensated
A quartz crystal-based reference is
commonly used as the timing refer- significant changes.” LC timing components cannot be as
ence because it performs well on the widely used as Silicon MEMS timing
key technical parameters listed components. To-date, most of the
above. However, for a quartz crystal b. Using compensated LC oscilla- applications for Compensated LC
device to perform well, it has to be tors (with no moving components), have been in microprocessor, memo-
manufactured very painstakingly, with low-Q in an analog circuit, ry and USB 2.0 clocking.
which compromises on features and which is then packaged into stan- With the introduction of semi-
supply-chain flexibility. Because of dard semiconductor plastic package. conductor-based timing solutions,
the lack of alternate timing compo- Table 1 compares MEMS-based os- the timing components industry is
nents, the electronics industry has cillators, quartz crystal oscillators, undergoing significant changes. The
accepted these limitations, such as: and LC oscillators. Cells highlighted increased competition will only re-
a. Using only a few standardized in blue indicate the best specifica- sult in more benefits for electronics
frequencies because they are easier and tions in that row. manufacturers and consumers. ■
more cost-effective to manufacture.
b. Using additional devices with ex-
tra cost and board area, such as volt-
age-level translators, buffers and spread
spectrum clock generators because this
functionality is not integrated or avail-
Specialty Connectors
able from quartz devices.
c. Using expensive ceramic pack-
aging that is only available from a
& Harnessing
few suppliers, and has leakage or
availability issues. Custom connectors &
d. Placing production orders for value added assemblies for
timing components 6 – 16 weeks in
advance, to ensure that manufactur- military, commercial &
ing of a complex system is not held industrial applications
up by availability issues on timing
components.
• Audio, circular and
hermetically sealed connectors
Semiconductor-based
timing components address • Connector harnessing built to IAW,
quartz limitations IPC-A-610 and J-Std-001
Recently, semiconductor manufactur- • Complete electro-mechanical assembly
ers have begun to offer reference tim- and testing services
ing components which do not use • Custom connectors can be designed to meet
quartz technology, and address the RTCA/DO-160 Section 22 Lightening Strike
quartz limitations without compro-
mising performance, flexibility, fea- • EMI filtered connectors with complex
schematics available
tures, and cost. There are primarily
two approaches to implementing all-
silicon timing references that can be Give us a call at 888.267.1195
integrated inside plastic packages: or visit SpecEMC.com
a. Using micro-electro-mechani-
cal systems (MEMS) technology,
A
new method of circuit protec- and typically enter the electronic sys- the transient voltage developed
tion allows designers greater tem along inter-equipment wiring. across the overvoltage protector from
flexibility and increased reli- Two primary methods exist for imple- exceeding the ratings of the protect-
ability while reducing the time to menting protection against surge ed equipment.
market. The long-accepted assump- threats, namely diverting (shunting) Thermally activated devices are
tion that hundreds of amperes and or blocking the surge. “let-through” energy dependent,
thousands of volts cannot be blocked Conventional protection methods which means that their activation
with a cost-effective circuit protec- used today are mostly based on shunt- depends upon a product of the
tion solution is now changed with ing architectures to divert the cur- square of the RMS current, the resis-
the availability of electronic current rent. This is due to the widespread tance of the protector, and the time
limiter (ECL) devices. perception that only higher-priced duration of the current. Testing is re-
This circuit protection technolo- devices are readily available to shunt quired to assess the performance of a
gy introduces a solution that effec- faults of hundreds of amperes and design and to ensure adequate pro-
tively protects sensitive electronic thousands of volts. tection within a specific system.
equipment within nanoseconds of a It is important to note, however, This requirement has created the
power threat, and provides the added that none of the available shunt de- vast array of testing and design stan-
benefit of being resettable. ECLs are vices is sufficient to protect electronic dards. However, due to the significant
designed to work with existing cir- equipment by itself. For example, amount of let-through energy required
cuit protection solutions to virtually non-semiconductor surge protectors, to activate the overcurrent protectors
eliminate latency. The result is supe- such as the gas discharge tube (GDT) in use today, virtually all existing de-
rior surge protection for a variety of are slower to react, allowing high and signs have inherent weaknesses such
applications. often dangerous voltages to occur as sneak currents, fast-rising voltages,
Offering an optimal circuit pro- prior to the activation of the GDT. high energy surges, or surges of a par-
tection solution, ECLs block a surge As a result, GDTs typically do not ticular frequency or a particular rate of
rather than shunting it for both keep voltages low enough to provide repetition. These weaknesses can cause
power cross and lightning threats. adequate protection by themselves. field failures, resulting in lower system
ECLs also provide extremely effec- reliability and the possibility of incur-
tive, wide bandwidth circuit protec- ring costs for maintenance and re-
tion against lightning, power induc- placement devices.
tion, power cross and short circuit
events at a reasonable cost. This ar- Ideal circuit protection
ticle will discuss conventional de- Fig. 1: ECL devices Blocking a transient through an elec-
vices that often fall short of full cir- provide superior tronic current disconnecting mecha-
cuit protection. It will also examine circuit protection.
nism rather than an energy depen-
ECL devices and present how design- dent thermally activated device is
ers can use them as an ideal circuit the ideal form of circuit protection.
protection solution for sensitive elec- And, the alternative semiconductor- ECL devices (see Fig. 1) allow for su-
tronic equipment. based overvoltage protection devices perior surge protection because their
tend to have limited current han- high-speed protector blocking tech-
Conventional surge dling capability. nology virtually eliminates latency
protection Hence, protection systems are in the circuit protection design,
Surge protection is the process of pro- usually based on a number of coordi- which always limits the current to
tecting electronic systems or equip- nated stages of overvoltage and over- less than a specified amount for
ment from currents and voltages that current protection devices. Either a complete protection.
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continued manufacturing, re-creation, special product agreements, and inventory.
I
mpedance matching and filtering workers can be eliminated. Once the PCB techniques are used to more ef-
of high-speed Ethernet data is market improves, it can take several ficiently manufacture reliable, con-
commonly performed using months to train and develop a new sistent structures.
hand-wound toroidal coil transform- workforce and reestablish supply The process starts by drilling con-
ers and chokes. These devices are continuity. trolled-depth holes in FR4 PCB and
relatively bulky compared with oth-
er modern components, and so must Fig. 1. Once the PCB is
drilled, ferrite cores are
typically be mounted on the pc inserted and an epoxy
boards adjacent to the RJ-45 connec- polymers is applied (a)
tor. Some innovative designs inte- Standard drilling forms
the vias that go on the
grate a small pc board (PCB) with
inside and outside of the
hand-wound transformers into the ferrites to form windings
base of the RJ-45 connector to pro- once both sides of the
vide a fully-filtered Ethernet jack. PCB are metallized,
etched, and soldered. A
And in applications where ganged special technique for
ports are required, it is common to creating differential
find these magnetic components in- toroidal pairs is part of a
wide-band planar
corporated into a back-plane PCB. transformer patent.
However, all of these implanta-
tions have one element in common Such a work-force situation can inserting ferrite cores [Figure 1(a)].
– multiple hand-wound toroidal obviously lead to extensive product Then an epoxy polymer is applied
coils. For such hand-wound coils, supply shortages and quality issues. that fills the cavities as well as sur-
the ability to predict performance As the demand for Ethernet ports rounding and protecting the ferrite.
and yield becomes increasingly dif- continues to increase, and more and The special epoxy has characteristics
ficult, especially at frequencies of 1 more of these ports support 1-Gbit or that allow manufacturing processes
GHz or higher. The continued use of even 10-Gbit data rates, the data similar to FR4 for panelization, drill-
hand-wound coils at higher frequen- communications industry is looking ing, and vias to create the PCB two-
cies will mean more errors, more for alternatives to wound coils. layer process.
production rejects, lower yields, and, After the epoxy polymer is cured,
consequently, higher prices. In addi- Magnetics in the substrate a planarization process ensures a
tion, the amount of labor content One alternative can be found in ad- very flat structure. Next two prepreg
will increase as well — further in- vanced magnetic technology. By le- treatments are performed at elevated
creasing costs.
Hand-wound coils will undoubt-
edly remain popular for lower-fre-
quency interconnects and in lower
volume applications. Today, magnet-
ic windings are predominantly man- Fig. 2. High-volume PCB technology combined
ufactured by hand in factories in with proprietary manufacturing techniques has
lead to a highly precise planar magnetic device
China. With about 100,000 people that is mass produced and cut into die-like
winding these coils, manufacturing units as indicated here.
BODY ARMOR
FOR SWITCHES
Back-up secondary seal Standard black or gray
or matched to any color
Molded-in mounting nut
100,000 min. actuations
Patented perimeter
sealing rib prevents IP66/68 Rated.
leakage past mounting High tear-strength hostile
hole. No O-ring environment-resistant
required. silicone rubber.
Temperature range
-94°F to +400°F
®
C UL RecognizedUS
Switch/Circuit
Breaker housing
Call/click for catalog & samples
HEXSEAL® HERMETIC BOOTS DEFEND
AGAINST HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS
HEXSEAL boots increase reliability & prolong life by
hermetically protecting unsealed switches, circuit breakers,
potentiometers and encoders from hostile contaminants
& actuator-function interference by blocking water, dust,
dirt, ice, solvents, etc. Many HEXSEAL® sealing boots can
also suppress EMI/RFI. Meets MIL-DTL-5423 specs. Toggle,
pushbutton, rotary, rocker & armored versions.
View website
800.498.9034 apmhexseal.com
Fig. 5. Use of
Fig. 4. The cable- embedded planar
side differential magnetic
return loss of technology results
connectors in a simpler
utilizing integrated
embedded connector module
magnetic product (ICM).
technology (blue)
is demonstrably
more repeatable
than that of
equivalent
connectors with
hand-wound coils
(red).
cations. In general, design margins small form factor footprint, such as wound coils are be-
can be reduced compared to wound laptop and notebook computers. coming more evident.
coil designs (see Figure 4). Magnetic components are an es- As shown in the ta-
A fully integrated connector utiliz- sential aspect of high-speed data ble below, evalua-
ing the embedded magnetic product communications interfaces. As data tion of three key
technology (Figure 5) targets applica- rates continue to increase, the design design criteria can
tions that require reduced height and and production limitations of hand provide guidance
on whether to consider hand-wound
Coil selection criteria ferrite coils or embedded planer mag-
netic product technology.
Criterium Hand-wound coils Embedded planar magnetics A white paper that provides more
Data Rates 10/100 Mbit; 1Gbit 1Gbit; 10 Gbit information about the new Planer-
Volume Low to medium Medium to high Mag product technology is available
for download at www.te.com/pla
Quality/repeatability Low to medium High
narmag. ■
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Mechanics of noise
Though often lumped together, the
mechanisms of thermal noise, low-fre-
quency noise, and thermoelectric
EMFs (or thermals) aren’t identical.
Thermal or Johnson noise develops
when the trajectories of conduction
electrons in a material are altered by
the thermal vibrations of its mole-
cules. These scattered electrons devel-
op noise voltages when they travel
Superior Solutions
for Industrial
Figure 2: To test for self-heating effects, a power step is applied to one
resistor in a two-resistor 2.5-kΩ network at constant ambient
temperature, and the thermoelectric voltage on the other resistor in the
network, seen above, is observed. When the power step is removed, the
thermoelectric EMF returns to the previous level.
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E M O UNT forming this type of testing requires a suring the voltage across it with the
C
S U R FdA t h r u - h o l e )
sensitive digital voltmeter (e.g., a nanovoltmeter. Once again, allow the
Keithley’s Model 2182A Nanovoltme- device to stabilize at 0°C.
s
(an
n s f o rmer ter) to ensure sufficient measurement The resulting plot of voltage vs.
Tr a d u c t o r s accuracy and resolution. time provides a good indication of
& In
This procedure is useful for charac- the device’s thermoelectric perfor-
terizing a passive component’s ther- mance. The difference between the
moelectric EMF performance in a 0°C thermoelectric voltages at each tem-
does
the conditions it would experience in temperature gradients.
actual use. If residual thermoelectric voltages
1. Mount the passive(s) under test are present, then either the compo-
.19"ht.
4. As quickly and repeatably as covery time. As in Figure 2, power dis-
possible, shock the device by raising sipated within a component can fuel
the temperature to 50°C while mea- the thermal gradients that cause the
suring the voltage across it with the thermoelectric EMFs. ■
• Audio Transformers
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PICO Electronics, Inc.
143 Sparks Ave. Pelham, N.Y. 10803-1837
NS Inductor Applications: DC-DC converters | Industrial Grade
Applications | Cellphone Base Stations | LED Driver Circuits
800-348-2496
68 ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS www2.electronicproducts.com OCTOBER 2011
PRODUCT Consumer Electronics
APPLICATION
Class D amps in today’s
high-power audio apps
BY ASHISH GOKHALE signal, adds power amplification in the quency, leaving only the amplified ana-
Marketing Manager, Isolation Products digital domain, and then converts the log audio signal that ultimately drives
Silicon Labs, www.silabs.com digital signal back to analog at its output. the speakers. Audio output fidelity is fur-
T
he continuing demand for higher As shown in Fig. 1, the incoming audio ther enhanced by the outer feedback
audio fidelity, lower system cost, signal is applied to a pulse-width modu- loop from the filter input to the error
and reduced power consumption lator (PWM), which consists of an opera- amplifier input thereby reducing distor-
is accelerating the adoption of Class D tional amplifier and a comparator. This tion and noise.
amplifiers in today’s high-power audio modulator digitizes the audio input by
applications. Although traditional ana- varying the modulator duty cycle in di- Class D amplifier design
log implementations, such as Class AB rect proportion to the instantaneous Power efficiency
topology, are more complex and less ef- value of the audio input signal. Historically, analog power amplifiers
ficient than Class D systems, they have This PWM signal is level shifted and have relied on linear amplification cir-
dominated the high end of the audio applied to a gate driver that switches a cuits that are prone to high-power losses.
market on the merits of their high-fi- two-state power cir-
delity performance. The good news is cuit consisting of
that Class D systems are quickly nar- MOSFETs (M1 and
rowing this performance gap with sim- M2). The resulting
pler, more efficient designs that offer amplified signal
fidelity capable of surpassing that of then passes through
analog amplifiers. an output filter, Fig. 1: Class D
amplifier with
A Class D audio system converts au- which removes the gate driver.
dio signals at its input to a digital PWM PWM carrier fre-
A
s designers develop today’s in- smart power
and energy
creasingly complex smart-grid (SPE)
systems, they are challenged platform.
with determining the appropriate mix
of processing elements and discrete
components to use to optimize system
performance. This article will exam-
ine the benefits of integrating a float- (GPP) to enable optimized processing power line communication (PLC) pro-
ing-point digital signal processor (DSP) by each core. The DSP can handle dif- tocols in real time as well as smart-
with a general-purpose processor ferent wireless communication and power algorithms while the GPP can
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)25(;75(0($33/,&$7,216 :LGH7HPSHUDWXUH5DQJH &WR&
,62
888-837-8772
www.rohde-schwarz-scopes.com
Smart Grid
Metrology
scope’s
bandwidth
Accurate measurements of electrical
processed to recover the true-rms val- systems are essential to the develop-
ue. It is necessary to integrate the ment and stability of the smart grid.
Rogowski output waveform, M(di/dt), These measurements are used to de-
where M is the mutual inductance of tect symptoms of poor power quality When it comes to small signal
the coil and i is the current, as shown in the grid. Phenomena can lead to bandwidth, engineers need a
in Fig. 4. The integrator can be imple- false tripping of relays, blown fuses, gradual signal roll-off to avoid
mented with DSP or analog circuits. and failure of electrical equipment, seeing a lot of ringing and
among other problems. Moreover, overshoot in the time domain.
identifying and eliminating poor
power quality can lead to a signifi-
0
cant reduction in revenue waste. Ac-
-5
forms better than an analog-based in- €150 billion in Europe alone. -20
Ideal Gaussian response
tegrator in low frequency noise rejec- Electric metrology involves the -25
tion, minimum phase error over the measurement of parameters such as -30
Other scopes
entire frequency band, and providing rms current and voltage, reactive, ac- -35
wide dynamic range. All of these are tive and apparent power components -40
10 8 109 1010
very important for smart-grid applica- and the frequency of a power signal.
tions because in order to determine Often, the calculation of these me-
the power quality of the grid under se- trology parameters involves the use Today’s digital scopes employ
vere conditions, accurate current de- of several multiply-and-accumulate very sharp, high-order frequency
tection and power analytics are re- operations. For example, one way to responses that trade minimum
sampling rates for maximum
bandwidth. The result is high
overshoot and ringing when
measuring typical digital signals.
smart grids
a 5 or 10mV/division setting and
use a digital zoom to “get down to”
a 1mV/division setting. This tactic
signiƛcantly increases noise while
Renewable energy is creating the lowering the accuracy. As a way to
need for utilities to capture and store reduce the noise, some oscilloscopes
limit bandwidth on low volts per
electricity for later use division settings, while others do not
A modern electricity network offer the 1mV/division setting at all.
BY TOM LARSEN
Palladium Energy Primarily driving this demand is
www.palladiumenergy.com the smart grid, which has been in
development since 2005. According
F
rom Burlington, Vermont, to to recent industry reports, in the pe-
Bangalore, India, the global riod between 2009 and 2014, the
electrical grid is based on de- United States’ smart grid industry
cades-old technology and for years revenues will double, and global
has suffered from low levels of in- revenue is projected to skyrocket to
vestment. All of that is changing as over $150 billion by 2014.
the industry enters an unprecedent- I n c r e a s i n g l y,
ed era of innovation, and it is no co- smart grids are de-
Try the scope that has a true,
incidence that lithium battery livering clean power
pack technology advance- from regions that have low noise performance and highly
ment is happening si- an abundance of sun or wind, accurate 1mV/division setting.
multaneously. which is why governments are of-
With the global fering incentives for building out Discover how your digital scope
growth of renew- new transmission lines and replac- may be misrepresenting results at
able energy, such ing aging ones with superconduct-
as that produced www.rohde-schwarz-scopes.com
by solar collec- Fig. 1:
tors and wind Lithium-
turbines, the based 888-837-8772
batteries
need for utilities target
to capture and store the
electricity for later energy
storage
use is becoming in- market
creasingly important.
According to a recent
report by the Renewable
Energy Policy Network, renewable ing high-voltage direct-current pow-
energy now accounts for 20% of er lines, which are super-chilled to
global electricity. As demand for boost capacity and can carry giga-
power-generating capacity contin- watts of electricity.
ues, lithium battery technology is The smart grid, using a computer-
playing a major role in meeting this ized demand response program,
need through stationary (large for- pulls energy from distributed-power
mat) storage batteries and smart me- projects, like solar panels (that use
tering systems. photovoltaics to generate electrical
Such a modernized
electricity network
is being promoted
smarter, faster, smaller by many global
At CUI, our approach is to develop smarter, faster, smaller power modules.
Whether it’s an embedded ac-dc power supply, a board level dc-dc converter,
or a level V external adapter, we continuously strive to keep our power line, that
governments and
ranges from 0.25 W to 2400 W, ahead of the curve. utilities as a way
of addressing energy
Check out the latest addition to CUI’s power line: independence,
720 W Novum Intermediate Bus Converter
global warming and
emergency resilience
Highlights
¬ Industry leading power density peaking generation by leveling the
¬ Driven by CUI’s patented Solus loads and time-shifting periods of
Power TopologyTM peak demand on the grid. Lithium-
ion’s high energy density (storage)
¬ DOSA compliant pin-out
capabilities allow it to efficiently
supply power and dampen power
Specifications fluctuations during these daily nee-
¬ 720 W / 60 A output dle peaks in electrical usage.
¬ 1/4 brick package In addition to lithium’s long life
NQB2 1/4 Brick ¬ 36-60 Vdc input range span, low maintenance costs, ease
IBC Converter of installation and space-saving at-
¬ Up to 96.4% efficiency
tributes, which are all very impor-
tant in the development of micro-
grids, utilities are becoming
increasingly attracted to this tech-
nology. In addition, expected price
cui.com/power drops stemming from increased
worldwide production capabilities
www.rohde-schwarz-scopes.com
888-837-8772
Audio Precision
In July, Audio Precision (http://ap.com/)
announced two new interface options
for its APx500 series audio analyzers:
the APx Bluetooth option for measur-
ing audio over Bluetooth wireless
technology, and the HDMI option
with Audio Return Channel (ARC) for
measuring ARC audio in HDMI 1.4a
devices. At the same time, version 2.8
of the APx500 software was released
to support the new interfaces, as well
as deliver new audio measurements
and feature improvements.
Booton
In June, Boonton, a Wireless Telecom
Group (www.wtcom.com) company,
launched the Amplifier Test Bench, a
new software package that simplifies
test and certification of RF amplifiers.
The software not only supports analy-
sis of pulsed and linear amplifiers, it
also measures gain over frequency and
gain over input power. The software
supports both fast Boonton peak pow-
er meters 4540 and 4500B and a vari-
ety of standard generators. No pro-
gramming knowledge is required.
Narda Safety Test Systems make complex measure- enable the generator to
Last month, Narda Safety Test Systems ment tasks significantly cover ranges from 100 kHz
(www.narda-sts.us), an L-3 Communica- easier. to 20 GHz and 40 GHz, re-
tions company, introduced two porta- The company also an- spectively. Even at these
ble instruments — the NIM-511 and nounced last month that high frequencies, the sig-
NIM-513 industrial field meters —de- the SMB100A signal gen- Rohde & Schwarz FSW signal nal source makes no com-
and spectrum analyzer
signed specifically for measurement of erator was moving into promises in terms of out-
electromagnetic fields found in indus- the microwave range. The SMB-B120/ put power, spectral purity and cost of
trial environments such as RF heat seal- B120L and SMB-B140/B140L options ownership.
ers and vinyl welders, semiconductor (L versions without step attenuator) Richard Comerford
fabrication equipment, RF induction,
dielectric dryers and heaters, and plas-
ma generation systems. The battery-
powered meters allow industrial plant
managers and safety professionals to
accurately ensure compliance with the
IEEE C95.1-2005 standard and recom-
mendations from ICNIRP that dictate
maximum permissible exposure to
electromagnetic fields.
Rigol
Rigol Technologies (www.rigol.com) in-
troduced the DSA1000A series of 2-
and 3-GHz spectrum analyzers, de-
signed to improve efficiency with a
new interface as well as a widescreen
construction, new key layout and fea-
ture set. These analyzers are intended
for bench top or field service measure-
ment in the cellular, education, auto-
Rigol
DSA1000A
seires
spectrum
analyzers
T
ransformers and inductors are integral parts of electronic design. They
are used in a variety of circuits from power supplies and converters to
filters and voltage regulators. They are passive devices which come in a
wide range of sizes, types and operational parameters. Their recent design
trends, driven by the proliferation of hand held and mobile electronic de-
vices are pushing miniaturization, weight reduction and surface mount
technology. However, whether the components are intended for sophisticat-
ed integration or a simple base circuit, transformer and inductor manufac-
turers are constantly striving to improve performance and design character-
istics to meet application demands. Here is a sampling of some of the latest
products and innovations.
www.schurterinc.com/new_cbes
• rear mounting threaded neck fits 3/8” cut-out. Comes with • Thin-film Resistors
metal nut or plastic nut to meet China RoHS. Optional IP65 • Inductors
protection cover available. • Diodes
Garrett
Electronics Corp.
ph 800 767 0081
fax 805 922 3643
www.garrettelec.com
Certified
ISO-9001:2008
custserv@garrettelec.com
fields. Measuring a compact 7.8 x 5.2 DR79893 feature a "flat wire" design tween coil and core and have a Class
x 1.8 mm, 8300 Series inductors are that is coiled and mounted directly to E Insulation rating making them op-
specifically designed for power ap- the circuit board. erable up to 120°C (248°F) tempera-
plications with restricted PCB space This allows for ex- tures. The DR79892 has a rated in-
and height. They can be used in a tremely efficient ductance of 2.5 µH and current of 45
broad range of consumer electronic heat dissipation, re- A while the DR79893, 40 µH and 30
designs such as hand held devices sulting in superior A, respectively. The rugged design of
and notebook computers. component perfor- these components make them ideal
mance and reliabil- for heavy-duty commercial and in-
Conical inductors ity. Both inductors are insulated to a dustrial environments.
The new "C" series broadband coni- minimum of 100MΩ at 500 Vac be- Michael J. Kawa
cal inductors from Gowanda Elec-
tronics (www.gowanda.com) feature
a unique, space-saving 3-in-1 design
which can replace three inductors
with one conical device. Their preci-
sion winding, wire selection and coil
configuration enable the devices to
give a predictable frequency response
over a wide band with a repeatable
RF performance. They are tailored
for communication applications and
offered in standard and custom
broadband conical design options.
Typical operation is from 40MHz to
40GHz with a power capability up to
150 watts. The inductors are avail-
able in a variety of sizes and come in
standard through-hole (offered with
flying-leads) and surface mount de-
signs (aided by a ruggedized carrier.)
Gate-drive transformers
A newly developed series of EPCoS
brand EP5 SMT pulse transformers
has been released by TDK-EPC (www.
epcos.com) . These devices operate at
switching frequencies in a range from
150 KHz to several megahertz and are
specifically designed to couple gate-
drive circuits to MoSFETs and IGBTs.
They use a special winding technolo-
gy to enhance performance by sub-
stantially minimizing stray induc-
tances and parasitic capacitances
between windings. The transformers
are available in a wide range of turns
ratio, polarities and outputs which
gives them a great deal of design flex-
ibility. Their small size — only 8.1 x
6.7 x 5.4 mm — is due to the use of
miniaturized EP5 cores. The tiny,
highly efficient devices are targeted
for use in half- and full-bridge con-
verters as well as frequency converter
or inverter applications.
Flat-wire inductors
Datatronic Distribution (www.
datatronics.com) has come out with a
pair of flat wire inductors that excel
in high temperature power supply ap-
plications. The DR79892 and the
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS www2.electronicproducts.com OCTOBER 2011 87
NEW Components & Subassemblies
PRODUCTS edited by p.o’shea, c.nickolas, r.comerford and c.mathas
See more online at electronicproducts.com/cs
Bundled ZMOTION Occupancy Detection Option ZMOTION Intrusion Detection Solution Bundled ZMOTION Intrusion Detection Option
(ZMOT0BSB0A0AG) (Z8FS021AHH20EG) (ZMOT1AHH0G0AG)
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Lens l
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e
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or Pyro "MBSN0VUQVU or
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For over 35 years ims has been a premiere provider of precision thick & thin film
off-the-shelf & custom resistors. We stock millions of resistors for same day shipping
making ims your source for passives.
50 Schoolhouse Lane Por tsmouth, RI 02871
— engineering samples available.) quency pull range. Such applications to 155.52 MHz. Measuring 7.0 x 5.0 x
Pulse Electronics, San Diego, CA require a typical phase noise at 1-kHz 1.4 mm, the parts offer a supply volt-
Information 858-674-8100 offset to be less than –120 dB, phase age of 3.3 V. (ea/10,000 — $1.0 to
info@pulseelectronics.com jitter from 12 kHz to 20 MHz offset to $12.0 (depending on input and out-
www.pulseelectronics.com be typically less than 0.3 ps rms, and put levels) — available now
pull range to exceed ±100 ppm, pro- Pericom Semiconductor
Silicon carbide JFETs viding wider frequency adjustment to
the input frequency variation.
San Jose, CA
Information 800-435-2336
target high-end audio Popular frequencies include 16.384 www.pericom.com
SJEP120R100A and SJEP120R063A
silicon carbide (SiC) JFETs provide
15% lower cost, high linearity, and
low distortion
in high-end
audio applica-
tions. The de-
vices devices
are compatible
with standard
gate-driver ICs and feature a positive
temperature coefficient for ease of
paralleling; extremely fast switching
with no tail current at up to a maxi-
mum operating temperature of
150°C; and a low R DS(on) max of 0.100
and 0.063 Ω, respectively.
Switch Up to ±320V @ 200mA with TTL Level Signals
Devices are available in TO-247
packages and the 100-mΩ part is also Switches Typically 14.5:, Pairs Matched to 0.1:
available in die form for integration VDD=3.3V
into modules. (Contact company for
price and availability.) CPC7514 S1
SemiSouth Laboratories
Starkville, MS CLARE
Matched Pair 1-2 S2
Information 662-324-7607
www.semisouth.com
S3
Tunable filters offer S4 Matched Pair 3-4
new frequency ranges
The AP-mini-30-88/AP-mini-90-200/
AP-mini-200-400 digitally tuned Switch State Control & Latch
bandpass filters are ideal for military Two-Stage Current Limit
radio applications and join the previ- Thermal Shutdown
ously released 30 to 90-MHz model
AP-mini-30-90. GND
The AP-mini-30-88 offers a fre-
quency range from 30 to 88 MHz, TTL Level Control
the AP-mini-90-200 from 90 to 200
MHz, and the AP-mini-200-400 Robot Communication and Control
from 200 to 400 MHz. (Contact Sales Control 110VAC power to small AC loads
for pricing and availability)
API Technologies, Windber, PA
Switch two telephony lines with dual matched pairs
Information 908.546.3903 Connect critical instrumentation to high-voltage circuits
sales@apitech.com Make BITE smaller, more robust, more reliable, and less expensive
www.apitech.com
Clare, an IXYS Company Three Levels of Built-In Protection
ASSP VCXO suit 78 Cherry Hill Drive
Beverly, MA 01915 • Initial Current Limit
telecom,networking apps 978-524-6768
• Secondary Current Limit
The ASSP VCXO (Applications Spe- • Thermal Shutdown
cific Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscil-
lators) products meet the demanding
Pb RoHS
2002/95/EC
e3
needs of telecom and networking ap- www.clare.com/Products/QuadAnalogSwitch.htm
plications by offering ultra-low phase
noise, low phase jitter, and wide-fre-
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS www2.electronicproducts.com OCTOBER 2011 93
Contact
LEADING EDGE,
COST-EFFECTIVE
POWER SOLUTIONS
Western/Midwest Region
Corporate Headquarters
2390 Owen Street
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Fax (408) 588-1751
Southwest Region
2102 Business Center Dr.
Suite 203A
Irvine, CA 92612
Fax: 949-253-4174
Eastern Region
1900 West Park Drive
Suite 280
Westborough, MA 01581
Fax (508) 983-1444
us today!
(866) 588-1750 | www.powergatellc.com | sales@powergatellc.com (866) 588-1750
www.powergatellc.com
sales@powergatellc.com
WEB-SITE PRODUCT
SELECTION MENU
LISTED BY
AC-DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE
ITE / Industrial Power Supplies
* Open-Frame 5-350 W
* U-Frame / Bracketed 10-500 W
* Covered / Enclosed 10-1,000 W
* Covered with Fan 200-3,000 W
* Desktop Switchers 10-230 W
* Wallmount Switchers 6-25 W
* Encapsulated Switchers 5-120 W
* Modular & Configurable 300-1,000 W
Medical | Healthcare Power Supplies
* Open-Frame / U-Frame 5-350 W
* Covered & Covered with Fan 15-650 W
* Modular & Configurable 300-900 W
* Desktops & Wallmounts 15-180 W
* Encapsulated & PCB Mount 5-50 W
* Medical DC-DC Converters 2-6 W
LED Power Supplies
* IP64 Rated 20-100 W
* IP65 Rated 100-320 W
* IP66 Rated 60-100 W
* IP67 Rated 18-320 W
ULTRA-WIDE 4:1 INPUT DC-DC CONVERTERS * Constant Current
* Constant Voltage
16-320 W
18-150 W
Ultra-Wide Selection of High Performance Products for Industrial & DIN Rail Power Supplies
* DIN Rail Mount 15-960 W
OEM & Industrial Applications from 2~200 Watt * High Peak Load 100-1,000 W
* Encapsulated Switchers 5-120 W
VIN RANGE Redundant Power, Chargers & Inverters
OUTPUT
SINGLE
TRIPLE
POWER FOOTPRINT SMD DIP 4.5-18 9-36 18-75 VOLTAGES SERIES * Current Sharing 24-3,000 W
2W ● ● ● ● ● 5~30VDC ● ● TDR2-WI * DC-AC Inverters 200-3,000 W
0.74 x 0.50 x 0.35”
3W ● ● ● ● ● 5~30VDC ● ● TDR3-WI LISTED BY INPUT
3W 0.94 x 0.54 x 0.31” ● ● ● ● 5~30VDC ● ● THL3-WI
DC-DC & OUTPUT VOLTAGE
* Single In-Line Package (SIP) 1-3 W
6W 0.87 x 0.80 x 0.40” ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● THL6-WISM
* Wide 2:1 Input Range 1-600 W
5W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● TEN5-WI
* Ultra-Wide 4:1 Input Range 2-200 W
8W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● TEN8-WI * Surface Mount Converters 1-30 W
1.25 x 0.80 x 0.40”
12W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● THD12-WI * High Density Bricks 50-600 W
15W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● THD15-WIN * Non-Isolated POL 1-30 Amps
10W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● THL10-WI * 300VDC Bus Converters 50-1,500 W
15W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● THN15-WI * Chassis Mount & DIN Rail 5-1,000 W
1.00 x 1.00 x 0.40” * High Isolation 2-6 W
20W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● THN20-WI
20W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● THL20-WI
15W ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● TEN15-WI
20W 2.00 x 1.00 x 0.40” ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● TEN20-WIN
30W ● ● ● 1.5~30VDC ● ● ● TEN30-WIN 376 PAGE CATALOG
40W 2.00 x 2.00 x 0.40” ● ● ● 3.3~30VDC ● ● TEN40-WI
75W ● ● ● 3.3~48VDC ● TEP75-WI
160W 2.28 x 2.40 x 0.50” ● ● ● 3.3~48VDC ● TEP160-WIR
200W ● ● ● 3.3~48VDC ● TEP200-WIR
Power
PRODUCTS Sources
edited by paulo’shea
See more online at electronicproducts.com/ps
GlobTek’s ex-
panded power line
now includes mul-
tiple families of
Compact supplies built-in redundancy diode allows for
parallel and n+1 operation. An out-
Wall Plug-in &
comply with DIN 43880 put fail alarm is also available. ($386
Desktop Level V
Power Supplies.
The Epsitron Compact DIN-rail ea/100 — available now.) Designs have reg-
mount power supply line suit restrict- Absopulse Electronics ulated outputs
ed installation depths and comply Carp, Ontario, Canada voltage from: 3.3-
with DIN 43880, specifying equip- Carole Lombard 613-836-3511 48 Vdc in 0.1V increments, up to 90W. Features:
O.C., S.C., O.V., Thermal Protection; meets mul-
ment dimensions for distribution and absopulse@absopulse.com tiple International Safety Agency for ITE &
meter panels. The www.absopulse.com Medical applications. All Models carry agencies’
units feature from logos and CE-Mark. GlobTek offers a 5-year
30 to 100-W power
and provide 12- and
LED driver module warranty.
GlobTek, Inc., N.J.
24-Vdc outputs. receives UL recognition Sales 201.784.1000
sales@globtek.com
The DIN rail The E100W24V-D LED driver for http://www.globtek.com
mounted supplies general illumination is now a UL rec-
carry UL Protection Class II and use ognized component (E341875) for
from 85 to 264-Vac inputs. The sup- safety in the U.S. and Canada. It
ply design supports building auto- meets applicable UL 1310 Class 2 and
mation and can be mounted upside- GlobTek’s series of “Smart” Li-On chargers
UL 8750 requirements.
offers a compact &cost effective, solution for
down within ceiling panels. It uses The LED driver module is part of charging GlobTek* Lithium-Ion and Lithium
constant current mode for switch- the eDriver product family designed Polymer battery
ing-in loads with high inrush cur- specifically for SSL applications. It packs. Features:
rents. During overload, output cur- features up to 100−W constant volt- single or multiple
rent is typically limited to 110% of age output power, is 1.33-in. high bay cradle, custom
the rated current with a simultane- and 17.36- charging schemes,
battery condition
ously lowered output voltage. (Con- in. long, before bulk charg-
tact 800-346-7245 for price and accepts 90 ing, programmable
availability.) to 300 Vac charge timer back-
Wago, Germantown, WI input, and provides onboard dim- up, charge status
Sales 800-346-7245 ming to <10%. The driver offers a LEDs. Multiple bay chargers have the option of
info.us@wago.com minimum power factor of 0.90 and an MCU incorporated for battery identification,
www.wago.us status & temperature using HDQ from
total harmonic distortion of <20%. BQ27000. *or equal
Full-load efficiency at 110 Vac is 84% GlobTek, Inc., N.J.
1,000-W dc/dc converter and 87% at 220/277 Vac. It suits lin-
ear lighting applications where driv-
Sales 201.784.1000
sales@globtek.com
suits harsh apps ing multiple strings of LEDs from a http://www.globtek.com
The BAP 65-125-XXFT series rugged, single output is required. ($100 ea/
industrial quality dc/dc converters de- prototype qty — available now.)
liver up to 1,000−W continuous out- ERG Lighting, Endicott, NY GlobTek’s Li-On Battery Packs are comprised
put power. The 155 x 64 x 300−mm Information 800-215-5866 of single or multiple cells rated 3.7V up to
5200 mAh each. Cells can be packaged with
sized units deliver 24-V/40-A or 48- ssl@ergpower.com Seiko S-8232AKFT-T2 control chip protec-
Vdc/20-A output and accept input www.erglighting.com tion & TI
voltages of 110 Vdc or 125 Vdc. Other BQ27000 based
input/output values are also available.
The converters are rated for full
250-W supply targets fuel gauge circuitry
included. Addi-
specification from 0º to 50°C. They medical apps tional features:
protection from
meet EN61373/IEC61373 shock and The PPWAM250 series ac/dc power Short Circuit, Over
vibration standards and are filtered supplies offer 250−W output power voltage, Over cur-
to meet EN 55022 Class A EMI re- and are compliant with UL/ rent, Under Voltage, Overcharge, Over dis-
quirements. Protection includes in- cUL60601-1 and TUV 60601-1 medi- charge, Over Temperature. The packs are a
rush current limiting, reverse polar- cal safety standards. They accept a Polycarbonate/ABS mixture frame or case,
ity protection, and continuous 90 to 264−Vac input. contacts made of nickel & frames designs are
sealed in an ET label material. Modified and
current limiting with short-circuit The medically compliant supplies Custom Designs are also available on all of
protection with no hiccup. Efficien- feature regulated voltages ranging the above.
cy is typically 85% at full load. Out- from 12 to 48 Vdc with no minimum GlobTek, Inc., N.J.
put ripple/noise is less than 1% peak- load. The 3 x 5 x 1.38-in. open-frame Sales 201.784.1000
to-peak and combined line/load units suit designs with space con- sales@globtek.com
regulation of less than ±1% from straints and provide up to 250 W http://www.globtek.com
zero-load to full load. An optional with 17−cfm forced air. They feature
1 Ampere non-isolated
Step-down
Switching Regulators
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TSRN 1 series: A high efficiency
Operating at Full Load alternative to linear
voltage regulators
200 watts to 200 kilowatts – industry leading
range of fully programmable DC loads.
• Efficiency up to 95 %
• Suitable for positive
and negative output circuit
• Compact SMD or SIP package
• Operating temp. range
-40 °C to +85 °C
• No heat sink required
• Trusted AMREL eLoad™ brand • Over temperature protection
• Most flexible platform – modular and standalone systems • Short circuit protection
available in both benchtop and rackmount configurations • Excellent line / load regulation
• Air or water cooled options
www.tracopower.com
Go Direct
Don’t squeeze out product performance,
put up with erratic deliveries, or accept poor
DC/DC Converters!
• 1W to 40W Output Power
customer service to meet tight budget con-
straints. At MicroPower Direct we keep our • Wide 2:1/4:1 Input Ranges
costs down and pass the savings on to our • EN 60950 Approvals (UL)
customers. Get great customer service, fast • Very High Isolation Models
on-time deliveries and experienced techni- • Industry Standard Pin-Outs
cal help on well over 4,000 standard, high
AC/DC Power Supplies!
performance DC/DC converters, AC/DC
switching power supplies, POL switching • 3W to 800W Output Power
regulators and high brightness LED drivers. • EN 60950 Approvals (UL)
New products are being introduced regu- • EN 55022 B Compliance
larly. And all are offered at very low cost. • Multiple Packaging Options
Many of our products have industry stan- • Active PFC Meets EN 61000
dard pin-outs. If you’re using a product
LED Drivers!
that’s too expensive
or getting poor del- • Constant Current Outputs
ivery support; give • 300 mA to 2.1A Out
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Call MPD today for Switching POL Regulators!
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For our new LED samples, go to: • Industry Standard Pin-Outs
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POWER
The VYB series of dc/dc converters feature a 4:1 input that provide outputs rang-
ing from 10 to 20 W. They are packaged in an industry standard 2 x 1-in. foot-
print. The converters target battery-driven applications where
charging and discharging conditions require an ultra-wide in-
put range. The temperature range extends from −40° to +85°C.
They are available in +3.3, +5, +12, or +15 Vdc single output
SUPPLIES
HIGH- QUALITY AT LOW PRICES
models and ±5, ±12, or ±15 Vdc dual output models. They accept
* pricing valid till 12/31/2011
input voltages from 9 to 36 Vdc or 18 to 75 Vdc. Outputs are fully
regulated to within ±0.5% over all line input conditions and ±1.0% for all load
conditions. The converters have an input to output isolation of 1,500 Vdc across
the range. ($19.74 ea/100 — available now.)
CUI, Tualatin, OR APS151MP
MEDICAL
Sales 800-275-4899 sales@cui.com www.cui.com/ 150 Watts 1-4 Outputs
60-W adapter offers Level V efficiency 3 x 5 x 1.40” Open-Frame
Industrial & Medical
The PSA60R 60-W R-series wall-mounted adapter provides international ac-
Safety Approvals
clips, offers Level V efficiency. The ac/dc adapter is available in outputs of
12, 24, and 56 V over a standard dc cable. It suits gaming machines, net-
working devices, peripherals and portable equipment
applications.
The double-insulated, Class B EMI power adapter has
overvoltage, short-circuit, and overcurrent protections,
and has a no-load power draw of <0.3 W. Additionally it
$93
has minimum efficiency ratings of 87% to 92%, and has
safety approval markings from CE, cUL/UL, C-Tick, and SAA. Ac-clips are
available for Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Korea, India, the
100 pcs*
United Kingdom, and the United States. (From $35.10 each — available now.)
Phihong USA, Fremont, CA (COVER OPTION)
$',9,6,212)32:(50$7(7(&+12/2*<&2/7'
DC to DC Converters
$85
100 pcs*
APS250EMG MEDICAL
• High efficiency standard, modified 250 Watts
standard and custom build Medical & ITE Approvals
• Up to 200 watt single, double & triple Level V Efficiency
output 7.46 x 3.74 x 1.89”
• 2:1 or 4:1 ultra-wide range input
• Cost effective small possible sizes for
board mount
• Extensive technical support
$99
OEM quantities*
Toll Free: 1-866-997-3853
Email: sale-usa@pduke.com ADVPOWER .COM
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(925)734-3060
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS www2.electronicproducts.com OCTOBER 2011 99
NEW
NO EOL PRODUCTS
JFETS
edited by christinanickolas, jimharrison and paulo’shea
See more online at electronicproducts.com/ic
TO-92 HIGHLIGHTS
Zero-drift, 36-V op amp is industry’s first
Second Source
Used in high- and low-voltage supply applications requiring ultra-high preci-
sion, such as test and measurement equipment,
electronic weigh scales, medical instrumentation
Replacement and flow meters, the OPA2188 zero-drift, 36-V op-
erational amplifier is offered as the first of its kind.
for Compared to the competition, the dual-channel
Fairchild
op amp provides a 4x improvement in offset volt-
age drift (0.03 µV/°C), 60% improvement in initial
offset voltage (25 µV), and twice the bandwidth at
the same power consumption (2 MHz at 475 µA).
Additional features include a low noise of 8.8 nV/√Hz and an input com-
mon mode range extending from negative rail to within 1.5 V of the positive
rail, which saves additional circuitry and enables 5-V, single-supply operation.
Housing is in 3 x 5-mm MSOP or 5 x 6-mm SOIC packages. ($1.40 ea/1,000;
Universal EVM, $5 — available now.)
Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX
Information 800-477-8924 www.ti.com
Tool inserts board library. After the user sets the select- hygrometer data-
ed instruments’ configuration pa- logger comes with
tester into an FPGA rameters, ScanWorks automatically a temperature-hu-
The FPGA-controlled test (FCT) tools generates all the constructs for the midity probe and
for the ASSET ScanWorks platform embedded tester, creates the soft- 2-Gbyte SD card.
lets designers select the instrument ware image of the tester need to pro- The datalogger fea-
paradigms (e.g., oscilloscope testing, gram the FPGA, inserts the tester tures automatic
logic analysis, signal generation) into the FPGA, and provides a drag- temperature com-
they need, set test parameters, and and-drop user interface for control- pensation for dew
insert the isntrumentation into an ling the FCT. (Development license point, wet-bulb, and thermocouple
FPGA so it can function as a circuit- pricing, $35,000 — available in De- measurements.
board-tester-on-a-chip to perform cember.) The device has an automatic pow-
validation, test, and debug. ASSET InterTech er off function to extend battery life,
Richardson, TX and holds readings and displays
Sales 888-694-6250 maximum and minimum readings.
Fax 972-437-2826 (From $385 — available now.)
as-info@asset-intertech.com Omega Engineering
www.asset-intertech.com Stamford, CT
Information 203-359-1660
Handheld datalogger info@omega.com
has temperature/ www.omega.com
2-core PXIe controller tegration with traditional standalone also offer built-in AM, FM, PM, PWM,
instruments using connector. The and FSK modulation, without ran ex-
handles fast data xfer module is preloaded with OS, con- ternal modu-
Used in combinations with the troller and chassis drivers, soft front lation source.
M9018A PXIe chassis, the three-slot panel, and I/O libraries that include Both units can
M9036A 2.4-GHz PXIe embedded VISA, Agilent Connection Expert, also function
controller, which is an Intel Core i5 and I/O monitoring. (From $6,600 as a 200-MHz
2.4-GHz dual-core processor, can de- — available now.) frequency
liver 4 Gbyte/s data rates for peer-to- Agilent Technologies counter, and a
peer applications, the highest-through- Santa Clara, CA USB Device/Host interface allows
put PXI test Sales 800-829-4444 storage of waveforms and setups.
platform capa- www.agilent.com (SDG1005, $399; SDG1050 $599 —
bility available. available now from Saelig.)
The chassis/ Saelig
controller plat-
5, 50-MHz sig gens are Pittsford, NY
form can ac- priced under $600 Sales 585-385-1750
cept legacy PXI Employing direct digital synthesis info@saelig.com
i n s t r u me nt s (DDS) technology, the Siglent 5-MHz www.saelig.com
while provid- SDG1005 and 50-MHz SDG1050
ing up to 8 GByte/s of system band-
width with dual x8 express links. The
function / arbitrary waveform gen- 5-kVac dielectric tester
erators offer dual, independent chan-
controller can also operate in a four- nels with adjustable relative phase delivers 100 mA
link configuration, providing compat- and are available for $399 and $599, The Hypot III model 3780 dielectric
ibility with existing PXIe chassis. respectively. In addition to sine withstand tester can produce up to 5
The controller has a removable waves, they also provide square, kVac at 100 mA (500 VA). Designed
160-Gbyte solid-state drive, 4 Gbyte pulse, ramp, and arbitrary waveforms for use as either a bench top tester or
RAM upgradable to 8 Gbyte, and as well as white noise. an integrated component of an auto-
built-in front panel connectors for Along with 125-Msample/s sample mated workstation, the tester pro-
USB, LAN, DVI-I, GPIB, ExpressCard rate, 14-bit resolution, and 16-kpoint vides a graphic LCD for test set-up /
34 and an SMB trigger to simplify in- waveform record length, the units recall as well as an RS-232 interface.
stay
connected Over 800 styles in stock and more options
than any manufacturer in North America
s
Available in diameters
from .008” (.20mm) to .250” (6.35mm)
s
Receptacles feature a 4 or 6 finger beryllium copper
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Suitable for applications subject to high amounts of
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advertiser index This index is provided as an additional service. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.
Absopulse Electronics Limited ..................... 98 Floyd Bell, Inc. ......................................... 112 Newark Electronics ......................................... 9
Advanced Interconnections Corp. ............... 24 Garrett Electronics, Corp. ............................. 86 Octagon Systems Corp. ................................ 72
Advanced Power Solutions ........................... 99 Globtek Inc. ................................... Cover 1, 95 OKW Enclosures Inc. .................................. 107
Agilent Technologies ............... Cover 2, 23, 37 Hammond Manufacturing Co. ................. 110 Omega Engineering, Inc. ................................ 1
AKM Semiconductor Inc. ........................... 101 Harting, Inc. ................................................ 5 Panasonic Industrial Co. ...................... 51, 112
Allied Electronics Inc. ...........................Cover 3 Harwin ........................................................... 18 Pduke Technology ......................................... 99
Ametek Programmable Power ...................... 96 Hittite Microwave Corp. ............................... 47 Pico Electronics Inc. ............................. 68, 105
APM Hexseal ................................................. 60 Integrated Power Design ............................... 19 Positronic Industries ..................................... 55
Aries Electronics ............................................ 24 International Mfg. Services ........................... 92 PowerGate LLC. ...................................... 94, 96
Arrow Electronics .......................................... 59 International Rectifier ................................... 89 Precision Paper Tube Company ................. 108
Avnet Electronics Marketing ..................38, 91 Ironwood Electronics .................................. 112 Premier Magnetics Inc. ................................. 32
BelFuse Inc. ................................................... 61 IxyS Corportaion .......................................... 66 Probe Master Inc. .......................................... 87
Blockmaster Electronics .............................. 112 Keystone Electronics Corp. ..........................71 Recom Power, Inc. ........................................ 33
Bud Industries Inc. ...................................... 108 KOA Speer Electronics, Inc. .......................... 76 Rigol Technologies ...................................... 103
Carling Technologies Inc. ............................. 64 Krohn-Hite Corp. ........................................ 112 Rochester Electronics .............................. 56, 57
Carlisle Interconnect Technologies .............. 17 LeCroy ............................................................ 15 Rohde & Schwarz .................. 73, 75, 77, 79, 81
Central Semiconductor ................................ 35 Linear Integrated Systems ........................... 100 Saelig Co. .....................................................80
Cirrus Logic ....................................................... 7 Linear Technology Corp. ............... Cover 4, 13 Samtec Inc. .................................................... 31
CIT Relay & Switch ....................................... 92 LxD Inc. ...................................................... 112 Schurter Inc. .................................................. 86
Clare, Inc. ...................................................... 93 Martek Power Inc. ......................................... 65 Spectrum Advanced
Coilcraft ........................................................ 10 Master Bond Inc. ...................................... 109 Specialty Products ............................. 52, 53
Coilcraft-CPS ................................................. 85 Maxim Integrated Products .......................... 49 Spectrum Sensors & Controls ................. 62, 63
Cornell Dubilier Electronics ......................... 45 Measurement Computing Corp. .............. 104 State of the Art, Inc. ...................................... 82
CUI Inc./V-Infinity ....................................... 78 Meder Electronics ......................................... 60 Statek Corporation ................................ 90, 112
Datatronics, Inc. ............................................ 84 Memory Protection Devices ......................... 98 Syfer Technology Ltd. ................................... 67
Data Translation, Inc. ................................. 102 Micrel, Inc. .................................................... 27 Taiyo yuden (U.S.A.), Inc. ............................ 68
Digi-Key Corporation ........................2, 25, 106 Micro Power Direct ....................................... 97 Toshiba Amer Electronic Cmpnts. ............... 29
Elma Electronics, Inc. ................................... 81 Mill-Max Mfg. Corp. ................................... 109 Tyco Electronics-Circuit Protection ..............70
Epcos AG ....................................................... 67 Mouser Electronics ....................................... 40 Voltage Multipliers Inc. ................................ 84
E-T-A Circuit Breakers ................................... 21 MS Kennedy Corporation ............................ 83 Wago Corporation ........................................ 69
FCI Electronics ........................................ 42, 43 Murata Power Solutions, Inc. ....................... 74 Zilog Inc. ....................................................... 88
Fischer Connectors Inc. ................................ 20 National Instruments ..................................... 3
For Any PCB - GHz Bandwidth Panasonic’s New ECQ-E(B) Series Metallized
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© Allied Electronics, Inc 2011. ‘Allied Electronics’ and the Allied Electronics logo are trademarks of Allied Electronics, Inc. An Electrocomponents Company.
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